SQLfunctions statements that accept only

input
it is a set of SQL function can
Dasically,
and return the result. A
parameters, perform actions Functions a r e o t
alternate to
value or a table.
single
returh an only a command(generally
commands but are used as a part of sql
sqi
select command).
Types of Function (System defined) that is,
on scalar values
- -

A scalar function is a function that operates

returns a
values as arguments directly and
it takes one (or more) input
These functions can be applied
value. Maths,text, date functions etc.
over column(s) of a
table to perform relevant operation on value of
each record.
For e.g. select left(name,4) from student;
will display 4 left side letters of each row of name field from student
table.

Created by: Abhay

An aggregate function is a function that operates on aggregate data
that is, it takes a complete set of data as input and returns a value that
is computed from all the values in theset. E.g. max(),
min(), count()
sum(), avg().Generally these are used for report preparation & mostly
used with group by and having clause.

Created by: Abhay

Scalar Functionn:
Mathematical functions:
Perform operation over numeric values.

POWER() :
returns the value of a number raised to the power of
anotheer
power()
number. The synonym of power() is pow().

Syntax pow(m,n)
m A number which is the base of the exponentiation.

n A number which is the exponent of the exponentiation.

Created by: Abhay

 mysql> SELECT POW(2,3
+ --
POWC,3)|I

1 row in set (.00 se

mysal sELECT POwER(23);

t-

POWER(2,B) I|

now in set (o.0 se

ROUNDb0
number rounded to a certain number of
The round() function returns a

decimal places.
Syntax - ROUND(column_name,decimals)
The field to round.
column_name: Required
to be returned.
Decimals: Required Specifies the number of decimals
Created by. Abhay
 integer ,if its
next right
value is rounded to next
Decimal places position
side number is>=5
if we do not specify
Default decimal place is 0 position
mys1 sELECT OUND(3.72,2)
my sl$ELECT ROUND (36.4) ..-4---
---- ROUND( 36.725 2)
ROUND 36.4)
+-
36 73
36

row in set (.00 sec) 1 row in set (.o0 seq)

mysl$ELECT ROUND ( 36. 7) ; mysl sELECT ROUND( 36.72,2)

ROUND 36.7) IROUND 361723 2)

-
36 72
B7

1 row ih set (9.00 sec) 1 row ih set (.00 sed)

TRUNCATE()
Page 8 Created by: Abhay
The truncate() function returns a number to a certain number of
decimal placesS.
Syntax TRUNCATE(number,decimals)
number : Required The field to round.
Decimals: Required Specifies the number of decimals to be returned.

mysq SLEC TRUNCATE(6.41)

TRUNCATE (36.4,)
36.4
1 row in set (.pe sec)

mysql SELEC TRUNCATE(6 1)

+
TRUNCATE(36.7,1)
36.7
ro inset (0.pe sec)

Created by: Abhay

MOD)
The MOD() function returns the remainder of one number
divided by
function:
another. The following shows the syntax of the MOD()

Syntax MOD(dividend,divisor)
Dividend -

is a literal number or a numeric expression to divide.

Divisor- is a literal number or a numeric expression by which
to divide the dividend.
mysg1> sELECT HOD(11,
MOD(11,3

1 row in set (.00 sed)

mysl>SELECT OD (10.5,3)
MDD ( 10.53)

1 rpu in set (.0e sed)

Created by: Abhay
Text functions
Perform operation over string values.

UPPER(str)
to uppercase.
string str with all characters changed
Returns the
mysql> SELECT UPPER(Tej);
TEJ
UCASE(str)-UCASE() is a synonym for UPPER().

LOWER(str)-
changed to lowercase
Returns the string str with all characters
mysql> SELECT LOWER("'QUADRATICALLY");

Created by: Abhay

 'quadratically'
LCASE(str)
LCASE() is a synonym for LOWER().

SUBSTRING(str, pos)
SUBSTRING(str, pos,len)- SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
The forms without a len argument return a substring from string str
starting at position pos. The forms with a len argument return a
substring len characters long from string str, starting at position pos.
The forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax. It is also possible
to use a negative value for pOs. In this case, the beginning of the
substring is pos characters from the end of the string, rather than the
beginning.
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('practically',5);

Created by: Abhay

 -'tically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING'foofarbar FROM 4)
farbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING'Quadratically',5,6);
->'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Aakila', -3);
->'ila'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Aakila', -5, 3);
'aki
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Aakila' FROM-4 FOR 2);
'ki'

MID(str,pos,len)
synonym for SUBSTRING(str,pos,len),
substr()
MID(str, pos, len) is a

LENGTH(str)
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Returns the length of the string str
mysql> SELECT LENGTH('text);
>4

LEFT(str,len)
the string str, or NULL if any
Returns the leftmost len characters from
argument is NULL.
mysql> SELECT LEFT("Toolbar', 4);
->Tool'

RIGHT(str,len)
Returns the rightmost len characters from the string str, or NULL if
any argument is NULL.
mysql> SELECT RIGHT("Toolbar, 3);
->'bar'
Created by: Abhay
INSTR(str,substr)-
Returns the position of the first occurrencee of substring substr in
string str.
mysql> SELECT INSTR('Toobarbar, 'bar);
->4
mysql> SELECT INSTR('xbar', 'ybar";
->0

LTRIM(str)
Returns the string str with leading space characters removed.
mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' Toolbar");
>Toolbar'

Created by: Abhay

RTRIM(str) characters removed.
Returns the string str with trailing space

mysql> SELECT RTRIM(Toolbar ");

-Toolbar

TRIM(T{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} remstr]

FROM] Str) If
str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed.
Returns the string BOTH
LEADING, or TRAILING is given ,
n o n e of the specifiers BOTH,
is assumed.
mysql> SELECT TRIM tool ');
->"bar'
'x' FROM 'xxxtooixxx');
mysql> SELECT TRIM(LEADING
->toolxxx'
FROM 'xxxtoolxxx');
mysql> SELECT TRIM(BOTH '*'
->tool'
Created by: Abhay
 mysql> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING
->tool' 'xyz' FROM 'toobxxx');

Date functions-
Perform operation over date values.

NOW()
Returns the current date and time as a value in "YYYY-MM-DDb
the
hh:mm:ss' or YYYYMMDDhhmmss format, depending on whether
function is used in string or numeric context.
mysql> SELECT NOW);
->2020-04-0523:50:26'
+0;
mysql> SELECT NOW()
Created by: Abhay
 20200415235026.000000D
Here +0 means +0 second

DATE(expr)- datetime expression expr.

Extracts the date part of the date or

mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03');

->2003-12-31'

MONTH(date)-
Dofturns the month for date, in the
December, 0 for dates range 1 to 12 for
or
such as
'0000-00-00' January to
or 2008-00-00'
-00-00' that
Created by: Abhay
have a zero month part.
mysql> SELECT MONTH(2008-02-03);
-2

MONTHNAME(date)-
Returns the full name of the month for date.

mysql> SELECT MONTHNAME(2008-02-03");

->"February'

YEAR(date) in the range 1000 to 9999,

or 0 for the
for date,
Returns the vear

zero" date.
Created by: Abhay
 mysql> SELECT YEAR('1987-01-01');
->1987

DAY(date)-
Returns the day of the month for date, in the range 1 to 31, or 0 for
dates such as '0000-00-00' or '2008-00-00' that have a zero day part.
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');
-3

DAYNAME(date)
Returns the name of the weekday for
date.
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME( 2007-02-03'):
-'Saturday'

Created by: Abhay

DAYOFWEEK(date)-
0atturns the
number of the
weekday for date.
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME((2007-02-03'):
-> 'Saturday'

DAYOFYEAR(date)-
date.
number of the day of year for given
Returns the
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03');

'Saturday'
Created by: Abhay
Aggregate Functions

Aggregate Functions & NULL

Perform operation over set of values Consider a
table llowing
Emp having followino
records as-
SQL Queries
mysql> Select Sum(Sal) from EMP; Emp
12000 Code Name Sal
mysql> Select Min(Sal) from EMP;
E1 Mohak NULL
3500
E2
mysql> Select Max(Sal) from EMP; Anuj 4500
E3
4500
mysql> Select Count(Sal) from EMP; E4
Vijay NULL
Vishal 3500
3
ES Anil 4000
mysql> Select Avg(Sal) from EMP;
4000
mysql> Select Count(*) from EMP; Null values are
5 excluded while
(avg)aggregate function is used
Group with Aggregate Functions
An Aggregate function may applied on a column with DISTINCT or ALL keyword.
If nothing is given ALL is assumed.
Using SUM (<Column>)
This function returns the sum of values in given column or expression.
mysql> Select Sum(Sal) from EMP;
mysql> Select Sum(DISTINCT Sal) from EMP;
mysql> Select Sum (Sal) from EMP where City="Jaipur;
mysql> Select Sum (Sal) from EMP Group By City;
mysql> Select Job, Sum(Sal) from EMP Group By Job;
Using MIN (<column>)
This functions returns the Minimum value in the given column.
mysql> Select Min(Sal) from EMP;
mysql> Select Min(Sal) from EMP Group By City;
mysql> Select Job, Min(Sal) from EMP Group By Job;

Created by: Abhay

Using MAX (<Column>) coIumn.

returns the Maximum value in given

n i s Tunction

mysql> Select Max(Sal) from EMIP;

where City="Jaipur
mysql> Select Max(Sal) from EMP
mysql> Select Max(Sal) from EMP Group
By City;

Using AVG (<column>)

This functions returns the Average value
in the given column.
mysql> Select AVG(Sall) from EMP;
mysql> Select AVG(Sal) from EMP Group By City;

Using COUNT (<*|column>)

This functions returns the number of rows in the given column.
mysql> Select Count(*) from EMP;
mysql> Select Count($al) from EMP Group By City:
mysgl> Select Count("), Sum($al) from ElMP Groujp By Job:
Aggregate Functions & Conditions
YOu may use any condition on group, if
<condition> required. HAVING
clause is used to apply a condition on a
group.
mysql> Select Job,Sum(Pay) from EMP Group By Job HAVING Sum(Pay)>=8000;
mysql> Select Job, Sum(Pay) from EMP Group By Job HAVING Avg(Pay)>=7000;
mysql> Select Job, Sum(Pay) from EMP Group By Job HAVING Count(*)>=5;

mysql> Select Job, Min(Pay),Max(Pay), Avg(Pay) from EMP Group By Job HAVING
Sum(Pay)>=8000;
mysql> Select Job, Sum(Pay) from EMP Where City="Jaipur
Note:-Where clause works in respect of whole table but Having works on
Group only. If Where and Having both are used then Where will be executed first.

Created by: Abhay

Ordering Query Result-ORDER BY
Clause descending (Z-A)
A query result can be orders in ascending (A-Z) or

order as per any column. Default is Ascending order.

mysql> SELECT
*
FROM Student ORDER BY City;

To get descending order use DESC key word.

mysql> SELECT* FROM Student ORDER BY City DESC;

mysql> SELECT Name, Fname, City FROM Student Where Name LIKE 'R% ORDER
BY Class;

Created by: Abhay