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[SCI] 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER.

Status Done

Assign Joshua Riano

Type reviewer

Date @October 27, 2022

Subject Science

Table of Contents: &. To-Do Lists:

Lesson #1 | Plate Boundaries. Review Lesson #1 | Plate Boundaries.
&. The Seven (7) Major Plates
Review Lesson #2 | Types of Plate
&. Plate Tectonics are based on the following
&. Continental Crusts VS. Oceanic Crusts Boundaries.
&. Layers of Earth: Review Lesson #3 | Evidences of Plate
&. How to find the epicenter? Movements.
Lesson 2 | Types of Plate Boundaries
Lesson 3 | Evidences of Plate Movements. Review Lesson #4 | Continental Drift.
Lesson 4 | Evidences of Plate Movements:
Continental Drift. @October 28, 2022 1:00 PM for the
&. Alfred Lothar Wegener Periodical Exam.
&. Continental Drift Theory
&. Evidences of Plate Movements:
Lesson #5 | Seafloor Spreading:

Lesson #1 | Plate Boundaries.

Plate Tectonics - The theory of plate tectonics revolutionized the earth sciences by
explaining how the movement of geologic plates causes mountain building, volcanoes, and
earthquakes.

&. The Seven (7) Major &. Plate Tectonics are based on
Plates the following
African Plate; Earthquake Epicenter

Antarctic Plate; Active Volcanoes

Eurasian Plate; Pacific Ring of Fire

Indo-Australian Plate; Mountain Ranges

North American Plate;

Geologic activities such as
Pacific Plate;
seismicity, volcanism, and mountain
and South American Plate. formations are the basis of
scientists in dividing the Earth’s
lithosphere.

Epicenter & Focus: P-Wave & S-Wave:

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 Epicenter is the point on the earth’s > P-Wave (Primary Wave) is one of the two
surface vertically above the focus. On the (2) main types of body waves, it travels
other hand, Focus is the point within earth much faster than S-Wave. It can pass
where an earthquake rupture starts. through solids, liquids, and gas.

Seismograph | Seismometer: > S-Wave (Secondary Wave) can be fast as P-

An instrument that measures and record body wave depending on how near/far the

waves of earthquakes. epicenter will be on a station. shear waves

that travel at a slower rate and are not
Seismogram: able to pass through liquids and gas.
The recording of the ground shaking at the
specific location of the instrument. Geology:
The science that deals with the study of
Fault: planet Earth.
A break in a rock along which movement has
occurred. Seismic Waves:
The waves of energy caused by the sudden
Tectonic Plates: breaking of rock within the earth or an
is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of explosion.
solid rock, generally
composed of both continental and oceanic Seismology:

lithosphere. The science that deals with the study of

earthquakes and seismic wave that move
Earthquake: through and around the Earth.
is a vibration of Earth due to the rapid
release of energy.

&. Continental Crusts VS. Oceanic Crusts

These are part of Compositional Layers [are determined by their
components];
These consists Continental & Oceanic Crusts, Mantle & Core.

Continental Crusts: Oceanic Crusts:

> Makes up Earth’s continents. > Makes up the ocean floor
> Thickest layer of the Earth’s crust. (10- > Thinner than the continental crust.
70km thick) (about 7km)
> Less dense > Denser than continental crust
> Composition similar to granite > Composition similar to basalt
> Mostly compose of old rocks > Mostly compose of young rocks

&. Layers of Earth:

These are the mechanical layers of Earth, it’s These are the Compositional
determined by their physical properties. Layers of the Earth;

Lithosphere - The outermost and most rigid Crust - The outermost solid
mechanical layer of the Earth. The lithosphere layer of a rocky planet or
includes the crust and the top of the mantle. The natural satellite.
average thickness is ~70km, but ranges widely: It Chemically distinct from the
can be very thin, only a few km thick under oceanic underlying mantle.
crust or mid-ocean ridges, or very thick, 150+ km
Mantle - A layer of the
under continental crust, particularly mountain
Earth (or any planet large
belts.
enough to support internal
Asthenosphere - The asthenosphere is underneath the stratification) between the
lithosphere. It is about 100km thick, and is a crust and the outer core. It
is chemically distinct from

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 region of the mantle that flows relatively easily. the crust and the outer
Reminder: it is not liquid. core. The mantle is not
liquid. It is, however,
Mesosphere - The mesosphere is beneath the
ductile, or plastic, which
asthenosphere. It encompasses the lower mantle,
means that on very long time
where material still flows but at a much slower
scales and under pressure it
rate than the asthenosphere.
can flow. The mantle is
Outer Core - A layer of liquid iron and nickel (and mainly composed of aluminum
other elements) beneath the mesosphere. This is the and silicates.
only layer of the Earth that is a true liquid, and
Core - The innermost layers
the core-mantle boundary is the only boundary of
of the Earth. The Earth has
Earth's layers that is both mechanical and
an outer core (liquid) and
compositional. Flow of the liquid outer core is
an inner core (solid). They
responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
are not chemically distinct
Inner Core - inner core is the innermost geologic from each other, but they
layer of planet Earth. are chemically distinct from
the mantle. The core is
mainly composed of nickel
and iron.

&. How to find the epicenter?

Triangulation Method - The method that uses distance information determined from 3
seismic stations to uniquely locate the earthquake.

T-D GRAPH [TIME & DISTANCE GRAPH]

Lesson 2 | Types of Plate Boundaries

There are three (3) types of Plate Boundaries:

Convergent Plate Boundary - a boundary in which two plates move toward each other,
causing one of the slabs of the lithosphere to subduct beneath an overriding plate.
Subduction occurs when an oceanic plate runs into a continental plate and slides
beneath it. Below are the types of Convergent Plate Boundary:

CONVERGING OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL PLATE:

> When oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere collide, the dense oceanic
lithosphere subducts beneath the less dense continental lithosphere.
> Geologic Features formed are; Volcanoes, Trench [a depression on seafloor
produced by subduction process].
> Geologic Event/s of these Plate Boundary are: Formation of Volcanic Arcs &
Trenches, Earthquakes.

CONVERGING OCEANIC - OCEANIC PLATES:

> In collisions between two oceanic plates, the cooler, denser oceanic lithosphere
sinks beneath the warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere.
> Geologic Features formed are: Volcanic Arc islands, Trench.
> Geologic Event/s of these plate boundaries are: Formation of Volcanic Arc Island,
Underwater earthquakes causing tsunamis.

CONVERGING CONTINENTAL - CONTINENTAL PLATES:

> Continental plates are too buoyant to subduct. If the two plates that meet at a
convergent plate boundary both consist of continental crust, they will smash
together and push upwards to create mountains.
> Geologic Features formed are: Mountain & Mountain Ranges
> Geologic Event/s of these Plate Boundary are: The activity at continent-continent

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 convergences does not take place in the mantle, so there is no melting and
therefore no volcanism.

Divergent Plate Boundary - occur along spreading centers where plates are moving apart
and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle forming new crust. The
(2) two types of Divergent Boundary are:

DIVERGING CONTINENTAL PLATES:

> When a spreading center develops within a continent, the crust may break into
several segments. The breaking leads to the formation of down faulted valleys
called RIFT VALLEYS.
> Geologic Features formed are: rift valley formation which will soon develop into
linear sea; numerous normal faults.
> Geologic Event/s of these Plate Boundary are: Formation of rift valleys and
linear sea, shallow earthquake activities

DIVERGING OCEANIC PLATES:

> Divergence between 2 oceanic plates will form OCEANIC RIDGES.
> Geologic Features formed are: Mid-Oceanic Ridges, New Seafloor.
> Geologic Event/s of these Plate Boundary are: volcanic activity in the form of
fissure eruptions; shallow earthquake activity; Seafloor spreading leading to the
creation of new seafloor; widening ocean basin.

Transform-Fault Boundary - Boundaries where two plates are sliding horizontally past
one another. Most transform faults are found on the ocean floor. They commonly offset
active spreading ridges, producing a zig-zag plate margins, and are generally defined
by shallow earthquakes.

Lesson 3 | Evidences of Plate Movements.

Here are some evidences of Plate Movements:

1. Mantle Convection Current - Hot rock rises and cooler rock sinks which pushes the
heated rock up. Plates get carried by this movement (like a conveyor belt at the
grocery store). [Convection – heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid;
Convection
currents – the flow that transfers heat within a liquid.]

2. Ridge Push - The dense rock responds to gravity by moving down the slope created from
heated rock. This force then pushes
the rest of the plate away from the mid-ocean ridge.

3. Slab Pull - At subduction zones, leading edge of the denser plate pulls the rest of
the plate with it under the less dense plate.

Lesson 4 | Evidences of Plate Movements:

Continental Drift.
&. Alfred Lothar Wegener &. Continental Drift Theory
a German researcher, geophysicist, The theory states that the continents were
meteorologists. once a part of a large landmass called
Pangea, which drifted away from each other.
The originator of the Continental
Drift Theory by hypothesizing on The continents here are the following: a)
1912 that the continents are Eurasia, b) North America, c) South America,
slowly drifting away from each d) Africa, e) Antarctica, f) India, g)
other. Australia.

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 &. Evidences of Plate Movements:
1. Continental Fit [Continental Jigsaw Puzzle] - The most visible and fascinating
evidence that these continents were once is their shape. The edge of one (1)
continent surprisingly matches the edge of another.

2. Biological Evidences - Fossilized leaves of an extinct plant Glossopteris and and

fossils of animals like Mesosaurus, Lystosaurus, Gynognathus.

Mesosaurus - Is a type of reptile (similar to crocodile). Its fossils were found in

Permian-Aged rocks in Brazil (South America) and Africa.

Lystosaurus - Its name translates to “shovel reptile”. It is an early Triassic

terrestrial mammal-like reptile, It’s fossils were found in Africa, India, and
Antarctica.

Cynognathus - Early Triassic terrestrial mammal-like reptile. Its fossils were

found in Brazil and Africa.

Glossopteris - Fossilized leaves of this extinct plant were found in 250 million
years old rocks in 5 continents; South America, Africa, India, Antarctica,
Australia.

3. Geological Evidences - correlates with the continental drift theory is mountain and
rocks correlations, this means that this were identical in type and age. Found in 2
different states and mountains in Northern Europe.

4. Climate Evidence - Climate is the average weather in a given area over a long period
of time. Evidences in extremes in climates as compared to present (larger coverage).
These are some discovered:
- coal deposits from Antarctica;
- Evidences from: evaporites (salt deposits), Sand Deposits, Coral Reefs, Glaciations
(Ice)

Lesson #5 | Seafloor Spreading:

Supporting Evidence #1: There are active fractures in the lithosphere along in the ocean
floor, in a pattern that mimics the shapes of the continental coastlines.
Supporting Evidence #2: The age of the seafloor rock increases as you get further away
from the mid-ocean ridge.
Supporting Evidence #3: The thickness of the layers of sediments (ex. sands, clays, etc.)
deposited on the ocean floor increases as you get further away from the mid-ocean ridge.

Supporting Evidence #4: Patterns of seafloor magnetism on either sides of mid-ocean

ridges match up with one another.

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