Limit of a Function

lim    f (x) = L
x→a

Basic Calculus (BASCALC_STEM)

SHS Department
3P, AY 2021-2022
Dr. Susan A. Roces
 The Limit of a Function
Definition:
Let f(x) be a function which is defined at
every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number
a itself. The limit of f(x) as x approaches a
is L, written as:
L (a, L)
lim    f (x) = L
x→a
a

y = f (x)
Theorems on limits of functions (Theorem 1):

1. lim   c = c where: c = constant

x→a
y

y=c
x
x=a
Theorems on limits of functions (Theorem 1):

2. lim   x = a
x→a

Note:
Ø  Substitution Law
Ø  x is simply subtituted by a
 Theorems on limits of functions:

If lim   f (x) = L and lim   g(x) = M

x→a x→a

3. Cons tant Multiple Theorem

lim   c f (x)
x→a

⎡ ⎤
= c ⎢ lim   f (x)⎥
⎣ x→a ⎦
= c [ L]
 Theorems on limits of functions:

4. Addition Theorem
lim   [ f (x) ± g(x)]
x→a

= lim   f (x) ±   lim   g(x) 

x→a x→a

= L ±   M
5. Multiplication Theorem
lim    [ f (x)g(x) ]
x→a

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
=   ⎢lim f (x) ⎥ ⎢lim g(x) ⎥
⎣ x→a ⎦ ⎣ x→a ⎦
= [L] [M]
 6. Division Theorem
f (x)
lim   
x→a g(x)

lim f (x)
x→a L
= = , M ≠ 0
lim g(x) M
x→a
Note: If M = 0, the limit does not
exist (DNE)
7. Power Theorem
n
lim [ f (x)]
x→a

n
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ lim f (x)⎥
⎣x → a ⎦
n
= [L]
8. Radical / Root Theorem
lim n f (x)
x→a

= n lim f (x)
x→a

= n L
 Theorem 2
Let f(x) be a polynomial of the form:
n n−1 n−2
f (x) = an x + an−1 x + an−2 x +..... + a1 x + a0

If c is a real number, then:

lim f (x) = f (c), P(c, f (c))

x→c
n n−1 n−2
= an (c) + an−1 (c) + an−2 (c) +..... + a1 (c) + a0
 Theorem 3
Let h(x) be a rational function of the form:
f (x)
h(x) =
g(x)
where f and g are polynomial functions and
c is a real number, then:

f (x) f (c)
lim h(x) = lim =
x → c g(x)
x→c
g(c)
 Illustrative Examples
Limits of Polynomial, Rational and Radical
Functions

1. lim 100 = 100, P(99,100)

x→99

2. lim ( x + 7x − 5)
2
x→3

= lim ( x ) + 7lim ( x ) − lim ( 5)

2
x→3 x→3 x→3

= (3 ) + 7(3) − 5
2

= 9 + 21− 5 = 25, P(3, 25)

3. lim ( x +1) (2x + 5)
x→1

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
= ⎣lim ( x +1)⎦⎣lim (2x + 5)⎦
x→1 x→1

= (2)(7) = 14, P(1,14)

⎡ x +5 ⎤ −2 + 5 3
4. lim ⎢ ⎥ = = ,
x→−2 x − 3
⎣ ⎦ −2 − 3 − 5
P(−2, −3 / 5)
 ⎡ (x − 3)(x 2 − 2) ⎤
5. lim ⎢ 2 ⎥
x→3
⎣ x +1 ⎦
2
lim(x − 3)• lim(x − 2)
x→1 x→1
= 2
lim(x +1)
x→1

2
(1− 3)•(1 − 2) (−2)•(−1)
= 2
= = 1
(1 +1) (2)
 3 2
6. lim x+4 7. lim x + 3x − 6
x→0 x→−2

2
= lim(x + 4) = 3 lim (x + 3x − 6)
x→0 x→−2

3 2
= (0 + 4) = (−2) + 3(−2) − 6
3
= 4 =2 = 4−6−6
= 3
−8 = −2
 ⎡ 2x + 5 ⎤
8. lim ⎢ ⎥ (2)(2) + 5
x→2
⎣ 1− 3x ⎦ =
(1− 3(2))
lim 2x + 5
= x→2 4+5
lim (1− 3x) =
x→2 (1− 6)

lim (2x + 5) 9 3
= x→2 = =
lim (1− 3x) −5 −5
x→2
 Assignment 1: Evaluation of limits

1. lim
x → −2
(3x 4
+ 2 x − x +1) = 59
2

(
2. lim    1+
x→8
3
x ) (2 − 6 x 2
+x 3
) = 390
⎛ 1+ 3x ⎞ 1
3. lim ⎜ 2 4 ⎟ =
x → 1 ⎝ 1+ 4x + 3x ⎠ 2
x2 − x + 6
4. lim = DNE
x→2 x−2
 Assignment 1: Evaluation of Limits

5. lim (1+ 3 w ) (2 − w 2 + 3w 3 )
w →1
3
⎛ 2z + z ⎞ 2
6. lim ⎜ 2 ⎟
z→ 2 ⎝ z +4 ⎠
x2 + 3 − 2
7. lim 2
x → −1 x +1
2 3
4 − 3y − y
8. lim
y → −2 6 − y − y2
 One-Sided Limits
One-sided limit from the right or Right-
Hand Limit (RHL):

Definition:
Let f(x) be a function that is defined at
every number in some open interval (a, c).
Then the limit of f(x), as x approaches a
from the right is L , written as:
 L
lim+   f (x) = L
x→a a c

+
Note : The symbol x →a means that
x approaches a through values of x
greater than a.
 One-Sided Limits
One-sided limit from the left or Left-Hand
Limit (LHL):
Definition:
Let f(x) be a function that is defined at
every number in some open interval (d, a).
Then the limit of f(x), as x approaches a
from the left is L, written as:
 L
lim−   f (x) = L
x→a
d a

−
Note : The symbol x →a means
that x approaches a through values
of x less than a.
 Theorems on one-sided limit
1. Theorems on lim its remain unchanged
+
when x →a is replaced by x →a
−
and x →a .
2. If lim+   f (x) = L and lim−   f (x) = L
x→a x→a

then : lim f(x) = L.

x→a
 Theorems on one-sided limit

3. If lim+   f (x) ≠ lim−   f (x)

x→a x→a

then : lim f(x) does not exist (DNE)

x→a
 Here, f (x) = 1 + 3x and the constant c, which x will approach, is 2. To
Looking
limit,atwea will
Table
make of
useValues
of a tableand atusthe
to help graph
keep track ofof
they effect
= f(x)tha
toward 2 will have on f (x). Of course, on the number line, x may appr
1. lim   (1+ 3x)
through values on its left and through values on its right. We first con
x→2
from its left or through values less than 2. Remember that the values
One-sided
be close limit
to 2. from the left or Left-Hand Limit (LHL):
f (x) = (1+ 3x)
lim−   (1+ 3x) = 7 x f (x)
x→2
f (x) 1 4 (1, 4)
1.4 5.2 (1.4, 5.2)
1.7 6.1 (1.7, 6.1)
1.9 6.7 •
1.95 6.85
x 1.997 6.991
•
2 1.9999 6.9997 •
1.9999999 6.9999997 •
(1.9999999, 6.9999997)
 One-sided limit from the right or Right-Hand Limit (RHL):
Now we consider approaching 2 from its right or through values greater

lim+   (1+ 3x) = 7 f (x) = (1+ 3x)

x→2
x f (x)
f (x) 3 10 (3, 10)
2.5 8.5 (2.5, 8.5)
2.2 7.6 (2.2, 7.6)
2.1 7.3 •
x 2.03 7.09 •
2 2.009 7.027
•
2.0005 7.0015
2.0000001 7.0000003 •

(2.0000001, 7.0000003)
H OF y = f (x)

Looking at the graph of the function y = 1 + 3x

(x), it will be easier to determine its limits as x approaches

y = 1 + 3x
+ 3x. Its
with slope
8
Finally:
( 1/3, 0). 7
(2, 7)
vicinity of
6
RHL = LHL = 7
nts (from
5
Therefore:
page 4)
and so on,
e y = 7.
4

lim   (1+ 3x)

3
x→2
the right

=7
2
n page 4).
firms that
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 x Point: (2, 7)
8
MPLE 1: Investigate
2
2. lim   (x +1) lim (x2 + 1)
x→−1 x! 1
One-sided
nstructing limitoffrom
tables the left
values. Here,or cLeft-Hand
= 1 andLimit (LHL):
f (x) = x2 + 1.
2
lim−   (x +1) = 2
art x→−1
again by approaching 1 from the left.
f (x) = (x 2 +1)

f (x) x f (x)
1.5 3.25 (−1.5,3.25)
•
1.2 2.44
•
x 1.01 2.0201 •

−1 1.0001 2.00020001 •
(−1.0001, 2.0002000)
 1.0001 2.00020001
One-sided limit from the right or Right-Hand Limit (RHL):
2
lim
Nowx→−1   (x
approach
+
+1) = 2right.
1 from the
f (x) = (x 2 +1)
f (x) x f(x)
0.5 1.25 (−0.5, 1.25)

x 0.8 1.64 (−0.8, 1.64)

•
−1 0.99 1.9801 •
•
0.9999 1.99980001 •
(−0.9999, 1.9980001)
e f (x) = x2 + 1. Its graph is given by
Looking at the graph of the function y = x2 +1
y
8

7 y = x2 + 1 Finally:
6
RHL = LHL = 2
5
Therefore:
4 2
3
lim   (x +1)
x→−1
( 1, 2) 2 =2
1
Point: (-1, 2)
x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Also, f (−1) = 2
 lim (x2 + 1) =
3. lim   x x! 1

x→0

One-sided limit from the left2:orInvestigate

EXAMPLE Left-Hand Limit
lim |x| (LHL):
through a table
x!0

lim−   x = 0 Approaching 0 from the leftf (x) x the right, w

and=from
x→0
x |x|
f (x) 0.3 0.3 (−0.3, 0.3)
0.01 0.01 (−0.01, 0.01)
0.00009 0.00009 •
•
•
0.00000001 0.00000001 •

x (−0.00000001, 0.00000001)
0 Hence,
lim |x| = 0
x!0
 x! 1

One-sided limit from the right or Right-Hand Limit (RHL):

e lim |x| through a table of values.
x!0 lim+   x = 0
x→0
eft and from the right, we get the following tables:
f (x) = x
f (x)
|x| x |x|
0.3 0.3 0.3 (0.3, 0.3)
0.01 0.01 0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.00009 x 0.00009 0.00009 •
•

0.00000001 0.00000001 0.00000001 •

0 •

(0.00000001, 0.00000001)

lim |x| = 0.
x!0
 Looking at the graph of the function lim   x
x→0
y
y = |x| Finally:
RHL = LHL = 0
lim   x
x→0

x
=0
(0, 0)
Point: (0, 0)
Also, f (0) = 0
| = 0, that is, the two sides of the graph both move downward to the
4. lim   f (x)
x→4

Given this Unit – step function:

⎧⎪ x +1, if x 〈 4
f (x) = ⎨
2
⎪⎩(x − 4) + 3 , if x ≥ 4
2
f (x) = x +1 f (x) = (x − 4) + 3
•4
 One-sided limit from the left or Left-Hand Limit (LHL):
lim−   ( x +1) = 5
x→4 f (x) = x +1
x f (x)
f (x)
3.7 4.7 (3.7, 4.7)
3.85 4.85 (3.85, 4.85)
•
•
3.995 4.995 •

x 3.99999 4.99999
•

(3.99999, 4.99999)
4
her hand, when x approaches 4 from the right, the values
f (x) = (x 4)2 + 3. So,
 3.99999 4.99999
One-sided limit from the right or Right-Hand Limit (RHL):
e other hand, when2 x approaches 4 from the right, the value
lim+   (x − 4) 2+ 3 = 3
d inx→4
f (x) = (x 4) + 3. So, 2
f (x) = (x − 4) + 3
f (x)
x f (x)
4.3 3.09 (4.3, 3.09)
4.1 3.01 (4.1, 3.01)
x 4.001 3.000001
•
•
•
4 4.00001 3.0000000001 •

(4.00001,3.00000001)

ve that the values that f (x) approaches are not equal, nam
he left while it approaches 3 from the right. In such a case, w
 :(x 4)2 + 3 if x 4.

Looking at the graph of the function lim   f (x)

x→4
y
y = f (x) f (x) = (x − 4)2 + 3 Note:
7

6 Ø  We can see from the

(4, 5)
5 graph that f(x) has no
4 limit as x approaches 4.
3

2
(4, 3)
Ø  The two separate parts
1 f (x) = x +1 of the function move
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
toward different values
y (y = 5 from the left
and y = 3 from the right.
m the graph that f (x) has no limit as x approaches 4. The two
 :(x 4)2 + 3 if x 4.

Looking at the graph of the function lim   f (x)

x→4
y
y = f (x) f (x) = (x − 4)2 + 3 Finally:
7

6
(4, 5) lim−   ( x +1)= 5
5 x→4
2
4
lim+   (x − 4) + 3= 3
3 x→4
(4, 3)
LHL ≠ RHL
2

1 f (x) = x +1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x Therefore:
lim   f (x) DNE
x→4
m the graph that f (x) has no limit as x approaches 4. The two
 ⎧⎪ x +1, if x 〈 4
f (x) = ⎨
⎪⎩(x − 4)2 + 3 , if x ≥ 4

Note: lim   f (x) DNE

x→4

But: f (4) = 3
Therefore:
It is possible that lim   f (x) and f (c) are not
x→c

the same.
5. Given the graph of the function:
y
6

4
(3, 4)
3
(0, 3)

2
(3, 2)

1
( 2, 1) (3, 0)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Determine the following:

a. lim   f (x) d. f (0)

x→−2

b. f (−2) e. lim   f (x)

x→3

c. lim   f (x) f . f (3)

x→0
 y
6

4
(3, 4)
3
(0, 3)

2
(3, 2)

1
( 2, 1) (3, 0)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

a. lim   f (x) b. f (−2) c. lim   f (x)

x→−2 x→0

=1 =1
nstance, it can be seen from the graph of y = f (x) that: =3
 y
6

4
(3, 4)
3
(0, 3)

2
(3, 2)

1
( 2, 1) (3, 0)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

d. f (0) e. lim   f (x) f . f (3)

x→3

DNE DNE
nstance, it can be seen from the graph of y = f (x) that: =2
me.
6. Given
graph is the graph of the function:
y
t lim f (x)?
x!0
8
7
Although as 6
m to move 5
“stop” at a 4
h a definite 3
t does not 1
2 f (x) = 2
x
n the lesson 1
scuss more
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x

What is the lim   f (x)? Does it exist or not? Why?

x→0

15
What is the lim   f (x)? Does it exist or not? Why?
x→0

Answer:

Ø  The limit does not exist.

Ø  Although as x approaches 0, the arrows
seem to move in the same direction, they
will not “stop” at a limiting value.
Ø  In the absence of such a definite limiting
value, we say the the limit does not exist.
7. Sketch one possible graph of a function
that satisfies all the listed conditions.

a. lim   f (x) =1 e. f (2) = 0

x→0
f . f (4) = 5
b. lim   f (x) DNE
x→1 g. lim   f (x) = 5
x→c
c. lim   f (x) = 0
x→2
for all c 〉 4
d. f (1) = 2
er (there are many other possibilities):
Solution:
y
6
f . f (4) = 5
5 g. lim   f (x) = 5
x→c

4 for all c 〉 4

b.3 lim   f (x) DNE

x→1

2 d. f (1) = 2
1

2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
c. lim   f (x) = 0
x→2
a. lim   f (x) =1
x→0 e. f (2) = 0
 1.35
0.7 1.35
5 Assignment 2_Looking at a Table of Values and at the graph of y = f(x)
1.05
0.95 1.05
5 1.005
0.995 1.005
95 1. Complete the following tables of values to
0.9995 1.0005 1.0005
95 0.99995 1.00005 1.00005
x −1
in vestigate lim . x 1
Complete the following tables x
ollowing tables of values
x→0to investigate
of+1 lim
values to investigate. lim x 1 .
x!0 x + 1 x!0 x + 1

x f (x) f (x) x x f (x) f (x)

1 1 1
8 0.8 0.75 0.75
5 0.35 0.45 0.45
1 0.1 0.2 0.2
9 0.09 0.09 0.09
03 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001
2. Construct a table of values to investigate the
following limits :
10
a. lim
x→3 x − 2

2x +1
b. lim
x→2 x − 3
2
x +6
c. lim 2
x→0 x + 2
3. Sketch the graph and use it to det er min e
the values of a for which lim exists.
x→a

⎧⎪1 / x, if x ≤ −1
a. lim f (x) if f (x) = ⎨
x→−1
⎪⎩ x 2 − 2, if x 〉 −1

⎧
⎪ x + 3, if x 〈 1
⎪
b. lim f (x) if f (x) = ⎨2x, if x = 1
x→1
⎪
⎪⎩ 5x −1, if x 〉 1
c. lim f (x) and lim f (x)
x→−1 x→1

⎧ 2 − x, if x 〈 −1
⎪
if ( x ) = ⎨ x, if −1 ≤ x 〈 1
⎪ 2
⎩ (x −1) , if x ≥ 1
4. Consider the function f (x) whose graph is
shown below
4. Consider : f (x) whose graph is shown below.
the function
y
6

5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1

2
Determine the following:

a. lim f (x)
x! 3

b. lim f (x)
x! 1

c. lim f (x)
x!1

d. lim f (x)
x!3

e. lim f (x)
x!5
 Uses of one-sided limit

1.  Unit-step function

N
2. Infinite limits
0
3. Absolute value limits
 Infinite Limits
Let f(x) be a function that is defined at every
number in some open interval containing a
except possibly at the number a itself. As x
approaches a, f(x) increases without bound.

lim−   f (x) = ∞ lim+   f (x) = ∞

x→a x→a

x=a
 Infinite Limits
Let f(x) be a function that is defined at every
number in some open interval containing a
except possibly at the number a itself. As x
approaches a, f(x) decreases without bound.

lim−   f (x) = − ∞ lim+   f (x) = − ∞

x→a x→a
x=a
 Theorems on Infinite Limits

1
1. lim+   r = ∞
x→0 x
1
2. lim−   r = ∞, if r is even
x→0 x
= − ∞, if r is odd
If lim+   f (x) = 0 and lim+   g(x) = ± c
x→a x→a
or or
x→a− x→a−
g(x)
3. lim  
x→a f (x)

+c −c
a) =+∞ c) +
=−∞
0 + 0
+c −c
b) −
=−∞ d) =+∞
0 0 −
If lim   f (x) = ±∞ and lim   g(x) = ± c
x→a x→a

4. lim   [ f (x) ± g(x)] = ±∞ ± c

x→a

a) + ∞+ c = + ∞ c) − ∞+ c=− ∞
b)+ ∞− c=+ ∞ d)− ∞− c=− ∞
If lim   f (x) = ±∞ and lim   g(x) = ± c
x→a x→a

5. lim   [ f (x)] [ g(x)] = [±∞] [± c ]

x→a

a) [+∞][+c]=+∞ c) [−∞] [+c]=− ∞

b)[+∞] [−c]=− ∞ d)[−∞][−c]=+ ∞

 Vertical Asymptote
The line x = a is said to be a vertical
asymptote of the graph of the function
f(x) if at least one of the following
statements is true.
1. lim+ f (x) = +∞ 3. lim− f (x) = +∞
x→a x→a

2. lim+ f (x) = −∞ 4. lim− f (x) = −∞

x→a x→a
 Vertical Asymptote

3. lim− f (x) = +∞ 1. lim+ f (x) = +∞

x→a x→a

4. lim− f (x) = −∞
x→a
2. lim+ f (x) = −∞
x→a

x=a
 Note that the function is not defined at
Illustrative
x = 0 but we can check theExamples
behavior of the
function as x approaches 0 intuitively. We
1
1. lim  
first consider approaching 0 from the left.
2
x→0 x
One-sided limit from the left or Left-Hand Limit (LHL):
1 1 4 3 2 1
lim−   2 = = ±∞ f (x) = 1/ x 2

x→0 x 0 x f (x)
1 0.9 1.2345679
= 2
(−0.000000001) 0.5 4
0.1 100
1 1
= = = +∞ 0.01 10, 000
0.000000000001 0 0.001 1, 000, 000
0.0001 100, 000, 000
One-sided limit from the right or Right-Hand Limit (RHL):
1 1
lim+   2 = = ±∞
x→0 x 0 x f (x)
0.9 1.2345679
1 0.5 4
= 2
(0.000000001) 0.1 100
0.01 10, 000
1 0.001 1, 000, 000
= 0.0001 100, 000, 000
0.000000000001
1
Again,
= as x approaches 0 from the right, the value of the functio
= +∞
so, 0lim f (x) = +1.
x!0+
 d g(c) = 0. Note that Theorem 3 does not cover
ator is nonzero at c.
Looking at the graph of the function 1
y= 2
y
x
8 Since:
7
.
at
6
1 1
e
5 lim+   2 = lim−   2 = +∞
We
4 x→0 x x→0 x
3
2
1
f(x) = 2 Therefore:
x
1 1
x
lim   2 = +∞
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x→0 x
x=0
f(x)
Vertical Assymptote
1.2345679
 x +3 7
2. lim 2 = = ±∞
x→4 + x − 2 x −8 0

x +3
= lim
x→4 + (x − 4)(x + 2)

4+3
=
(4.00001 − 4)(4 + 2)

=
7
=
7 x=4
(+0.00001)(6) 0
= +∞
 x2 + x + 2 14
3. lim 2 = = ±∞
x→3 − x − 2 x − 3 0
2
x +x+ 2
= lim
x→3 − (x − 3)(x +1)

14
=
( 2.9999 − 3) ( 4)

14 14 x = 3
= = =−∞
(−0.00001)(4) −0.00010
 Assignment 3_Infinite Limits

x+2
1. lim +    = −∞
x → −3 x+3
2−x
2. lim−    2
=∞
x →1
( x −1)
3. lim+   ln ( x − 9 ) = − ∞
2
x→3

ex
4. lim− 3
= −∞
x→5 (x − 5)
 Limits at Infinity
Let f ( x ) be a function that is defined
at every number in some int erval
(a, ∞). The lim it of f ( x ) as x
increases without bound is b :

lim f (x) = b y=b

x→+∞
 Limits at Infinity

Let f ( x ) be a function that is defined

at every number in some int erval
(−∞, a). The lim it of f ( x ) as x
decreases without bound is b :

lim f (x) = b y=b

x→−∞  
 Horizontal Asymptote
The line y = b is said to be a horizontal
asymptote of the graph of the function
f(x) if at least one of the following
statements is true.
1. lim f (x) = b
x→+∞

2. lim f (x) = b
x→−∞
 Horizontal Asymptote
2. lim f (x) = b 1. lim f (x) = b
x → −∞ x → +∞

y=b
 Horizontal Asymptote

y = f(x)
(a, b)
y=b

Pt. of intersection of y = b and y = f(x):

f(x) = b
x = a
Therefore the point of intersection is at (a, b).
 Theorems on limits at infinity:
1 1
1. lim r
= =0
x→+∞ x +∞
1 1
2. lim r
= =0
x→−∞ x −∞
Examples:
5 3 2
8x −3x +2 x −5 ∞
1. lim 5 4
=
x→+∞ 4 x −x +x +1 ∞

8x 5 3x 3 2x 2 5
5
− 5
+ 5
− 5
= lim x 5 x 4 x x
x→+∞ 4x x x 1
5
− 5 + 5 + 5
x x x x
 3 2 5
8− 2 + 3 − 5
= lim x x x
x→+∞ 1 1 1
4− + 4 + 5
x x x

8−0+0 −0 8
= = =2
4−0+0+0 4
 3 2
x −3x +2 x + 8 ∞
2. lim 4 3
=
x→−∞ 6 x −7x +x − 5 ∞
3 2
x 3x 2x 8
4
− 4
+ 4
+ 4
= lim x 4 x
3
x x
x→−∞ 6 x 7x x 5
4
− 4
+ 4 − 4
x x x x
 1 3 2 8
− 2 + 3+ 4
= lim x x x x
x→−∞ 7 1 5
6− + 3 − 4
x x x
0−0+0+0 0
= = =0
6−0+0−0 6
 3
7 − 4x − 2x ∞
3. lim 2
=
x→∞ 6 x −x − 5 ∞
7 4
3
− 2
−2
= lim x x
x→∞ 6 1 5
− 2
− 3
x x x
0−0−2 −2
= = = −∞
0−0−0 0
Assignment 4_Limits at Infinity:
1
1. lim    =0
x →∞ 2x + 3
2
1− x − x 1
2. lim    2
=−
x → −∞ 2x − 7 2
3
x + 5x 1
3. lim    3 2
=
x→∞ 2x − x + 4 2
5 3
x +x + x
4. lim    4 2
=∞
x→∞ x − x +1
 Assignment 4_Limits at Infinity
2 4
1− 2 x − x 1
5. lim    4
=
x → −∞ 5 + x − 3x 3
4x 2 +1
6. lim    = −2
x → −∞ x +1
2 x +1
7. lim    =∞
x→∞ x +1