This document discusses speech acts, which are actions performed through language use. It defines speech acts and explains there are three types: locutionary acts (the actual utterance), illocutionary acts (the function or purpose of the utterance), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Some examples of each type are provided. Illocutionary acts are further broken down into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations, and verdictives. The document concludes that speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and the effect on the listener through their utterances.
This document discusses speech acts, which are actions performed through language use. It defines speech acts and explains there are three types: locutionary acts (the actual utterance), illocutionary acts (the function or purpose of the utterance), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Some examples of each type are provided. Illocutionary acts are further broken down into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations, and verdictives. The document concludes that speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and the effect on the listener through their utterances.
This document discusses speech acts, which are actions performed through language use. It defines speech acts and explains there are three types: locutionary acts (the actual utterance), illocutionary acts (the function or purpose of the utterance), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Some examples of each type are provided. Illocutionary acts are further broken down into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations, and verdictives. The document concludes that speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and the effect on the listener through their utterances.
This document discusses speech acts, which are actions performed through language use. It defines speech acts and explains there are three types: locutionary acts (the actual utterance), illocutionary acts (the function or purpose of the utterance), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Some examples of each type are provided. Illocutionary acts are further broken down into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations, and verdictives. The document concludes that speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and the effect on the listener through their utterances.
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SEMANTIC/PRAGMATIC
Lecturer : Sri Suci Suryawati, M. Pd
Arranged By :
Class/Semester : E/6
1. Aulia tri rahayu 1611040279
2. Resti Mewasari 1611040249
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF RADEN INTAN
LAMPUNG 2019 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The background of the study
People always communicate one aother by using language in their social environment. Language is one of tools of communication. In communication, language has an important role because it has to explain what the speaker wants the listener to do. The purpose of communication itself is informative which means an appeal to the mind that is accomplished through language.
While people communicate, they use utterances to express what they have in their mind toward the listener. Utterance produced by speaker does not only function to explain the speaker mind toward the listener, but also means to show the relationship between them. When we want to know people’s relationship through their utterance, we can see it from speech act. That is why this paper presents definition of speech acts and the types of speech acts so that you know what someone means. CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Speech Acts
Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Another definition from Crystal in Soekemi (1995:121) mentions that speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication According to Austin (1960), speech act is a theory of performative language, in which to say something is to do something.[1] In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
Speech acts reveal the intentions of speakers and the effects the speaker’s utterances and expressions have on the hearers. The implication of speech acts is that every utterance has a purpose which derives from the specific context. It has been observed that language use depends on such contextual factors as social and physicalnconditions, attitudes, abilities, beliefs and the relationship existing between the speaker and the listener.[2]
B. Type of Speech Acts
There are three types of speech acts, they are :
1. Locutionary Acts
A locutionary actis the performance of an utterance, and hence of a speech act. The term equally refers to the surface meaning of an utterance because, according to J. L. Austin's posthumous "How To Do Things With Words", a speech act should be analysed as a locutionary act (i.e.the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance).[3] It can be recognised by the hearer. E.g: if someone says ‘Knock the door!’ the locutionary acts is the realization of the speaker’s utterance.
2. Illocutionary Acts
Illocutionary acts is performing an act in saying something, what is done in uttering the word’, the function of the word, the specific purpose that the speaker’s have in mind. Searle (1975) set up the following classification of illocutionary speech acts :[4]
v Assertive: an illocutionary act that speech acts that commit a speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. The acts are stating, claiming, hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting, suggesting, asserting that something is the case.
Example :
Stating : staff and VIP permitted here
v Directive: an illocutionary act for getting the addressee to do something by responding to an
utterance or by performing some physical actions.
The acts are ordering, commanding, defying, advising, asking, begging, challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, permitting, recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.
Example:
Command : Close the door please!!!
Forbid, Prohibit : Don’t close the door!!! Don’t go to the party!
v Commissive: an illocutionary act that the speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. The acts are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing, threatening, intending, vowing to do or to refrain from doing something.
Example :
Promising :We promise to give you much money.
Vowing : I will be the best husband in your life my darling.
v Expressive: an illocutionary act that expresses the speakers feeling and attitudes toward events or affairs. The acts are congratulating, thanking, deploring, condoling, welcoming, apologizing.
Example :
Condoling : I am sorry to hear that.
Congratulating : Hey Bro, congrats for your success
v Declaration: an illocutionary act that brings into existence the state of affairs to which it refers. The speaker brings about a change in the word by uttering an Illocutionary act. The acts are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing sentence, excommunicating, marriage, arresting, approving, naming, etc.
Example :
Naming : I named my baby Amanda.
v Verdictive : an illocutionary acts in which the speaker makes an assessment or
judgement about the acts of another, usually the addressee. The acts are ranking, assessing, appraising, condoning. Verdictive verbs include accuse, charge,excuse, thank in the explicit forrame.[5]
Example :
Assessing : you have low score in undestanding Syntax.
3. Perlocutionary Acts
Perlocutionary act is an act that is uttered to affect the listener. An utterance that is uttered by someone often has effect to the listener. Which can be expected or unexpected affect that created by the speaker. So, in other word, a perlocution is listener behavioral response to the meaning of the utterance, not necessarily physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a mental or emotional response. There is an example of speech acts. A child refuse to lie down and go to sleep, then his mother says, “I’ll turn your light off”. The locutionary act is utterance of this sentence “I’ll turn your light off”. However, the mother may be intending that the utterance to be interpreted as a threat. The threat here is the illocutionary acts. It means that child does not sleep, his mother will turn off the light. As consequence behavior of that child, he must be frightened into silence and sleep is Perlocutionary act.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION Speech acts reveal the intentions of speakers and the effects the speaker’s utterances and expressions have on the hearers. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
