Name: Abdul Basit Riaz Hussain

Roll no: 03
Department: Benazir School of Business
Subject: Pakistan Studies Date: 25-07-2020
Batch: 11st Batch
Question # 1
Give the main points any two of following:
a. Partition of Bengal and Simla Delegation

Partition of Bengal:
The province of Bengal was divided into two parts on October, 16, 1905 named as
Western Bengal and Eastern Bengal. The new province, the East Bengal consisted of Dacca as
Capital, Memansingh. Chittagong, Assam, Raj Shahi, Khulna, Rangpur and Bogra. This event is
known as the partition of Bengal in history.

The important causes of the partition of Bengal were following:

1. The area of this province was vast and there were many administrative problems due to
vast area.
2. The means of transportation were limited due to dense forests and rivers in this Province.
3. The agriculture was going to its backwardness in the Eastern districts.
4. There was no specific role of the port of Chittagong in foreign trade.
5. There was a difference of language and culture in the Eastern and Western Districts.
6. The funds obtained from the Government usually consumed in the development of the
West Bengal.

Simla Delegation;
Simla Deputation presented the demands of the Muslims before the viceroy of India. They
caressed the need for erectile Muslim interests Of representative form the Government was 10 be
introduced Simla Delegation presented following demands before the viceroy of India.

1. Such an electorate system should be implemented that the Muslims could have the out of
electing their representatives.
2. The Muslims should be given more than their proportional representation in those areas
where the number of Muslims is less than the Hindus.
3. Full representation in services and councils.
4. Representation in university senate and syndicate.
5. Aid for the establishment of Muslim university.

b. Fourteen points and Allahabad Address.

Fourteen Points:
Responding to the unjust Nehru Report which fell short of the Muslim's just demand Quaid-e-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah announced his famous fourteen points in March 1929 during the
session of All India Muslim League held at Delhi. The Shafi group of the Muslim League also
voted for this proposal. In this way both the groups of the Muslim League were reunited. The 14
points are reproduced sere under"

1. The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers vested in
the provinces.
2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to provinces.
3. Sindh should be separated from Bombay residency.
 4. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite
principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without
reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
5. In the Central Legislatures, Muslim representation shall not be less than one third.
6. Representations of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorate
as at present, provided that it shall be open to any community, at any time,to abandon its
separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
7. Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any ** affect
the Muslim majority in the Punjab Bengal and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Full religious liberty,
that is, liberty of belief, worship and observances propaganda, association and education
shall be guaranted to all communities.

Allahabad Addressed:
1. In his presidential addressed to the league annual session at Allahabad in December 1930.
2. He discussed about the problem of India at length.
3. In his speech he said that the principle of European democracy could not be applied to
India.
4. The Muslim of India were the only people who could fitly be describe as a nation in the
modem sense of the word.
5. Last he came to the famous sentence which has earned him the title of the father of the
Pakistan idea.
“I would like to see the Punjab, Baluchistan, NWFP and Sindh amalgamated in to
a single state. Self government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the
formation of consolidated north-west Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final
destiny of the Muslims, at least north-west India.

Question # 2
Explain the role of All India Muslim League in the creation of Separate homeland.
Answer: Introduction:
Anti partition agitation staged by Hindus made it clear to the Muslims that they must have separate
political Organization. In December, 1906 Muslim Leaders from all over the Subcontinent
assembled in Dacca to attend the all India Mohammadan to establish a central political.
Organization for Muslims called the “All India Muslim League”. The Muslim league was
Established with the primary aim of the protecting the political rights of Indian Muslims and
presenting their demands and problems before the British Government.

Role of Muslim League In creation of separate homeland:

The role played by all India Muslim league in the creation of homeland are summarized under:
1. Minto-Morley Reform Act -1909:
The Muslims under the able leadership of the Muslim league now began to press for the separate electorate
for the Muslims. The authorities accepted their demand in Act, called “The Minto-Morley
Reform Act”, in 1909.

2. Lacknow Pack 1916:

 In November 1916, two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta and drew an
agreement draft of political reform for India called “Lucknow Pact”. Through this pact the
Congress recognized the separate status of Muslims.

3. Simmon Commission:
In 1927, simon commission was sent to India under the chairmanship of sir John Simon to
settle Muslim Hindu difference. It was rejected because there was no Indian member on
the commission.

4. Jinnah’s Fourteen Point 1929:

The Quaid e Azam refused to the accept the Nehru report. In order to protect the Muslim’s
point of view on the political issues of south asia. He prepared a draft of guiding principle
consisting of 14 pointss, popularly Jinnah’s fourteen points.

5. Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad Address 1930:

In 1930, in his presidential address at annual session of league at Allahabad address. Iqbal
purposed the formation of separate land for Muslims.

6. Pakistan Resolution 1940:

The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the clear Hindus and Muslims were two
separate nations. On march 23rd at the annual session of Muslim league at Lahore. The
famous resolution know as commonly Pakistan Resolution.

7. Simla Conference 1945:

Lord Wavell called conference at simla. The conference failed to achieve any purpose due
to one side attitude of Lord Wavell. Quaid-e-Azam made it clear that the Muslim league
represent Muslim of India.

8. 3rd June Plan 1947:

Lord mount Batten prepared the plan for transference of power according to the wish of
people. He emphasized on the partition of the country and told that it was the only solution
of the Indian political dead lock. Both league and congress accepted the plan.

Conclusion:
Muslim League thus got its object and Pakistan was created on 14th August 1947. In short
we can say that the creation of Pakistan is the result of ceaseless effort of the Muslim
leagues the great heroes which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan. If there
were be no Muslim league the fate of the Muslims of the subcontinent could be changed.

Question # 3
Criticize the role of Indian National Congress with the special references of protection of
minorities.
Answer: Introduction:
In 1885 the Indian national congress was formed on the initiative of the retired British official,
Allan Octavian Hume. It had the blessings of the victory, lord Dufferin, who desired the
organization to develop into a controlled and responsible opposition and serve as canalizing agent
for the agitating discontent among the intelligentsia. Its first president was Mr. Womesh Chandra
Banerjee.
Objective:
1. To fuse into one nation whole of all the different element that constitutes the population of
India.
2. To gradually regenerate along all lines, mental, moral, social and political, of the nation
thus evolved.
3. To consolidate the union between England and India, by securing the modification of such
of its conditions are may be unjust or injurious to the latter country.

Role of Indian National Congress with Protection of Minorities:

The role played by Indian National Congress with the protection of minorities is summarized
under:

1. Partition Of Bengal (1906):

The main problem that faced Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India in this time, was the bigness
of the Bengal presidency. The area of the presidency was too large, the population was too
dense, and the communication was too difficult. The Bengal with a population of 54
million, of which 42 million Hindus and only 9 Millions of Muslims, and eastern Bengal
and Assam, with the population of 31 million of which of which 18 million were Muslims
and 12 millions of Hindus. The new province consisted of the district of Chittagong and
Dhaka divisions. This scheme was sent to London by Lord Curzon In February 1905. The
province of Eastern Bengal and Assam officially came into being on 16th October 1905.

2. Annulment of Partition (1911):

The vigorous Hindu agitation rocked the government which could not withstand the
extreme pressure of the movement. The Hindus threatened the government to boycott the
forthcoming tour of king George to India. The threat proved successful and the British
government surrendered in front of the Hindus agitation.

3. Lucknow Pact (1916):

In December 1916, the congress and the Muslim league held a joint session at lucknow in
which Hindu-Muslim unity was passionately preached from one platform and approved a
joint scheme of the reforms to be presented to viceroy which could satisfy both the Muslims
and Hindus. The scheme is generally termed as lucknow pack. The agreement was
confirmed by the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress at their following
annual sessions. Important points of the agreement were as follows:
i. Separate electorate were accepted by the congress.
ii. The congress agreed to enforce separate electorates in those province also, where
they did not exist, e.g. Punjab and Central Provinces.
 iii. No bill affecting a particular community should be proceeded within any council,
if three-forths of the representative of that community opposed it.

Question # 4
Highlight the main provisions of following acts. Could you suggest which one was much
better for minorities?
a. Indian Act 1909
b. Indian Act 1919
c. Indian Act 1935

a. Provisions of India Act 1909:

i. The Muslim demand for separate electorate for the Muslims was accepted.
ii. The method of election was partly indirect and partly direct.
iii. Provincial councils were enlarged.
iv. Small non-official majorities were provided in the provincial councils but an official
majority was retained was retained at the centre.
v. Member of central legislature were given authority to raise questions relating to
administration and policy.

b. Provisions of India Act 1919:

i. The act gave separate representation to the Muslims and also extended it to other
minorities.
ii. At the centre, the Central Legislative Council was to be replaced by a bicameral
legislative, the council of state and the Indian legislative assembly. In both a great
majority of members would be elected.
iii. In the provincial field, act introduced the “Dyarchy” a division of power between
the responsible ministers and irresponsible executive councilors.
iv. The provincial legislative were enlarged and 70 percent seats were ensured for the
elected representation.
v. Franchise was extended by lowering the property qualification.
vi. Universities, Landholdings, industries and commerce received representation as
constituencies.
vii. Law and order, and land revenue department were kept reserved for the british
administration. While department of education, agriculture, public health and local
government were transferred to the Indian Ministers.
viii. Under this act of 1919 a statutory commission was also to be appointed after 10
years to examine the working system and to advise for the future of the Indian
Constitution.

c. Provisions of India Act 1935:

i. 1935 act provided for a federation of India comprising both provinces and states.
 ii. The act divided the India into 11 province and gave the provincial autonomy.
iii. Sindh and Orissa were separated from Bombay and bihar respectively and were
given the status of separate provinces.
iv. The divisions of financial resources was designated to strengthen provincial
independence.
v. The provincial governors were given the special responsibility of taking care of
minorities, and the civil services, and the prevention of any grave menace to peace
or tranquility.
vi. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was, for the first time invested with full provincial power.

Better For Minorities:

The suggest of India Act is 1919 because the minorities of Muslims is this year and congress accept
the many requirement.