LL. Safety and Laboratory : Rules for Organic Chemistry Laboratories Le i aan Laboratories are places of great responsibility. Careful practice and mature behavior can prevent most mishaps. The following are all very important. Treating the lab with respect makes it far less dangerous. Eye Protection: Goggles or safety glasses must be worn at all times. Eyeglasses, with shatterproof glass, are inadequate without goggles or safety glasses. Side shields are required for all protective eyewear. Shoes: Shoes that completely cover the feet are required in the laboratory. Protective Clothing: A protective apron or lab coat is recommended in the laboratory. If any chemical is spilled on your skin or clothing, it must be washed off immediately. Food and Drink: Food and beverage are strictly prohibited in the laboratory. Do not taste or smell any chemical. No Unauthorized Experiments: Do not perform any unauthorized experiments. Chemicals, supplies, or equipment must not be removed from the laboratory. All experiments must be approved by the instructor. Smoking: Smoking is prohibited in the laboratory. Personal Items: No bookbags, coats, books (except the lab book), or laptop computers should be brought into the laboratory. Ask your instructor where these items can be stored while you are in the laboratory. Bring in only the items that are needed during the laboratory period. These items can be damaged by the chemicals in the laboratory. Use of Equipment: Do not use any equipment until the instructor has shown you how to use it. Glassware: Do not use any broken, chipped, or cracked glassware. Get replacement glassware from your instructor. Bench Cleanup: At the end of the laboratory period, put away all equipment, clean the laboratory bench, and wash your hands. = Use of Chemicals: Take only the amount that is needed. Leave all bottles in their proper places. Place the lids on the bottles after use. Clean up all spilled chemicals immediately. Careful Reading of Labels: A Material Safety Data Sheet is available for each chemical in the laboratory. Ask your instructor where the paper copies are located. Material Safety Data Sheets are also available on the web. Many chemical companies have posted this information. Use web search engines to locate this information. Students are encouraged to obtain this information prior to using the chemical in the laboratory. The safety, health, and Scanned with CamScannera 1d Medicina 2 z PV Experimenta! Or; fire precautions are the most important information to locate. Special instructiong e handling of certain reagents may be posted by the instructor iz ; the Waste Disposal: In recent years, the rules regarding wae aieoe Bee bee rel rigidly defined. Reagents are never poured down the sink. +; a fe ah for chemical w, are provided in the laboratory. Different containers are needed ferent types of at chemicals, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, hazardous materials, and metals, Al} Teageng in the waste container are listed on the container. Fume Hoods: Most laboratories provide fume hood areas or bench-top fume hoods, Always use these. If you think the hoods are not turned on, bring, this to the attention of you instructor. Often students are provided with simple methods of testing hood efficiency, a these should be used periodically. Safety regulations usually prohibit Storage of tore substances in hoods, and fume cupboards for such compounds are normally available, Gloves: Most laboratories provide boxes of gloves. Modem gloves are quite mana and allow for handling of equipment with some agility. Gloves have their place at} certainly protect your hands from obnoxious odors or chemicals that can cause allergi responses. But they are not a license for sloppy technique. Moreover, they often are easily Penetrated by some compounds. Due care is still required. ; Compressed Gas Cylinders: Compressed gas cylinders, especially those that are nea as tall as an adult, can be dangerous if not clamped to the bench top. Gas cylinders containing inert gases such as nitrogen or helium may well be around the lab. Cylinders containing chlorine or more toxic reagents should be stored in a fume cupboard. Safety Equipment: The location of safety equipment should be made known to you, Moreover, you should know if and when you should use these. Most of the following lens should be readily available in the chemistry laboratory; items on this list or their description may vary due to local safety regulations: Fire blanket Fire extinguisher Eye-wash fountain Shower First aid kit Washes for acid or base (alkali) bums Accident Reporting: All accidents should be reported, The manner in which they should be reported will be provided by the instructor. It is also important that someone accompany an injured person who is sent out of the laboratory for special care; if the inj should faint, the injury could easily become compounded, Medical treatment, except in the Simplest of cases, is usually not the respor ity of the instructor. Very simple, superficial wounds can be cleaned and bandaged by the instructor. But any reasonably serious treatment is the job of 2 medical professional. The student should besent to the college medical center accompanied by someone from the chemistry department In all labs, the instructor should provide the students with instructions that are consistent with local regulations, STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES IN THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY How to Work in Laboratory? 1, Attitudes and Preparation a. Come to laboratory periods on time and mental! repared the experiment and planning your activities, pe pe b. Be prepared physically; for example, don’ pave! ple, don’t try to do lab work on an empl Scanned with CamScannerSafety and Laboratory Rules for Organic Chemistry Laboratory é ¢. Write everything you do and see in your notebook so that you can trace your actions and make corrections if necessary. d. Wear sensible clothing, including shoes that are comfortable.and permit rapid movement in case of emergency, and hair or hat that does not obstruct your view or dangle into the experiment. 2 e. If you wear contact lenses, try to avoid wearing them in the lab. If you must Wear contact lenses, your goggles must seal particularly well to your face. f. If you injure yourself, even slightly, report it to your instructor, who will direct you to first aid. If you experience eye irritation, flush your eyes at the nearest emergency eyewash station for 15 minutes (remove contacts) and seek medical attention immediately. 8 Ifyou have any existing physical conditions that might affect your performance, your health, or other people's health in the lab, please inform your instructor. This information will be kept confidential; examples might include pregnancy, medications, allergies, epilepsy, AIDS, etc. Special arrangements may be possible. 2. Your Working Environment a. Goggles meeting ANSI standard Z87.1-1979 for chemical splash protection are required at all times in labs or instrument rooms, ie. all parts of the lab, even when your are not handling chemicals. The goggles will protect your eyes from most splashes and impacts. The goggles do not meet the standard if the air baffles are removed. Some people have trouble with their goggles fogging up. The best solution is to take a short break outside the lab to clean them. b. Rubber gloves are strongly recommended to protect you from absorption of chemicals through the skin. We also recommend a lab coat to protect your clothes and skin from your and your neighbor's spills. c. Keeping your bench space tidy will minimize breakage and spills of your valuable products. d. You are expected to clean up your own mess in community areas such as the IR room. e. Keep your glassware and other equipment cleaned up as you work. Having clean, dry glassware available at all times will save you much time in the long run. f. Be careful not to contaminate reagents with your spatulas or droppers. If you take too much of a reagent, give it to a needy neighbor - do no return it to the bottle. g. Do not wander off with the only bottle of a reagent that everyone needs; keep it in its assigned location. 3. Glassware a. The most common laboratory injury is a cut occurring upon breakage of glass or porcelain. Most cuts can be prevented by careful work which prevents breakage. b. The safe procedure for inserting a glass tube or thermometer into a stopper with a hole is as follows: Be sure the tip of the tube is fire-polished. Lubricate the glass with glycerol or water. © Be sure the hole in the stopper,is large enou Scanned with CamScannerPV Experimental Organic and Meg) 22 Chon, 7 and push a nd tvs ge ey * Grasp the glass about 1" (no farther) from the end a Pl Ind twist tg ise into the stopper. * Be sure that the hand holding the stopper is not in Ae ial the entering * AS the glass begins to slide into the rubber, move the Nand holding th back a little, always keeping it no more than 1" from the rul er. * Most accidents occur because the glass snaps above the stopper sideways (torque). Keeping your hand close to the stopper will your exerting a force sideways on i Blass. oe ye , . ve considerations apply also to atta conde There con should be in your hand (notclamped toan apparatus) anq Bring close to the lubricated conriector being inserted into the hese. c. Never use a thermometer asa stirrer, Always support a thermometer ina or flask with a clamp. If a mercury thermometer breaks, immediatel the laboratory instructor and restrict access to the area of contaminat cleanup can be arranged. d. Round-bottomed flasks will not stand upright by themselves and if resteq the counter will roll. They must be supported ona cork ring, in (not On) a beaker, or ina clamp, ©. When glassware is assembled, care should be taken to u: of clamps needed for support, making sure: * The clamp is attached to a vertical support bar. * No torque is applied by the clamp. * Top-heavy apparatus is prevented from rotating and tipping. * Hanging pieces are clamped - grease will not hold them against the force of gravity. Blass, Blass from 4 Ore Ie prey YY contact tion ung se the minimum numbey f. Do not use a glass stopper to seal a hi again. Cork is Tecommended for organic solvents since rubber dissolves in organic solvents and vice-versa. 8. Graduated cylinders are meta-stable and tip easily with the touch of a sleeve, h. Report breakage of glassware ‘0 your instructor for disposal instructions. i. Think before cleaning equipment - it makes little sense to scrub a graduated cylinder that contained ether or a water-insoluble material with soap and water. 4. Safety Equipment "n minor injuries i ; var an yuries must be Teported to your instructor. 8. | Dustpan and broom for removin brok 5. Toxic Hazards Broken glass a. The materials used iy in the organic lab are the safes with ‘lle e safest i istent wit your need to develop skills if, ‘working with hazardous on ind oe career in science. us materials in you! di Scanned with CamScanner5 Safety and Laboratory Rules for Organic Chemistry Laboratory b. Since you are wearing eye protection, the opportunity for liquids or solids to enter ihe eye is small. Chemicals in the eye should be immediately flushed with copious amounts of water using the eyewash fountain. , ; To prevent inhalation of organic and inorganic vapors, do your experiments in the fume hood or under the minihoods on the bench. If your need to determine the odor of any material, waft it gently toward your Rose with your hand - don’t stick your nose iri the container and inhale. Organic compounds can be absorbed through the skin, so be careful about spilling things. Wear rubber gloves to prevent contact with your skin, but treat the gloves as if they were bare skin, keeping them scrupulously clean. You might set aside a pen for laboratory work to minimize the possibility of contamination from your gloves via your pen to your hands and face. Obviously, chewing a pen or pencil that has been used in the lab would unwise. Organic vapors also can be absorbed into food or tobacco which you may ingest later. Moreover, any drinks brought into the lab could have things spilled into them. No food or drinks in the laboratory, not even stuffed in your backpack. If you do not have a locker to keep food in, please remove the food, drink and cigarettes to the hallway, or ask your instructor for a safe place to keep it. Smoking is not allowed in State buildings, as the nicotine and other contents of the smoke are well-known health hazards (look up the LDsa of nicotine if you are skeptical). Ifyou spill a liquid on the bench, immediately soak it up with paper towels and, if it is volatile, transfer the towels to the hood. Inform your instructor as to the nature of the spill in case further action is warranted. If concentrated acid is spilled, add sodium carbonate or bicarbonate solution or solid. If concentrated base is spilled, add dilute and/or weak acid (e.g. acetic). Indicator solution or paper will be available in the lab. If your skin (or clothing) comes in contact with the 5 ‘pill, immediately flush the skin or clothing with water for 15 minutes. Should you spill bromine solution anywhere, treat the spill immediately with sodium thiosulfate solution. Bottles of the reagents mentioned in g) and h) are available on the small counter above your bench. 6, Heat Hazards a. b. Most organic compounds are flammable and may catch fire even in the absence of flame at high temperatures, Flames are rarely allowed in the organic laboratory. If flames are permitted by your instructor, plan your experiments so that you never leave your flame unattended. If you light a flame, you are res your instructor for a safe locatioi If you use a bunsen burner, be sure to tie back your hair and be careful that hair or clothing is kept clear of the flame, If there is a flame in the neighborhood, do not pour flammables; organic vapors are usually denser than air and will flow along the bench without alerting you by their odors. sponsible for the consequences, so check with n, Scanned with CamScanner7. If There is a Fire of the nearest fire ex inguisher and the eare e sure you know the loc: i t be thoni 7 Reactions that are exothermic or are being heated mus! honitored; do Tot leave them without having someone watch. i ing, sa buil h. n ver, Never, ese heat a closed system. Pressure will build up and ca; . Never, 1 eer ail. sending projectiles of glass in all directions, Do not depend on sme glass to fail, Jeaks - a substantial air exit must be provided. I ye orking. . . Wy aire hr os we grr yu dover ‘A small fire in a test tube or other container can Cote be extinguished covering the container with a watch glass oF book. jee pus cannot be extinguished by one extinguisher or by sand or water, you instructed tp evacuate, following the procedure given in b). ; One terrible possibility is that someone’s clothing is set on fire. If the person runs, the flame will be increased by increasing the supply of oxygen. It must be smothered. Wrap the person in a lab coat, fire blanket, or whatever is handy to exclude oxygen. b. Elsewhere in the building (fire alarm sounds): ‘© Extinguish any flames and turn off electrical equipment. . Close any open windows and internal doors near you. Walk quickly through the nearest exit to the hallway and leave the building by the nearest stairwell. + The last person leaving the room, usually your instructor will close the halll door. 8. Laboratory Electrical Equipment . a. During the semester you will use a variety of instruments to analyze your samples. As with all electrical equipment, a certain amount of care is needed to Prevent fire, shock and damage to the equipment. Be careful not to bring water, especially on your hands, into contact with connected electrical equipment. b. i a plates you are provided are powerful and seldom need to be set higher Much of the cheating inorganic chemistry is done with electrical heating mantles; these into a variable tr i i they wil overhead ranabe tansformer, not directly into the outlet of d. Never transfer anything into a flask that is sitt N t is siti ring, beaker or clamp to hold the flask during mantle will catch on fire when the i corrode the wires and water will ca e ee container on an ek and knife edge under the pan is thus eaey sil Tum off electrical equipment immediately 8° instructor has stated otherwise (eg. the an hour to stabilize). 6 8. Report frayed cords, or non-f Put it back in the cupboard or y 6 in a heating mantle; use a cork transfers. Organics spilled in @ clectricity is connected, acids or bases will ‘use a short circuit, Y after you have finished unless your 88s chromatographs must be left on for nctional equipmen a it ou will be stuck with a Scanned with CamScannerSafety and Laboratory Rules for Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1 h. No samples are allowed on top of any instruments. 9. Pressure Hazards a. b. c. Never heat a closed system. When using a separating funnel, vent frequently and remove the stopper - immediately upon setting it upright for separation. Compressed gas cylinders must be strapped to the bench above their center of gravity when the protective caps are off. Pressure regulators are generally not interchangeable between gases for safety reasons. Gas cylinders should be free of regulators and protected by their cap before moving. 10. Waste Disposal a. In order to minimize damage to the environment and in compliance with State and Federal law, chemical wastes must be separated into categories and carefully labeled as to their contents. Please read and follow the labels on the waste bottles to ensure that your chemical wastes are treated safely and appropriately. You will find containers for: General Organic Waste (flammable) Halogenated Hydrocarbons (non-flammable) © Chromic Acid Solutions (these have been phased out) eoceeoes Lead Silver Other Heavy Metals Waste from specific experiments in some cases. Acids Bases In some experiments, acids and bases will be neutralized to a pH of 6 - 10 (State law) as part of the experiment and flushed down the drain with lots of water. Your instructor will give you instructions in particular cases. Indicator solution or paper will be available in the lab. Broken thermometers create the special problem of spilled mercury (a toxic heavy metal). Report such accidents immediately to your instructor; usually any mercury which cannot be collected is reacted with sulfur or absorbed with a special kit before disposal as heavy metal waste. ; i ; Broken glass or porcelain is swept up into a dust pan and disposed of in a special container for broken glass. Please don’t use your fingers. - Scanned with CamScanner