Annexure–IB

PART A
File Management

1.0 Rationale

File Management is the process of administrating assistant that correctly

handles digital data therefore an effective file management system improves the
overall function of a business workflow. It also organized important data and
provides a searchable database for quick retrieval.

Programmer does not need to develop file management software In general,

a file is a sequence of bits, bytes, or records whose meaning is defined by the file
creator and user. Every File has a logical location where they are located for storage
and retrieval. Different types of data needs different types of files to store it. Data
could take different forms. It could be number, characters, images or even some
symbols. A very important role played by Operating system is management of file
systems and memory.

2.0 Literature Review

File management system consists of system utility programs that run as

privileged applications. Input to applications is by means of a file. Output is saved
in a file for long-term storage. The File System is one of the most important parts
of the OS to a user. The data stored in the computer is in the form of file. Different
types of data needs different types of files to store it.

Data could take different forms. It could be number, characters, images or

even some symbols. A very important role played by Operating system is
management of file systems and memory. Provide a means to store data organized
as files as well as a collection of functions that can be performed on files.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 2|Page

  File Structure

A File Structure should be according to a required format that the operating

system can understand.
 A file has a certain defined structure according to its type.
 A text file is a sequence of characters organized into lines.
 A source file is a sequence of procedures and functions.
 An object file is a sequence of bytes organized into blocks that are
understandable by the machine.
 When operating system defines different file structures, it also contains the
code to support these file structure. UNIX, MS-DOS support minimum
number of file structure.

 Three kinds of files.

1. Byte sequence.
2. Record sequence.
3. Tree Record of Different or may be same length (Tree)

3.0 Proposed Methodology

Firstly we understand the concept of File Management. Then we perform
case study on File Management. Means we collect the detailed information related
to file management like its Introduction part, File and its Extension, File
Operations, Attributes of File, File access mechanism, Functions of File, Properties
of files, File Management System Objectives, File System Implementation and File
Structure.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 3|Page

 4.0 Action Plan
Planned Start Planned Finish Name of Responsible
Sr.NO Details of activity
date date Team Members
Shashank Umarekar
Select the topic as per the
01 05/10/22 11/10/22 Om Kathar
subject
Sofiayn Shaikh
Shashank Umarekar
Understand the concept of
02 12/10/22 18/10/22 Om Kathar
File Management System
Sofiayn Shaikh

We Studied various types of Shashank Umarekar

03 file which is present into the 19/10/22 25/10/22 Om Kathar
system Sofiayn Shaikh

Search and Collect the Shashank Umarekar

04 detailed information related 26/10/22 01/11/22 Om Kathar
to Database Sofiayn Shaikh

We take the help of Shashank Umarekar

05 different websites related to 02/11/22 08/11/22 Om Kathar
File Management system Sofiayn Shaikh

Shashank Umarekar
Understand and Perform
06 09/11/22 16/11/22 Om Kathar
different operations on file
Sofiayn Shaikh

As per teacher guides, we Shashank Umarekar

07 make report from collected 17/11/22 23/11/22 Om Kathar
information Sofiayn Shaikh

Shashank Umarekar
Finally, we take print and
08 24/11/22 30/11/22 Om Kathar
submit the report
Sofiayn Shaikh

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 4|Page

5.0 Resources Required

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Computer system 4GB RAM (i3-i5) 1 -

2 www.seeksforgeeks.org
Web-Sites 2 -
www.tutorialsnoint.com
3 Operating Systems: 1 -
Reference book Internals and design
Principles

*************

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 5|Page

 Annexure–II

PART B
File Management
1.0 Rational
File Management is the process of administrating assistant that correctly
handles digital data therefore an effective file management system improves the
overall function of a business workflow. It also organized important data and
provides a searchable database for quick retrieval.
Programmer does not need to develop file management software In general, a
file is a sequence of bits, bytes, or records whose meaning is defined by the file
creator and user. Every File has a logical location where they are located for storage
and retrieval. Different types of data needs different types of files to store it. Data
could take different forms. It could be number, characters, images or even some
symbols. A very important role played by Operating system is management of file
systems and memory

2.0 Course Outcomes Integrated

1. Apply File Management Technioques.

3.0 Literature Review

File management, done by an operating system, is somewhat similar to
symbol table management, done by a compiler. However, there are several
differences in the two management schemes, which stem from the fact that files
contain permanent data. It is important to note that files are abstract entities
provided by an operating system and not physical entities provided by the hardware.
They do require hardware that supports permanent storage (disks or tapes).
However, the operations defined on them, how they are named and protected, and
their physical representation on permanent storage are all defined by an operating
system. An operating system may, of course, use hardware characteristics in

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 6|Page

 deciding some of these issues (such as physical representation) for efficiency
reasons.
In general, a file is a sequence of bits, bytes, or records whose meaning is
defined by the file creator and user. Every File has a logical location where they are
located for storage and retrieval.

 Attributes of File
1. Name :- It is the only information stored in a human-readable form.
2. Identifier: Every file is identified by a unique tag number within a file
system known as an identifier.
3. Location: Points to file location on device.
4. Type: This attribute is required for systems that support various types of
files.
5. Size : Attribute used to display the current file size.
6. Protection : This attribute assigns and controls the access rights of
reading, writing, and executing the file.

 File Operations : -

1. Create
The file is created with no data. The purpose of the call is to announce that the file
is coming and to set some of the attributes. There are two steps to create a file
1. There should be space in the file system for the file.
2. An entry of new file must be done in the directory.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 7|Page

 2. Delete
When the file is no longer needed, it has to be deleted to free up disk space. A
system call for this purpose is always provided.
To delete a file, we search the directory for the named file. Having found the
associated directory entry, we realised all file space so it can be reused by other
files) and invalided or remove the directory entry.

3. Open
Before using a file, a process must open it. The purpose of the open call is to
allow the system to fetch the attributes and list of disk addresses into main memory
for rapid access on later calls.

4. Close
When all the accesses are finished, the attributes and disk addresses are no
longer needed, so the file should be closed to free up some internal table space.
Many systems encourage this by imposing a maximum number of open files on
processes. A disk is written in blocks, and closing a file forces writing of the file's
last block, even though that block may not be entirely full yet.

5. Read
Data are read from file. Usually, the bytes come from the current position.
The caller must specify how much data are needed and must also provide a buffer to
put them in.
Reading file operation reads data from file. A system call states the name of
the file and location of the next block of the file should be put.

6. Write
Data are written to the file, again, usually at the current position. If the
current position is the end of the file, the file’s size increases. If the current position

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 8|Page

 is in the middle of the file, existing data are overwritten and lost forever.
The Pointer must be updated time to time. In this way consecutive writes are
used to write a series of blocks to the file.
7. Append
This call is a restricted form of write. It can only add data to the end of the
file. Systems that provide a minimal set of system calls do not generally have
append, but many systems provide multiple ways of doing the same thing, and these
systems sometimes have append.

 File Extension with Function

File Type Usual extension Function

Executable exe, com, bin or none ready-to-run machine- language program

Object obj, o complied, machine language, not linked

Source code c. p, pas, 177, asm, a source code in various languages

Batch bat, sh Series of commands to be executed

Word
doc, docs, tex, rrf, etc. various word-processor formats
processor

Text txt, doc textual data documents

Library lib, h libraries of routines
Archive arc, zip, tar related files grouped into one file,
sometimes compressed.

File Extension File Type

.AIFF or .AIF Audio Interchange File Format
.AU Basic Audio

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 9|Page

 .AVI Multimedia Audio/Video
.BAT PC batch file
.BMP Windows BitMap
.CLASS
or .JAVA Java files
.CSV Comma separated, variable length file (Open in Excel)
.CVS Canvas
.DBF dbase II, III, IV data
.DIF Data Interchange format
.DOC
or .DOCX Microsoft Word for Windows/Word97
.EPS Encapsulated PostScript
.EXE PC Application
.FM3 Filemaker Pro databases (the numbers following represent the version #)
.GIF Graphics Interchange Format
.HQX Macintosh BinHex
.HTM
or .HTML Web page source text
.JPG or JPEG JPEG graphic
.MAC MacPaint
.MAP Web page imagemap
.MDB MS Access database
.MID or .MIDI MIDI sound
.MOV or .QT QuickTime Audio/Video
.MTB or .MTW MiniTab
.PDF Acrobat -Portable document format
.P65 PageMaker (the numbers following represent the version #) P=publication,
.T65 T=template
.PNG Portable Network Graphics
.PPT or .PPTX PowerPoint
.PSD Adobe PhotoShop
.PSP PaintShop Pro
.QXD QuarkXPress
.RA RealAudio
.RTF Rich Text Format
.SIT Stuffit Compressed Archive
MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 10 | P a g e
 .TAR UNIX TAR Compressed Archive
.TIF TIFF graphic
.TXT ASCII text (Mac text does not contain line feeds--use DOS Washer Utility to fix)
.WAV Windows sound
.WK3 Lotus 1-2-3 (the numbers following represent the version #)
.WKS MS Works
WPD or .WP5 WordPerfect (the numbers following represent the version #)
.XLS or .XLSX Excel spreadsheet
.ZIP PC Zip Compressed Archive

 File Access Mechanism

File access mechanism refers to the manner in which the records of

a file may be accessed. There are several ways to access files –

1. Sequential Access

2. Direct/Random Access

3. Indexed Access.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 11 | P a g e

 1) Sequential Access :-

a) This is the most common method.

b) Here the information present in the file is accessed in a sequential fashion, one
record after the other.
c) It is a very common approach which is used by editors and compilers usually.
d) The Read and Write operations form the major part of the operations done on a
file.
e) A read operation reads the next portion of the file and automatically advances
the file pointer, which tracks the I/O location.
f) A write operation appends to the end of the file and advances to the end of the
newly written material.

2) Direct / Random Access :-

a) This type of access method provides a speedy access to the file. It provides
immediate access to large amount of information.
b) Here a file is made up of logical records that allow programs to read and write.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 12 | P a g e

 c) It allows the programs to read and write the records in a rapid manner in no
particular (or pre-defined) order.
d) It is based on the disk-model of a file, as a disk allows random access to any
block.
e) For direct access, we can view the file as a numbered sequence of blocks or
records.
f) This method is usually used in databases.

3) Indexed Access :-

a) This method is built on top of Direct access method.

b) Here an index contains the pointers to various blocks of the file.
c) So, to find a record inside a file, we firstly search the index and later use the
pointer obtained to access the file directly and find the record we have been
searching for.

The Terms Used With File : -

1. Field
a) basic element of data
b) contains a single value
c) fixed or variable length
2. Record
a) collection of related fields that can be treated as a unit by some
application program
b) fixed or variable length
3. Database
a) collection of related data v
b) relationships among elements of data are explicit
c) designed for use by a number of different applications
d) consists of one or more types of files
4. Files
a) collection of similar records

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 13 | P a g e

 b) treated as a single entity
c) may be referenced by name

 File Management System Objectives :-

1. Meet the data management needs of the user
2. Guarantee that the data in the file are valid
3. Optimize performance v Provide I/O support for a variety of storage device
types
4. Minimize the potential for lost or destroyed data
5. Provide a standardized set of I/O interface routines to user processes
6. Provide I/O support for multiple users in the case of multipleuser systems

 Functions of File : -
1. Create file, find space on disk, and make an entry in the directory.
2. Write to file, requires positioning within the file
3. Read from file involves positioning within the file
4. Delete directory entry,‘regain disk space.

 Properties of Files : -
1. Long-term existence: Files are stored on disk or other secondary storage
and do not disappear when a user logs off.
2. Sharable between processes: files have names and can have associated
access permissions that permit controlled sharing.
3. Structure: files can be organized into hierarchical or more complex
structure to reflect relationships among files .
4.0 Actual Procedure Followed.
Planned Start Planned Finish Name of Responsible
Sr.NO Details of activity
date date Team Members
Shashank Umarekar
Select the topic as per the
01 05/10/22 11/10/22 Om Kathar
subject
Sofiayn Shaikh

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 14 | P a g e

 Shashank Umarekar
Understand the concept of
02 12/10/22 18/10/22 Om Kathar
File Management System
Sofiayn Shaikh

We Studied various types of Shashank Umarekar

03 file which is present into the 19/10/22 25/10/22 Om Kathar
system Sofiayn Shaikh

Search and Collect the Shashank Umarekar

04 detailed information related 26/10/22 01/11/22 Om Kathar
to Database Sofiayn Shaikh

We take the help of Shashank Umarekar

05 different websites related to 02/11/22 08/11/22 Om Kathar
File Management system Sofiayn Shaikh

Shashank Umarekar
Understand and Perform
06 09/11/22 16/11/22 Om Kathar
different operations on file
Sofiayn Shaikh

As per teacher guides, we Shashank Umarekar

07 make report from collected 17/11/22 23/11/22 Om Kathar
information Sofiayn Shaikh

Shashank Umarekar
Finally, we take print and
08 24/11/22 30/11/22 Om Kathar
submit the report
Sofiayn Shaikh

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specifications Qty Remarks

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 15 | P a g e

 1 Computer system 4GB RAM (i3-i5) 1 -

2 www.seeksforgeeks.org
Web-Sites 2 -
www.tutorialsnoint.com
3 Operating Systems: 1 -
Reference book Internals and design
Principles

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

We have derived a Full Life Cycle defect model which can be used by
organizations that develop software products for others as well as for those that
develop software applications for themselves. We have described this model, the
various states, as well as the paths and parameters that the defect process may take
in this model. In addition, we have discussed the impact and intersection of this
defect process model with the project life cycle model and the testing model.

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of thid Micro-Project

 To develop the basic knowledge about File Management Operations.
 To understand the concept of File.

8.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

 It helps to create a new file in computer system and placing them at the
specific locations.
 It helps in easily and quickly locating this files in comport system.
 It makes the process of sharing of the files among different users very easy
and user friendly.
 It helps to stores the file in separate folders known as directories.

9.0 Area of Future Improvement

A large part of choosing file management is the function of tools involved

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 16 | P a g e

 and they benefited a company. Typically, a business will benefit from file
management if they require advanced organizing, editing and managing of files.
Furthermore, the more they need to track things like workflow, the more important
file management becomes.

It is important to find a system that streamlines communication. Therefore,

look for features that include companywide commenting system on different files.
We also want an easy "to use interface which is accessible through different mobile
devices. In this situation we choose a file management system.

MGM’s POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 17 | P a g e