Digital Switching System

Unit-2
• Digital circuit switching networks: Two-stage network,
three-stage network, n-stage network, non- blocking
switches, blocking probability analysis of multistage
switches – lee approximation, examples of digital
switching systems - AT & T 5ESS and NTI - DMS 100
switching Systems
Digital Switching System
• Various facilities of digital switching and transmission is the reason why the
analog switching is slowly getting replaced by digital switching.
• The incorporation of digital switching and transmission technique into
telecommunications altered the whole telecommunication industries setup.
• A switching system is called digital when the input to and output from the
switching system can directly support digital signal.
• Many basic elements of the digital switching system and its operation are
very similar to the stored program control (SPC) switching system.
• The cost of an analogue switch is roughly proportional to the number of
cross points, but the cost relationship in digital switching is different.
Evaluation of digital switching
Blocking Probability Evaluation Techniques

• All the switching systems are designed to provide a certain maximum probability of
blocking for the busiest hour of the day.
• It is one of the aspects of the grade of service of the telephone company.
• There are variety of techniques to evaluate the blocking probability of a switching
matrix.
• Depends on the accuracy, required availability, geographical area, priority,
complexity and applicability of different network structures, the techniques are
varying.
• Here, two techniques are described.
• Lee Graph
• It was proposed by C.Y. Lee. It is a most versatile and straight forward
approaches of calculating probabilities with the use of probability graphs.
• Jacobaeus method.
• It was presented in 1950 by C. Jacobaeus. It is more accurate than Lee graph
method.
 Lee graphics Method
• C.Y. Lee’s approach of determing the blocking probabilities of various switching system is based on the use of
utilization percentage or loadings of individual links.
• Let p be the probability that a link is busy.
• The probability that a link is idle is denoted by
q = 1 – p.
• When any one of n parallel links can be used to complete a connection,
• the blocking probability B is the probability that all links are busy is given by
𝐵 = 𝑝𝑛
• when a series of n links are all needed to complete a connection,

𝐵 = (1 − 𝑞 𝑛 )
• For a probability graph of three stage network, shown in Fig. 5.12, the probability of blocking is given by
𝐵 = (1 − 𝑞 2 )𝑘
where q′ = probability that an interstage link is idle = 1 – p′ .
p′ = probability that any particular intersatge link is busy
k = number of centre stage arrays.
• If p is known, the probability that an interstage link is busy is given by
p′ = p /β
where β = k/n ...(5.20) β is the factor by which the percentage of
interstage links that are busy is reduced.
with inlets of 10% busy, the switch size of N with n = 8, h = 5, β = 0.625 requires 2560
crosspoints.
The merits of this method are
(i) It provide accurate results
(ii) Its formulaes are directly relate to the network structures
(iii) It provides insight of the network and thus provides ideas to change the structure
for high performance.
Problem#2

Given: n=8, No. of cross point =7680

Solution
Jacobaeus
• The Lee’s graph approach is not much accurate.
• Because the probability graphs entail several simplifying assumptions.
• The important one which gives erroneous values of blocking is the
assumption that the individual probabilities are independent.
• In fact the probabilities not independent and highly dependent when
significant amounts of expansion are not present.
According to C. Jacobaeus the blocking probability of a
three stage switch is
 Examples
Digital Switching System
Computer Controlled Switching System
No. 5 ESS (EARLY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM)

• In 1982, Wester electric developed their fully developed digital switch called No. 5
ESS and put into service.
• The 5 ESS is a digital SPC switching system which utilizes distributed control, a TST
switching network and modular hardware and software design.
• No. 5 ESS is fully digital switch and did everything of No. 1A ESS and more.
• Each TSI’s of No. 5 ESS have their own processor.
• This makes the 5 ESS one of the fastest switches.
• No. 5 ESS supports POT and centrex services as well as the advanced services such
as ISDN, STP, SCP and AIN. Though No. 5 ESS primarily used as a local central
office, it can be used as an operator services switch or as low to medium traffic
volume tandem.

• ISDN—Integrated Services Digital Network; STP-(Signal Transfer Point); SCP- Service Control Point
AIN—Advanced Intelligent Network
• Hardware architecture. Its architecture can be classified as quasi-
distributed since it maintains control of the system via various
modules. The major components are
• 1. Administrative module
• 2. Communications module
• 3. Switching module
Function for Different blocks
• Administrative module (AM) : The function of the AM is to assist in call processing functions,
system maintenance, software recovery, error detection and system initialization. The AM is based
on a duplexed AT & T main frame computer. It contains three major parts namely, central control,
Input/output processor, mainstore and automatic message accounting (AMA) units.
• Central control. It uses two 3B 20S processors. Of the two, one will be in active mode and other
will be in stand by mode. It interfaces with message switch of communication module and
Input/Output processor. By interfacing, it performs to control video displays, printer’s tape units
and monitoring master control center.
• Main store. It stores programs and data. The costomer’s details such as telephone number, related
features, billing option (like electronic clearance) etc are stored here.
• Input/Output processors. It provides TTY and data link interfaces to the 3B20S processors, 5 ESS
network, Master control center (MCC), and various operational support systems (OSS).
• Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) units : It uses data links to transport calling information to
central revenue accounting office and AMA type. Other functions of AM include (i) routing of calls
to a particular switching module and traking their availability (ii) Controls and allocates time slots
for the time multiplexed switch (TMS) and (iii) Supports hard disk access and maintenance system
software.
• Communication Module (CM) : CM provides communication between the AM and the switching
module (SM). There are two basic components of CM. They are
• (i) Message switch. It provides control message transfer between the 3B20S processor and interface
modules. It contains clock for synchronizing the network. (referred as network control and timing links
(NCT)). Through NCT’s, the message switch performs packet switching functions between CM and its SM.
• (ii) Time multiplexed switch (TMS). It performs space division switching between switching module‘s. It
provides permanent time slot paths between each SM and the message switch for control messages
between the processor and SM’s.
• Switching modules (SM). It provides call processing and being the first stage of switching. The common
components of the switch module are shown in Fig. 6.10. Port control for lines and trunk allocations, setting
up and releasing calls, scanning are performed by SM.
• Interface Units. The switching module’s are equipped with four types of interface units.
• (i) Line units (LU). It contains a solid state two stage analog concentrator that provides access to 64 output
channels. It is used for terminating analog lines. The concentrator can be fully equipped to provide 8 : 1
concentrators or can be fully equipped to provide 6 : 1 or 4 : 1 concentration.
• (ii) Trunk units (TU). It is used for terminating analog trunks. Each TU requires 64 time slots. Depending on
the applications of lines and trunks, SM’s can be configured differently.
• (iii) Data line Trunk Unit (DLTU) and Data Control Line Unit (DCLU). It is used for terminating digital trunks
and remote switch module’s (RSM). Each fully equipped DLTU and DCLU requires. 256 time slots.
DMS-100 System

• The digital multiplexing system (DMS) versions are popular in Canada.

• Since its introduction, there are six version of DMS. A brief
descriptions of the DMS switches are given below :
Different versions of DMS systems
• DMS-10. It is a digital switch and cost effective. It is in service at suburban and
rural areas. It allows access to local and long-distance service. It can handle upto
12000 subscribers. It is the smallest of the DMS family.
• DMS-100. It is a class 5 local office. It is designed to deliver services over
subscribers lines and trunks. It provides various services.
• DMS-200. The DMS-200 switch has toll capabilities. It is used for toll center
applications. It provides TOPS (telephone operator position system) which is the
world’s premier operator service, from Northern Telecom. The DMS 100/200 system
combines the toll capabilities and applications of DMS-200 and DMS-100 S public
networking.
• DMS-250. This is the long-distance tandem switch that connects long distance
calls. It is used by the interexchange carriers. It is powerful.
• DMS-300. This is the international exchange, which gates calls internationally. It
provides the most advanced range of international services. This system can
interface with any system. This is also known as the International Gateway system.
 DMS-100
• It is a class 5 local office with the ability to handle 1000 to 100,000 lines. It was
first put into service in 1979. This system supports many features. Some of the
features and benefits are :
1. It supports hardware/software, located at the telephone company’s premises.
2. It services all sizes of organizations, from small businesses using only a few lines,
to the most complex network systems.
3. This system monitors and controls its own operations automatically. It diagnoses
faults and problems and does its own repairs.
4. Automatic Route Selection. This system automatically routes long distance calls
over the most economic route available.
5. Station Message Detail Recording. It provides a detailed record of long distance
changes, including the originating number, time and duration, authorization code,
etc.
• 6. Direct Inward System Access (DISA). This system enables company personel to
use cost saving company facilities for long distance calling, even from outside the
company.
• 7. Call Dial Rerouting (CDR). This facility provides a network management, controls
and restrict long distance calling.
• 8. This system is fully modular. It meets present needs and new features.
• Its architecture can be classified as quasi-distributed since it maintains control of the system via a
central processor. Its switching fabric is time multiplexed and is classified as a TST network.
Hardware Architecture

1. Processor Modules
2. Switching Module
3. Maintenance Administration
Position (MAP)
4. Peripheral Module.
• Processor Modules. The main components of processor modules are
DMS-Core Processor, file processor, Application Processor and LPP.
• The DMS-core processor supports the call processing, performs
control function, down loading DMS super-node software and
supports other peripheral controllers.
• The core processors is a set of central processing units.
• Switching Module. The DMS-100 system is equipped with two types of switching
matrix. They are dual shelf network (DSN) or enhanced network (ENET). With this
arrangement, it takes up less than 16% of the space for the same number of step
by step system 20% of cross bar system. DMS offers remote switching with a
bunch of remote modules. The use of remote modules extends the advantage like
plant floor savings, cost reduction, less maintenance etc. The use of DSN and
ENET supports narrow band and wide band services.
• Maintenance and Administration Position (MAP) : MAP provides the
operation management, administration and maintenance. MAP is a integrated
multifunction machine interface that switch maintenance, line and trunk
network management and service order changes can be carried out. The
billing system supports automatic message accounting (AMA). It records AMA
data on tape and disk.
• Peripheral Module (PM) : Peripheral modules (PM’s) are used as interface
between digital carrier spans (DS-1), analog trunks, and subscriber lines. The
PM’s are used for scanning lines for changes of circuit state, doing timing
functions used for call processing, creating dial tones, sending, receiving
signalling and controlling information to and from the other modules and
checking the network. Before 1984, only four types of PM’s gave trunk
interfaces (TM, LM, DCM and RLM). Latter many modules are added. All those
modules are discussed below :
• Trunk Module (TM) and Line Module (LM). The TM changes incoming speech into digital format. TM has
the ability to handle 30 analog trunks. The PCM information is combined with trunks supervising and
control signals and then transmitted to 2.56 Mb/s over speech links to the network. Each trunk can carry
36 ccs. The TM also uses service circuits such as MF receivers, announcement trunks and test circuits. LM
gives an interface for a maximum of 640 analog lines and condenses the voice and signalling into 2, 3, or 4
DS-30, 32 channel speech links. 4 speech links have the ability to handle 3,700 Average Busy Season Busy
Hour (ABSBH) CCS per LM.
• Remote Line Module (RLM). It is a LM operating in a remote location from the DMS host. The RLM’s can
be located up to 150 miles from the host office, depending on the transmission facilities.
• Digital carrier Module (DCM). Gives digital interface between the DMS switch and the DS-1 digital carrier.
The DS-1 signal consists of 24 voice channels. The DCM takes out and puts in signalling and control
information on the DS-1 bit stream which then makes them DS- 30, 32 channel speech links. The DCM can
interface 5 DS-1 lines, 5 × 24 = 120 voice channels, into 4, 32 channel speech links. The DCM can carry a
maximum of 36 CCS of traffic on each trunk.
• Digital Trunk Controller (DTC). It provides digital trunk inter-connection between DMS-100 digital
switching system and other central offices. It has the ability to interface 20, DS-1 lines. Then the DS-1 lines
are linked to the network by a maximum of 16 DS-30 speech links, each trunk is able to handle 36 CCS.
• Line Group Controller (LGC). It does medium level processing tasks with the ability to use host and remote
subscriber line interfaces. The LGC can interface upto 20 DS-30 speech links from the LCMs or up to 20 DS-
1 links with the ability to serve RSCs, RLCMs or OPMs.
• Line Trunk Controller (LTC). It combines the function of the LGC and DTC. The LTC has the ability to handle
the LCM, RSC, RLCM, OPM and digital trunk interfaces. The LTC has the ability to give interfaces to a
maximum of 20 outside ports from DS-30 A speech links or DS-1 links to 16 network side DS-30 speech
links.