Welcome to….

Engineering Mathematics
Course Code: MAT211
Dr. Bimal Chandra Das
Associate Professor

Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 01872792257
26/7/22 1
 Lecture # 1

Introduction to
Engineering Mathematics

Link to join BLC

https://elearn.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/course/view.php?id=16994
Google Classroom Code: su737um

26/7/22 2
 Introduction to Course

Engineering Mathematics

(i) Laplace Transformation

Differential Equations Ref. Book Murray R Spiegel
Reference Book:
Dr. B. D. Sharma (ii) Fourier Series
Ref. Book Murray R Spiegel

26/7/22 3
 Introduction to Differential Equations (D.Es.)
Def n : The equation which contains differential co-efficients
dy d 2 y ∂ y ∂2 z
i.e. , 2 , ,
dx dx ∂x ∂x ∂ y
( )
ordinary and partial is called a

differential equation .
For example -
dy 1+ y 2
(i) =
dx 1+ x 2
d 2 y dy
(ii) 2 2 + + 2 y = e x + sin x
dx dx
∂2 z ∂2 z
(iii) x 2 + y 2 = tan x
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
(iv) − = 0 are differential equations
∂x ∂ y
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 Introduction to Differential Equations (D.Es.)

Differential Equations

Ordinary D.E (O.D.E.): Partial D.E (P.D.E.):

dy 1+ y 2 ∂2 z ∂2 z
(i) = (i) x 2 + y 2 = tan x
dx 1+ x 2 ∂x ∂y
d 2 y dy ∂z ∂z
(ii) 2 2 + + 2 y = e x + sin x (ii) − = 0
dx dx ∂x ∂ y

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 Order and Degree of D.E.
Order: The order of a differential equation is the maximum time of
derivative in the existing equation.

y = sin2x + a
dy
Differentiating w.r.to x, = 2cos2x +0 → D.E. with first order
dx
d2 y
Again differentiating, 2 = −4sin2x → D.E. with second order
dx
Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the power of the
highest order differential coefficients when the equation has been
made rational. For example-
2
d y ⎛ dy ⎞
2
+
2 ⎜ ⎟ = −4cos2x → D.E. with second order first degree
dx ⎝ dx ⎠

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 Order and Degree of D.E.

dy 1+ y 2
(i) = → first order and first degree
dx 1+ x 2
2 3
⎛ d y ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
2
(ii) 2⎜ 2 ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + 2 y = e x + sin x → second order and second degree
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠
∂2 z ∂2 z
(iii) x 2 + y 2 = tan x → second order and first degree
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
(iv) − = 0 → first order and first degree
∂x ∂ y

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 Order and Degree of D.E.
Find the order and degree of the D.Es:

26/7/22 8
 Formation of D.E.
Problem Form the D.E. corresponding to the equations
:
(a) y = ax + bx 2 (b) c( y + c)2 = x 3
(c) y = ae2x + be −3x + ce x (d) y = cx + c − c 3
(e) e2 y + 2cxe y + c 2 = 0 ( f ) xy = ae x + be − x
( g) xy = Ae x + Be − x + x 2 (h) y = atan x + bsec x

Solve by Yourself: Prob. (d) & (f)

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 Formation of D.E.
Problem (a): Form the D.E. corresponding the equation y = ax + bx 2

Solution: Given that
y = ax + bx
2
(1)
Differenting both sides w. r. to x , we get
dy
= a + 2bx (2)
dx
Again differenting both sides w. r. to x
d2 y 1 d2 y
2 = 0+ 2b ⇒ b =
dx 2 dx 2
Putting the value of b in equation (2), we get
dy 1 d2 y
= a + 2. x
dx 2 dx 2

dy d2 y dy d2 y
⇒ =a + 2 x ⇒ a= −x 2
dx dx dx dx

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 Formation of D.E.

Putting the values of a and b in equation (1), we get

⎛ dy d2 y ⎞ 1 d2 y 2
y = ⎜ −x 2⎟x+ x
⎝ dx dx ⎠ 2 dx 2

2
dy 2d y 1 d2 y 2
= x −x + x
dx dx 2
2 dx 2

dy 1 d 2 y 2
⇒ y= x − x
dx 2 dx 2

2
dy 2d y
⇒ 2 y = 2x −x
dx dx 2
2
which is a D.E. of second order
d y dy and first degree.
⇒ x 2 2 − 2x + 2 y = 0
dx dx

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (b): Given that
c( y + c) = x
2 3
(1)
Differenting both sides w. r. to x we get,
dy
2c( y + c). = 3x 2 (2)
dx
Dividing (1) by (2), we get
dy
y +c x ⇒ 3( y + c) = 2x
= dx
2 dy /dx 3
2 dy 2 dy
⇒ y +c = x ⇒ c = x −y
3 dx 3 dx
Now putting the value of c in equation (2), we get
⎛ 2 dy ⎞ 2 dy dy
⎜ 2. x − 2 y⎟ ( y + x − y). = 3x 2
⎝ 3 dx ⎠ 3 dx dx

⎛ 4 dy ⎞ 2 dy dy
⇒⎜ x − 2 y⎟ . x . = 3x 2
⎝ 3 dx ⎠ 3 dx dx
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 Formation of D.E.
⎛ 4 dy ⎞ 2 dy dy
⇒⎜ x − 2 y⎟ . x . = 3x 2
⎝ 3 dx ⎠ 3 dx dx

3 2
8 ⎛ dy ⎞ 4 ⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ x2 ⎜ − xy = 3x 2

9 ⎝ dx ⎟⎠ 3 ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

3 2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ which is a D.E. of first order
⇒ 8x ⎜ − 12 y ⎜ − 27x = 0
⎝ dx ⎟⎠ ⎝ dx ⎟⎠ and 3rd degree.

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (c): Given that y = ae 2x
+ be −3x
+ ce x
(1)
Differenting both sides w. r. to x , we get
dy d
= 2ae2x − 3be −3x + ce x (2) [∵ (e mx ) = me mx ]
dx dx
Again differenting w. r. to x , we get
d2 y
2 = 4ae2x + 9be −3x + ce x (3)
dx
Again differenting w. r. to x
d3 y
3 = 8ae2x − 27be −3x + ce x
dx
d3 y
⇒ 3 = 14ae2x − 21be −3x + 7ce x − 6ae2x − 6be −3x − 6ce x
dx
d3 y
⇒ 3 = 7(2ae2x − 3be −3x + ce x )− 6(ae2x + be −3x + ce x )
dx
d3 y dy d3 y dy
⇒ 3 =7 − 6 y [using (2) and (1)] ⇒ 3 − 7 +6 y = 0
dx dx dx dx
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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (e): Given that e2 y + 2cxe y + c 2 = 0 (1)
Differenting both sides w. r. to x , we get
2 y dy
⎛ y dy ⎞
e 2 + 2c ⎜ xe + e .1⎟ + 0 = 0
y

dx ⎝ dx ⎠

dy ⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ey + c⎜ x +1⎟ = 0 [Dividing by 2e y ]
dx ⎝ dx ⎠

dy
⎛ dy ⎞ dy −e y
⇒ c⎜ x +1⎟ = −e y ⇒ c = dx
⎝ dx ⎠ dx dy
x +1
dx
Now, putting the value of c in equation (1), we get
2
dy 2 y ⎛ dy ⎞
−e y e ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
e +2
2y dx xe +
y
=0
dy ⎛ dy ⎞
2
x +1
dx ⎜⎝ x dx +1⎟⎠
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 Formation of D.E.
2
dy ⎛ dy ⎞
⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
1− 2 dx x + = 0 [Dividing by e2y
]
dy ⎛ dy ⎞
2
x +1 x +1
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

2 2
⎛ dy ⎞ dy ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ ⎜ x +1⎟ − 2x ⎜ x +1⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ dx ⎠ dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠

2 2 2
⎛ ⎞
2 dy dy ⎛ ⎞
2 dy dy ⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ x ⎜ ⎟ + 2x +1− 2x ⎜ ⎟ − 2x +⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ dx ⎠ dx ⎝ dx ⎠ dx ⎝ dx ⎠

2
2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
2
⎛ dy ⎞
⇒1− x 2 ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⇒1− ⎜ ⎟ (x 2 −1) = 0 (Ans)
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠

which is a D.E. of first order and

26/7/22
second degree. 16
 Formation of D.E.
Solution (g): Given that xy = Ae x + Be − x + x 2 (1)

Differenting both sides w. r. to x , we get ⎡ d dv du ⎤

dy ⎢∵ (uv) = u + v ⎥
x + y.1 = Ae x − Be − x + 2x dx dx dx
dx ⎣ ⎦

Again differenting both sides w. r. to x

d 2 y dy dy
x 2 + .1+ = Ae x + Be − x + 2
dx dx dx
d2 y dy
⇒ x 2 + 2 + x 2 = Ae x + Be − x + x 2 + 2
dx dx

d2 y dy
⇒ x 2 + 2 + x 2 = xy + 2 using (1)
dx dx
which is a D.E. of second order and
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first degree. 17
 Formation of D.E.
Solution (h): Given that y = atan x + bsec x (1)

Multiplying both sides by cox , we get

y cos x = asin x + b
Differenting both sides w. r. to x , we get
dy
y(-sin x) + cos x = acos x
dx
dy dy
⇒ − y tan x + = a ⇒ − y tan x = a
dx dx
Differenting w.r.to x , we get
d2 y dy
− y sec 2
x − sec x =0
dx
2
dx

d2 y dy
− sec x = y sec 2
x
dx
2
dx which is a D.E. of second order and
26/7/22
first degree. 18
 Formation of D.E.
Problems for practice:

Form the D.E. corresponding to the equations

(a) y = acos(mx + b) (b) (1− x 2 ) + (1− y 2 ) = a(x − y)
(c) y = ae3x + be x (d) y = cx + c − c 3
−x
(e)
e 2y
+ 2cxe y
+ c 2
= 0 ( f ) xy = ae x
+ be

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