ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL DIARYINDEX sn. ‘Topics hes INVERTEBRATES cr Hydra zi Liver Flake = Ascaris = Earthworm 5 Leech @ Honeybee 7 Silkworm. = Prawn 2 Pila 7O|__ Starfish VERTEERATES z[ Roku 32] Frog 23 | __ Garden lzard wa] Pigeon Zs | __ Rabbit MORPHOLOGY § ANATOMY Ze | ___ Mouth parts of cockroach 7 | __ Digestive system oF cockroachINDEX INDEX am To = es = = PHySiovoay “SLIDE PREPARATION Za | Heart 34 | __Human cheek epithelium Za] Lungs 35 | __ Human blood smear Ro] Kidney EMERYOLOGY 2a| Brain 3e| TS oF ovary 2a] Eye 37 | __ TS of testis 23 Ear Be | TS of blastula HISTOLOGY GENETICS 2a] Striated masele Sa | __ Study of Mendelian ineritance 25] Smooth muscle 40|__ Pedigree analysis 2a] Cardiac muscle EVOLUTION OSTEOLOGY #2] ___ Analogous & homologous organs 27] ___Types of joints COMMON HUMAN DISEASES: 28 | __ Ball & Socket, Hinge Jomnt 2] _ Ascaris 2a | ___Gliding joint & Pivot joint 43 | __ Entamoeba THIGCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS #4 |__ Plasmodium 30 Starch digestion by Salt. areglase #5 |__Ringworm 32 __Test for starch 32| Test for glucose/ sugar tn urine 33 | Test for protein/ alluurainFIRST YEAR PRACTICALSINVERTEBRATE ANIMALSCOMMENTS: Hydra is a Fresh water solitary coelenterate The body is tubular and cylindrical and is divisible into basal dise, column and oral dise, ‘Mouth leads into a gastrovascular cavity Mouth is surrounded by 6-8 tentacles with stinging cells for defense. The body and tentacles are highly retractile. + Reprodudeiow i acekidlly by budding Vind eel by the Formation of gametes. 1, HYDRA Kingdom Phylum, Class Genus Avimalia. Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydra wulgorisCOMMENTS: Fasciola is an endoparasite found in the bile duct of sheep, cows, pigs ete. and commonly called liver Fluke. The body is leaf like about an inch in length ‘Mouth is at the tip and is surrounded by oral sucker. A lietle distance from the anterior sticker is the posterior sticker. A genital pore is found between the suckers. It is a hermnaplorodies, Life cycle involves several larval stages PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS: Body i& covered with cuticle Presence of oral sucker and lateral sucker (Acetabulum). Anaerobic respiration. Absence of digestive system. 2. LIVER FLUKE kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Genus Fasciola SpeciesCOMMENTS: It is an endoparasite of man, commonly called roundwore. The body is cylindrical and unsegmented. ‘Mouth is at the tip and is surrounded by lips. Sexual dimorphism is distinct. Male is smaller than the female. Tail end of the male is curved while pointed in Female. Male possesses a pair of penial setae. Genital aperture and, ayus-are. separate jn feamales,-while-in male both open through a single opening. the cloaca PARASITIC ADAPTATION: Presence of cuticular covering. Suctorial pharynx for sucking in fluid food. Absence of locomotory. circulatory systems and digestive ‘lands Anaerobic respiration, Power of reproduction is great: 3. ROUND WORM Kingdom Phylum Animalia Acchelminthes Nematoda Ascaris lumbricoidesCOMMENTS: + It is a common earthworm found in moist soil where dead leaves and other organic materials are present. ‘The body is elongated, cylindrical and segmented. “The first segment is called peristornium bears mouth Dorsally the peristomium possesses prostomiuin. Segments [4 ~ 16 fuse to form a swollen structure called clitellam It is used as cag case All seghents bear setae except clitellunn and peristornium. + Earthworm is a hermaphrodite. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: + Earthworm aerates the soil while making burrows. + Earthworm increases the fertility of the soil by its worm casts 4. EARTHWORM kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta Genus Pheretima Species pesthumaCOMMENTS: 5. LEECH + [tis commonly called Indian cattle leech Tee ese epee ee eee Koi and elongated. ae + Mouth has toothed jaws Genus Presence of two suckers anterior and posterior. or The saliva contains an anticoagulant known as hirudin. + The intestine of leech can store large amount of blood. PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS: + Presence of suckers tor attachment. Presence of toothed cutting plates in the mouth. Presence of an anticoagulant known as hirudin in the saliva to prevent blood coagulation while sucking Well developed crop for storing blood. Animalia Annelida Hirudinea Hirudinaria granulosaCOMMENTS: 6. HONEYBEE + They are colonial social insects showing division of labour. Thee kind of ndiiduts- queen, drones and Workers Kingdom = Animalia Phylum Arthropode Class Insecta Genus Avis: indica Queen + Fertil. Large sie. shore wings and tapering abdomen, + Wax glands and pollen collecting apparatus are absent Drone + Fertile. Medium size with ill developed proboscis & sting Wax gland and pollen collecting apparatus are absent. Worker smallest individual of the colony Wax glands and poten collecting apparatus are Well developed. = Stout hairy legs with special features such as pollen brush, pollen baer ere, e ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Honey bees are reared for obtaining honey and wax. Honey isa valuable food and medicine Wax is used for the making candles, moulds, polishes ete Honey bees are very good pollinaeors.COMMENTS: “The adule insect is known as silkworm woth. ‘The female moth lays eggs on mulberry leaves. Eggs hatch in 8 = 12 days emerging caterpillar called silkwory. te voraciously feeds on weulberry leaves. Fully grow larva secretes sie which forms cocoon around itself. After that it encers pupa. After metamorphosis pupa becomes adule. The aduls are shore lived (2 - days) Adult + Body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen. + Females are larger’ ehaw mate + Rudimencary mouth and il developed proboscis: Caterpillar te iS has whitest or greenish hairless wrinkled body. Body is divisible neo head, thorax and abdomen. Head bears % pairs of ocelli and chewing mouth parts. ‘Thorax is formed of 3 seaments, each with true legs. te has a pair of sik glands and a spinning organ. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: + Silkworm is used for the production of cocoons. + Sill is used for the production of fabries, insulation cables, sereen printing ete 7. SILKWORM kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropode Class Insecta Genus SpeciesCOMMENTS: 8. PRAWN + Body is divisible into cephalothorax (2 segments) and abdomen (6 segments) Kingdom Phylum “There are 19 pairs of appendages: 5 pairs of cephalic, 8 pairs of appendages: 5 po I cee pairs of thoracic and & pairs of abdominal Genus “The abdominal legs are meant for swimming, hence called Species swinemeretes or pleopods. The last abdominal legs are called uropod. In the male prawn, the endopodites of first abdominal legs are mentbranoid and Kooled and Fork sbrctlie keown as petasma by which the wale deposits the sperms into the body of femal. In the Female a cup like structure know as thelycuin isin the last thoracic Segment. receives the sperms during copulation. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: + tis used as food. + is exported in dried, canned and frozen forms, + Prawn culture provides employrsent opportunites. Animalia Arthropode Crustacea PenceusCOMMENTS: 9. PILA Ie is commonly called apple swail kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca ponent Class Gastropoda Body is covered by univalve spirally coiled shell. Mouth of Genus Pila 1 an amphibious Fresh water molluse found in fields the shell is covered by operculum Body is divisible into head, foot and visceral mass + can lve without water for a considerable time. ADAPTATIONS! + Presence of gills For aquatic respiration and lungs (pulmonary sac) for terrestrial respiration. + Shows aestivation to escape from extreme hotCOMMENTS: 10. STARFISH It is. marine animal Kingdom Animalia Body is star shaped with a central disc and five arms. Pipi Eainsalrieaht “The oral surface hears mouth and aboral surface bears Class Asteroidea anus. Presence of water vascular system Locomotion takes place by tube Feet: Shows a,high power of regeneration.VERTEBRATE ANIMALSIDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 1, ROHU Triploblastic, coelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical Kingdom Animalia Presence of terminal mouth Phylum Chordata Class Osteichthyes Presence of eyeloid scales Genus Labeo Presence of post anal til Dorsal nerve cord ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Used as feed, ADAPTATIONS: + Presence of ins for locomotion. + Presence of lateral line sense organs. + Presence of operculum.IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetric. Body is divided into head and trunk Moise skin without seals Tympani is presen just behind eye ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Used as Food. + Concrok insect, population ADAPTATIONS: + Aestivation at dry season + Hybernation at winter season 2. FROG Kingdom — = Animalia Phylum = - Chordata Class = Amphibia Genus SpeciesIDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: Dry skin with scales. Presence of clawed, pentadactyle limbs Triploblastie, coelomate, bilaterally symmetric. Tympanum represents the ear ADAPTATIONS: Ability to change colour suitable to surroundings Teamouflage] ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: It helps to control insects 3. GARDEN LIZARD Kingdom Phylum Class Genus Species Animalia Chordata Reptilia Calotes versicolarIDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: + Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical Beaks are present Sereanslined body with feathers Forelimbs are wodified into wings ADAPTATIONS: Sereanalined body, beak Presence of feathers Forelivabs modified ino wirgs Presence of pneumatic bones ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: + Used as food. + Feaces is used as manure 4, PIGEON Kingdom Phylum Class Genus Species Animalia Chordata Aves Columba liviaIDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: Triploblasic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical. Long pinnae. Body is covered by white, soft hairs Upper lip is cleft in the middle and have sensitive hairs or vibrissae ‘ADAPTATIONS: Presence of sensitive hairs or vibrisae. Color of fur helps to blend in with is Surroundings Presence of long and strong hind limbs for hop very quickly and very far. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: + Used as Food. + te gives fur, 5. RABBIT Kingdom Phylum Class Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalio Oryetolagus cuniculusMORPHOLOGY & ANATOMYThe mouthparts of cockroach are biting and chewing type They include Labrum, Mandibles, maxi, labium and ‘rypopharyrs + Labrun (upper lip: The mouth is covered by labrum. It helps in tasting and also handling the Food Mandible: They are located on either side of mouth behind labrum. They are dentate along their inner margins and are masticatory in function Maxillae: A pair of first. maxilae is located behind mandibles on either side oF the mouth The stipes has five segmented maxilary palp on its outer side. The maxillary palps are used for cleaning the antennae and also the front pair of legs. Labium (lower lipy i formed by the fusion of second pair of maxi. Hypopharyne (ligula or tongue) is chitinous, grooved and a rod-like seructure found hanging into the preoral cavity. MOUTH PARTS OF COCKROACHDIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF fe has 3 regions: f) Fore gut i) Mid gut iit) Hind gut. 1 Fore gut: Ie consists of following regions. COCKROACH 2. Mouth 2. Buccal cavity 3. Oesophagus 4. Crop 5. Gizzard/ Proventriculus id gut/ Mesenteron: Shore and narrow tube Anterior part has 7-8 blind tubes called hepatic caeca, It secretes digestive juices and site for absorption of digested food. li) Hind gut: fe has three regions. 2. lew. 2. Colon. 3. Rectum. Associated glands: + Two salivary glands are present, one on each side of crop. + Each gland has two lobes and a salivary receptacle.PHYSIOLOGYPARTS OF HEART AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Right atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from body parts Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Right ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to various body parts. ‘Superior vena cava: Collects deoxygenated blood from upper body parts to the right atrium. Inferior vena cava: Collects deoxygenated blood from the lower 1. HEART body parts the right atrium Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs. Pulmonary vein: Carvies oxygenated blood From lungs to left Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to different body parts. ‘Semilunar valves: Prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles. “Tricuspid valve: Prevent backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium. Bicuspid valve: Prevent backflow of blood From left ventricle to left atrium.PARTS OF LUNGS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 2. LUNGS Lungs are the organs for gas exchange- Lungs situate in thoracic chamber and rest on diaphragm. Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2. lobes. Lungs are covered by double-layered pleura (outer parietal pleura and inner visceral pleura). The pleural Fluid present in between these 2 layers lubricates the surface of the lungs and prevents Friction between the membranes. Bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli together constitute lunge. Alveoli and their ducts form the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system. Alveoli are the structural and functional units of lungs.PARTS OF KIDNEY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 3. KIDNEY Renal cortex: Acconwmodates Malpighian corpuscles, Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) Renal medulla: Carries Henle's loop and Collecting ducts Hilune: The opening through which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic ducts and ureter enter the kidney. Renal artery: Supply oxygenated blood to the kidney. Renal vein: Collects deoxygenated blood from the kidney Renal pelvis: Collect and conduct urine from Kidney to ureter. Ureter: Carries urine to urinary bladder.PARTS OF BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 4. BRAIN Cerebrum: Controls voluntary movements, memory, intelligence, reasoning and learning. Perception of various stivmul Thalamus: Coordinating centre (relay station) for sensory and motor impulses Hypothalamus: Regulates temperature, thirst, hunger and emotions. Mid brain: Centre of visual reflexes and auditory reflexes Cerebellum: Co-ordinates muscular activities and body equilibrium Medulla oblongata: Controls respiration, digestion, heart beat, blood pressure, vomiting, sneezing, urination ete. Pons : Co-ordinates the activities of eye and ear and regulates respiration.PARTS OF THE EYE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Selera: Outer covering for protection of eye. Cornea: Transparent region for passing of light rays. Choreid: Provide nutrition. contains nerves, blood vessels ete tris: Regulates the amount of light rays into the eye ball. Retina: Help in image formation with the help of cone cells and rod cells Lens: Relvacts the light rays from the bbject! and focus on Retina Aqueous humour: Give shape to the eye, refracts the light rays, nutrition to lens and cornea Vitreous humour: Give shape to the eye, refracts light rays, maintain pressure in the eye ball Optic nerve: Transmit visual impulses into the visual area of cerebrum.FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PART OF EAR Pinna: Collects sound waves and passes into ear canal (auditory canal ‘Auditory canal: Transmit sound waves into the ear drum. Ear drum (Tympanuns): Vibrates according to the intensity of sound waves and conducts to middle ear. Ear ossicles (maleus, incus, stapes): Transmit vibrations into the inner ear. Eustachian tube: Maintains the air pressure in tympanic cavity Semi circular canals: Maintain the balance of the body. Vestibule (saccule & ventricle): Maintain the equilibrium of the body. Cochlea: Helps in hearing. Auditory nerve: Transmit auditory impulses into the brain.HISTOLOGYFEATURES OF STRIATED MUSCLE 1. STRIATED MUSCLE Musele fibres ave eylindrieal and unbranched. Striations are present: Found attached to skeleton Voluntary in action. Multinucleate — Siriations Fatigue muscle. Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin.FEATURES OF NON-STRIATED MUSCLE Spindle shaped and unbranched fibres. Striations are absent. Found in viseeral organs such as stomach, intestine, blood vessels ete Involuntary in action Uninucleate. Lesser amount of mitochondria and myoglobin. Non-fatigue muscles SMOOTH MUSCLEFEATURES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE Colindrical branched fibres Involuntary in action. Found in heart wall only. Uninucleate Abundant mitochondria and rayoglobin. Striations are present: Intercolated dises are present. Non-fatigue muscles. 3. CARDIAC MUSCLE Junction, between adjacent cellsOSTEOLOGY+ Joints are points of contact between 2 bones or bone and cartilage. + They are 3 types: 4. FIBROUS JOINTS: + They are immovable joints. + Joints are interlocked by collagen fibres. + Eg. Sutures of skull 2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: + They are slightly movable joints, + Joints are articulated with fibrous cartilage + Eg. Joints between vertebrae of backbone. 3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS: They are freely movable joints Synovial membrane is present between the joints Inside the membrane, there is synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid Synovial joints are many types such as ball & socket Joint, Hinge joint, Gliding joint, Pivot joint ete. SKELETAL SYSTEM & JOINTSBALL AND SOCKET JOINT 1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT + Movement is possible in different directions and planes * One bone is like a ball whereas the other bone end is like a cup shaped socket. + Eg. Humerus with Shoulder girdle, Femur with Hip sirdle HINGE JOINT + It allows movements in one plane only. + One bone is deep convex whereas the other bone is deep concave allowing the movement only in one plane only + Eg. Knee joint, Elbow joint.GLIDING JOINT It allows movements in two directions, ie. side to side and back and forth Ends of both the bones are either Flat or slightly curved to allow gliding movements Eg, Joints between tarsals (Ankle joint), Joints between carpals (Wrist joint) PIVOT JOINT It allows rotational movements One bone is stationary whereas other bone can rotate over it. Eg. Joint between skull and atlas vertebra 3. GLIDING JOINT Giang Joint 4. PIVOT JOINTBIOCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTSDEMONSTRATION OF DIGESTION OF STARCH BY SALIVARY AMYLASE + Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch Materials required: I% starch solution, saliva, Lugol's iodine, phosphate buffer (pH 6.92), distilled water. cotton, water bath, cavity blocks, test tubes, pipettes, beaker. test tube stand, test tube holder ete Procedure: Wash your mouth with lukewarm water and then chew a piece of rubber and collect 2 wl of saliva. Filter it through the cotton kept in the test tube. Add equal quantity of distilled water to the saliva Take four test tubes (A, B,C & D) and add 4 wl of saliva in each test tube using a pipette. Add s ml of 2% starch solution in each test tube and place them in a water bath which should be maintained at 37°C. ‘Then place test tube A in ice for 30 minutes. Boil test tube & for lo winutes. To the test tube C, add smal of phosphate buffer.Teste t eS Testube Tew Waser sare Talat sana slot cet sien Tafet ave, Stoo este Talotalra sino Weearch Tale ana Si Mr sialon Sule peop ae ofp 6 Take four cavity blocks and label as A, B.C and D. Take 2 drops of Lugol's iodine in each cavity. ‘Add a drop of solution from A to the cavity block A Similarly Solutions from the test tubes B, C and D to the cavity blocks B, C & D. Observation: In cavity blocks A ~ Blue colour is developed B - Blue colour is developed C - No colour D - No colour Inference: The presence of blue colour in test tubes A & B shows that no starch digestion has taken place in them “This is because the salivary amylase activity has become inactivated by cooling in the test tube A and denatured bby heating in the test tube 8. Colourless Solutions in the test tubes C & D indicate the absence of starch. The optimum pH for salivary amylase is 6.8. In the test tube ‘C, starch is broken down into dextrins and maltose. So it becomes colourless. The optimum temperature for salivary amylase is 37°C. The test tube D provided optimura temperature and hence the solution becomes colourless.Observation Table Procedure (Iodine test) Observation Inference sample A Take 2 wl of given sample in 4 test tube. Add ‘afew drops of Dark blue colour appears. Presence of starch. sample 8 iodine solution. Mix well. No colour change No starch. 1. TEST FOR STARCH Aim: To detect the presence of starch in the given sample solution Materials required: Sample solutions, Test tubes, lodine solution. Procedure: lodine Test: Take 2. ml of given sample A and B in 2 test tubes and add few drops of iodine. Observation: Dark blue colour appears Result: The sample A contains starch.Observation Table Procedure (Benedict's test) Observation Inference Sample A Take 2 wl of given sareple in 4 test tube and add equal amount of Solution turns greenish to brick red pet Presence of glucose Sample B Benedict's reagent. Boil for 2 minutes. No colour change No glucose Procedure (Fehling's test) Observation Inference Sample A Take equal amount of Febling’s A & 8 solutions in a Solution tums orange to brick red pet Presence of glucose Sample B test tube and add 2. val of given solution. Heat to boil No colour change No glucose 2. TEST FOR GLUCOSE/ PRESENCE OF SUGAR IN URINE Aim: To detect the presence of glucose in the given sample solution or urine sample. Materials required: Sample solution, Test tubes, Benedict's reagent, Spirit lamp, Fehling's solution A and 8, Test tube holder. Procedure: Benedict's Test: Take 2 val of sample A and B in 2 test tubes and add equal amount of Benedict's reagent. Boil for 2 minutes. Fehling’s Test: Take equal amount of Fehling’s A & 8 Solutions in 2 test tubes. Add 2 ml of sample A and 8 solution. Into both test tubes. Heat to boil SS Result: The sample A contains glucose/ The sample A is the urine of diabetic patient:Observation Table Procedure (Sulphosalicglic acid test) Observation Inference Sample A Take 2 wl of given sample in 4a test tube and Cloudy ppt Presence of protein (alburnin). Sample B add 2 drops of Sulphosalicylic acid. No colour change No protein. Procedu ire (Biuret test) Observation Inference sample A Take 1 mi of given sample in 4 test tube and add biuret Violet or bluish pink colour Presence of protein (alburnin Sample 3 reagent (2. ml of 5% NaOH + 2% CuSO,). Mix well No colour change No protein. 3. TEST FOR PROTEIN/ PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN IN URINE ‘Aim: To detect the presence of protein/albumin in the iver sample solution. Materials required: Sample solution, Test tubes, Sulphosalicylic acid, Biuret reagent. Procedure: Sulphosalicylic acid Test: Take 2. ml of sample A and 6 in 2. test tubes and add 2. drops of Sulphosalicylic acid Biuret reagent: Take 1 wl of given sample in a test tube and add biuret reagent (2 val of 5% NaOH + 2% CuSO.) Mise well a ooOo"o">oD>BDHY Result: The sample A contains protein’ The Sample A is the urine containing alournin.SLIDE PREPARATIONSCHEEK SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF MAN CHEEK EPITHELIUM + Aim: To prepare a temporary stained slide of cheek squamous epithelial cells of man. Materials required: Slide, Cover slip, Needle, Tooth pick, Methylene blue, Brush, Microscope. Procedure: Gently scrap the inner side of the cheek by a washed tooth pick to get some epithelial eels Place the collected cells on the clean slide and spread it with a needle Add 2 or 3 drops of Methylene blue stain to the cheek alls. After some time, remove the stain and add glycerin on the slide. Cover it with a cover slip. Observe the slide under the microscope. Observations: Flat cells with irregular boundary Oval or spherical nucleus in the centre of cel Cytoplasi contains mitochondria and vacuolesBLOOD SMEAR + Aim: To prepare a temporary stained slide of human blood smear. Materials required: Slides, Lancet, Cotton, Spirit, Leishman's stain, Microscope. Procedure: Sterilise your finger and needle by using spirit. Prick the sterilised finger with the needle. Place one drop of blood on one end of a clean slide. Make a thin film of blood by using the other side Allow to dry. ‘Add a few drops of Leishman's stain on the blood file. After some time, drain out the excess stain, dip it into water and allow to dry + Observe under microscope. *+ Observations: The Following blood ells are observed.HUMAN BLOOD CELLS ranuies totes Nucleus Basophil ‘tolasm Nucleus Lymphocyte Platelets + Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBC): They are dise like, biconcave, ved in colour, without nucleus and more in number. Leucoeytes or White Blood Cells (WBC): They are large. nucleated, less in number. They are 2. types 4. Granulocytes: have granular cytoplasm and lobed rucleus. They are 3 types: 4. Neutrophils: More in number, 2-5 lobed nucleus. 6, Eosinophils: Granular cytoplasm, bilobed nucleus €, Basophils: Granular cytoplasm, lobed nucleus 2. Agranulocytes: without granules, unlobed and large rrucleus. They are 2. types a. Lymphocytes: Large circular nucleus b, Monocytes: Kidney shaped nucleus Blood Platelets: Non nucleated, Irregular in shape, appear round or ovoid.SECOND YEAR PRACTICALSEMBRYOLOGYTS. OF TESTIS “Testes are the primary sex organ of male reproductive system. tis covered by tunica albuginea Each testis contains about 2:50 testicular lobules which contain seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubules contains Sertoli cells and male germ cells (spermatogonia). Spermatogonia undergoes spermatogenesis to, form sperms. In between seminiferous tubules, interstitial eells or Leydig calls are present: Leydig cells produce male sex hormone called testosterone. 1. T.S OF TESTIS Sertl cots ‘Spermatis Secondary spermatocyte Primary spermatocyte ‘Spermatogonium Leyeia cots asment membraneT.S. OF OVARY Ovary is the female primary sex organ. Each ovary is surrounded by mesovarium The ovary consists of outer cortex and inner medulla Medulla contains ovarian Graafian follicles, blood vessels, nerve fibres and some smooth muscles, Each follicle contains a large centrally placed ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle cll Mature Graafian follicle ruptures to release ovum It is called ovulation. After ovulation, ruptured follicle becomes yellow coloured mass called corpus luteum. It secretes the hormone Progesterone 2. T.S OF OVARYT.S.BLASTULA (BLASTOCYST) 3. T.S OF BLASTULA Blastocyst has three parts~ trophoblast, inner cell mass and blastocoel. Trophoblast is the outer cellular wall of blasocyst that forms hCG, villi, chorion, amnion and foetal part of placenta. Inner cell mass forms embryo. Blastocoel is the Fluid filled space which helps in rapid expansion of blastocystGENETICSObservation Table Characters | exp | Exp 2 | Exp 5 Yellowryeliow | 26 | 24 | 27 Yellow/green | 49 | so | 5a Green/green | 27 | 25 | 24 Conclusion: The genotypic ratio obtained is Characters Yellow Yellow + yellow Yellow + green Green Green + green Conclusion: The phenotypic ratio obtained is 3:3 ‘STUDY OF MENDELTAN INHERITANCE USING SEEDS OR BEADS OF DIFFERENT COLOURS Aim: To analyze seed/bead sample of different traits for Mendelian phenotypic ratio of 3:3. and genotypic ratio of 4:2:3. Materials required: 200 beads of two colours (yellow/green), trays, notebook, pen. Procedure: Take two sets of beads of 2 colours (200 + 200) in a tray and mix them. Pick two beads randomly at a time and place them on the table and record it on the book according to the colour as shown in the table (genotype and phenotype). Repeat this experiment three times and tabulate the results.Symbols used in Pedigree Analysis Male Female Affected individual Mating biw male & female fe] ° ge Oo PS, Patt aia rea Identical twins 3M Non-identical twins, 2. STUDY PREPARED PEDIGREE CHARTS PEDIGREE ANALYSIS. + The study of an inherited trait in a group of related individuals in several generations to detervaine the pattern and characteristics of the trait, including its mode of inheritance. and phenotypic variability is called pedigree analysis. “The family trees helps to analyze genetic background of individuals. It also shows if the offspring will have the trait, or if they will be a carrier. With the help of pedigree analysis, we can study the inheritance of some common human traits such as colour blindness, human blood group, tongue roll, widow's peak ete.Pedigree chart showing Inheritance of Colour blindness 2. STUDY PREPARED PEDIGREE CHARTS COLOUR BLINDNESS + Itis.a sex linked genetic disorder due to Which a person ‘is unable to distinguish between some of colours. ‘The genes needed to distinguish red from green are on the X-chromosome. A female with one defective and one normal X-ehromosome has normal vision. However, a male with a defective colour vision gene on his X- chrownosome. is colour blind. There are no genes for normal colour vision on the Y-chromosome to cover for the defective X-chromosome. Males can never be a carrier of colour blindness because males have only one X chromosome. Females can be carrier as well as colour blind because feraales have two X chromosomes. X-linked trait like colour blindness can not pass from father to son. It shows crisscross inheritance because in this disorder Father passes gene for the disorder to carvier daughter who then transmit it to son.EVOLUTIONHOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS ORGANS Ain: To study analogous and homologous organs in various animals using charts ‘Analogous organs: Wings of butterfly and bird are structurally different organs which get modified to perform similar function. Insect wings are outgrowths of integuiment formed of chitin. They operate through muscles attached to their bases. The wings of bird are covered by feathers. They are supported by skeletons They have Flight ruses. Homologous organs: Fore limbs of man, cheetah, bird and bet are organs which have similar basic internal structure and similar origin but their functions are different. The forelimbs consist of digits, metacarpals, carpals, radius-ulna humerus ete HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS ORGANS HomoLogous ORGANS ANALOGOUS ORGANSCOMMON HUMAN DISEASESASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES 1. ASCARIS Pathogen: Ascaris lumbricaites. Common name: Human roundworm. Disease caused: Ascariasis. ‘Transmission: Contaminated food and water. Symptoms: Colic pain, Impaired digestion, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Retarded body growth. ‘Treatment: Antihelminthic drugs. Prevention: Personal hygiene and sanitation.ENTOMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Pathogen: Entomoeta histolytica Disease caused: Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentery. Transmission: Contaminated food and water. Through insects like house Aies and cockroaches Symptoms: Abdominal pain, repeated motions with uid Feacal matter with blood and mucus, produce ulcers: Prevention: Personal hygiene and sanitation. 2. ENTAMOEBAPLASMODIUM Pathogen: Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P falciparum. Common name: Malarial parasites. Disease caused: Malaria Transmission: Biting of female Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms: Recurrent fever (periodic reappearance of high fever), Chilling, Shivering, Treatment: Anti-malarial drugs Prevention: Control mosquitoes. 3. PLASMODIUMRINGWORM Pathogen: Trichophyton” Epidermophyton/ Microsporum Common name: Ringworm Fungus Disease caused: Ring Worm in man Transmission: Through the use of cloths, comb ete. of the infected person. Symptoms: Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin, nails, scalp ete., intense itching, “Treatment: Anti-Fungal drugs 4. RINGWORMPrepared by: Muhammed Ali KC