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    Blood Glucose Sensor

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    Surendar P
    Blood glucose sensors aim to continuously measure glucose levels in the body to help manage diabetes. Electroenzymatic sensors use glucose oxidase to catalyze the reaction of glucose and oxygen, producing changes that can indicate glucose levels. Optical sensors use fluorescence or infrared spectroscopy to detect glucose. Both approaches currently face challenges like enzyme instability and sensor fouling that must be addressed to create reliable, long-term implantable glucose monitors.

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    Blood Glucose Sensor

    Uploaded by

    Surendar P
    128 views9 pages
    Blood glucose sensors aim to continuously measure glucose levels in the body to help manage diabetes. Electroenzymatic sensors use glucose oxidase to catalyze the reaction of glucose and oxygen, producing changes that can indicate glucose levels. Optical sensors use fluorescence or infrared spectroscopy to detect glucose. Both approaches currently face challenges like enzyme instability and sensor fouling that must be addressed to create reliable, long-term implantable glucose monitors.

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    Blood glucose sensor

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    Blood glucose sensors aim to continuously measure glucose levels in the body to help manage diabetes. Electroenzymatic sensors use glucose oxidase to catalyze the reaction of glucose and oxygen, producing changes that can indicate glucose levels. Optical sensors use fluorescence or infrared spectroscopy to detect glucose. Both approaches currently face challenges like enzyme instability and sensor fouling that must be addressed to create reliable, long-term implantable glucose monitors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    128 views9 pages

    Blood Glucose Sensor

    Uploaded by

    Surendar P
    Blood glucose sensors aim to continuously measure glucose levels in the body to help manage diabetes. Electroenzymatic sensors use glucose oxidase to catalyze the reaction of glucose and oxygen, producing changes that can indicate glucose levels. Optical sensors use fluorescence or infrared spectroscopy to detect glucose. Both approaches currently face challenges like enzyme instability and sensor fouling that must be addressed to create reliable, long-term implantable glucose monitors.

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    of 9

    BLOOD GLUCOSE SENSOR

    • Accurate measurement of blood glucose is essential in the diagnosis and long-term management of
    diabetes. Use of Blood glucose sensor for continuous measurement of glucose levels in blood and
    other body fluids.
    • Glucose is the main circulating carbohydrate in the body. In those suffering from diabetes mellitus,
    insulin-regulated uptake is compromised, and blood glucose can reach concentrations ranging from
    300 to 700 mg/100 ml (hyperglycaemia).
    • Accurate determination of glucose levels in body fluids, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal
    fluid, is a major aid in diagnosing diabetes and improving the treatment of this disease.
    • Blood glucose levels rise and fall several times a day, so it is difficult to maintain normoglycemia
    by means of an “open-loop” insulin delivery approach.
    • One solution to this problem would be to “close the loop” by using a self-adapting insulin infusion
    device with a glucose-controlled biosensor that could continuously sense the need for insulin and
    dispense it at the correct rate and time.
    • Unfortunately, present-day glucose sensors cannot meet this stringent requirement.
    Electroenzymatic Approach
    • Electroenzymatic sensors based on polarographic principles, that utilize the phenomenon
    of glucose oxidation with a glucose oxidase enzyme
    • The chemical reaction of glucose with oxygen is catalyzed in the presence of glucose
    oxidase.
    • This causes a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (Po₂), an increase in pH, and the
    production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid
    according to the reaction:
    Glucose oxidase

    Glucose + O₂ Gluconic acid + H₂O₂

    • Investigators measure changes in all of these chemical components in order to determine


    the concentration of glucose.
    • The basic glucose enzyme electrode utilizes a glucose oxidase enzyme immobilized on a
    membrane or a gel matrix, oxygen-sensitive polarographic electrode.
    • Changes in oxygen concentration at the electrode, due to the catalytic reaction of glucose
    and oxygen, can be measured either Amperometrically or Potentiometrically.
    • Single-electrode technique is sensitive both to glucose and to the amount of oxygen
    present in the solution, a modification to remove the oxygen response by using two
    polarographic oxygen electrodes has been done. .

    • (Enzyme electrode) An active enzyme is placed over the glucose electrode, which senses
    glucose and oxygen. The other electrode (Dual cathode enzyme electrode) senses only
    oxygen. The amount of glucose is determined as a function of the difference between the
    readings of two electrodes.
    • Development of Hydrophobic membranes that are more permeable to oxygen than
    glucose. Placing these membranes over a glucose enzyme electrode solves the problem
    with oxygen limitation and increases the linear response of the sensor to glucose.
    • The major problem with enzymatic glucose sensors is:
    - Instability of the immobilized enzyme
    - Fouling of the membrane surface under physiological conditions.
    • In order to improve the present sensor technologies, more highly selective membranes
    must be developed.
    • The features that must be taken into account in designing and fabricating these
    membranes include the diffusion rate of both oxygen and glucose (from the external
    medium to the surface of the membrane, diffusion and concentration gradients within the
    membrane, immobilization of the enzyme, and stability of the enzymatic reaction).
    Optical Approach: A number of innovative glucose sensors, based on different optical
    techniques, has been developed.
    • A new fluorescence-based affinity sensor has been designed for monitoring various
    metabolites, especially glucose in the blood plasma.
    • The method is similar in principle used in radio-immunoassays. It is based on the
    immobilized binding of a particular metabolite and fluorescein-labelled
    indicator with receptor sites, specific for the measured metabolite and the labelled
    ligand (the molecule that binds).

    • Affinity sensor in which the immobilized reagent is coated on the inner wall of a
    glucose-permeable hollow fiber fastened to end of an optical fiber.
    • The fiber-optic catheter is used to detect changes in fluorescent light intensity, which
    is related to the concentration of glucose.
    • Simplicity of the sensor and the feasibility of its
    miniaturization, lead to an implantable glucose sensor.
    • The advantage of this approach is:
    - Potential for miniaturization
    - Implantation through a needle
    -In addition, other fiber-optic approaches, no electric
    connections are necessary.
    • The major problems with this approach are:
    - Lack of long-term stability of the reagent
    - Slow response time of the sensor
    - Dependence of the measured light intensity on the amount
    of reagent, which is usually very small and may change over
    time.
    Attenuated Total Reflection and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
    • The application of multiple infrared ATR (Attenuated total reflection) spectroscopy to
    biological media is another potentially attractive non-invasive technique.
    • By this, the infrared spectra of blood can be recorded from tissue independently of the
    sample thickness, whereas other optical-transmission techniques are strongly dependent
    on the optical-transmission properties of the medium.
    • Absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (IR) region is an important technique for the
    identification of unknown biological substances in aqueous solutions.
    • Because of vibrational and rotational oscillations of the molecule, each molecule has
    specific resonance absorption peaks, which are known as finger-prints. These spectra
    are not uniquely identified; the IR absorption peaks of biological molecules often
    overlap.
    • The absorption-peak magnitude is directly related to the glucose concentration in the
    sample, and its spectral position wavelength range emitted by a CO₂ laser.
    • Thus a CO₂ laser can be used as a source of energy to excite this bond, and IR
    absorption intensity at this peak provides, via Beer’s law, a quantitative measure of the
    glucose concentration in a sample.
    • Two major practical challenges must overcome in order to measure the
    concentration of glucose in an aqueous solution, such as blood, by conventional IR
    absorption spectroscopy.
    (1) Pure water has an intrinsic high background absorption in the IR region, and
    (2) The normal concentration of glucose and other analytes in human blood is low.
    • Significant improvements in measuring physiological concentrations of glucose
    and other blood analytes by conventional IR spectrometers have resulted from
    the use of high-power sources of light energy at specific active wavelengths. In
    the case of glucose, the CO₂ laser serves as an appropriate IR source.

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