Chapter 1,2,3
Chapter 1,2,3
Chapter 1,2,3
BATAC, KENNETH N.
CLAUD, RAYMUND
DULGUIME, FRITZ MELVIN R.
ROA, JESSRELLA MAE Q.
DECEMBER 2022
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Musaceae plant family includes the abaca. The leaves of the abaca (Musa
textilis Nee), a plant related to the banana, contain some of the strongest natural fibers
utilized by humans. It is native to the Philippines and has long been a part of
traditional agriculture in Southeast Asia. It thrives mainly in the provinces of Bicol,
Samar, and Leyte. The Abaca grows 4–6 m tall, evergreen, perennial abaca has a
clump of massive pseudo stems that can grow up to 30 cm in diameter. It creates
runners along the ground that develop new plants by taking roots at each section. The
rectangular, dark green leaves are also light green underneath. The fruits' irregularly
formed seeds render them inedible. Of all the natural fibers, abaca fiber, also referred
to as Manila hemp, is the strongest. It is extremely robust and safeguarded against salt
water harm. As well as in handicrafts like bags, carpets, furniture, and apparel, it is
utilized in the paper industry.
With this, the researchers aimed to know the growth performance of Abaca
(Musa textilis Nee) using various inorganic fertilizer in NEMSU- Bislig Campus with
the following objectives: to determine the survival rate and mortality rate of Abaca
using inorganic fertilizer, to assess the apical performance of Abaca using inorganic
fertilizer and to identify the most appropriate fertilizer that will enhance the growth of
Abaca using various inorganic fertilizer at NEMSU- Bislig Campus.
The study was conducted at NEMSU- Bislig Campus with the duration of
three (3) months from September 2022 to December 2022.
Statement of the Problem
1. What is the survival rate and mortality rate of Abaca using inorganic fertilizer in
NEMSU- Bislig Campus?
2. What is the apical growth performance of Abaca using inorganic fertilizer?
3. What is the most appropriate fertilizer that will enhance the growth of Abaca
using various inorganic fertilizer?
General Objectives
Specific Objectives
1. To determine the survival rate and mortality rate of Abaca using inorganic
fertilizer in NEMSU- Bislig Campus.
2. To assess the apical growth performance of Abaca using inorganic fertilizer.
3. To identify the most appropriate fertilizer that will enhance the growth of Abaca
using various inorganic fertilizer.
Significance of the Study
Forester Students as their learning evidence about the study and addition to
their knowledge as their future references, and
Community / Farmers improves services and treatments not just for them but
also for future generations. In addition, it can help them to apply this as their basis,
that this species can help to also minimize erosion, improve holding capacity of the
soil.
This study will be limited only to the growth performance of Abaca (Musa
textilis Nee) at NEMSU- Bislig Campus with the duration of three (3) months from
September 2022 to December 2022.
Alternative Hypothesis
Acreage- an area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not
necessarily measured in acres.
Extraction- the process of transporting cut timber from the place where it was
growing to a point where it can be removed from site.
Conceptual Framework
Growth Performance of
Abaca from Seed Survival and Mortality
Propagation in using Rate
Various Inorganic Apical Growth Rate
Fertilizer
Intervening Variables
Sunlight
Temperature
Insect
Chapter 2
This chapter represents the related literature and studies after the thorough and
in-depth search done by the researchers. This will be also present the synthesis of the
art, conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly the
definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.
The Abaca plant, which belongs to the family Musaceae, is indigenous to the
Philippines and has long been used locally to generate foreign exchange. It has been a
part of traditional agriculture in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines. Abaca
is grown as a third phase crop in forest plots, after a slash-and-burn area has become
less fertile and unable to produce the initial crops of rice and corn, and after even less
demanding second phase crops such as cassava and sweet potato (Capistrano and
Marten 1986).
Abaca planted as monocrop obtained significantly lower fiber yield than when
grown with intercrops. Likewise, abaca grown in association with annual crops,
particularly grain legumes and cereals, performed better in terms of periodic growth
increment and other horticultural traits compared to abaca grown in monoculture.
Generally, the intercrops obtained higher economic yield when planted as a monocrop
than as intercrop with abaca. However, planting distance of abaca did not affect the
growth performance, yield and yield components of all the intercrops for three
cropping seasons, except for grain yield of mungo and peanut during the third
cropping season. Of the four annual crops, peanut proved to be the most promising
intercrops as shown by its high yield and relative yield total of 1.05 which shows as
advantage in intercropping. However, these annual crops can only be planted together
with abaca up to the 18th month after planting abaca due to the high degree of shading
(by the abaca plant) beyond this period. Generally, abaca grown with annual crops
obtained bigger net returns per unit area compared to abaca grown in monoculture
(Moreno, L.O., 1994).
Abaca is truly one of the most fascinating natural fibers in the world. It is
considered as the strongest natural fiber since it is three times stronger than sisal
nylon and possess the highest tinsel strength and elongation in both wet and dry state.
FIDA noted that the province of Catanduanes is now the abaca capital of the
Philippines. Since it is the top producer of abaca fiber with the largest area of abaca
plantation. It is also the top producer of abaca farmers in the country. It establishes
the fact that natural fibers, such as abaca, have better characteristics than the common
man-made fibers. The Philippines premier fiber has come a long way from its humble
beginnings as a primary raw material for ropes and cordage. While to date the abaca is
still being used for these purposes, its applications have expanded and improved
tremendously going beyond simply from fiber crafts to the more sophisticated
industrial uses. It is estimated that today, there are thousands of value-added product
and uses of abaca (Abonal, L.V. 2006).
As one of the strongest among natural fibers with the wide array of
applications, the abaca industry continually makes a stronghold in both domestic and
international markets. The growing concerns for environmental protection and forest
conservation have further provided limitless opportunities to abaca-based raw
materials. Considering its superior qualities over other materials, the utilization of
abaca for automotive and industrial application is also on the rise (Aragon, 2000).
Inorganic fertilizer can provide nutrients that are in short supply, thereby
increasing the initial survival and/or growth rate of introduced plants. Commonly
added nutrients include nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and/or potassium (K). These
are major nutrients that are most commonly limiting for plant growth in peatlands
(Rydin & Jeglum 2013). Fertilizer is usually added immediately before or
immediately after planting. Note that we do not include studies that only report
responses of nurse plants (e.g. Caporn et al. 2007).
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients
which play an important role in plant development. In abaca-based agroecosystems,
NPK limitations strongly affect competition between plants species, as species vary in
their ability to cope with low NPK availability in the soil. Armecin et al. (2011)
reported that in coconut abaca cropping system, abaca growth was suppressed not
only due to exhaustive belowground (nutrient) but also aboveground (light)
competition. Thus, in integrating abaca under multi-strata production systems, one has
to consider radiation interception and the efficiency with which radiation energy is
used to produce photosynthesis since this plays a crucial role in the growth of tree-
crop stands (Balster and Marshall, 2000; Will et al., 2001; Allen et al., 2004;
Kemanian et al., 2004). Likewise, if shading is viewed as a way to cool the leaves and
reduce the vapor pressure deficit, differences in surface air temperature among shaded
abaca plants with reference to abaca grown in full sunlight is another factor that might
affect nutrient uptake (Turner and Lahav, 1985).
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The research will be laid out by 3 strips planted with 45 Abaca seedlings
(Musa textilis). Analysis of data was done using the one-way ANOVA and Frequency
by each strips contains 15 seedlings.
Strips Fertilizer
1 Complete
2 Urea
3 Potash
1. 45 seedlings of Abaca
2. Bolo
3. Cellphone
4. Measuring Tape
5. Pen
6. Shovel
7. Water
Collection of Materials
Watering of the species depends on the weather because the researcher cannot
check regularly; the planted seedlings were monitored four times in a week to ensure
the performance of the survival rate of the said species.
Data Collection
The data collection of the Abaca was undertaken and measured after three (3)
months of planting.
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