NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHOLOGY Notebook 3

Alunan Avenue, City of Koronadal
First Semester, SY. 2022-2023

ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA, ECE

Instructor
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
What is Random Variable Example 1
A random variable is a function that Two balls are drawn in succession without
associates a real number with each element replacement from an urn containing 4 red balls
in the sample space. It is an element or data and 3 black balls. The possible outcomes and
that is liable to vary or change. In order to the values x of the random variable X , where X
remember this term, you can just think of is the number of red balls, are
the word vary, which means change.
Sample Value of the
The examples of variables are: Space random
Age, business income and expenses, country variable X
of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, RR 2
eye color, and vehicle. RB 1
A random variable is a variable whose value
BR 1
1
is a numerical outcome of a random

Engineering Data
phenomenon. BB 0

ENGMATH 114

Analysis
If X is a random variable, the X is written in
words, and x is given as a number.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 2 Example 3
A stockroom clerk returns three safety helmets An overseas shipment of 5
at random to three steel mill employees who foreign automobiles
had previously checked them. If Smith, Jones, contains 2 that have slight
and Brown, in that order, receive one of the paint blemishes. If an
three hats, list the sample points for the agency receives 3 of these Sample x
Space
possible orders of returning the helmets, and automobiles at random,
find the value m of the random variable M that list the elements of the NNN 0
represents the number of correct matches. sample space S, using the NNB 1
letters B and N for NBN 1
If S, J, and B stand for Smith’s, blemished and non- NBB 2
Sample m
Jones’s, and Brown’s helmets, Space
blemished, respectively;
then to each sample point BNN 1
respectively, then the possible
arrangements in which the
SJB
SBJ
3
1
assign a value x of the BNB 2 2
helmets may be returned and random variable X BBN 2

Engineering Data
BJS 1

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the number of correct representing the number BBB 3
matches are JSB 1 of automobiles with paint

Analysis
JBS 0 blemishes B purchased by
BSJ 0 the agency.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 4 What are two types of random

Let W be a random variable giving the number variables?
of heads minus the number of tails in three
tosses of a coin. List the elements of the A discrete random variable is a variable
sample space S for the three tosses of the coin whose value is obtained by counting.
and to each sample point assign a value w of W.
A continuous random variable is a variable
whose value is obtained by measuring.
Solution: Sample w
Space
If a sample space contains a finite number
A table of sample space and HHH 3
assigned values of the random
of possibilities or an unending sequence
HHT 1 with as many elements as there are whole
variable is shown next.
HTH 1 numbers, it is called a discrete sample 3
Let W be a random variable HTT -1 space.

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giving the number of heads

ENGMATH 114
THH 1
minus the number of tails in A random variable is called a discrete

Analysis
three tosses of a coin. THT -1
random variable if its set of possible
TTH -1 outcomes is countable.
TTT -3
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 5: Continuous Random Variable
Examples of Discrete Random Variables If a sample space contains an infinite
1. Can you count the number of students number of possibilities equal to the
in a room? YES, you can. Therefore, the number of points on a line segment, it is
number of students in a room is a called a continuous sample space.
discrete variable.
A random variable whose set of possible
values is an entire interval of numbers is
not discrete. When a random variable can
take on values on a continuous scale, it is
called a continuous random variable.
In most practical problems, continuous
random variables represent measured 4
data, such as all possible heights, weights,

Engineering Data
2. Can you count the number of heads temperatures, distance, or life periods,

ENGMATH 114
when you flip a coin twice? YES you can whereas discrete random variables

Analysis
also do that. Therefore, the flipping of represent count data, such as the number
coins is also a discrete variable. of defectives in a sample of k items or the
number of highway fatalities per year in a
given state.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Example 6: NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Examples of Continuous Random

Variable
1. The height of a person is not necessarily a whole number. It can be 5 ft or 6 ft but it can
be somewhere at 5.1 ft, 5.25 ft or 6.125 ft. The height of a person can be expressed
using an infinite number of values.

2. The temperature of a room can be 21.5 degrees or 22.12345 degrees. Therefore is it 5

also a continuous random variable.

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

What is a probability distribution?

A probability distribution is a table or an Sample X= the number Exactly
equation that links each outcome of Space Of heads 2 Heads
statistical experiment with its probability that occurs and 1 Tail
of occurrence. HHH 3
HHT 2 /
Every random variable is associated with a
HTH 2 /
probability distribution.
HTT 1
A discrete random variable assumes each of THH 2 /
its values with a certain probability. THT 1
TTH 1
Example 7:
TTT 0
6
In the case of tossing a coin three times, the

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114
variable X, representing the number of
heads, assumes the value 2 with probability The probability that exactly 2 heads and

Analysis
3/8, since 3 of the 8 equally likely sample 1 tail will occur is 3/8
points result in two heads and one tail.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 8: Example 9:
If one assumes equal weights for the Consider flipping a coin two times. Let us say,
simple events in Example 2, the probability we are going to count the number of heads
that no employee gets back the right that we see in two coin flips.
helmet, that is, the probability that M 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
assumes the value 0, is 1/3. The possible The probability distribution of the said
values m of M and their probabilities are: experiment is shown.

Sample m Number Probability

Space of Heads
m P ( M = m) 0 .25
SJB 3
1 .50
3 1/6
SBJ 1 2 .25
7
BJS 1 1 3/6 (or 1/2)

Engineering Data
From this table, we can see that the

ENGMATH 114
JSB 1 0 2/6 (or 1/3)) probability of getting no head in two coin

Analysis
JBS 0 flips is 0.25, the probability of getting 1
head in two coin flips is 0.50, and the
BSJ 0
probability of getting two heads in two coin
flips is 0.25.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 10:
Properties of the Probability A child psychologist is x P ( X = x)
interested in the number of
Distribution for Discrete times a newborn baby's 0 P ( X = 0) = 2/50
Random Variable crying wakes its mother after 1 P ( X = 1) = 11/50
midnight. For a random 2 P ( X = 2) = 23/50
sample of 50 mothers, the
following information was 3 P ( X = 3) = 9/50
The set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) is a obtained. Let X = the 4 P ( X = 4) = 4/50
probability mass function of the discrete number of times per week a 5 P ( X = 5) = 1/50
random variable X if, for each possible newborn baby's crying
outcome x, wakes its mother after
1. 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1 , Each 𝑃(𝑥) is midnight.
between zero and one, inclusive. For this example, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. P(x) =
probability that X takes on a value x. X takes on 8
the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Is this a discrete PDF?

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2. The sum of the

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probabilities is 1.
YES, because:

Analysis
a. Each P(x) is between zero and one, inclusive.

b. The sum of the probabilities is one, that is,

2/50+11/50+23/50+9/50+4/50+1/50 = 1
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 11: Example 12:

A hospital researcher is interested in the Suppose Nancy has classes three days a
number of times the average post-op patient week. She attends classes three days a week
will ring the nurse during a 12-hour shift. For a 80% of the time, two days 15% of the time,
random sample of 50 patients, the following one day 4% of the time, and no days 1% of
information was obtained. Let X = the number the time. Suppose one week is randomly
of times a patient rings the nurse during a 12- selected.
hour shift. For this exercise, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
P(x) = the probability that X takes on value x. a. Let X = the number of days Nancy
Is this a discrete probability distribution ____________________.
function? Justify.
x P ( X = x) a. Each P(x) is between zero b. X takes on what values?___________
0 P ( X = 0) = 4/50
and one, inclusive.
b. The sum of the
c. Suppose one week is randomly chosen. 9
Construct a probability distribution table.
1 P ( X = 1) = 8/50 probabilities is

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114
2 P ( X = 2) = 16/50 4/50+8/50+16/50+14/50+6/ d. What does the P(x) column sum to?

Analysis
3 P ( X = 3) = 20/50 50+2/50 = 56/50≠1
4 P ( X = 4) = 6/50 ∴It is not a valid probability
5 P ( X = 5) = 2/50 distribution.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 13:
a. Let X = the number of days Nancy attends Jeremiah has basketball practice two days a
class per week. week. Ninety percent of the time, he attends
both practices. Eight percent of the time, he
b. X takes on what values? 0, 1, 2, and 3
attends one practice. Two percent of the time,
c. Suppose one week is randomly chosen. he does not attend either practice. What is X
Construct a probability distribution table. and what values does it take on?

Solution:
x P ( X = x) Let X = the number of days Jeremiah attends
0 .01 basketball practice per week.
X takes on values 0, 1 and 2.
1 .04
2 .15 x P ( X = x) 10

Engineering Data
3 .80 2 P ( X = 2) = 90/100 = 0.90

ENGMATH 114

Analysis
1 P ( X = 1) = 8/100 = 0.08
d. What does the P(x) column sum to?
It sums up to 1. 0 P ( X = 0) = 2/100 = 0.02
Mean and Variance of Standard Deviation of
ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Probability Distributions Probability Distribution

The mean of a probability distribution is The standard deviation of a random
the long-run arithmetic average value of a variable measures how close the
random variable having that distribution. It random variable is to the mean. It is
is also known as the expected value. The called standard deviation since it
formula is given by: represents an average or standard
distance or deviation from the mean.
The formula is given by:
𝜇 = ෍ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)

The variance of a probability distribution 𝜎= ෍(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)

is the theoretical limit of the variance of a
sample of the distribution, as the sample’s In each of these formula:
size approaches infinity. It is the expected 𝑋 = value of the random variable 11
value of the squared difference between 𝑃 𝑋 =probability of the random variable 𝑋

Engineering Data
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each value and the mean of the 𝜇 =mean of the probability distribution
𝜎 2 =variance of the probability distribution

Analysis
distribution. The formula is:
𝜎 = standard deviation of the random
𝜎 2 = ෍(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) variable
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at
the table, along with the corresponding probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and
the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

12

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

13

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

14

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

15

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

16

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

17

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 14: The number of cars sold per day at Toyota General Santos store is shown at the table, along with the corresponding
probabilities. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the given probability distribution.

18

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA

Example 15: You plan to open a new Jenel’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Monthly Income (Pesos) Probability
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Talong and Pastil, and found the data in the given −50,000 20%
table, for similar ventures. What is the expected 0 30%
value and the standard deviation? 50,000 40%
150000 10%
X P(X) XP(X) X-u (X-u)2 (X-u)2P(X)

19

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA

Example 15: You plan to open a new Jenel’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Monthly Income (Pesos) Probability
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Talong and Pastil, and found the data in the given −50,000 20%
table, for similar ventures. What is the expected 0 30%
value and the standard deviation? 50,000 40%
150000 10%

20

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA

Example 15: You plan to open a new Jenel’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Monthly Income (Pesos) Probability
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Talong and Pastil, and found the data in the given −50,000 20%
table, for similar ventures. What is the expected 0 30%
value and the standard deviation? 50,000 40%
150000 10%

21

Engineering Data
ENGMATH 114

Analysis