¢. Anons of Group theo: umnnanenseka ed paereaine 4 A Syenen obey O peraltons. can be D9 : oa orforned onthe molecule Bim, a mathe ~ ~matical group: A group 4S a collection “of ‘members that are inervelated “40 8 ‘set of aules- : . “1. closure law: ae 2. Assoc atéve" law we 3. Tdentity A + Tryerse SZ ¢gmin esa BY ee L closure law: “he product of ong} 40 murnbet$ IN the * qroup and square af any member mast also be 4 member of tthe Awoup- TiS property zs called closure law - >. Assoaative laso, All the d operakicns must obo} the assocalve symmety (aw ‘of mullpli- ~cakion. (Ag) c = ACBO 2 -Tdontity : “There Should’ be ableast one Wn the group Which When Combine members mask be leave them enember - 0 — member is called OS stdentty- Lith all other sented PY ‘Bh uanchange as This at iS _ opeemeeannesannme FS 5 ‘ 4. Inverse law: Each member has. a rectprcal Which is also o member of the group: “That iS, if x iS yodprocal of tr then . dh Ke Y= Yee E- | i ; 'S-commutative law’ Te A,B are the ee of the group ond AQ= BA, then He memb2r’ of the. group com hey commukohve (oo cf multiplizakon. i die Lil nace shew That Ahe cellect OF Symmetry Operations (ar) Sgrmmelrf ele Pr ang molecule Porn a rrethemeliea! g “tKig con be arhioved easily Porm bey tansho pep multiplication) table. 4 Group prattipheation Table Le Cay point vnr yz =< ya verSs 2 D> 2 29 3 ~ 2 —_ =» OVUVU <= VIS : 0° ¢ 1 Ee Re A BE] Bp ie uf ; “Sa @ ee ¢ G POT Sy Poe | : 0 —+ a | ANA oy ii bn ARES ASAE i 1a. ° group roulHipl N) Fiore the ab - tien able, the produet of any to i : ber iS 1 amber’ aad Square. of each mem : of -the group alS9 a merher awof . . ode 9) 3} can also obey} the 08508. eoaltiplication.— AaG, BeoRr OF Yr (Ag c= acec) (ta) Jat Oo aH) Sete = Be Be ne ae ee—oe “ 7 ernee : id 9 There 3 is 0 meonber Taal element tg) Macht, : commukes combined all othev members leave; 5 them unchanged. 0 Bay eae - iy Py B= eT thy Bn FY : © as wr aespoe\: 4) Ever merobet has. katie raw! of mulligli= | Tt can also okey tomenel --cahion Aa, 82% - hm e ~ Aa 7 4 pe mrnel™ if opero ho" of fav point group form sere : op gor Gro p pettptel Table - fox Cay Pot oe J tok Gey” .Symaety operattonsare FE, Qi OP, %, 1G, ine order of pont $roup hag. i Gay point ot &. FIP FITTV SD EGS OM Oe s ee sate 3 “He possible | For Cy point group Wy For qeotmple NH3 [molecule Laven os exomple DS Ke 2 Ss : AS Na, : hs rae Gigs Gu Ce JIN AN CNG Ty as Hy cA A; LN aN Ge, A we c F OW TANS STR at a KONy : Gece ; | VN: : | OB og _. AND? AN AINE Be Hy om Hy Hey H |. a x eH saan Pied ay we “ ee ¥ ot VQ 2 & N By NO neg e IND OF Hy Hs Hy, Hy yy : : i $f g cy) @¢ : sy ON ees, ae /\\ as \ Ss ~ : es Hy Hy # 2 1 By By ON a ed Aly C3 ae . ae | Sys .. , ¢ ey ee eS i J\N AK\ /\\ oe ! ¥y By my Ny lity HW By By hs, i “Ar : , 2 : Nt Ty 3% : x ox %,. 0 7 ‘ jee) . ’ moe Aare | AWN PN ' cf MN Wy i Baas \ Hy 1 i SEMA ERTEN IAOE HEBENjs eerie Ratt Cc . NBS Vy + N a, nt We : AS AS AN A. A, YD By Ay Ry Ay PH Wlosure- law: / gh Above grou roultiplicalion table prove ! that ‘Spare oP ana emher 0 3 ee i zfotion of any 460 members 78 also a 4 member of the” groups ~ , ’ ® Associative law of enulkplication is also 4 obey. . , a. Az oy, Bethy Cry : 4 (ABe -. AGC) GO _ a He, - % (PT) Aly Ty, Bo: & mau 5 4 iTdontitye: Bere ig member len, 4 ‘lomo! ¢E) ig present rohich combined x alt ; other members vgf mM the group =the vesut! ; oe ¥ unchanged - ay | anal uu ao \ Bye EN 2 th - ee : ; 3 BG aG E+ = a, | A) Toverse laws Inthe group every} momb er hos oy eciprocah atonent (G0 Tayler So element va vad oa acne pag menmnreeinnemtaiesteeBrae Gres Gig: ire r oe Wy THe ty) he WY) Tey = “This proves -that -the symmrelg ope eAions. 0P dy, point group farm a. mathe — _matical” groep- $9 % ond it cannot Obey congrutaia am oP mauteglcoRie ( ie A=Q, B=, DB =BA : Cle ool i SEUSS “ i os : “Np. # Ny oC Souer OL potat group! The number or members present in the group 76 calle d oxder of rer oF idler. of the point ! {Goer Lakich 7S yopresonted , bye. , For example: Guy points 9roup, h= 4 te, Get _ Gy patok groupah ak hides a? Sub group: A Small group that can be | idenkAed-in a large group is calle d is Sub group * “he members of the Sub group IY : * roast Follows. _ “he wruled of mathe medical] “$ Se pA RR AEPeon. e ore FS ~ integral faite of he ovo of ps parent grou? i iC lasses * “hransformakion | Sirnilart tit Fans forenoon’ : Qe Gens TPB, Band x ore Hho no mobetS ‘spa shen BIS: SO EE i jlo be Similarity walt: jand Biso a and B io7e _ conjugate to leach ofher- ae 1 Class + e . cof members which co = ' ad “2 ai ca complete S _ lore conjugate t0 one enothor 1S cated class» of +he group ‘Order. of ‘clogs * 1 Order, Sf. owS « | Re nurebey of merett present s ya a class is A he ordey of the class >the ovder of walt ‘elosset apna 1 ibe. integre + factor of . tne oder of i calleSroilarity Gans termation Gable, et oP: ° oct 4 art i At Ey kr 6 G52 oF - 9 : Saxe B 9 : rf . . “ a : ELLE 2G | Gales, | OyAr xy ae BEE) GES leg beg [ev E — Bec Be) coe ‘yrs ae een Sy ° ‘ oi t k : - E oe 7 “ee A. ty y ee = ; PPE E Cy Sx Ya o AX. B on FT 7 . ol < EWE es Oy SO cy eA) on -soon’ \ >| As a REE GA IE i - > SlAu=B- DAE) ae a > = Cy) Sa 9 a FT ERE |= GES |. eT 2 | Wwe eo aieeitidie 2 Cacyee fee pa a =o Ge *L = & 2 ies > > . > Aa Gry = ERE. V7. 2 AKER: . NV ales x x2. C, SF ¢ fe 2 yp Cee oq ye yu dn the Cau potot group have Pour one a clocseS are free d firey element — Cary fen a &a0e member? loseT t 1 mation table for PN ONO DO OD BE Oe A “Yeh gy, SS “4. = a: yy e | “trans fer Sientlosttt -trangCo he By Oh 8 GeTe ke ER Pap a ey, pT FARE BL 7 Lie Aw . ey WET eoyle: CFR og GE |G. a Gre a ghd 7 ei S l= S, N- <7. Be Ve Xe EQ 1 Uy Tay, | das > 5 o > 3 1 REy > ze 8 zS, : 4 _ A= F 7 eee i > Axe B f ' > Aea'y er. «| : > BIAS oe | ; ; . Sus . ST 7g > ‘ool p. ; : An SI A Si Bee TE . XAxeR. : re B y ear.Ta the Gy Point ereup Rave three Classes, Tdentits can form ikselh one i membered class and gy, qf can form, a -two membered class. and E dy) = My), 2) = 4Ae,) tay = (dey) er (PE 4t te) Win lay) = ~1 (dey) Wald an Ce) Bandas = (dey) 9 Ay + DpH DH “Gs otae vee PeOw u ve deat) =*\ tng) o 2 Elle). 241th) ; vould) = avid). tata). = Hd) Tatas 7 U2) “ip (ee) = AN eg) ends ad an) ytd 9) =n (de) ‘chevadbor, able for Gy. point nae facade’ a a mt vv H A osny of ae HRTArea ~T Crean a “represents Syrametrs operation, 4 f & Point group in classes tt a ithe class all the Clemens have Same cha vache) oe Tre Yepresenty the characters of al) tthe Hx educable representations of each clase of the’ Operattong - : Aveo T — CNS Te — represents the translational ov Yotational rectors O07 atvenic orbital Ss phich PorPorvenod tho bases -for Abe ‘areducable y e presentation S. Aveo. TT Te represents the hiras Borst os \nal perforree A an bases fox the wet - cable. sepresent ations - -Avea- WE : , Le “it soprosenk ©, the rmeHiken Syrabiol of -Ihe Taveducable Te presenteHions Pure ee gator Shel Woes Oe <9 sv crepesentations ane I. A\\ one _ aime nsipnal TEMeenrs” ‘A — kmensional. jaberedor'A ov 3p’, all tee 2 Net aS & TVepresentations are stabetied )2) Th the case of one dimensional ~re presentakions, sf ib is “ Syrvmet it a vespect 4to aotational’ axis, ques the Muli ) z Kon Syenbsok “A'. TR it 1S yndjmmetri® synbol ‘BR. . gues -the > mullikary. 't) Subsevipt gives tation iS Symencbrie Lith respect fe G axis, y aais tren it pei pen ciexiten to “etatonal 2” Givoe Subsemp "1" TP at YS an Symeaty ¢ Subscript gives “o", 4) cf G axiS_is_ not _entst pevpendicl ay 4p vatatignal axis, Now Be _consiaer the vertical plane ology, -th. major axis. THe ‘ yepre Sentaon iS symmetric With respect to vertical plane gives the Sub sevipt "1 ae HIS unsggenmebie Ges The Subscript “2” “9 Subscript gives “Wong af he tepeesenke~ Gon is Syromatrit with. respect TO Inversion gees 8, fs unsyreme ‘Pov ‘al, GE the vepresen— j Centre. . Subs oe -ttic "Subscript gies i © Super seret single P¥me ae ors 7 be \-sipnal space ore ce nulually ‘cnthoganat (od rowralied : BOVE of 135 2 alae lt inane 2) Bk | 22 ln oor es orth a5 bot 2 2b. eo npn si me wale (2 alga ss eames 2 spent | ue ications can & The faa “agi * “opel: ingpl be. doviued by moting ‘the. we of above sree “equakions-y These gives “fue rules * wpe Vere ducabte “yep e sentation $ oP par chovaclet, Ai ng: of rveducabile represen A cls to no oF clagse.s \ 8 OE ee ve : abour a FHT FTGf dre gree operations 9 sore OF of | Squares ‘of | dissension ‘ tations) ts equals “reduce representaions) wet order_of of - the point greet: ot Jy ehs Ma dY a pe characters f @ The “Sun of ie _repres resenfation, as equal to on Vere ducable ee “order of -ihe point gu ER Tek abit and ds ate thé charact: > of raecacable _— then Orbea OY ad” = JET characters of abe “SO Oe pital Viong in the Same Group ore orrthas Aeioch she cand 4): ate fhe thax: af ane veveducable ae presentations al, Hicks a axe ‘Jhe horactors of aralhey moducah le RemMesen tations ery Ga 4 bh. cell sdal= 9 ) ) 9 g S mn hhee 2) The Sumi-of Squares of he dimenstons of ation i Cae ae athe cherackey -table for Lau potat °9) Since there ave four classes ,foure sereducih Uepegetilia ccna at f Frorp ee Tn Ge cPoint group “There. ove foux KJenmetes} OPerations (hoa) for differant classes. Tadeti ).G 6S Gy C four classes © op “operations) sepresen kabions are! considered — RE the .trreducible:yepvesentotions should be. equal to eee Gerder_of potnk group aa) - Hence each repre representation must be Sone dimensional. Sess Va mey “Weal “4a yas Since. thier dimenston s of the. represento# ory iS equal b0 character poe the of the Treducible representation ; Ero es equal to ‘ v in all of thom,we aa cere ee 28 i RY Re Sim OP he’ Sqeidies 6% an Drreduciisic, “epresentalion must be equal to Ye SO fox one ee ee. alt the Saree Cee ae ee () Tn sthe case. -op She Irapesenfaltoe B80 the; |e: chavacier s” rast be, | Slate rusk, be : Thus the. charackers rust be. “two at" -and “two -1" Yepresentations yet Shawn ag Pot inclutle » (The: wredicihie Hh thet, cholrackérs “can lows he oe ee woe —— JA Sypobols Bug ‘eye duetle | te Deaton of-bat ie Baye fable a Nie. ~ Sen. 088 oe ‘ fra BOY Symscls to He “teen duet bciosmcronanscemartster ie 0S once saan aaRDRceaSaaR point hay i sopresentaton © sto the Pouenng 1 to. be noted | Dimensions. “of the wreducble reepregentat on \ ey af it iS one_dim dieensi jonal ~ {¢haracker oP E =) “Aon Bt Foy. #00 i Then she _ Sgro ge “ enensignal “representation, “term 6" is ased ingp itis three dimensional, the term “FE &) La is used’, [Syrmebic ith _vespest te pane yereducble srepresentalion ix TP one. dimensional iis ‘Symmets cal” with . respect -to principle ans a" tvovatonal axis). then the term Qos vased. tousever, if ik TS ansymmetnic, he term * Bis cased: = : i 7 y 4 rere . — A) plane i ¥ TP jrveduiable -vepresentokon ts iS Symmetry 1 With -reSpeck +o “Subsidarg axis" lon ints ; » Vabsence 1S plane”, the Subscript * one ¢ a ‘is ‘ » tased. ae Ve 1S unsyenmetric . ‘Subs crip ro : iS used. a 3 : i ek On +he basi $ of the oboue symbals, Come | assoiawed: . 1 AR weve dual sprese vP Gyr Poiat Grav VU.IVRU LU BUU EEE euu ee Ue , VUEEBESL 1007 tt of ff Erx fis one dimensional, gymmetri cal 40 7 the principle i aris (6) and vertical plane Coiyz) “ence the Syenbol .is tA. es ’.Th: TL’ is dne dimensional » Symmetrical to the i stortne Prinaple | i a (¢,)- bul’; unsymmetiea! Vertical won plane (GG pence “fhe ‘eyrobot TS Ns Nixz) Desh is one dimengonal, an sgmmetsical wth “respect -to principle Oris (a) Aub ) construct the PL JOUp ? N00 la ) There ave Six ope Choyvacket oHOns possible indie Gui —_ + Point Qroup CE, Gg ga. ty) and he- 7S a bo nue u é 5 AFA A rw eb = 0 ‘ ere TITK ixPro ————_—_ te ee | These belongs +o three classes - a ‘a) Since there ave Three classes oP operahions i 5E1 23) 30 . -jhere Should be three reducible Hepregento- -tions considered - ' ' 3)ThE Sum of the Squares of +he dirnen Sion should -*be equal to Six, Stace the dimension thos to be an lnteger , there Should be two Gne dimensional and one two dimensional a ‘representation, So that, “he vrnducble sepresentetions witha f ‘chotackevs of identity operations Can be Shown | Pottows - ' | | | *) For any) pink group, there Should be one here dugble mepresentation which rs Symmetric! 4 Lat] aT Be operahions ey dh chaos 4 ‘ ronssponding to all the pau is” 2 Tity the yrredud by vaprosentalierr:! “he can he Shown | Gyi aS follows - _ 4 wile ag 384 ert vr? \ nn 41 ‘Te, €an be Sean hat the Sum of the ‘Squares “ok + the _charadkers of the: qperatiuns © @ Gx 1s equal: to Six)" TE 1s tobe xemembered | QG hak there axe -2cy operation’. and’ 8 - opesa-: ee vHeos and the characters of both C-oners ee tions and. all tho ree “=~ operations “ane. ee i 1 Same - . gt OF i wee og ar : naan) +3any se. @e 5) The chavoder of the’ identity operation fovi Qc ‘YL -Trveduetble. -representabon tg t's tence ist re Charackars. oF & 1 Xe,) atid He cha taeloy | te JOP % (%eq) for % Should: be ‘Suh tha! 9 1 t ee ble 491 Key tab KS = ; oe only iP Xe,= +t and Xey=-! , oF TRe above equation con be Correct e bli4ab re ge ed so , i a * how update Sv Point group” ow appegt S as ss i o SOLS 6 9g ig \é Ly Pe* ‘ | aking “thé “cont product oP \.tpay cpigaanR aged 20 2 onct3y s2—NO- . oho 4 aeleaed 8+ GYRO: SN ogesade-2 6 Solving “eq? D4 © for... “gh and oy" Values, le gek> Gy wid Yedda « )cTKe ‘Gomplete, -foble. Con be oniken &g Substituting. tho talues op. "x and Ww ike the ~ules fox juan, ¢nylllean: Sy mabalor} B Tis vTreeduable mopresertolion | sy mmetrical with, respect to | oe cui) ond’ verkeal plane ots used « is lone _dimensiondl paccple axis | (Acy 2 +1) Bente ee sgmboo! “A and ‘sgremebi cal | 2 ea NL is cone -divinen sroiel >? ih ‘respect to principle axis * bul ungyrnnackr coh 2 With” respeok 40 the erteal plane (Xe ye) ; ‘Jeionee au, Syrnbol’. is ‘ay is ated , Wk: Pas +09 dicnenstona} and. +he symbal ; iS. sed “et Bu character table forbu a point group - can be Present: “as Plows, J etn. : 2