REGULATION 2021 ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SUB. NAME: Matrices and Calculus SUB. CODE: MA3151

Year/Class/Sem: I/All branches/I
Solved Question Bank
UNIT – I (MATRICES)

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REGULATION 2021 ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

PART A
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:
1 3 7
 
1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A   4 2 3  .
1 2 1
 
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
i, e)  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonal elements
S1  1  2  1  4
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements \
2 3 1 7 1 3
    (2  6)  (1  7)  (2  12)  20
2 1 1 1 4 2
1 3 7
S3  A  4 2 3
1 2 1
 1(2  6)  3(4  3)  7(8  2)  35
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  4 2  20  35  0
EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
1 2
2. For what values of ‘c’ the Eigenvalues of the matrix   are real and unequal, real and
 c 4
equal, complex conjugate (Jan 2011)
Solution:
1 2
Let A =  
 c 4
Step 1 : To find the characteristic equation.
The characteristic equation of A is |A-λI| = 0
i.e., λ2 - S1λ + S2 = 0 where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
= 1+4 = 5
S2 =|A| = | | = 4-2c
 The characteristic equation of A is
λ2-5 λ+(4-2c) = 0 …(1)

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Step 2: To solve the characteristic equation.

(1) => λ2-5 λ+(4-2c) = 0
This is the characteristic equation of the form Ax2 +Bx+C = 0
Here A = 1, B = -5, c= 4-2c
 B  B2  4 AC
 x
2A
( 5 )  ( 5 )2  4( 1 )( 4  2c )
Here λ 
2( 1 )
5  25  4( 4  2c )

2
5  25  16  8C

2
5  9  8C
 [eigen values ]
2
If B2  4 AC  0 then the roots are real and equal
B2  4 AC  9  8C  0
8C  9
9
C
8
9
C  the eigen values of A are real and equal.
8
(ii) If B2  4 AC  0 then the roots are real and unequal
B2  4 AC  9  8C  0
8C  9
9
C
8
9
 C the eigen values of A are real and unequal.
8
(iii) If B2  4 AC  0 then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates)
B2  4 AC  9  8C  0
8C  9
9
C
8
9
C  the eigen values of A are complex conjugates.
8

3. What are the eigen values of the matrix A+3I if the eigenvalues of the matrix
 1 2 
A  are 6 and -1 ? Why? (N/D 15)
 5 4 
Solution:
The eigen values of A are 6, -1.

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If  is an eigen value of A, then the eigen value of A+KI is +K.

 Eigen values ofA  3I  6  3,  1  3
 Eigen values ofA  3I  9, 2.

 3 1 5 
 
4. Find the eigen values of A   0 1 4  . Also find the eigen values of -3A. (N/D 2011)
 0 0 5 
 
Solution:
Clearly given matrix A is an upper triangular matrix.Hence the eigen values are
theDiagonal elements.
Therefore 3,-1,-5 are Eigen values of the matrix A.
If 1 , 2 , 3 are the eigen values of A, then K 1 , K 2 , K 3 are the eigen values of KA.
The Eigen values of -3A is -9,3,15.

 a 4
5. Find the values of a and b such that matrix   has 3 and -2 its eigen values. (A/M 11)
1 b
Solution:
Using property:
Sum of the Eigen values of the matrix= sum of the elements of the main diagonal.
3  ( 2 )  a  b
a b 1
b  1 a ....( 1 )
Product of the Eigen values=determinant of the matrix
a 4
3( 2 ) 
1 b
6  a b  4
a b 2 ....( 2 )
sub (1) in (2)
a( 1  a )  2
a  a 2  2
a2  a  2 0
( a  2 )( a  1 )  0
a  2, a  1
Sub „a‟ value in (2)
When a=2 we get b=-1 and when a=-1we get b=2
2 2 1
6. Find the Eigen vectors corresponding to the Eigen value 1 of the matrix A   1 3 1  (M/J11)
1 2 2
 
Solution:
Given : one of the eigen values = 1
To find the eigen vector
Solve (A-λI)X = 0
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2 2 1  x1   0 
    
i.e., 1 3 1  x2    0 
 1 2      
 2  x3   0 

If λ = 1 we get
 1 2 1  x1   0 
    
i.e., 1 2 1  x2    0 
 1 2 1  x   0 
  3   
x1 +2x2 +x3 = 0 …(1)
x1 +2x2 +x3 = 0 …(2)
x1 +2x2 +x3 = 0 …(3)
Here (1) ,(2) and (3) are same equations.
x1 +2x2 +x3 = 0
Put x1=0 we get 2x2 +x3 = 0
x x
2x2   x3  2  3
1 2
0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector X1   1
 
 2 

 3 1 4
2  
7. Find the eigenvalues of 2A and A , if A=  0 2 6  . (A/M 2011, A/M 2010)
0 0 5
 
Solution:
Clearly given matrix A is upper triangular matrix,therefore the Eigen values are
the diagonal elements.
Eigen values of A are 3,2,5.
If 1 , 2 , 3 are the eigen values of A, then K 1 , K 2 , K 3 are the eigen values of KA.
Then the Eigen values of 2A is 6,4,10.
If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,..., n m are the eigen values of Am.
 eigen values of A 2 are 32 , 22 ,52
 Eigen values of A 2 are 9, 4, 25.

 1 3
8. Given that A   3
 , find the eigen values of A . (N/D 2007, M/J 2011)
 2 1
Solution:
 1 3
Given : A   
 2 1
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is A λI  0

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 1 3  1 0 
   λ  0
 2 1  0 1
1 λ 3
0
2 1 λ
(1  λ)(1  λ)  6  0
1  λ  λ  λ2  6  0
λ2  2λ  5  0
B  B2  4AC 2  4  4(5) 2  24 2  24
     1 6
2A 2 2 2

The eigen values of A are 1  6  , 1  6 

3 3
3

9. If 2,3 are eigen values of a square matrix A of order 2, express A2 interms of A and I. (N/D
07)
Solution:
The eigenvalues of A are 2,3
The characteristic equation is
(  2)(  3)  0
 2  3  2  6  0
 2  5  6  0
By CHT, put   A,6  6I
A 2  5A  6I  0
A 2  5A  6I

10. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrix.
Solution:
Let A be the given square matrix, then
1 1
A  [ A  A]  [ A  A]
2 2
1 1
Let B  [ A  A] and C  [ A  A]
2 2

1 
 B   [ A  A]  A  ( A)  [ A  A]  B
1 1
2  2 2
1
 B   B  [ A  A] is a symmetric matrix.
2

 
Again C    [ A  A]  A  ( A)  [ A  A]  C
1 1 1
2  2 2
 C  C
 C is skew symmetric matrix.
Hence A can expressed as the sum of the symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.

To prove uniqueness:
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Assume the P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric matrix such that A = P + Q.

A  ( P  Q)  P   Q   P  Q  P is symmetric and Q is skew symmetric.
1 1
Thus P  [ A  A] and Q  [ A  A]
2 2
Which shows that there is one and only one way of expressing A as the sum of a symmetric and
skew symmetric matrix.

11. If a non-singular matrix A is symmetric, show that A-1 is also symmetric.

Solution:
Given: A is symmetric  A  A …(1)
To prove : A 1 is symmetric.
 
 
A 1   A
1
 
  A  A 1
1

 A 1 by (1)

A   A
1 1

 A 1 is symmetric.

12. Prove that the inverse of the matrix is unique.

Solution:
Let A be the matrix
If B and C are the inverses of A.
Then AB  BA  I ...(1)
and AC  CA  I ...( 2)
 CAB  (CA) B
 IB by (2)
 CAB  B ....( 3)
Also  CAB  C ( AB )
 CI by (1)
 CAB  C ....( 4)
From (3) & (4)
B  C
 The inverse of any matrix is unique

PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:

 1  2
13. If -1 is an eigen value of the matrix A    , find the eigen values of A
4

 3 2 
using properties. (N/D 2010)
Solution:
The sum of eigen values is equal to sum of the main diagonal elements
λ1  λ 2  1  2
1  λ 2  3
λ2  3  1
λ2  4
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If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,..., n m are the eigen values of Am.
The eigen values of A4 are (-1)4 and 44
that is 1, 256
 1 0 0
 
14. Given A   2  3 0  . Find the eigen values of A2 . (Jan 2010)
1 4 2 

Solution:
The given matrix is the lower triangle matrix, therefore the Eigen values are
the diagonal elements.
The eigen values of A are -1,-3,2
If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,..., n m are the eigen values of Am.
The eigen values of A2 are 1,9,4.
 7 2 0 
 
15. Find the eigenvalue of a matrix  2 6 2  corresponding eigenvector  4 2 4
T

 0 2 5 
 
(N/D 15,A/M 17)
Solution:
 7 2 0 
 
Given: A    2 6  2  Eigen vector X=  4 2 4
T

 0 2 5 
 
W.K.T
AX  X
 7  2 0    4   4
    
   2 6  2    2     2 
 0  2 5  4   4 
    
  28  4  0    4
   
  8  12  8      2 
 0  4  20   4 
   
  24    4
   
   12      2 
 24   4 
   
  4   4
   
 6  2      2 
 4   4 
   
 6
2 0 1
 
16. If 2,3 are the eigen values of  0 2 0  , then find the value of b. (N/D 14)
b 0 4
 

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Solution:
The sum of eigen values is equal to sum of the main diagonal elements
λ1  λ 2  λ 3  2  2  4
2  3  λ3  8
λ3  8  5
λ3  3
The product of the eigen values is equal to the determinat of the matrix.
A  2  3 3
2 0 1
0 2 0  18
b 0 4
2(8  0)  0  1(0  2 b)  18
2(8)  1(2 b)  18
16  2b  18
 2b  18  16
 2b  2
 b  1
 2 1 0
 
17. Find the eigen values of the inverse of the matrix A   0 3 4  .(M/J 14)
 0 0 4
 
Solution:
Clearly the given matrix is upper triangular matrix,therefore the Eigen values are
the diagonal elements.
Therefore the eigen values of A are 2, 3, 4.
1
If  is an eigen value of a matrix A, then , (  0) is the eigenvalue of A-1.

1 1 1
 The eigen values of A-1 are , , .
2 3 4
 6 2 2 
 
18. The product of two eigenvalues of the matrix A    2 3  1 is 16. Find the third eigen
 2 1 3 
 
value of A. (Jan 2012, Jan 2014)
Solution:
 6 2 2 
 
A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 
 
6 2 2
A  2 3 1  6(9  1)  2(6  2)  2(2  6)  6(8)  2(4)  2(4)  48  8  8  32
2 1 3

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λ1λ 2 λ3  32 by property
16λ 3  32
32
λ3  2
16
19. Find the symmetric matrix A, whose eigen values are 1 and 3 with corresponding eigen vectors
1  1
  and   (Jan 2013)
 1  1
Solution:
 1 1
Let P    normalizing
 1 1
 1/ 2 1/ 2
N  
 1 / 2 1/ 2
D  N T AN
A  NDN T
 1/ 2 1 / 2  1 0 1 / 2 1/ 2 
A   
 1 / 2 1 / 2  0 3 1 / 2 1/ 2 
 2  1
A 
 1 2 
 3 1 4
1
 
20. Find the eigen values of A where A   0 2 6  (M/J 2013).
0 0 5
 
Solution:
Given matrix A is a upper triangular matrix,therefore the Eigen values are
the diagonal elements.
Hence the eigen values of A are 3, 2, 5.
By Property ( If𝞴 is an Eigen value of a matrix a then 1/𝞴 is the Eigen value of A 1 )
1 1 1
The Eigen values of A 1 are , ,
3 2 5
1 2 3
 
21. If A   0 4 5  then find the eigen values of A 1 (M/J 2015).
0 0 6 
 

Solution:
Given matrix A is a upper triangular matrix, therefore the Eigen values are the diagonal elements.
Hence the eigen values of A are 1, 4, 6.
By Property ( If𝞴 is an Eigen value of a matrix a then 1/𝞴 is the Eigen value of A 1 )
1 1
The Eigen values of A 1 are 1, ,
4 6

22. If the eigen values of the matrix A of order 3 x 3 are 2, 3 and 1, then find the eigen values of
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adjoint of A. (Jan 2014, M/J 16)

Solution:
W.K.T.
adjA
A 1 
A
 adjA  A1 A
By property,
A = Product of the Eigenvalue of the matrix A
A=6
6 6 6
Eigen value of adj A =  , ,    3, 2,1
2 3 6
23. If 2, -1, -3 are the eigen values of the matrix A, then find the eigen values of the matrix
A2-2I. (M/J 14, N/D 15, A/M 17)
Solution:
The eigen values of A are 2, -1, -3.
If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,..., n m are the eigen values of Am.
 The eigen values of A2 are 2 2 , -12 , -32 .
That is 4, 1, 9.
If  is an eigen value of A, then the eigen value of A-KI is -K.
 Eigen values of A2  2I  4  2,1  2,9  2
Eigen values of A2  2I  2,  1, 7.

24.If  is the eigen values of matrix A, then prove that  2 is the eigen value of A2 . (Jan 14, M/J 14,
M/J 17)
Solution:
Let  is the eigen values of matrix A and x is the corresponding eigen vector .
Then Ax = x …(1)
A 2 x  A Ax 
 Ax  By (1)
   Ax 
 λ  λx By( 1)
A x x
2 2

 2 is the eigen value of A2 .

25.If 1 and 2 are the eigen values of a 2 x 2 matrix A, what are the eigenvalues of A2 and A 1 ?
(M/J 2010)
Solution:
By property : If 1 , 2 , 3, ....n are the Eigenvalues of A, then 1m , 2 m , 3, m ....n m
are the Eigenvalue of Am
Given 1 and 2 are the Eigenvalue of A
12, 22 are the Eigenvalues of A2 and
1and ½ are eigenvalue of A-1

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 1 1 3
 
26. If 3 and 6 are two eigen values of A   1 5 1  , write down all the eigen values of A 1 .
 3 1 1
 
(M/J 2012, N/D 2014)
Solution:
Sum of the Eigen value = Sum of the diagonal element of the matrix
λ1  λ2  λ3  7
3  6  λ3  7
λ3  2
By property ( if 1 , 2 , 3, ....n are the Eigenvalues of A, then 1m , 2 m , 3, m ....n m are the
Eigenvalue of Am)
1 1 1
, ,  are the Eigenvalue of A 1
3 6 2

27. Given a matrix of order 3 whose eigen values are 1, 1 and 1 and find its determinant.(A/M
2010)
Solution:
Given the eigen values of the matrix are 1,1 and 1
We know that product of the eigenvalues is equal to the determinant of the matrix
Let us denote the matrix as „A‟
| A | 123
i.e | A | 111  1
28. If A and B are non-singular matrices then prove that AB and BA will have the
same eigenvalues. (M/J 11).
Solution:
Characteristic polynomial of B1 AB
| B 1 AB   I |
| B 1 AB  B 1 IB |
| B 1 ( A   I ) B |
| B 1 | | A   I | | B |
| B 1 | | B | | A   I |
| B 1 B | | A   I |
| I | | A   I |
| A   I |
= Characteristic polynomial of A
Hence A and B 1 AB have same Eigen values
1 x 
29. If 0.5, 1.5 are eigenvalues of A=   ,find the value of x. (N/D 09)
1 1 
Solution:
W.K.T The product of the eigen values = determinant of the matrix
1 x
(0.5)(1.5) 
1 1

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(0.75)  1  x
x  1  0.75
x  0.25
30. A is a singular matrix of order 3and 2& 3 are the Eigen values. Find its third Eigen value.
(Jan 09, M/J 14)

Solution:
Give 1  2 , 2  3 and we have to fine 3
Given A is singular
i.e., | A | 0
i.e., | A | Product of the eigenvalues = 0
i.e., | A | 2  3  0  0
3  0
31. For a given matrix A of order 3, |A| = 32 & two of its eigen values are 8 & 2. Find the sum of
the eigen values. (Jan 09)
Solution:
Given : 2, 8 are the two eigen values of the matrix of order 3 and its determinant value is 32.
W.K.T. “ Product of the eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix”
Let us assume that  be the third eigen value.
 2  8  λ  32
16 λ  32
32
λ 2
16
 The three eigen values are 2, 2, 8
 Sumof the eigen values  2  2  8  12
3  4 4
 
32.Find the sum and product of the eigenvalues of the matrix A=  1  2 4  .(M/J 09)
1  1 3
 
Solution:
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 3-2+3 = 4
3 4 4
Product of the eigen values = |A|= 1 2 4
1 1 3
 3( 6  4 )  4( 3  4 )  4( 1  2 )
 3( 2 )  4( 1 )  4( 1 )
 6  4  4  6

2 1 2 
33.Find the sum and product of the eigenvalues of the matrix  1 3 1  .(M/J 09, M/J 14)
 2 1 6 
 
Solution:
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
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= 2+3-6 = -1
2 1 2
Product of the eigen values = |A|= 1 3 1
2 1 6
 2(18  1)  1(6  2)  2(1  6)
 2(19)  1(8)  2(5)
 38  8  10
 40
 8 6 2 
 
34. Find the sum and product of the eigenvalues of  6 7 4  .(M/J 15)
 2 4 3 
 
Solution:
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 8 + 7 + 3 =18
8 6 2
Product of the eigen values = |A|= 6 7 4
2 4 3
 8( 21  16 )  6( 18  8 )  2( 24  14 )
 8( 5 )  6( 10 )  2( 10 )
 40  60  20  0
35. If the sum of two eigenvalues and trace of a 3 x 3 matrix A are equal, Find the value of
det(A). (A/M 11) (M/J 09, N/D 16)
Solution:
Let λ1, λ2, λ3 be the eigen values of the given 3 x 3 matrix A.
We know that
Sum of the eigen values = trace of A
i.e., λ1+ λ2 + λ3= trace of A ..(1)
Given: trace of A= Sumof twoeigen values
= λ1 + λ2
By (1) λ1 + λ2 + λ3=λ1 + λ2
λ3 = 0
W.K.T. |A| = Product of the eigen values
=λ1 λ2λ3= 0
36. When is a Q.F. said to be singular? What is its rank then? (M/J 16)
Solution:

37. List any five properties of eigen values and eigen vectors.
Solution:
Properties:
(i) Product of the eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix
(ii) If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,..., n m are the eigen values of Am
1
(iii) If  is an eigen value of a matrix A, then , (  0) is the eigenvalue of A-1.

(iv) The eigen vector X of a matrix A is not unique.

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(v) Eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.

 6 2 2 
38. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix A =  2 3 1
 
 2 1 3 
Solution:
We know that
Sum of the eigen values = trace of A = 6+3+3=12
6 2 2
Product of the eigen values = |A|= 2 3 1
2 1 3
 6  9  1  2  6  2   2  2  6 
 48  8  8  32

39. If A is a non-singular matrix and AB = AC then prove that B = C.

Solution:
Given A is a non-singular matrix  A  0
Since non-singular matrix possess inverse , A 1 exists
 A1 ( AB)  A1 ( AC )
  
 A1 A B  A1 A C 
 IB  IC
BC

40. Prove that the square matrices A and A have same characteristic values.
Solution:
If  is any scalar, then  ( A   I )  A   I 
 A   I
 ( A   I )  A   I

 ( A   I )  A   I

 ( A   I )  0 if and only if A   I  0
i.e.,  is a characteristic value of the matrix A if and only if  is a characteristic value of A .

41. (i)Is it possible to find A 1 given |A| and Adj A.

(ii) If 0 is the characteristic root of the matrix A then prove that the matrix A is singular.

Solution:
(i) It is possible to find A 1 for the given |A| and Adj A only if the matrix is non singular. That is
A 0

(ii) Given 0 is the characteristic root of the matrix A

   0 satisfies the characteristic equation A   I  0
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 A  0I  0

 A 0
Therefore the matrix A is singular.

42. What are the applications of matrices?

Solution:
 Graph theory: The adjacency matrix of a finite graph is a basic notion of graph theory.
 Linear combinations of quantum states in Physics: The first model of quantum mechanics
represented the theory‟s operators by infinite-dimensional matrices acting on quantum
states. This is also referred to as matrix mechanics.
 Computer Graphics : 4 × 4 transformation rotation matrices are commonly used in
computer graphics.
 Solving linear equations using row reduction, Cramer‟s rule, inverse matrix
 Cryptography
CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:
5 3
43. Use Cayley – Hamilton theorem to find A 4  8 A 3  12 A 2 when A    (N/D 2010)
1 3
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e., λ2  S1 λ  S2  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 5 + 3 =8
5 3
S2  A   15  3  12
1 3
Therefore the characteristic equation is
2  8  12  0 ...(1)
By C-H theorem   A,12  12 I
(1)  A 2  8 A  12I  0
( 1 )  A2  A4  8 A3  12 A2  0

44. State Cayley –Hamilton theorem and find the characteristic equation of the matrix
 1 2 
A   . (Jan 10, M/J 10, A/M 11,N/D 14, M/J 15)
2 1 

Solution:
Cayley –Hamilton theorem:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
 1 2 
Let A   
2 1 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e., λ2  S1 λ  S2  0

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Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 +1 = 2
1 2
S2  A   1 4  5
2 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is
λ2  2λ  5  0
 1 1 3 
 
3
45. Check whether A – 20A+8I=0 when A=  1 3  3  .(JAN 2010)
  2  4  4
 
Solution:
 1 1 3 
 
Given: A   1 3  3
  2  4  4
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 1 + 3 + (-4) = 0
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
3 3 1 3 1 1
  
4 4 2 4 1 3
= (-12 - 12) + (-4 + 6) + (3 - 1)
= -24+ 2+2 = - 20
1 1 3
S3  A  1 .3  3
2 4 4
= 1 (- 12 – 12) - 1 (-4 – 6 ) + 3 (- 4 + 6)
= -24 + 10 + 6 = -8
Therefore the characteristic equation is
3  20  8  0
By Cayley- Hamilton theorem we get
A 3  20 A  8 I  0
 1 2
46. Use Cayley –Hamilton theorem to find (A4-4A3-5A2+A+2I) when A    .(M/J 09)
 4 3
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e., λ2  S1 λ  S2  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1+3 =4

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1 2
S2  A   3  8  5
4 3
Therefore the characteristic equation is
λ2  4λ  5  0 ...( 1 )
By C-H theorem
( 1 )  A2  4 A 5I  0 ...( 2 )
A2
A2  4 A  5 I A4  4 A3  5 A2  A  2 I
A4  4 A3  5 A2
A  2I
A  4A  5A  A  2I  A (A  4A  5I)  A  2I
4 3 2 2 2

 A 2 (0)  A  2I by(2)
 A  2I
1 2 1 0
   2 
 4 3 0 1
1 2  2 0  3 2
   
 4 3  0 2  4 5
ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION:
 cos sin 0
 
47. Check whether the matrix B is orthogonal? Justify B    sin cos 0  (Jan 2009)
 0 1 
 0
Solution:
Condition for orthogonal matrix is AAT = ATA = I
Here BBT = BTB = I
 cos sin 0   cos  sin  0 
   
B    sin cos 0 , B   sin  cos 0 
T

 0 1   0 1 
 0  0
 cos2   sin 2   cos sin   cos sin  0 1 0 0
   
BB T    cos sin   cos sin  cos2   sin 2  0   0 1 0  I
 0 0 1   0 0 1 


Similarly BTB = I, Therefore the given matrix is orthogonal.

1 0
48. Can A    be diagonalized? Why? ( Jan 2010, Jan 2012 )
0 1
Solution:
In the given matrix A all the elements are real numbers, A  AT and
1 0
A  10  1  0
0 1

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Therefore the matrix „A‟ is a real symmetric and non-singular matrix. Hence A can be
diagonalised.
Note: The given matrix „A‟ is already in the diagonal form. Hence further diagonalisation does not
arise.
49. If A is an n x n real symmetric matrix, D is n  n diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are
the eigen values of the matrix A and P is an n x n orthogonal diagonalizing matrix whose columns
are the normalized eigenvectors of the matrix A, satisfying the similarity transformation
D  P 1 AP , then find matrix A k , where k is a positive integer? (Jan 2011)
Solution:
Given D  P 1 AP
PD  PP 1 AP
PD  IAP [ PP1  I ]
PD  AP
PDP 1  APP 1
PDP1  AI [ PP1  I ]
PDP 1  A
 A  PDP1
A2  ( PDP1 )( PDP1 )
 PD( P1P) DP1
 PD(1) DP1
 PDDP 1
 PD 2 P 1
|||ly Ak  PDk P1

 cos sin 
50. Show that the matrix P =   is orthogonal. (A/M 09, Jan 10, Jan 11)
  sin cos 

Solution:
Condition for orthogonal matrix is PPT  PT P  I
 cos  sin  
P 
  sin  cos  

 cos   sin  
PT   
 sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  
PPT   
  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2  
1 0
 I ( sin2   cos 2   1)
 0 1 
||| P P  I
ly T

Given matrix is orthogonal.

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51. If A is an orthogonal matrix, show that A 1 is also orthogonal.

Solution:
Given : A is an orthogonal matrix.
 A A 1  I ...(1)
To prove A 1 is orthogonal
i.e., A 1 A 1   A 1 A  A 1   A
1 1

 A 1 A  AA 1  A 1 A
 I by (1)
 A 1 is orthogonal

1 2 a 
52. If A   2 1 b  is orthogonal, find a, b, c and A-1.
1
3
 2 2 c 
Solution:
Given A is orthogonal  A A  I
1 2 a  1 2 2  1 0 0
 2 1 b  2 1  2  0 1 0
1
9
2  2 c  a b c  0 0 1
1  4  a 2 2  2  ab 2  4  ac 9 0 0
 
 2  2  ab 4  1  b 2 4  2  bc  0 9 0
 2  4  ac 4  2  bc 4  4  c 2  0 0 9
 
 5  a 2  9 , 5  b 2  9, 8  c 2  9
 a 2  4 , b 2  4, c 2  1
 a  2, b  2, c  1.
1 2 2 
Since A is orthogonal, A 1  A  2 1  2
1
3
2 2 1 
53. If A and B are orthogonal matrix, then prove that AB is also orthogonal.
Solution:
If A is orthogonal  A A 1  I ...(1)
If B is orthogonal  B B 1  I ...( 2)
To prove AB is orthogonal:
 ( AB ) ( A B) 1  AB ( B 1 A 1 )  ( A B) 1  B 1 A 1
 A ( B B 1 ) A 1
 A ( I ) A 1 by (2)
 A A 1  AI  A
I by(1)

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 ( AB ) ( A B) 1  I
 AB is orthogonal.

REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM

 2 0  2
 
54. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix  0 2 1  (Jan 2013)
  2 1  2
 
Solution:
 a11 a12 a13   2 0 2 
   
Let A   a21 a22 a23    0 2 1 
a   
 31 a32 a33   2 1 2 
General form is a11 x12  a22 x22  a33 x32  2a12 x1 x2  2a23 x2 x3  2a13 x1 x3
 2 x12  2 x22  2 x32  2(0) x1 x2  2(1) x2 x3  2(2) x1 x3
 2 x12  2 x22  2 x32  2 x2 x3  4 x1 x3

55.Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2 x 2  8 z 2  4 xy  10xz  2 yz . (M/J 2013)

Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x coeff . of xy coeff . of xz 
2 2
 
 1
A  coeff . of yx coeff . of y 2 1
coeff . of yz 
2 2 
1 
 coeff . of zx 1 coeff . of zy coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
2 2 5 
  2 0 1
5 1 8 
56. Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form 2 x12  5x22  4 x1 x 2  2 x3 x1 . (N/D
2016)

Solution:

The matrix of the Q.F is

 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x1 2
coeff . of x1 x2
2
coeff . of x1x3 
  1 2 1 
A   coeff . of x2 x1 coeff . of x2 x3    2 5 0
1 1
coeff . of x2 2
2 2 
1  1 0 0 
 coeff . of x3 x1 1 coeff . of x3 x2 coeff . of x3 2 

 2 2 
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 0 5  1
 
57.Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A   5 1 6  (M/J 2012)
 1 6 2 
 
Solution:
 a11 a12 a13   0 5 1
   
Let A   a21 a22 a23    5 1 6 
a   
 31 a32 a33   1 6 2 
General form is a11 x12  a22 x22  a33 x32  2a12 x1 x2  2a23 x2 x3  2a13 x1 x3
 (0) x12  (1) x22  2 x32  2(5) x1 x2  2(6) x2 x3  2(1) x1 x3
 x22  2 x32  10 x1 x2  12 x2 x3  2 x1 x3

58. Find the nature of the quadratic form x12  2 x 22  x32  2x1 x 2  2 x 2 x3 . (N/D 2011)
Solution:

The matrix of the Q.F is

 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x1 2
coeff . of x1 x2
2
coeff . of x1x3 
   1 1 0
A   coeff . of x2 x1 coeff . of x2 x3    1 2 1 
1 1
coeff . of x2 2
2 2 
1 1   0 1 1 
 coeff . of x3 x1 coeff . of x3 x2 coeff . of x3 2 

 2 2 
D1  1  1(ve)
1 1
D2   2  1  1(ve)
1 2
1 1 0
D3  1 2 1
0 1 1
 1(2  1)  1(1  0)  0
 1 1  0
The Q.F is said to be positive semi-definite.
59. If the sum of the eigen values of the matrix of the quadratic form equal to zero, then what will
be the nature of the quadratic form ? (J/F 09)
Solution:
Given 1   2  3  0
Case (i): All positive is not possible.
Case(ii): All negative is not possible.
Case(iii): Both positive and negative is possible.
 Nature of the Q.F is indefinite.
60. Identify the nature, index and signature of the quadratic form 2xy+2yz+2zx. (N/D 08, N/D 15)
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Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x1 2
coeff . of x1 x2
2
coeff . of x1x3 
 
 1
A  coeff . of x2 x1 coeff . of x2 2 1
coeff . of x2 x3 
2 2 
1 
 coeff . of x3 x1 1 coeff . of x3 x2 coeff . of x32 
 2 2 
0 1 1 
 1 0 1 
1 1 0 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λ I| = 0
i.e λ3- S1λ2+ S2λ - S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 0+ 0+ 0 = 0
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
0 1 0 1 0 1
  
1 0 1 0 1 0
  0  1   0  1   0  1
 3
S3 = |A|
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 0 0  1  1 0  1  1 1  0 
 0 11  2

Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3 – 0λ2 – 3λ – 2 = 0

i.e λ3 – 3λ – 2 = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are -1, -1, 2

Nature: Quadratic form is indefinite (since eigen values are both positive and negative)
Index: Number of positive eigen values =1
Signature: (Number of positive eigen values) – (Number of negative eigen values) = 1 – 2 = – 1
 2 1 1 
 
61.Find the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is   1 2  1 ( A/M 2010)
 1 1 2 
 
Solution:

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D1  2  ( ve )
2 1
D2   3( ve )
1 2
2 1 1
D3  1 2 1
1 1 2
 2( 4  1 )  1( 2  1 )  1( 1  2 )  6  1  1  4(  ve )
Quadratic form is positive definite
 1 0 0 
62.Give the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is  0 1 0  ( M/J 2015)
 0 0 2 
 
Solution:
Clearly given matrix is a diagonal matrix,therefore the Eigen values are the diagonal elements.
Eigen values of A are -1, -1, -2.

All the three eigen values of the matrix are negative.

Therefore the nature of the quadratic form is negative definite.

63. (i)Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form 3x 2  2 y 2  4 xy. and
(ii) Find the indexand signature of the Q.F. x1  2 x2  3x3 .(Jan 2010, A/M 2011)
2 2 2

Solution:
(i)The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of xy 
A 
 1 coeff . of yx coeff . of y 2 
 2 

 3 2
A 
2 2 

(ii)
Index = Number of positive square terms = 2
Signature= (Number of positive terms) – (Number of negative terms) = 2-1=1

64.Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  4 xz  4 yz.

(A/M 2011)

Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is

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 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of xy
2
coeff . of xz 
 
A   coeff . of yx coeff . of yz 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of zx coeff . of zy coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
 1 1 
 1 (2) (4) 
2 2
 
  (2) (4) 
1 1
1
2 2 
1 1 
 (4) (4) 1 
 2 2 
1 1 2 
 1 1 2 
 
 2 2 1 

65. Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic for 2x2  2 y2  3z2  2xy  4xz  4 yz.
(M/J 2009)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of xy
2
coeff . of xz 
 
A   coeff . of yx coeff . of yz 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of zx coeff . of zy coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
 1 1 
 2 (2) (4) 
2 2
 
  (2) (4) 
1 1
2
2 2 
1 1 
 (4) (4) 3 
 2 2 
 2 1 2 
1 2 2 
 
 2 2 3 

66.Find the matrix of the quadratic form x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xz  4 2 yz. (A/M 2011)

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Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x coeff . of xy coeff . of xz 
2 2
 
A   coeff . of yx coeff . of y coeff . of yz 
1 2 1
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of zx coeff . of zy coeff . of z  2

 2 2 
 1 1 
 1 (0) (2) 
 

2 2 1 0 1 
 
  (0) 4 2   0
1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2 
1 1  1 2 2 1 
 (2) (4 2) 1 
 2 2 
67.(i) Define rank of a matrix.
(ii) Define index of the quadratic form. (N/D 2009)
Solution:
Rank:
Number of non-zero rows is called rank of a matrix.
1 2 3

Example: A= 0 7 0

 
0 0 1 

Rank of A = 2 (or)
 ( A)  2

Index:
The number of positive square terms in the canonical form is called the index of the quadratic form.
Example:
C.F .  x12  2x22  0x32
The C.F. contains two +ve terms and one zero term.
 The quadratic form is positive semi-definite.

68. Discuss the nature of the quadratic form 2 x 2  3 y 2  2 z 2  2 xy . (Jan 2014)

Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is

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 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x coeff . of xy coeff . of xz 
 
2 2 2 1 0

 
A   coeff . of yx coeff . of yz   1 3 0 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1   0 0 2 
 coeff . of zx coeff . of zy coeff . of z 
2

 2 2 
D1  2  2(  ve)
2 1
D2   (6  1)  5 ( ve)
1 3
2 1 0
D3  1 3 0  2(6  0)  1(2  0)  0(0  0)  10( ve)
0 0 2
the Q.F is positive definite.
PART B
 2 1 1
 
1)a. Find the Eigen values and eigenvectors of A   1 2 1 (Jan 2009) (6)
 0 0 1
 
Solution:
 2 1 1
 
Given A   1 2 1
 0 0 1
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+1 = 5
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
2 1 2 1 2 1
=  
0 1 0 1 1 2

=2–0+2–0+4–1=7
2 1 1
S3  A  1 2 1
0 0 1
= 2(2 – 0 ) – 1 (1 – 0 ) + 1 (0 – 0)
=4–1=3
Therefore the characteristic equation is
 3  5 2  7  3  0
To solve this equation

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if   1 then  3  5 2  7  3  1  5  7  3  0

By synthetic division,

1 1 -5 7 -3

0 1 -4 3
1 -4 3 0

Hence   1 is a root of  3  5 2  7  3  0
 3  5 2  7  3  (  1)( 2  4  3)  0
i.e.,   1 ( 2  4  3)  0
i.e.,   1,   1,   3
The eigenvalues are 1,1,3
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
2   1 1   x1  0
 1 2 1   x2   0 ........( A)

 0 0 1     x3  0

Case (i) If   3 we get

 1 1 1   x1  0
 1 1 1   x   0
  2  
 0 0 2  x3  0
 x1  x2  x3  0.....(1)
x1  x2  x3  0.....(2)
0 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0.....(3)

Solving (2) and (3) we get

x1 x2 x3
 
2 2 0
x1 x2 x3
i.e.,  
1 1 0
1 
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 1  1 
0
Case (ii) If   1 we get
1 1 1   x1  0
1 1 1   x    0 
  2  
0 0 0  x3  0

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x1  x2  x3  0.....(4)
x1  x2  x3  0.....(5)
0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0.....(6)
Here (4) and (5) are same
 x1  x2  x3 0
Put x1  0 we get
x2  x3  0
 0
x2   x3 Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 2   1 
 
 1
Put x2  0 we get
x1  x3  0
x1   x3
 1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 3   0
 1
 2 3 1 
 
1)b. Show that the matrix A   3 1 3  satisfies the equation A A  I  A  2I   0 (M/J11)(4)
  5 2  4
 
Solution:
 2 3 1 
 
Given A   3 1 3 
  5 2  4
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements
=2+1-4
= -1
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 3 2 1 2 3
=  
2 4 5 4 3 1

= - 4 – 6–8 + 5 + 2+ 9 = -2
2 3 1
S3  A  3 1 3
5 2 4
= 2(-4 – 6 )+3 (-12+ 15 ) + 1 (6+5)
= -20 + 9 +11 = 0
Therefore the characteristic equation is
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 3   2  2  0
(  2    2 )  0
i.e.,  (  1)(  2)  0
By Cayley – Hamilton Theorem we get
A3  A2  2 A  0
A( A  I )( A  2)  0
 2 1 1 
 
1)c. Daigonalise the matrix A   1 1 2  by means of orthogonal transformation. ( A/M 11,
 1 2 1 
 
M/J 15,N/D 16) (6)
Solution:
2 1 1 
 
A 1 1  2
 1  2 1 
 

To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is A  I  0
i.e., 3  S12  S 2   S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements  2  1  1  4
S2  Sumof the min ors of the main diagonal elements
1  2 2 1 2 1
   =(1-4)+(2-1)+(2-1)
 2 1 1 1 1 1
=-3+1+1=-1
2 1 1
S3= A = 1 1 2
1  2 1
=2(1-4)-1(1-2)-1(-2+1) =-6+1+1=-4
The characteristic equation is 3  4 2    4  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 4λ2 – λ + 4 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 4λ2 – λ + 4= 1– 4 – 1+ 4 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.

By synthetic division ,

1 1 -4 -1 4

0 1 -3 -4
1 -3 -4 0

other roots are given by λ2 –3λ – 4 = 0

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(λ + 1)(λ – 4) = 0
Hence the Eigen values are -1,1,4
Step 4.To find the Eigen vectors
To find Eigen vectors,solve (A-  I)=0
2   1  1   x1  0
1
 1   2   x 2   0
 1 2 1     x3  0
Case(i) if  =-1,then the equation (A) becomes
3 1  1  x1  0
1
 2  2  x 2   0
 1  2 2   x 3  0

3x1  x 2  x3  0.......(1)
x1  2 x 2  2 x 3  0....( 2)
 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  0.......( 3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication,we get
x1 x2 x
  3
 2  2 1  6 6 1
x1 x 2 x 3
 
0 5 5
x1 x 2 x 3
 
0 1 1
0 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 1  1
1
Case(ii) if  =1,then the equation (A) becomes
1 1  1  x1  0
1
 0  2  x2   0
 1  2 0   x3  0
x1  x 2  x 3  0.......( 4)
x1  0 x 2  2 x 3  0....( 5)
 1x1  2 x 2  0 x 3  0.......( 6)
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x
  3
 2  0 1  2 0 1
x1 x x
 2  3
 2 1 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 2   1
x1 x 2 x 3
 
2 1 1
 1 

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Case(iii) if  =4,then the equation (A) becomes

 2 1  1   x1  0
1
 3  2   x2   0
 1 2  3  x3  0
 2 x1  x 2  x 3  0.......( 7)
x1  3x 2  2 x 3  0....(8)
 x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0.......( 9)
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x
  3
 2  3 1  4 6 1
x1 x x
 2  3
5 5 5
 1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 3   1 
x1 x 2 x 3
 
1 1 1
 1
0  2  1
Eigen vector X 1  1 X 2   1 X 3   1 
   
1  1   1
T
Step 5.Form Normalised matrix N and N
  2  1 
 0  
   6  3
 1   1   1 
Normalised form      
 2  6  3
 1   1   1 
   
 2  6  3
 2 1   1 1 
 0  0 
 6 3   2 2 
 1 1 1  T  2 1 1 
N=  ;N   
 2 6 3   6 6 6 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   
 2 6 3   3 3 3 

Step 6.Find AN

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 2 1   2 4 
 0   0 
 6 3   6 3 
2 1  1 
 1 1   1 1 
AN  1 1  2
1 4
  =  
 1  2 1   2 6 3   2 6 3 
 1 1 1   1 1 4 
   
 2 6 3   2 6 3 

Step 7.Calculate D=NTAN

 1 1   2 4 
0   0 
 2 2   6 3 
 2 1 1   1 1 4 
N T AN     
 6 6 6   2 6 3 
 1 1 1   1 1 4 
   
 3 3 3   2 6 3 

 1 1 1 1  4 4
0   0  0  
 2 2 12 12 12 12   1 0
 0
 4  
0 
1 1 4 1 1 8 4
= 0        = 0 1
 12 12 6 6 6 18 18 18 
0 4 
 
0
 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 4
0       
 6 6 18 18 18 3 3 3 
2 2 1
 
2)a. Find the eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix  1 3 1  . (N\D 10,Jan 12,Jan14,
1 2 2
 
M/J10) (6)
Solution:
2 2 1
 
Given A   1 3 1 
1 2 2
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2 + 3 +2 = 7
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
3 1 2 1 2 2
  
2 2 1 2 1 3
 ( 6  2 )  ( 4  1 )  ( 6  2 )  4  3  4  11

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2 2 1
S3  A  1 3 1
1 2 2
= 2(6 – 2 ) – 2 (2 – 1 ) + 1 (2 – 3)= 8 – 2– 1 = 5
Therefore the characteristic equation is
 3  7 2  11  5  0
To solve this equation
if   1 then  3  7 2  11  5  1  7  11  5  0
hence   1 is a root of  3  7 2  11  5  0
By synthetic division,

1 1 -7 11 -5

0 1 -6 5

1 -6 5 0

 3  7 2  11  5  (  1)( 2  6  5)  0
i.e.,   1 ( 2  6  5)  0
i.e.,   1,   1,   5
The eigenvalues are 1,1,5
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
2   2 1   x1  0
 1 3 1   x2   0 ........( A)

 1 2 2     x3  0
Case (i) If   5 we get
 3 2 1   x1  0
 1 2 1   x   0
  2  
 1 2 3  x3  0
 3x1  2 x2  x3  0.....(1)
x1  2 x2  x3  0.....(2)
x1  2 x2  3x3  0.....(3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get
x1 x2 x3
 
4 4 4
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 1  1
1

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Case (ii) If   1 we get

1 2 1  x1  0
1 2 1  x   0
  2  
1 2 1  x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0.....(4)
x1  2 x2  x3  0.....(5)
x1  2 x2  x3  0.....(6)
Here (4) (5) and (6) are same
 x1  2 x2  x3 0
Put x1  0 we get
2 x2  x3  0
2 x2   x3
x3
x2 
2
 0
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 2   1 
 2 
Put x2  0 we get
x1  x3  0
x1   x3
 1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 3   0
 1
 1 0 3 
 
2)b.Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, Find the inverse of the matrix A   8 1 7  .(N/D 10) (4)
 3 0 8 
 
Solution:
 1 0 3 
 
Given A   8 1 7 
 3 0 8 
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = -1 + 1 + 8 = 8
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 7 1 3 1 0
  
0 8 3 8 8 1

= (8 – 0) + (–8 + 9)+ ( –1- 0)= 8+1-1 = 8

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1 0 3
S3  A  8 1 7
3 0 8
= -1(8 – 0 )- 0 + 3 (0+3)
= -8 + 9 = 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is
 3  8 2  8  1  0
By Cayley – Hamilton Theorem we get
A3  8 A2  8 A  I  0............(1)

To find A1 :
(1)  A1  A2  8 A  8I  A1  0
A1  A2  8 A  8I ........(2)
A2  A  A
 1 0 3   1 0 3    8 0 21
    
  8 1 7  8 1 7     21 1 87 
  3 0 8   3 0 8    21 0 55
 
1
 A  A  8 A  8I
2

  8 0 21   8 0 24  8 0 0 
     
   21 1 87    64 8 56    0 8 0 
  21 0 55   24 0 64   0 0 8 
  
 8 0  3
 
   85  7 31 
 3 0  1 

1 1
2)c. Diagonalize the matrix A    by an orthogonal transformation.(N/D 2008) (6)
1 2
Solution:
1 1
Given A   
1 2
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  2  S1  S2  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1+2 = 3
1 1
S2  A   2 1  1
1 2
Therefore the characteristic equation is
 2  3  1  0
To solve this equation
 2  3  1  0

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3 9 4 3 5
 
2 2
3 5 3 5
The eigenvalues are ,
2 2
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
1   1   x1  0 

 1 2     x2  0 
........( A)

3 5
Case (i) If   we get
2
  3 5  
1    1   x1  0 
  2     
     
  3  5   

1 2      x2  0 
  2 
  3  5 
1     x1  x2  0.....(1)
  2  
  3  5 
x1   2     x2  0.....(2)
  2  
3 5
(1)  2  x1  x2  0
2
1  5
x1   x2
2
1 5
x1  x2
2
x1 x2

2 1 5
 2 
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X1   
1  5 
3 5
Case (ii) If   we get
2

  3 5  
1    1   x1  0 
  2     
     
  3  5   

1 2      x2  0 
  2 

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  3  5 
1     x1  x2  0.....(3)
  2  
  3  5 
x1   2     x2  0.....(4)
  2  
3 5
(3)  2  x1  x2  0
2
23 5
x1   x2
2
1  5
x1   x2
2
x1 x2

2 (1  5)
x1 x2

2 1 5
 2 
Hence the corresponding eigenvector is X 2   
1  5 
Form a Normalized model matrix N:
x1 x2
Since the given matrix is symmetric, the Eigenvectors 
2 1 5
Hence the corresponding eigenvectors X 1and X 2 are orthogonal`
 2 

i.e., X 1T X 2  2 1  5 

    4  1  5   0
 1 5 
 2 2 
P 
1  5 1  5 
 2 2   2 1 5 
   
 10  2 5 10  2 5 

 10  2 5 10  2 5 
N  , N T
 
1 5 1 5   2 1 5 
 
 10  2 5 10  2 5   10  2 5 10  2 5 

 2 2 
 
1 1   10  2 5 10  2 5 
AN   
1 2   1  5 1 5 

 10  2 5 10  2 5 

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 2 1 5 2 1 5 
   
 10  2 5 10  2 5 10  2 5 10  2 5 
 
 2 22 5 2 22 5 

 10  2 5 10  2 5 10  2 5 10  2 5 

 3 5 3 5 
 
 10  2 5 10  2 5 
 
 42 5 42 5 
 10  2 5 10  2 5 

 2 1 5   3  5 3 5 
  
 10  2 5 10  2 5   10  2 5 10  2 5 
D  N T AN    
 2 1 5   4  2 5 42 5 
 10  2 5 10  2 5   10  2 5 10  2 5 

  
  6  2 5   4  2 5  4 5  10  62 5  4  2 5  4 5  10  
       
  10  2 5   10  2 5    
10   2 5  10   2 5   
2 2
2
 2


 
   
 62 5  4  2 5  4 5  10  6  2 5  4  2 5  4 5  10  
    
 
 10   2 5  10   2 5   10  2 5  10  2 5 
2 2
2 2
 
 
 20  8 5    5  2 5  
 0  4 10  2 5  0 
 10  2 5     
 20  8 5    52 5  
 0   0 4 

 10  2 5    10  2 5 
 2(5  2 5 ) 
 0 
  5 5 ...( A)
 2(5  2 5 ) 
 0 
 5 5 

The value of

 (5  2 5 ) 5  5   25  5 5  10 5  10 
2    2 
 5  5 5  5   25  5 
15  5 5  15  5 5 3  5  3  5
 2   5 
 20  10  10  2
The value of

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 (5  2 5 ) 5  5   25  5 5  10 5  10 
2    2 
 5  5 5  5   25  5 
15  5 5  15  5 5 3  5  3  5
 2   5 
 20  10  10  2
3  5 
 0 
Sub in (A) we get D   2 
 0 3 5
 2 
 7 2 0 
 
3)a. Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix  2 6 2  . (May 10, N/D 14) (6)
 0 2 5 
 
Solution:
 7 2 0 
 
Let A=  2 6 2 
 0 2 5 
 

Characteristic equation:
 3  s1 2  s2  s3  0.........(1)
s1  sum of theleading diagonal  7  6  5  18
s2  sum of the minors of its leading diagonal
6 2 7 0 7 2
s2     (30-4)+(35-0)+(42-4)=99
2 5 0 5 2 6
7 2 0
s3 | A| 2 6 2
0 2 5
7( 30  4 )  2( 10  0 )  0
 7( 26 )  2( 10 )  0  182  20  162
Substitute in (1) we get
 3  18 2  99  162  0
choose  in such a way that  3  18 2  99  162  0
  1, 1, 2, 2 does not satisfy
Choose   3 so that  3  18 2  99  162  0

3 1 -18 99 -162

0 3 -45 162

1 -15 54 0

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  3 is root
the aboveequation  3  18 2  99  162  0 reduces to  2  15  54  0
(  9)(  6)  0
  9, 6
hence the eigen values are   3, 6, 9
Eigen vectors:
(A  I)X  0
( A   I ) is nothing but subtract  from A
 x1 
 
X   x2 
x 
 3
 7   2 0  x1   0 
    
 2 6   2  x2    0 
 0 2 5      
  x3   0 
Case  i  when   3
 4 2 0  x1   0 
    
 2 3 2  x2    0 
 0 2 2  x   0 
  3   
4 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0........(1)
2 x1  3x2  2 x3  0.........(2)
0 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0..........(3)
Solving any two distinct equation (2) and (3)
x1 x x
 2  3
64 04 40
x1 x2 x3
 
2 4 4
1
x1 x2 x3  
  when   3 its eigen vector X1   2 
1 2 2  2
 

Case  ii  when   6

 1 2 0  x1   0 
    
 2 0 2  x2    0 
 0 2 1  x   0 
  3   
x1  2 x2  0 x3  0........(1)
2 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0.........(2)
0 x1  2 x2  x3  0..........(3)

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Solving any two distinct equation (2) and (3)

x1 x x
 2  3
04 02 40
x1 x2 x3
 
4 2 4
x1 x2 x3
 
2 1 2
2
 
when   6 its eigen vector X 2   1 
 2 
 
Case  iii  when   9
 2 2 0  x1   0 
    
 2 3 2  x2    0 
 0 2 4  x   0 
  3   
2 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0........(1)
2 x1  3x2  2 x3  0.........(2)
0 x1  2 x2  4 x3  0..........(3)
Solving any two distinct equation (2) and (3)
x1 x x
 2  3
12  4 0  8 4  0
x1 x2 x3
 
8 8 4
x1 x2 x3
 
2 2 1
2
 
when   9 its eigen vector X 3   2 
1
 
3)b. Reduce the quadratic form 3 x 2  3 y 2  3 z 2  2 yz  2 xy  2 xz into canonical form
by orthogonal reduction. (A/M 2010) (10)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F. is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of x y
2
coeff . of x z 
  3 1 1 
 
A   coeff . of y x coeff . of y z    1 3 1
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1   1 1 3 
 coeff . of x z coeff . of y z coeff . of z 
2

 2 2 

To find the characteristic equation of A:

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The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0

i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements
S1  3  3  3  9
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
3 1 3 1 3 1
  
1 3 1 3 1 3
 ( 9  1 )  ( 9  1 )  ( 9  1 )  8  8  8  24
3 1 1
S3  A  1 3 1
1 1 3
 3( 9  1 )  1( 3  1 )  1( 1  3 )
 3( 8 )  1( 4 )  1( 4 )  24  4  4  16
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  9 2  24  16  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 9λ2 +24λ –16 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 9λ2 +24λ –16 = 1 – 9 + 24 –16 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

1 1 -9 24 -16

0 1 -8 16

1 -8 16 0

other roots are given by λ2 –8λ +16 = 0

(λ – 4)(λ – 4) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are 1, 4, 4
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 3 1 1   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i .e  1 3 1     0 1 0    x2   0 
   
 1 1 3   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   

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3   1 1   x1  0 
 1 3 1   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 1 1 3     x3  0 
Case (i): When λ = 1 equation (A) becomes
 2 1 1   x1  0 
 1 2 1  x   0 
  2  
 1 1 2   x3  0 
2 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 1
x1  2 x2  x3  0 ............. 2 
x1  x2  2 x3  0 ............. 3 
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1  x2 x
  3
1  2 2  1 4  1
x1 x2 x3
 
3 3 3
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  1
 
 1
Case (ii): When λ = 4 equation (A) becomes
 1 1 1   x1  0 
 1 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 1 1 1  x3  0 
 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 4 
x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 5 
x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 6 
Here (4), (5), (6) represents the same equation,
 x1  x2  x3  0
Put x1  0, we get x2   x3
x2 x3
i .e., 
1 1

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0
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  1
 
 1
l 
 
Let X 3  m as X 3 is orthogonal to X 1 and X 2
 
 n 

Since the given matrix is symmetric

l 
1 1 1  m   0 or l  m  n  0 ....(7 )
 n 
l 
0 1 1  m   0 or 0l  m  n  0 ....( 8 )
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
 
1  1 1  0 1  0
l m n
 
2 1 1
2
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3  1
 
 1 

Form Normalised matrix N and find NT:

 1 2   1 1 1 
 0  
 3 6  3 3 3 
 1 1 1  T  1 1 
N=   ; N  0
 3 2 6  2 2 
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
 3   6 
 2 6  6 6

Find AN:

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 1 2 
 0 
3 6
3 1 1  
 1 1 
AN   1 3 1 
1
3 2 6 
 1 1 3  
 1 1 1 
 3 6 
 2
3 11 0 11 6  1 1  1 8 
   0 
 3 2 6   3 6
1  3  1 0  1  3 2  3  1   1 4 4 
 
 3 2 6   3 2 6 
1  1  3 0  1  3 2 1 3  1 4 4 
 6   3 6 
 3 2 2
Find D  N AN :
T

 1 1 1   1 8 
 3  3 0 
 3 3  6
 1 1   1 4 4 
D  N AN   0
T

 2 
2 3 2 6 
 2 1 1  1 4 4 
 6
 6 6   3 2 6 
 1 1 1 4 4 844 
 0  
3 6 6 18
  1 0 0 
 4  
 0 4 0 
1 1 4
 0   022 0  
 6 6 12 12 
0 0 4 
 2 11 4 4 16  4  4  
 0  
 18 12 12 6 

Canonical form:
 y1  1 0 0   y1 
 
( y1 y2 y3 )D  y2   ( y1 y2 y3 ) 0 4 0   y2   y12  4 y2 2  4 y3 2
 y3  0 0 4   y3 

4)a. Verify Cayley –Hamilton theorem and evaluate the matrix (A4+A3-18A2-39A+2I),
1 2 3 
 
given the matrix A =  2  1 4  (M/J 2011, N/D 2014,M/J 16)(6)
 3 1  1
 

Solution:

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1 2 3 
 
Given A=  2  1 4 
 3 1  1
 

Characteristic equation:
 3  s1 2  s2  s3  0.........(1)
s1  sum of theleading diagonal  1  1  1  1
s2  sum of the minors of its leading diagonal
1 4 1 3 1 2
s2   
1 1 3 1 2 1
s2  (1-4)+(-1-9)+(-1-4)=-18
s3  Determinant of A
1 2 3
s3  2 1 4
3 1 1
 1( 1  4 )  2( 2  12 )  3( 2  3 )
 1( 3 )  2( 14 )  3( 5 )  40
Substitute in (1), we get
 3   2  18  40  0
By cayley Hamilton theorem
put   A, 40  40 I
To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to prove that
A3  A2  18 A  40 I  0 ……….(1)
To find A2 and A3:
 1 2 3  1 2 3   14 3 8 
    
A   2 1 4  2 1 4    12 9 2 
2

 3 1 1  3 1 1   2 4 14 
    
 14 3 8  1 2 3   44 33 46 
    
A  A  A   12 9 2  2 1 4    24 13 74 
3 2

 2 4 14  3 1 1   52 14 8 
    

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( 1 )  A3  A2  18 A  40 I
 44 33 46   14 3 8 1 2 3  1 0 0
       
  24 13 74    12 9 2   18  2 1 4   40  0 1 0
 52 14 8   2 4 14   3 1 1  0 0 1 
   
 44 33 46   14 3 8   18 36 54   40 0 0 
       
  24 13 74    12 9 2    36 18 72    0 40 0 
 52 14 8   2 4 14   54 18 18   0 0 40 

0 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 
0 0 0 
 
Given
A4  A3  18 A2  39 A  2 I
 A( A3  A2  18 A  39 I )  2 I
Add and subtract I to the above in order to use equation (1)
 A( A3  A2  18 A  39 I  I  I )  2 I
 A( A3  A2  18 A  40 I  I )  2 I ……..(2)
Apply equation (1) in (2)
 A(0  I )  2 I
 A  2I
Therefore the given matrix
A4  A3  18 A2  39 A  2 I reduces to  A  2 I
1 2 3  1 0 0
   
A  2 I   2 1 4   2  0 1 0 
 3 1 1  0 0 1 
   
1 2 3  2 0 0
   
  2 1 4    0 2 0 
 3 1 1  0 0 2 
   
 3 2 3
 
  2 1 4
3 1 1
 
Multiply equation (I) by A-1
A2  A  18I  40 A1  0
40 A1  A2  A  18I
1
 A1   A2  A  18 I 
40

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14 3 8  1 2 3  1 0 0

1     
40A  12 9 2    2 1 4   18  0 1 0
2 4 14   3 1 1 0 0 1 
 
14 3 8   1 2 3   18 0 0 
     
 12 9 2    2 1 4    0 18 0 
2 4 14   3 1 1  0 18 
 0
 3 5 11
1  
A   14 10 2 
 5 5 5
 
4)b. Reduce the quadratic form 2 x 2  5 y 2  3 z 2  4 xy into canonical form by orthogonal
reduction and state its nature. (Jan 12, M/J 10, N/D 09) (10)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F. is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of x y
2
coeff . of x z 
 
A   coeff . of y x coeff . of y z 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of x z coeff . of y z coeff . of z 
2

 2 2 
2 2 0
 2 5 0
 
 0 0 3

To find the characteristic equation of A:

The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements  2  5  3  10
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
5 0 2 0 2 2
    15  6  10  4  27
0 3 0 3 2 5
2 2 0
S3  A  2 5 0
0 0 3
 2(15  0)  2(6  0)  0  30  12  18
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  10 2  27  18  0
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To solve the characteristic equation

λ3 – 10λ2 +27λ –18 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 10λ2 +27λ –18 = 1 – 10 + 27 – 18 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

1 1 -10 27 -18

0 1 -9 18

1 -9 18 0
2
other roots are given by λ –9λ +18 = 0
(λ – 3)(λ – 6) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are 1, 3, 6
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 2 2 0   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i.e  2 5 0     0 1 0    x2   0 

   
 0 0 3   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
2   2 0   x1  0 
 2 5 0   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 0 0 3     x3  0 

Case (i): When λ = 1 equation (A) becomes

1 2 0   x1  0 
 2 4 0   x   0
  2  
 0 0 2   x3  0 
x1  2 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 1
2 x1  4 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 2 
0 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0 ............. 3

Solving (2) and (3) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x x
 2  3
80 04 00
x1 x2 x3
 
8 4 0
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
2 1 0

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2
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  1
 
 0 

Case (ii): When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes

 1 2 0   x1  0 
 2 2 0   x   0 
  2  
 0 0 0   x3  0 
 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0 .............  4 
2 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 5 
0 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0 ............. 6 
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x3
 2 
00 00 24
x1 x 2 x
  3
0 0 6
x1 x 2 x 3
i.e.,  
0 0 1
0
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  0
1
Case (iii): When λ = 6 equation (A) becomes

 4 2 0   x1  0
 2  1 0   x   0
  2   
 0 0  3  x3  1

 4 x1  2 x 2  0 x 3  0 .......... . .....( 7)
2 x1  x 2  0 x 3  0 .......... . .....( 8)
0 x1  0 x 2  3x 3  0 .......... . .....( 9)

Solving (8) and (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x x
 2  3
30 0 6 00
x1 x 2 x 3 x x x
  i.e., 1  2  3
3 6 0 1 2 0

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1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3  2
0

Form Normalised matrix N and find NT:

 2 1 
 0   2 1 
5 5  0
 
1 2  T  5 5 
N=  0 ;N  0 0 1
 5 5
 0 1 0   1 2
0
   
 5 5 
 

Find NTAN:
 2 1 
 2 1   0 
 0  2 2 0  5 5
5 5

NT AN   0 0

1  2 5 0   1 0
2 
1 2   5 5
 0 0 0 3  0
  1 0 
 5 5   
 
1 0 0
 0 3 0
0 0 6
Canonical form:
 y1  1 0 0   y1 
 
( y1 y 2 y3 ) D  y 2   ( y1 y 2 y3 ) 0 3 0  y 2 
 y3  0 0 6   y3 
 y1  3 y 2  6 y 3
2 2 2

Nature of the Q.F. = Positive definite

5)a.The Eigen vectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix corresponding to the Eigen values 2,3,6
are (1,0,-1)T, (1,1,1)T, (-1,2,-1)T respectively, find the matrix A. (A/M 2011) (6)
Solution:
To form a real symmetric matrix.
Given: Eigen values are 2, 3, 6.
 1  1  1
Eigen vectors are  0 , 1,  2 .
 1 1  1

The Normalised matrix

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 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  2 2
N=  0
1 2  T  1 1 1 
;N 
 3 6  3 3 3
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
   
 2 3 6   6 6 6 

We know that D = NT A N

N D = N NT A N

N D NT = (NNT ) A (N NT ) ...(1)

N is an orthogonal matrix.

Therefore N NT = NT N = I

A = NT D N
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  2 0 0  2 2
(1)  A   0
1 2  0 3 0  1 1 1 
 3 6   3 3 3
 1 1 1  0 0 6   1 2 1 
   
 2 3 6   6 6 6 
 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6  2 0  2
 1 2   
 0  3 3 3 
 3 6  
 1 1  1   6 2 6  6 
 
 2 3 6 
 1  1  1 0  1  2  1  1  1  3  1 1 
  0  1  2 0  1  4 0  1  2    1 5  1
 1  1  1 0  1  2 1  1  1   1  1 3 
Verification:
Sum of the Eigenvalues = Sum of the main diagonal elts.
2+3+6 = 3+5+3
2+3+6 = 11
Product of the Eigen values =|A|

(2) (3) (6) = [ ]

2[18] = 3(15-1) + 1(-3+1)+1(1-5)

= 3(14) -2 -4
=42-6 = 36
Note: In a real symmetric matrix the Eigenvectors are orthogonal.
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5) b. Reduce the quadratic form x12  2 x22  x32  2x1 x2  2x2 x3 to the canonical form throughan
orthogonal transformation and hence show that is positive semi definite. Also given a non-
zero set of values ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) which makes this quadratic form zero. (M/J 2009) (10)
Solution:
Step 1.The matrix of the quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
coeff x1 2
coeff .x1 x2
2
coeff .x1 x3 
 
 1
A  coeff .x2 x1 coeff x2
2 1
coeff .x2 x31 
2 2 
 1 
 coeff .x3 x1 1 coeff .x3 x2 coeff x3
2

 2 2 
1 1 0

A   1 2 1
0 1 1

Step 2.To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is A  I  0
i.e., 3  S12  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements  1  2  1  4
S2  Sumof the min ors of the main diagonal elements
2 1 1 0 1 1
  
1 1 0 1 1 2
=(2-1)+(1-0)+(2-1)
=1+1+1 = 3
1 1 0
S3= A  1 2 1
0 1 1
=1(2-1)+1(-1-0)+0(-1-0)
=1-1=0
The characteristic equation is 3  4 2  3  0  0
3  4 2  3  0
Step 3.To solve the characteristic equation
3  4 2  3  0
λ( λ2  4λ  3 )  0
λ( λ  1)( λ  3 )  0
  0,   1,   3
Hence the Eigen values are 0,1,3.
Step 4.To find the Eigen vectors
To find Eigen vectors,solve (A-  I)=0

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1   1 0  x1  0
 1
 2 1   x 2   0
0 1 1     x3  0
Case(i) if  =0,then the equation (A) becomes
1 1 0  x1  0
 1
 2 1   x 2   0
0 1 1   x3  0
x1  x2  0 x3  0.......(1)
 x1  2 x2  x3  0....( 2)
0 x1  x2  x3  0.......( 3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication,we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1 0 0 1 2 1
x1 x x
 2  3
1 1 1
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 1  1 
 1
Case(ii) if  =1,then the equation (A) becomes
0 1 0  x1  0
 1
 1 1   x 2   0
0 1 0   x 3  0
0 x1  x 2  0 x 3  0.......( 4)
 x1  x 2  x 3  0....( 5)
0 x1  x 2  0 x3  0.......( 6)
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1  0 0  0 0 1
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1
1 
 Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 2  0
x1 x 2 x 3

1 0 1
1 
Case(iii) if  =3,then the equation (A) becomes
 2 1 0  x1  0
 1
 1 1   x 2   0
0 1  2   x 3  0

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 2 x1  x 2  0 x 3  0.......( 7)
 x1  x 2  x 3  0....(8)
0 x1  x 2  2 x 3  0.......( 9)
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1  0 0  2 2 1
 1
 Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 3  2 
x1 x 2 x3

1 2 1
1 
1  1   1
Eigen vector X 1  1  X 2  0 X 3  2 
   
 1 1  1 
T
Step 5.Form Normalised matrix N and N
 1   1 
  1  
 3  2  6
 1   2 
Normalised form   0   
 3  1   6
 1     1 
   2   
 3  6
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   
 3 2 6   3 3 3 
 1 2   1 1 
;N  
T
N=  0 0 
 3 6   2 2 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
   
 3 2 6   6 6 6 
Step 6.Find AN
 1 1 1 
 
1 1 0  3 2 6 
 1 
AN   1 1 
2
2 0 
1  
3 6
0 1
 1 1 1 
 
 3 2 6 
 1 1 1 1 2   1 3 
  0 00  0  0 
 3 3 2 6 6   2 6 
 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1   6 
=   0    = 0 0 
 3 3 3 2 2 6 6 6   6 
 1 1 1 2 1   1 3 
0   00 0   0 
 3 3 2 6 6   2 6 
T
Step 7.Calculate D=N AN
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 1 1 1  1 3 
  0 
 3 3 3  2 6 
 1 1  6 
D  N T AN   0  0 0 
 2 2  6 
 1 2 1  1 3 
  0 
 6 6 6  2 6 
 1 1 3 6 3 
0  0  0 0   
 6 6 18 18 18  0
 0 0
 3  
0 
1 1 3
= 0  0  0 0 0  = 0 1
 2 2 12 12 
0 3 
 
0
 1 1 3 12 3
0  0  0 0   
 12 12 6 6 6 
Step 8.Canonical Form:
 y1  0 0 0  y1 
  
( y1 y 2 y 3 ) D  y 2   ( y1 y 2 y 3 ) 0 1 0   y 2   0 y1  y2  3 y3
2 2 2

 y 3  0 0 3   y 3 
Step 9. Nature of the Quadratic form
As the canonical form contains two terms both which are positive,the Q.F is positive semi-
definite.
Step 10: The canonical form of the quadratic form is zero.
When y2=0,y3=0 and y1 is arbitrary.
The orthogonal transformation X=NY
 1 1 1 
 
3 2 6  y
 x1    1
x    1 2  
 2  3 0  y2 
 x3   y 
6
 1 1  
3
1
 
 3 2 6 
1 1 1
x1  y1  y2  y3
3 2 6
1 2
x2  y1  y3
3 6
1 1 1
x3   y1  y2  y3
3 2 6
Taking y1  3, y2  0, y3  0 we get
x1  1, x2  1, x3  1
These values x1 , x 2 , x 3 make the quadratic function zero.
Verification:
Quadratic function x1  2 x2  x3  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3
2 2 2

 (1) 2  2(1) 2  (1) 2  2(1)(1)  2(1)(1)

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=1+2+1-2-2 =0
2 0 1
 
6)a. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 0  . (M/J 2013) (6)
1 0 2
 
Solution:
Step 1: To find Eigen values:
The characteristic equation is |A-λI| = 0
λ3 -S1λ2 +S2λ -S3 = 0
S1 = Sum of leading diagonal elements= 2+2+2 = 6
S2 = Sum of minors of leading diagonal elements
2 0 2 1 2 0
  
0 2 1 2 0 2
 ( 4  0 )  ( 4  1)  ( 4  0 )
 4  3  4  11
2 0 1
S3 = |A  0 2 0
1 0 2
 2( 4  0 )  0  1( 0  2 )
 8 0  2  6
The characteristic equation for A is λ3 -6λ2 +11λ - 6 = 0

By synthetic division,

1 1 -6 11 -6

0 1 -5 6

1 -5 6 0

λ = 1,(λ2 -5λ+6) = 0
(λ-3)(λ-2) = 0
λ = 3,2

λ=1,2,3 are the Eigen values of A

Step 2: To find Eigen vectors

Solve the equation (A-λI)X = 0
2  λ 0 1   x1  0 
0
 2λ 0   x2   0  .....( A)
1 0 2  λ  x3  0 
.case 1: When λ = 1 , from (A) we get

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1 0 1  x1  0 
0
 1 0   x2   0 
1 0 1   x3  0 
+0 =0 ……………(1)
0 =0 ……………(2)
1 +0 =0 ……………(3)
Solve the two distinct equations (1) and (2) by the rules of cross multiplication , we get
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1
. 𝑥== ,𝑥 = ,𝑥 =
 1
Hence the Eigen vector corresponding to λ = 0 is X1   0 
 
 1 
case 2: When λ = 2 ,from (A) we get
0 0 1   x1  0 
0
 0 0   x2   0 
1 0 0   x3  0 
. =0……………(4)
=0 ……………(5)
x = ,x = ,x =
0 
Hence the Eigen vector corresponding to λ = 1 is X2   1
 
0 
case 3: When λ = 3 ,from (A) we get
 1 0 1   x1  0 
0
 1 0   x2   0 
1 0  1   x3  0 
-1 +0 =0 ……………(6)
0 =0 ……………(7)
1 +0 =0 ……………(8)
Solve the two distinct equations (6) and (7) by the rules of cross multiplication , we get
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1
. 𝑥 = ,𝑥 = ,𝑥 =
 1
Hence the Eigen vector corresponding to λ = 2 is X3  0 
 1
 1 2 2 
1  
6)b. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem find A and A , if A   1 3 0  .(Jan 2014)
4
(5)
 0 2 1 
 
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Solution:
 1 2 2 
 
Given: A   1 3 0 
 0 2 1 
 
The characteristic equation of A is
λ3 -S1λ2 +S2λ -S3 = 0
S1 = Sum of leading diagonal elements
= 1+3+1 = 5
S2 = Sum of minors of leading diagonal elements
3 0 1 2 1 2
  
2 1 0 1 1 3
 ( 3 0 )(10 )( 3  2 )
 3  1 5  9
1 2 2
S3 = |A|  1 3 0
0 2 1
= 2(3-0)-2(-1-0)-2(2-0) = 3+2-4 = 1
The characteristic equation for A is λ3 -5λ2 +9λ - 1 = 0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
A3 -5A2 +9A -I = 0 …………(1)
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by A-1
A2 -4A +9-A-1 = 0
A2 -4A +9 = A-1
 A-1 = A2 -4A +9

 112 4   1 2 2   1 0 0 
1      
A   4 7 2   5  1 3 0   9  0 1 0 
 2 8 1   0 2 1   0 0 1 

 112 4   5 10 10   9 0 0 
     
  47 2    5 15 0    0 9 0 
 2 8 1   0 10 5   0 0 9 

3 2 6
1  
A  1 1 2
2 2 5
 

Now to find A4
Multiply by A on both sides of equation (2)
A4-5A3+9A2-A = 0
A4 = 5A3-9A2+A

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 13 42 2   1 12 4   1 2 2 
     
 5  11 9 10   9  4 7 2    1 3 0 
 10 22 3   2 8 1   0 2 1 
     

 65 210 10   9 108 36   1 2 2 

     
  55 45 50    36 63 18    1 3 0 
 50 110 15   18 72 9   0 2 1 

 65  9  1 210  108  2 10  36  2 
 
  55  36  1 45  63  3 50  18  0 
 50  18  0 110  72  2 15  9  1 

 55 104 24 
 
A   20 15 32 
4

 32 40 23 
 
 11  4  7 
 
6)c. Find the Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A =  7  2  5  (N/D 2011,N/D 16) (5)
10  4  6 
 
Solution:
Step 1: To find Eigen values:
The characteristic equation is |A-λI| = 0
λ3 -S1λ2 +S2λ -S3 = 0
S1 = Sum of leading diagonal elements
= 11-2-6 = 3
S2 = Sum of minors of leading diagonal elements
2  5 11  7 11  4
  
4  6 10  6 7 2
 ( 12  20 )  ( 66  70 )  ( 22  28 )
 8  4  6  2
11 4 7
S3 = |A|= 7 2 5
10 4 6
= 11(12-20)+4(-42+50)-7(-28+20) = 0
The characteristic equation for A is λ3 -3λ2 +2λ = 0
λ (λ2 -3λ+2) = 0
λ=0, (λ2 -3λ+2) = 0
(λ-1)(λ-2) = 0
λ = 0,1,2
λ=0,1,2 are the Eigen values of A

Step 2: To find Eigen vectors

Solve the equation (A-λI)X = 0
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11  λ 4 7   x1  0 
 7
 2  λ 5   x2   0  .....( A)
 10 4 6  λ  x3  0 
case 1: When λ = 0 , from (A) we get
11 4 7   x1  0 
 7 2 5   x   0 
  2  
10 4 6   x3  0 
11 -4 =0 ……………(1)
7 -2 =0 ……………(2)
10 -4 =0 ……………(3)
Solve the two distinct equations (1) and (2) by the rules of cross multiplication , we get
x1 x2 x3
 
20  14 49  55 22  28
x1 x2 x3
 
6 6 6
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1  1
 
1

case 2: When λ = 1 ,from (A) we get

10 4 7   x1  0 
 7 3 5   x   0 
  2  
10 4 7   x3  0 
10 -4 =0 ……………(4)
7 -3 =0 ……………(5)
10 -4 =0 ……………(6)
Solve the two distinct equations (4) and (5) by the rules of cross multiplication , we get
x1 x2 x3
 
20  21 49  50 30  28
x1 x2 x3
 
 1 1 2
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2   1
 2 
case 3: When λ = 2 ,from (A) we get

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 9 4 7   x1  0 
 7 4 5   x   0 
  2  
10 4 8   x3  0 
9 -4 =0 …………….(7)
7 -4 =0 ……………(8)
10 -4 =0 ……………(9)
Solve the two distinct equations (7) and (8) by the rules of cross multiplication , we get
x1 x x
 2  3
 8 4 8
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3  1 
 
 2 
7)a. If i for (i=1,2…,n) are the non-zero valueso f A, then prove that
(i) K i are the eigen values of KA , where K being a non- zero Scalar
1
(ii) are the eigen values of A1 . (M/J 12, N/D 14) (4)
i
Solution:
Let  i be the eigen values of matrix A and Xi be the corresponding eigen vectors. Then by defn:
AXi  iXi......(1) ( i.e by defn. of eigen vectors)

i. Premultiply (1) with the scalar k. Then

k  AXi   k  iXi 
i.e.  kA X i   k i  Xi
 ki are the eigen values of kA (comparing with (1) i.e by defn.)

ii. Premultiply (1) with A1 , then

A1  AXi   A1  iXi 
i.e.  A1 A Xi  i  A1 Xi 
i.e. IXi  i  A1 Xi 
1
i.e. A1 Xi  Xi
i
1
 are the .eigen values of A1 (comparing with ( I ) ).
i
 1 2
7)b. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for A    (A/M 2010) (4)
 2 1 
Solution:

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 1 2
let A=  
 2 1 
The cha. equation of the given matrix is A  λI  0
λ2  S1λ  S2  0
where S1  sum of the main diagonal elements =1+1=2
1 2
S2  A   1  4  3
2 1
The cha. equation is λ2  2λ  3  0
To prove: A 2  2A  3I  0
 1 2  1 2  5 4
A2  AA     
2 1  2 1  4 5 
A 2  2A  3I
 5 4  1 2 1 0
  2   3 
 4 5   2 1  0 1
 5 4  2 4   3 0 
   
4 5   4 2  0 3
0 0 
 0
 0 0 
Therefore the given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
 1 0 2 
 
7)c. Diagonalize the matrix  0 1 2  by orthogonal transformation.(A/M 11, N/D 09) (8)
 2 2 0
 
 1 0 2 
 
Solution: A   0 1 2 
 2 2 0
 

Characteristic equation:
 3  s1 2  s2  s3  0.........(1)
s1  sum of theleading diagonal
s1  1  1  0  0
s2  sum of the minors of its leading diagonal
1 2 1 2 1 0
s2   
2 0 2 0 0 1
s2  4  4  1
s2  9
s3  Determinant of A
s3   1(4)  2(2)  0

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Substitute in (1)
 3  0 2  9  0  0
(  2  9 )(  )  0
  0;   3;   3
Eigen vectors:
(A  I)X  0
( A   I ) is nothing but subtract  from A
 x1 
 
X   x2 
x 
 3
 1   0 2  x1   0 
    
 0 1  2  x2    0 
 2 0      
 2  x3   0 
Case  i  when   0
 1 0 2  x1   0 
    
 0 1 2  x2    0 
 2 2 0  x   0 
  3   
 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0........(1)
0 x1  x2  2 x3  0.........(2)
2 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0..........(3)
Solving any two distinct equation (2) and (3)
x1  x2 x
  3
04 04 02
x1  x2 x3
 
4 4 2
x1 x2 x3
 
 2 2 1
 2 
 
when   0 its eigenvector X1   2 
 1 
 
Case  ii  when   3
 4 0 2  x1   0 
    
 0 2 2  x2    0 
 2 2 3  x   0 
  3   
4 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0........(4)
0 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0.........(5)
2 x1  2 x2  3x3  0..........(6)
Solving any two distinct equation (4) and (5)

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x1 x x
 2  3
04 08 80
x1 x2 x3
 
4 8 8
x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 2
1
 
when   3 its eigenvector X 2   2 
 2
 
Case  iii  when   3
 2 0 2  x1   0 
    
 0 4 2  x2    0 
 2 2 3  x   0 
  3   
2 x1  0 x2  2 x3  0........(7)
0 x1  4 x2  2 x3  0.........(8)
2 x1  2 x2  3x3  0..........(9)

Solving any two distinct equation (7) and (8)

x1 x x
 2  3
08 04 80
x1 x2 x3 x x x
  i.e., 1  2  3
8 4 8 2 1 2
 2 
 
when   3 its eigenvector X 3   1 
2
 

Normalized model matrix:

 2 1 2 
 2 
 2  2 1 1 2 2 2  12  22
2 2 2 2 2 2

 2 2 1 
N  
 2  2 1 1 2 2 2  12  22 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 1 2 2 
 
 2  2 1 1 2 2 2  12  22 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 2 1 2   2 2 1 
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
   2 1 2     2 2 1
2 2 1  1   2  1
   2 2 1 & N     1 2 2 
1 2
N T
 3 3 3  3  3 3 3  3
   1 2 2 
    2 1 2 
 1 2 2   2 1 2 
   
 3 3 3   3 3 3 

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Consider the orthogonal transformation

D  NT A N
 2 2 1 1 0 2   2 1 2
 
D   1 2 2   0
1
1 2   2 2 1
9 
 2 1 2  2 2 0   1 2 2 
 2 2 1 0 3 6
 
  1 2 2   0 6
1
3
9
 2 1 2 0 6 6 
0 0 0  0 0 0 
 0 27 0   0 3 0 
1
9
0 0 27  0 0 3
 1 0 2 
1  
8)a. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A and A for the matrix A   2 2 4  .(M/J 09) (6)
4

0 0 2 
 

Solution:
The characteristic equation of Ais A  I  0
3  S12  S2  S3  0
where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements.  1  2  2  5
S2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element
2 4 1 2 1 0
    4228
0 2 0 2 2 2
S3  A  1(4)  0  2(0)  4
The characteristic equation of A is 3  5 2  8  4  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation
Therefore
A3  5 A2  8 A 4I  0 ...( 1 )
1
Multiply A on both sides
A 2  5A  8I  4A 1  0
1
A 1  [A 2  5A  8I]
4
 1 0 2  1 0 2  1 0 6
  
A   2 2 4  2 2 4   6 4 12 
2

 0 0 2  0 0 2  0 0 4 
    

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 5 0 10 
 
5A   10 10 20 
 0 0 10 

8 0 0
 
8I   0 8 0 
0 0 8
 
1 2
A 1  [A  5A  8I]
4
 1 0 6   5 0 10   8 0 0  
1      
  6 4 12    10 10 20    0 8 0  
4
 0 0 4   0
 0 10   0 0 8  
4 0 4 1 0 1 
  4 2 8   1 1 / 2 2 
1  
4
 0 0 2   0 0 1 / 2 
( 1 )  A  A4  5 A3  8 A2  4 A  0
 A4  5 A3  8 A2  4 A
 1 0 14   1 0 6  1 0 2 
     
 5  14 8 28   8 6 4 12   4  2 2 4 
0 0 8   2 
 0 0 4  0 0
 5 0 70   8 0 48   4 0 8 
    
  70 40 140    48 32 96    8 8 16 
0 0 40   0 32   0 0 8 
 0
 1 0 30 
 
A   30 16 60 
4

 0 0 16 
 
8)b. Reduce the quadratic form 2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 in to canonical form. Find the nature, rank,
index and signature of the quadratic form.(A\M 2011, M/J 2014) (10)
Solution:
 2 1 1 
 coeff x1 2
coeff.x1x 2
2
coeff.x1x 3 
 
 1
A  coeff.x 2 x1 2
coeff x 2
1
coeff.x 2 x 3 
2 2 
1 
 coeff.x 3 x1 1 coeff.x 3 x 2 coeff x 32 
 2 2 
0 1 1 
 1 0 1
1 1 0 

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the characteristic equation of Ais A  I  0

3  S12  S2  S3  0
where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements.  0  0  0  0
S2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element
0 1 0 1 0 1
    1  1  1  3
1 0 1 0 1 0
S3  A  0(0  1)  1(0  1)  1(1  0)
 0  1  1  2
The characteristic equation of A is 3  0 2  3  2  0
 3  3  2  0
if   1, then  3  3  2  1  3  2  0
  1is a root.
By synthetic division
1 0 3 2
1
0 1 1 2
1 1 2 0
other roots are given by  2    2  0
(  2)(  1)  0
  1,   2
Hence the eigen values are1,1, 2
To get the eigenvector solve (A  I)X  0
0   1 1   x1  0
 1 0   1   x 2   0

 1 1 0     x 3  0
Case(i) : When   2 we get
 2 1 1   x1   0 
1 2 1  x   0
  2  
1 1 2   x 3  0 
2x1  x 2  x 3  0 .....(1)
x1  2x 2  x 3  0 .....(2)
x1  x 2  2x 3  0 .....(3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1  2 1  2 4  1
x1 x 2 x 3
 
3 3 3

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 1
Hencethe corresponding eigenvector X1   1 
 1 
Case (2) : when   1weget
 1 1 1   x1  0
 1 1 1  x   0
  2  
 1 1 1  x 3  0
 x1  x 2  x 3  0 .............(4)
x1  x 2  x 3  0 .............(5)
x1  x 2  x 3  0 ..............(6)
(4),(5) & (6)are same equations
x1  x 2  x 3  0
put x 2  0  x1  x 3  0
x1  x 3
x1 x 3

1 1
1 
Hence thecorresponding Eigenvector X 2  0
1 
To find the third Eigenvector orthogonal to X1 and X 2 sin ce the matrix A is symmetric
l  m  n  0 .........(7)
l  0m  n  0 ..........(8)
Solving (7 ) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
 
1 0 11 0 1
l m n
 
1 2 1
1
Hence thecorresponding Eigenvector X3   2 
 1
 1 1 1 
Eigenvector matrix P   1 0 2 
 1 1 1

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 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   
 3 2 6  3 3 3 
 1 2  T  1 1 
N 0  ;N  0
 3
6
  2 2 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 3   6 
 2 6  6 6
 1 1 1 
 
3 2 6
0 1 1  
 1 2 
AN  1 0 1  0
3 6 
1 1 0   
 1 1 1 
 3 6 
 2
 1 1 1 2 1 
 0  00 0  
 3 3 2 6 6
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
  0  0 0
 3 3 2 2 6 6 
 1 1 1 1 2 

 3   0  0  0   0
 3 2 6 6 
 2 1 1 
 
 3 2 6
 2 2 
  0
 3 6 
 2 1 1 
 3 6 
 2

D  N T AN
 1 1 1  2 1 1 
 3 3

3   3 2

6  2 0 0
  
 1 1  2 2  
 0  0   0 1 0 
 2 2   3 6 
 0 0 1 
 1 2 1   2 1 1  
 6
 6 6   3 2 6 
 y1 
Canonicalformis (y1 y 2 y3 )(D)  y 2   2y12  y 22  y32
 y3 

Nature of the Q.F:

Since C.F. contains +ve and –ve terms.

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 Q.F. is said to be indefinite.

Rank:

rank = r = no. of non-zero rows = 3

Index:

No of positive square terms = s = 2.

Signature:

Signature = 2s – r = 4-3 = 1

Rank of the Q.F = 3 [ Since the C.F. contains 3 terms only]

 1 0
9)a. If A    express A3 in terms of A and I using Cayley –Hamilton theorem.(A/M 2006) (4)
 4 5
Solution:
The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.
1  0
i.e., 0
4 5
1    5     0  0
5    5   2  0
 2  6  5  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
A2  6 A  5I  0  A2  6 A  5I .
A3  6 A2  5 A
 6  6 A  5I   5 A
 36 A  30I  5 A
A3  31A  30 I
9)b. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem to find the value of the matrix given by
2 1 1
6 5 4 3 2  
A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I , If the matrix A   0 1 0  (M/J 09, N/D 15).
8 7
(4)
1 1 2
 
Solution:
2 1 1
 
Let A   0 1 0 
1 1 2
 
To find the Characteristic equations:

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The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.

 3  S1 2  S 2   S3  0
S1  sumof themaindiagonal elements  2  1  2  5
S2  Sumof the min ors of diagonal elements.
1 0 2 1 2 1
  
1 2 1 2 0 1
S 2   2  0    4  1   2  0   2  3  2  7
2 1 1
S3  A  0 1 0
1 1 2
 2  2  0   1  0  0   1  0  1  4  1
S3  3
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  5 2  7  3  0
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem
A3  5 A2  7 A  3I  0 …(1)
f  A  A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A2  2 A  I
8 7 6 5 4 3

A5  A
A3  5 A2  7 A  3I A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5
A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A
A4  5 A3  7 A2  3 A
A2  A  I
f  A  ( A3  5 A2  7 A  3I )( A5  A)  A2  A  I
 0  A2  A  I by (1)
f  A  A2  A  I
2 1 1  2 1 1 
  
A  0 1
2
0  0 1 0 
1 1 2  
  1 1 2 
 4  0 1 2 11 2  0  2
 
 0  0  0 0 1 0 0  0  0
2  0  2 1  1  2 1  0  4 

 5 4 4
 
A2   0 1 0 
 4 4 5
 

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 5 4 4  2 1 1 1 0 0
     
f  A  A  A  I
2
  0 1 0   0 1 0   0 1 0
 4 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 1
     
8 5 5
 
f  A   03 0
5 5 8 

9)c. If -1,1,4 are the eigenvalues of a matrix A of order 3 and (0,1,1)T , (2, 1,1)T , (1,1, 1) T are
corresponding eigen vectors determine the matrix A. (N/D 2007) (8)
Solution:
the eigenvalues are -1, 1, 4
0 2 1
Eigen vectorX 1  1  , X 2   1 , X 3   1 
     
1   1   1
0   2  1 
 2   6  3
     
Normalized form  1  ,  1  ,  1 
 2  6  3
1   1  1 
 2   6   3 
Normalized matrix N and fid NT
0 2 1  0 1 1 
 2 6 3   2 2 2
   
N  1 1 1 , NT   2 1 1 
 2 6 3  6 6 6
1 1 1  1 1 1 
 2 6 3   3 3 3 
W. k.t. D  N AN
T

ND  NN T AN
   
NDN T  NN T A NN T N is orthogonal matrix
A  NDN T
0 1 1 
 1 0 0   2 2 2
 
DN T   0 1 0   2 1 1 
 0 0 4  6 6 6
  1 1 1 
 3 3 3 

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 0  1  1 
 2 2
 
DN T   2 1 1 
 6 6 6 
 4 4 4 
 
 3 3 3
0 2 1  0  1  1 
 2 6 3  2 2
  
NDN T   1 1 1  2 1 1 
 2 6 3  6 6 6 
 1 1 1  4 
  4 4 
 2 6 3  3 3 3
 4 4 2 4 2 4 
 0     0  
6 3 6 3 6 3 
 
 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 
 0     
 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 6
 
 0  2  4  1  1  1 1  1  4 
 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3
 2 1 1 
A   1 1 2 
 1 2 1 
 
1 1 4 
 
10)a. Find the Eigen values and Eigenvectors of the matrix A   3 2  1 .(JAN 2011) (6)
 2 1  1
 
Solution:
1 1 4 
 
Let A   3 2  1
 2 1  1
 
To find the Characteristic equations:
The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.
 3  S1 2  S 2   S3  0
S1  sumof themaindiagonal elements  1  2  1  2
S2  Sumof the min ors of diagonal elements.
2 1 1 4 1 1
  
1 1 2 1 3 2
  2  1   1  8    2  3  1  9  5  5

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1 1 4
S 3  A  3 2 1
2 1 1
 1 2  1  1 3  2   4  3  4 
 1 1  1 1  4  1  1  1  4  6
S3  6
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  2 2  5  6  0
To find the roots of the characteristic equation:
 3  2 2  5  6  0
  1is a root
By synthetic division
1 1 2 5 6
0 1 1 6

1 1 6 0
Other roots are
2    6  0
   3   2   0
  3, 2
The Eigenvalues of the matrix is 1 , -2 ,3
To find the Eigen vectors
To find the eigenvector solve (A-λI)X=0
1   1 4   x1  0 
 3 2 1   x2   0  .......( A)
    
 2 1 1     x3  0 
Case (i): When λ = 1equation (A) becomes
 0 1 4   x1   0 
 3 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 2 1 2   x3  0 
0 x1  x2  4 x3  0 ............. 1
3 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 2 
2 x1  x2  2 x3  0 .............  3 
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1  4 12  0 0  3

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x1 x2 x3
 
3 12 3
1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 1   4 
x1 x2 x3
   
1 4 1
 1
Case (ii):When λ = -2 equation (A) becomes
 3 1 4   x1  0 
 3 4 1  x   0 
  2  
 2 1 1   x3  0 
3 x1  x2  4 x3  0 ............. 4 
3 x1  4 x2  x3  0 ............. 5 
2 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 6 
Here (4), (5) and represents the same equation,
x1 x x
 2  3
1  16 12  3 12  3
x1 x x
 2 3
15 15 15
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 2   1
 
 1
Case (iii):When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes
 2 1 4   x1  0 
 3 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 2 1 4   x3  0 
2 x1  x2  4 x3  0 .............  7 
3 x1  x2  x3  0 .............  8 
2 x1  x2  4 x3  0 ............. 9 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication
x1 x x
 2  3
1  4 12  2 2  3
x1 x2 x3
 
5 10 5

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x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 1
1 
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 3   2 
 
1 
The Eigenvalue of the given matrix are 1, -2, 3 and corresponding Eigenvector‟s are
1 1 1 
X 1   4  , X 2   1 , X 3   2 
     
 1  1 1 

 2 0 1
 
10)b. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for matrix  0 2 0  (M/J 12, N/D 09) (4)
 1 0 2 
 

Solution:
 2 0 1
 
Let A  0 2 0
 
 1 0 2 
 
To find the Characteristic equations:
The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.
 3  S1 2  S 2   S3  0
S1  sumof themaindiagonal elements  2  2  2  6
S2  Sumof the min ors of diagonal elements.
2 0 2 1 2 0
  
0 2 1 2 0 2
S 2   4  0    4  1   4  0   4  3  4  11
2 0 1
S3  A  0 2 0
1 0 2
 2  4  0   0 0  0   10  2   8  2  6
S3  6
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  6 2  11  6  0
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem
A3  6 A2  11A  6 I  0
To verifying Cayley – Hamilton theorem

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To find A2 and A3
2 0 1  2 0 1
A2   0 2 00 2 0
  
 1 0 2   1 0 2 
 4 0 1 0  0  0 2  0  2   5 0 4 
2

  0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0    0 4 0 
   
 2  0  2 0  0  0 1  0  4   4 0 5 
2 0 1  5 0 4 
A  A. A   0 2
3 2
00 4 0
  
 1 0 2   4 0 5 
10  0  4 0  0  0 8  0  5   14 0 13 
  000 080 000    0 8 0 
   
 5  0  8 0  0  0 4  0  0   13 0 14 
 14 0 13  5 0 4   2 0 1 1 0 0 
A3  6 A2  11A  6 I   0 8 0   6  0 4 0   11 0 2 0   6 0 1 0 
     
 13 0 14   4 0 5    0 0 1 
 1 0 2 
 14 0 13  30 0 24   22 0 11  6 0 0 
  0 8 0    0 24 0    0 22 0    0 6 0 
       
 13 0 14   24 0 30   11 0 22   0 0 6 
 14  30  22  6 0000 13  24  11 
 0000 8  24  22  6 0000 
 
 13  24  11  0 0  0  0  0 14  30  22  6 
0 0 0 
A3  6 A2  11A  6 I  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 
A3  6 A2  11A  6 I  0
Hence Cayley – Hamilton theorem verified.
 2 0 4
 
10)c. Diagonalise the matrix A=  0 6 0  . (M/J 14) (6)
 4 0 2
 
Solution:

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2 0 4
Let A   0 6 0 
4 0 2
 

To find the characteristic equation of A:

The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements  2  6  2  10
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
6 0 2 4 2 0
  
0 2 4 2 0 6
 ( 12  0 )  ( 4  16 )  ( 12  0 )  12  12  12  12
2 0 4
S3  A  0 6 0
4 0 2
 2( 12  0 )  0( 4  16 )  4( 24 )
 24  96  72
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  10 2  12  72  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 10λ2 +12λ +72 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 10λ2 +12λ +72 = 1 – 10 + 12+72 = 75 ≠ 0
If λ = -1, then λ3 – 10λ2 +12λ +72 = -1 – 10 - 12+72 = 49 ≠ 0
If λ = 2, then λ3 – 10λ2 +12λ +72 = 8 – 40 + 24+72 = 64 ≠ 0
If λ = -2, then λ3 – 10λ2 +12λ +72 = – 8 – 40 – 24 +72 = 0
Therefore λ = -2 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

-2 1 -10 12 72

0 -2 4 -72

1 2 36 0

other roots are given by λ2 – 12λ +36 = 0

(λ – 6)(λ – 6) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are -2, 6, 6.

To find the eigenvectors:

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To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0

 2 0 4   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i .e  0 6 0     0 1 0    x2   0 
   
 4 0 2   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
2   0 4   x1  0 
 0 6  0   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 4 0 2     x3  0 
Case (i): When λ = -2 equation (A) becomes
4 0 4   x1  0 
0 8 0   x   0 
  2  
4 0 4   x3  0 
4 x1  0 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 1
0 x1  8 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 2 
4 x1  0 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 3 
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
0  32 0  0 32  0
x1 x x
 2 3
32 0 32
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 0 1
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  0
 
 1
Case (ii): When λ = 6 equation (A) becomes
 4 0 4   x1  0 
 0 0 0   x   0 
  2  
 4 0 4   x3  0 
4 x1  0 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 4 
0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 5 
4 x1  0 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 6 
Here (5), (6) represents the same equation,
4 x1  0 x2  4 x3  0

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Put x2  0, we get 4 x1  4 x3
x1 x3
i .e., 
1 1
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  0
 
 1 
l 
 
Let X 3  m as X 3 is orthogonal to X 1 and X 2
 
 n 

Since the given matrix is symmetric

l 
1 0 1  m   0 or l  0 m  n  0 ....(7 )
 n 
l 
1 0 1  m   0 or l  0 m  n  0 ....( 8 )
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
 
0 0 11 0 0
l m n
 
0 2 0
l m n
i.e.,  
0 1 0
0 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3  1
 
0 

Form Normalised matrix N and find NT:

 1 1 
 1 1   0
 2 0 2 2
2  
  T  1 1 
N=  0 0 1 ; N   0
 1  2 2
1  
 0  0 1 0 
 2 2   

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Find AN:
 1 1 
0
2 0 4   2 2  2 3 2 0
   
AN  0 6 0   0 0 1   0 0 6
4 0 2   1 1  
3 2 0 
 0  2
 2 2 

Find D= NTAN:
 1 1 
 2 0
2   2 3 2 0
 
 1 1  
D  N AN  
T
0  0 0 6
2 2
 
0  2 3 2 0 
 0 1
 
 2 0 0 
  0 6 0 
 0 0 6 
 1 2 3 
 
11)a. Verify Cayley –Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =  2 4  2  .(A/M 2011) (6)
 1 1 2 

Solution:
 1 2 3 
 
Given A   2 4 2 
 1 1 2 
 
The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 ----------------------(1)
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1+4+2 = 7
S 2  Sum of the minors of its leading diagonal elements
4 2 1 3 1 2
  
1 2 1 2 2 4
 (8  2)  (2  3)  (4  4)
 10  5  8  23
1 2 3
S3  | A |  2 4 2
1 1 2
 1(8  2)  2(4  2)  3(2  4)
 10  40  18
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 32
 (1)   3  7 2  23  32  0 --------------------------------------------------------(2)
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem
(2)  A3  7 A2  23 A  32 I  0 ----------------------------------------------------(3)
To find A2 and A3
 1 2 3   1 2 3 
A   2 4 2  2 4 2
2

 1 1 2   1 1 2 
 1 4  3 2  8  3 3  4  6 
  2  8  2 4  16  2 6  8  4 

 1  2  2 2  4  2 3  2  4 
 6 7 13 
 12 10 6 
 1 8 1
 1 2 3   6 7 13 
A   2 4 2 12
3
10 6
 1 1 2   1 8 1
 6  24  3 7  20  24 13  12  3 
  12  48  2 14  40  16 26  24  2 
 6  12  2 7  10  16 13  6  2 
 33 3 22 
  38 10 4 
 16 33 21
(3)  A3  7 A2  23 A  32 I
 33 3 22   6 7 13  1 2 3  1 0 0
  38 10 4   7 12
 10 6  23  2
 4 2  32 0 1
 0
 16 33 21  1 8 1  1 1 2  0 0 1 
 33 3 22   42 49 91  23 46 69   32 0 0 
  38 10 4    84 70 42    46 92 46   0 32 0 
 16 33 21  7 56 7   23 23 46   0 0 32
 9 46 69  23 46 69   32 0 0 
  46 60 46    46 92 46   0 32 0 
    
 23 23 14  23 23 46   0 0 32
32 0 0   32 0 0  0 0 0
  0 32 0    0 32 0   0 0 0 
  
 0 0 32  0 0 32 0 0 0 
Hence Cayley - Hamilton theorem verified.
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11)b. Reduce the quadratic form Q  3x 2  3 y 2  5 z 2  2 xy  6 yz  6 xz to its canonical form by

orthogonal transformation . Also find its rank, index and signature. (Jan 2014,A/M 17) (10)
Solution:
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of xy
2
coeff . of xz 
 
 1
A  coeff . of xy coeff . of y 2 1
coeff . of yz 
2 2 
1 
 coeff . of xz 1 coeff . of yz coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
 3 1 3 
A   1 3 3 
 3 3 5 
 

To find the characteristic equation of A:

The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements  3  3  5  5
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
3 3 3 3 3 1
  
3 5 3 5 1 3
 ( 15  9 )  ( 15  9 )  ( 9  1 )  6  24  10  28
3 1 3
S 3  A  1 3 3
3 3 5
 3( 15  9 )  1( 5  9 )  3( 3  9 )
 3( 6 )  1( 4 )  3( 6 )  18  4  18  32
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  5 2  28  32  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 +5λ2 – 28λ – 32 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 +5λ2 – 28λ – 32 = 1+ 5 – 28 – 32 = – 54 ≠ 0
If λ = -1, then λ3 +5λ2 – 28λ – 32 = 1+ 5 + 28 – 32 =0
Therefore λ = -1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

-1 1 5 -28 -32

0 -1 -4 32

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1 4 -32 0
other roots are given by λ2 +4λ – 32 = 0
(λ – 4)(λ + 8) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are -1, 4, -8.
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 3 1 3   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i .e  1 3 3     0 1 0    x2   0 

   
 3 3 5   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
3   1 3   x1  0 
 1 3   3   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 3 3 5     x3  0 

Case (i): When λ = -1 equation (A) becomes

 4 1 3   x1  0 
 1 2 3   x   0 
  2  
 3 3 4   x3  0 
4 x1  x2  3 x3  0 ............. 1
 x1  2 x2  3 x3  0 ............. 2 
3 x1  3 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 3 
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1  x2 x
  3
3  6 12  3 8  1
x1 x2 x3
 
3 15 9
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 5 3
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  5
 
 3 
Case (ii): When λ = 4 equation (A) becomes
 1 1 3   x1  0 
 1 7 3   x   0 
  2  
 3 3 9   x3  0 
 x1  x2  3 x3  0 ............. 4 
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 x1  7 x2  3 x3  0 ............. 5 
3 x1  3 x2  9 x3  0 .............6 
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1  x2 x
  3
3  21 3  3 7  1
x1 x x
 2 3
18 0 6
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
3 0 1
3
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  0
 
 1
Case (iii): When λ = -8 equation (A) becomes
 11 1 3   x1  0 
 1 5 3   x   0 
  2  
 3 3 3   x3  0 
11x1  x2  3 x3  0 .............7 
 x1  5 x2  3 x3  0 ............. 8 
3 x1  3 x2  3 x3  0 ............. 9 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1  x2 x
  3
3  15 33  3 55  1
x1 x2 x3
 
18 36 54
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 2 3
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3  2
 
 3 

Form Normalised matrix N and find NT:

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 1 3 1   1 5 3 
   
35 10 14 
  35 35 35 
 5 2  T  3 1 
N=  0 ;N 
14 
0
 35
 10 10 
 3 1 3   1 2 3 
   14 14 
 35 10 14   14

Find AN:
 1 3 1   1 12 8 
 
35 10 14   35 10 14 

 3 1 3  
 5 2   5 16 
AN   1 3 3   0  0
35 14   35 14 
 3 3 5  
 3 1 3   3 4 24 
 14   35 14 
 35 10 10

Find D= NTAN:
 1 5 3   1 12 8 
  
 35 35 35   35 10 14 
 1 0 0 
 3 1   5 16  
D  N T AN   0   0    0 4 0 
 10 10   35 14 
 0 0 8 
 1 2 3   3 4 24  
 14 14   35 14 
 14 10
 y1   1 0 0   y1 
Canonical formis ( y1 y2 y3 )( D )  y2   ( y1 y2 y3 )  0 4 0   y2    y12  4 y22  8 y32
 
 y3   0 0 8   y3 

Rank:

rank = r = no. of non-zero rows = 3

Index:

No of positive square terms = s = 1

Signature:

Signature = 2s – r = 2(1)-3 = 2 – 3 = -1
 2 1 1 
 
12)a. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given A   1 2 1 . Hence find
 1 1 2 
 

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A1 and A4 .(Jan 09, Jan 10, M/J 09) (6)

Solution:
 2 1 1 
 
Given A   1 2 1
 1 1 2 
 
The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 ----------------------(1)
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6
S 2  Sum of the minors of its leading diagonal elements
2 1 2 1 2 1
  
1 2 1 2 1 2
 (4  1)  (4  1)  (4  1)
 333  9
2 1 1
S3  | A |  1 2 1
1 1 2
 2(4  1)  1(2  1)  1(1  2)
 6 1 1  4
 (1)   3  6 2  9  4  0 ----------------------(2)
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem
(2)  A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0 -------------------(3)
A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I --------------------(4)
(4)  A  A4  6 A3  9 A2  4 A
A4  6(6 A2  9 A  4 I )  9 A2  4 A
 27 A2  50 A  24 I -------------------------------(5)

To find A2 and A3
 2 1 1  2 1 1 
  
A   1 2 1 1 2 1
2

 1 1 2  1 1 2 
  
 4  1  1 2  2  1 2  1  2 
  2  2  1 1  4  1 1  2  2 
 2  1  2 1  2  2 1  1  4 
 6 5 5 
  5 6 5
 5 5 6 

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 6 5 5  2 1 1  1 0 0 
A  27  5 6
4
5  50 1 2 1  24 0 1 0 
  
 5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 
 162 135 135   100 50 50  24 0 0 
  135 162 135   50 100 50    0 24 0 
 
 135 135 162   50 50 100   0 0 24 
 86 85 85 
  85 86 85
 85 85 86 
To Find A1
(2)  A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0
1
(2)  (A) A1   ( A2  6 A  9 I )
4
  6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0  
1  
   5 6 5  6  1 2 1  9 0 1 0  
  
4
  5 5 6   1 1 2   0 0 1  
  6 5 5   12 6 6  9 0 0  
1  
   5 6 5   6 12 6   0 9 0  
 
4
  5 5 6   6 6 12  0 0 9  
 3 1 1
  1 3 1 
1
4
 1 1 3 
12) b. Reduce the quadratic form x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx to canonical form through an
orthogonal transformation. (M/J 2005, Jun 2011, M/J 2012) (10)
Solution:
Given x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of xy
2
coeff . of xz 
 
 1
A  coeff . of yx coeff . of y 2 1
coeff . of yz 
2 2 
1 
 coeff . of zx 1 coeff . of zy coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
 1 1 1
  1 1 1
 1 1 1 
The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal
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 111
3
S 2  Sum of the minors of its leading diagonal elements
1 1 1 1 1 1
  
1 1 1 1 1 1
 (11)(11)(11)  0
1 1 1
S3  A  1 1 1
1 1 1
 1(1  1)  1(1  1)  1(1  1)
 2  2  4
 3  3 2  4  0
1 3 0 4
1
0 1 4 4
1 4 4 0
(  1)( 2  4  4)  0
(  1)(  2)(  2)  0
Hence tha eigen values are
  1, 2, 2
To find eigen vectores
(A   I) X  0
1   1 1   x1  0
 1 1   1   x   0 --------------------------------- (A)
  2  
 1 1 1     x3  0
Case(i)
When λ = - 1 equation (A) becomes
 2 1 1  x1  0
 1 2 1  x   0
  2  
 1 1 2   x3  0
2 x1  x2  x3  0 --------------------------(1)
 x1  2 x2  x3  0 -------------------------(2)
 x1  x2  2 x3  0 -------------------------(3)
Solving (1)&(2)
x1 x2 x3
1 1 2 1
2 1 1 2
x1 x x
 2  3
1  2 1  2 4 1
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1
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1
X 1  1
1
Case (ii)When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes
 1 1 1  x1  0
 1 1 1  x   0
  2  
 1 1 1  x3  0
 x1  x2  x3  0 ------------------------------(4)
 x1  x2  x3  0 ------------------------------(5)
 x1  x2  x3  0 ----------------------------(6)
Equation (4), (5) and (6) are same
 x1  x2  x3  0
If x1  0 , then we get  x2  x3  0
x2   x3
x2 x3

1 1
0
x2   1 
 1
To find the third eigen vector orthogonal to X 1 and X 2 since the matrix A is symmetric.
Let
l 
x3   m
 n 
X1T X 3  0  l  m  n  0
X 2T X 3  0  0l  m  n  0

Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

l m n
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
l m n
 
1  1 0  1 1  0
l m n
 
2 1 1
 2 
x3   1 
 1 

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1 0 2 
P  1 1 1 
1 1 1 
Normalized matrix
 1 2   1 1 1 
 0  
 3 6
 3 3 3 
 1 1 1  T  1 1 
N   N  0 
 3 2 6 , 2 2
 
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
 3  2 6   6 6 
 6
 1 1 1   1 2 
 0
 3
 3 
3  1 1 1  3 6 
 

N T AN   0
1

1 
 1 1  1 1 1 1 
2 2  3 2 6
   1 1 1   
 2 1 1   1  1 1 
 6 6 6   3 2 6 
 1 1 1   1 2 
  0 
 3 3 3  3 6
 1 0 0 
 2  1 1  
  0 2 0 
2 1
 0    
 2 2 3 2 6
 0 0 2 
 4 2 2  1 1 1  

 6
 6 6   3 2 6 

Canonical form:
 y1   1 0 0   y1 
   
(y1 y 2 y3 )(D)  y2   (y1 y2 y3 )  0 2 0   y2    y12  2 y22  2 y32
y   0 0 2  y3 
 3
 2 2 3 
 
13)a. Find the eigen values and eigenvectors of A   2 1 6  . (N/D 14, M/J 14,Jan10,
 1 2 0 
 
Jan11, N/D 15) (5)
Solution:
  2 2  3
 
Let A   2 1  6
 1  2 0 
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements
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= - 2 + 1 +0= -1
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 6 2 3 2 2
  
2 0 1 0 2 1
= (0 - 12) + (0 - 3) + (-2 -4) = -12 – 3-6 = - 21
2 2 3
S3  A  2 1 6
1  2 0
= (-2) (0 – 12) - 2 (0 – 6 ) + (-3) (- 4 + 1)
= 24 + 12 + 9= 45
Therefore the characteristic equation is
3  (1) 2  (21)  (45)  0
i.e., 3   2  21  45  0
To solve the characteristic equation
If λ = 1 then 3   2  21  45  1  1  21  45  0
If λ = -1 then 3   2  21  45  1  1  21  45  0
If λ = 2 then 3   2  21  45  8  4  42  45  0
If λ = -2 then 3   2  21  45  8  4  42  45  0
If λ = 3 then 3   2  21  45  27  9  63  45  0
If λ = -3 then 3   2  21  45  27  9  63  45  0
Hence If λ = - 3 is a root of 3   2  21  45  0
By synthetic division,

-3 1 1 -21 -45

0 -3 6 45
1 -2 -15 0

 3   2  21  45  (  3) ( 2  2  15)  0
i.e.,   3, (  5) (  3)  0
i.e., λ = -3, λ = 5, λ = -3
Therefore the Eigenvalues are -3, -3, 5.
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
  2 2  3   1 0 0   x1  0
       
  2 1  6     0 1 0    x 2   0 
  1  2 0   0 0 1   x 3  0
  

 2   2 3   x1  0

i.e.,  2 1   6   x   0 ...( A)
 2  
  1 2 0     x3  0

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Case (1): If λ = -3, then the equation (A) becomes

1 2  3  x1  0

i.e.,  2 4  6  x 2   0
 1  2 3   x3  0
x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0 ...(1)
2 x1  4 x 2  6 x3  0 ...( 2)
 x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0 ...(3)
Here (1), (2) and (3) are same equations
x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0
Put x1  0 we get 2 x 2  3x 3
0 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  3
x 2 x3

3 2
2
Put x 2  0 we get x1  3x 3
 3
 Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  0 
x1 x 3
3 1
1 
[Since the matrix is non-symmetric the corresponding Eigenvectors X 1 and X 2 must be linearly
independent]
Case (2): If λ = 5, then the equation (A) becomes
7 2  3  x1  0
 2  4  6  x   0
   2  
 1  2  5  x3  0
 7 x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0 ...( 4)
2 x1  4 x 2  6 x 3  0 ...(5)
 x1  2 x 2  5 x 3  0 ...( 6)
Solving (4) and (5) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
 24  48 24
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3   2 
x1 x 2 x 3
i.e.,  
1 2 1
 1
 3 1 1 
 
13)b.Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix  1 5 1  and hence find its inverse.
 1 1 3 
 
(M/J 15) (5)
Solution:

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 3 1 1 
Let A =  1 5  1
 1  1 3 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 + 5 + 3 = 11
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
5 1 3 1 3 1
  
1 3 1 3 1 5
= (15 - 1) + (9 - 1) + (15 - 1)
= 14 + 8 + 14 = 36
3 1 1
S 3  A  1 5 1
1 1 3
= 3 (15 - 1) + 1 ( -3 + 1 ) +1 (1-5)
= 3(14) + 1(-2) +1(-4)= 42 -2 - 4 = 36
Therefore the characteristic equation is
λ3  11λ2  36 λ  36  0 ...( 1 )
To find A2 and A3
 3 1 1  3 1 1   11 9 7 
    
A   1 5 1  1 5 1    9 27 9 
2

 1 1 3  1 1 3   7 9 11 
    
 11 9 7  3 1 1   49 63 41 
    
A  A  A   9 27 9  1 5 1    63 153 63 
3 2

 7 9 11  1 1 3   41 63 49 
    
( 1 )  A  11A  36 A  36 I
3 2

 49 63 41   11 9 7   3 1 1  1 0 0
       
  63 153 63   11  9 27 9   36  1 5 1   36  0 1 0 
 41 63 49   7 9 11   1 1 3  0 0 1
      
 49 63 41   121 99 77   108 36 36   36 0 0 
       
  63 153 63    99 297 99    36 180 36    0 36 0 
 41  
63 49   77  
99 121   36 36 108   0   36 
 0
0 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 
0 0 0 
 
 A3  11A2  36 A 36 I  0 ...( 2 )

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To Find A1
( 2 )  A3  11 A2  36 A  36 I  0
1
(2)  (A-1) A1  ( A2  11 A  36 I )
36
  11 9 7   3 1 1  1 0 0
1      
   9 27 9   11  1 5 1   36  0 1 0  
36     1 1 3  0 0 1
  7 9 11     
  11 9 7   33 11 11  36 0 0  
1     
  9 27 9  11 55 11 0 36 0 
36    
 

 
  7 9 11   11 11 33  0 0 36  
 14 2 4 
1  
  2 8 2
36  
 4 2 14 
 10 2 5 
 
13)c.Reduce the matrix  2 2 3  to diagonal form. (Jan 10, A/M 11) (6)
 5 3 5 
 
Solution:
 10 2 5 
 
LetA =  2 2 3 
 5 3 5 
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 10 + 2 + 5 = 17
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
2 3 10  5 10  2
  
3 5 5 5 2 2
= (10 - 9) + (50 - 25) + (20 -4)
= 1 + 25 + 16 = 42
10  2  5
S3  A   2 2 3
5 3 5
= 10 (10 – 9) + 2 (-10 + 15 )-5 (- 6 + 10)
= 10(1) + 2(5) – 5(4)= 10 +10 – 20 = 0
Therefore the characteristic equation is
3  17 2  42  0
i.e.,  (  17  42)  0
2

(i.e.,) λ = 0, (λ-3) (λ-14) = 0

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(i.e.,) λ = 0, λ = 3, λ = 14
Therefore the Eigenvalues are 0, 3, 14.
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
 10  2  5   1 0 0   x1  0
       
   2 2 3     0 1 0    x 2   0 

  5 3 5   0 0 1   x 3  0
 

10   2 5   x1  0
i.e.,   2 2 3   x   0
 2   ...( A)
  5 3 5     x 3  0

Case (i):When λ = 0 , then the equation (A) becomes

 10  2  5  x1  0
i.e.,  2 2 3   x 2   0
  5 3 5   x3  0
10x1  2 x 2  5 x 3  0 ...(1)
 2 x1  2 x 2  3x3  0 ...( 2)
 5 x1  3x 2  5 x 3  0 ...(3)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
4  20 16
x1 x 2 x 3
i.e.,  
1 5 4
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1   5
 4 
Case(ii): When λ =3 , then the equation (A) becomes
 7  2  5  x1  0
i.e.,  2  1 3   x 2   0
  5 3 2   x3  0
7 x1  2 x 2  5 x 3  0 ...( 4)
 2 x1  x 2  3x 3  0 ...(5)
 5 x1  3x 2  2 x 3  0 ...( 6)
Solving (4) and (5) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
 11  11  11
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1

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1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  1
1
Case(iii): When λ = 14 , then the equation (A) becomes
 4  2  5  x1  0
i.e.,  2  12 3   x 2   0
  5 3  9  x 3  0
 4 x1  2 x 2  5 x3  0 ...( 7)
 2 x1  12x 2  3x3  0 ...(8)
 5 x1  3x 2  9 x 3  0 ...(9)
Solving (7) and (8) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
 66 22 44
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
3 1 2
 3
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3   1 
 2 
To Form Normalisedmatrix :
 1 1 3   1 5 4 
   
 42 3 14   42 42 42 
5
N 
1 
, NT  
1 1 1 1 
 42 3 14   3 3 3 
 4 1 2   3 1 2 
   
 42 3 14   14 14 14 
Calculate AN:
 1 1 3 
 
 10  2  5  42 3 14 
5
AN   2 2 3  
1 1 
 42 3 14 
  5 3 5   4 1 2 
 
 42 3 14 
 10  10  20 10  2  5  30  2  10    42 
  0 3 
 42 3 14   14 
 2  10  12  2  2  3 626  

14 
 0 3
 42 3 14   14 
  5  15  20  5  3  5 15  3  10   28 
  0 3 
 42 3 14   14 
Calculate D=NTAN

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 1 5 4    42 
  0 3 
 42 42 42   14 
N T AN  
1 1 1  0 14 
3
 3 3 3   14 
 3 1 2   28 
  0 3 
 14 14 14   14 
 3 5 3  4 3  42  70  112
0 
 42 42 14  0 0 0 
  42  14  28   
 0 111   0 3 0 
 3 14  0 0 14
0  3 3  3  2 3 126  14  56  
 
 14 14 
1 2 1
 
14)a. Find the eigen values and eigenvectors of  6 1 0  . (Jan 2013) (6)
 1 2 1
 
Solution:
1 2 1
 
Let A   6  1 0 
  1  2  1
 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements= 1 – 1 – 1 = – 1
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 0 1 1 1 2
  
 2 1 1 1 6 1
= (1 – 0) + (- 1 + 1) + (-1-12)
= 1+ 0 - 13 = - 12
1 2 1
S 3  A  6 1 0
1  2 1
= (1) (1 - 0) - 2 (-6-0 ) + 1 (-12 -1)
= 1 +12 -13=0

Therefore the characteristic equation is

i.e., 3   2  12  0
.,  (    12)  0
2

(i.e.,) λ = 0, (λ-3) (λ+4) = 0

(i.e.,) λ = 0, λ = 3, λ = -4
Therefore the Eigenvalues are 0,3, -4.

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To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0

 1 2 1   1 0 0   x1  0
       
 6  1 0     0 1 0   x 2   0
  1  2  1  0 0 1   x 3  0

1   2 1   x1  0
i.e.,  6 1  0   x   0
 2   ...( A)
  1 2  1     x3  0

Case (i):When λ = 0 , then the equation (A) becomes

1 2 1   x1  0
i.e.,  6  1 0   x 2   0
 1  2  1  x 3  0
1x1  2 x 2  x3  0 ...(1)
6 x1  x 2  0 x 3  0 ...( 2)
 x1  2 x 2  1x 3  0 ...(3)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 6  13
x1 x 2 x
i.e.,   3
1 6  13
 1 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1   6 
 13

Case (ii):When λ = 3 , then the equation (A) becomes

 2 2 1   x1  0
i.e.,  6  4 0   x 2   0

  1  2  4  x3  0
 2 x1  2 x 2  x3  0 ...( 4)
6 x1  4 x 2  0 x 3  0 ...( 5)
 x1  2 x 2  4 x 3  0 ...( 6)
Solving (4) and (5) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
4 6 4
2
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2   3 
x1 x 2 x3
i.e.,  
2 3 2
 2
Case (iii):When λ = -4, then the equation (A) becomes
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5 2 1  x1  0

i.e.,  6 3 0  x 2   0
 1  2 3  x3  0
5 x1  2 x 2  x 3  0 ...( 7)
6 x1  3x 2  0 x 3  0 ...(8)
 x1  2 x 2  3x 3  0 ...(9)
Solving (7) and (8) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
3 6 3
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 2 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3   2
 1 
1 4
14)b. Find An using cayley Hamilton theorem taking A    . Hence find A3 . (Jan12,
 2 3
M/J14)(4)
Solution:
1 4
Given : A   
2 3
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
 2  S1   S 2  0 ...(1)
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 3 = 4
1 4
S2  A   3  8  5
2 3
Therefore the characteristic equation is
 2  4  (5)  0
 2  4  5  0 ...( 2)
(i.e.,) λ = -1, λ = 5
By C-H theorem we get
A 2  4 A  5I  0 ...(3)
n
To findA :
Whenλnis divided by   4  5
2

Let the quotient be Q (λ) and remainder be a λ + b

  (2  4  5) Q( )  a  b
n
...( 4)
When λ = -1, (4)  (1)  a (1)  b
n

 (1) n  a  b ...(5)
When λ = 5, (4)  5n  5 a  b ...( 6)

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(5) – (6)  (1) n  5 n  6a

(1) n  5 n (1) n  5 n
a 
6 6
5×(5) + (6)  5(1)  5  6b
n n

5(1) n  5 n
b
6
(4)  A  ( A 2  4 A  5I ) Q( A)  aA  b
n

 0 Q ( A)  aA  b by(3)
i.e., A n  aA  b
 (1) n  5 n  5(1) n  5 n
   A 
 6  6
1

 ((1) n )  5 n ) A  5(1) n  5 n
6

1

 A 3  ((1) 3 )  5 3 ) A  5(1) 3  5 3
6

 (1  125) A  5  125
1
6
 126A  120  21A  20I
1
6
1 4 1 0
A3  21   20 
2 3 0 1
 21 84 20 0   41 84
   
42 63  0 20 42 83
 3 1 1 
 
14)c. Reduce the following matrix to diagonal form  1 5 1 . (Jan11, M/J 13) (6)
 1 1 3 
 
Solution:
 3 1 1 
Let A =  1 5  1
 1  1 3 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 + 5 + 3 = 11
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
5 1 3 1 3 1
  
1 3 1 3 1 5
= (15 - 1) + (9 - 1) + (15 - 1)
= 14 + 8 + 14 = 36

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3 1 1
S 3  A  1 5 1
1 1 3
= 3 (15 - 1) + 1 ( -3 + 1 ) +1 (1-5)
= 3(14) + 1(-2) +1(-4)= 42 -2 - 4 = 36
Therefore the characteristic equation is
3  11 2  36  36  0
By Synthetic division,

2 1 -11 36 -36

0 2 -18 36
1 -9 18 0

i.e., (  2) (  9  18)  0
2

(i.e.,) λ-2 = 0, (λ-3) (λ-6) = 0

(i.e.,) λ = 2, λ = 3, λ = 6
Therefore the Eigenvalues are 2, 3,6.
To find the Eigenvectors, solve  A   I  X  0
 3  1 1   1 0 0   x1  0
       
   1 5  1     0 1 0    x 2   0 
 1  1 3   0 0 1   x 3  0
  

3   1 1   x1  0

i.e.,   1 5    1   x 2   0 ...( A)
 1  1 3     x3  0
Case (i):When λ = 2, then the equation (A) becomes
 1  1 1   x1  0
i.e.,  1 3  1  x 2   0
 1  1 1   x3  0
x1  x 2  x 3  0 ...(1)
 x1  3x 2  x 3  0 ...( 2)
x1  x 2  x 3  0 ...( 3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
2 0 2
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1   0 
x1 x 2 x 3
i.e.,  
1 0 1
 1
Case (ii):When λ = 3, then the equation (A) becomes

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 0  1 1   x1  0
i.e.,  1 2  1  x 2   0
 1  1 0   x3  0
0 x1  x 2  x3  0 ...( 4)
 x1  2 x 2  x 3  0 ...(5)
x1  x 2  0 x 3  0 ...( 6)
Solving (5) and (6) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  1
1
Case (iii):When λ =6, then the equation (A) becomes
 3  1 1   x1  0
i.e.,   1  1  1  x   0
 2  
 1  1  3  x 3  0
 3x1  x 2  x 3  0 ...( 7)
 x1  x 2  x 3  0 ...(8)
x1  x 2  3x 3  0 ...(9)
Solving (8) and (9) we get
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
2 4 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 3   2
x1 x 2 x 3
i.e.,  
1 2 1
 1 
To Form Normalised matrix :
 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6
1  2
N  0
 3 6
 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6 

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 1 1 
 0 
 2 2
N 
T 1 1 1 
 3 3 3
 1 2 1 
 
 6 6 6 

Calculate AN:
 1 1 1 
 
 3 1 1   2 3 6
1  2
AN   1 5  1  0
 3 6
 1  1 3   1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6 
 3 1 3 1 1 3  2 1   6 
   2 3 
 2 3 6   6
1 1 1  5 1  1  10  1   12 
  0 3
 2 3 6   6
 1 3 1 1  3 1 2  3   6 
   2 3 
 2 3 6   6 
Calculate D=NTAN
 1 1   6 
 0   2 3 
 2 2  6
 12 
N T AN  
1 1 1  
0 3
 3 3 3  6
 1 2 1   6 
   2 3 
 6 6 6   6 
 1 0 1 606 
 11 
 3 12 
 2 0 0
 2 0 2 6  12  6   
 111   0 3 0
 3 18 
0 0 6
 2 0 2 3  2 3  3 6  24  6  
 
 6 6 6 
15)a. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x  7 y  3z 2  12 xy  8 yz  4 xz to the canonical form through
2 2

an orthogonal transformation. Hence find the following: (Jan13,Jan 14, N/D 11, N/D 15, A/M 17)
(i) Nature of the quadratic form
(ii) Rank, index and signature of the quadratic form, and
(iii) A set of non-zero values x, y, z which will make the quadratic form zero. (10)
Solution:

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 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of x y
2
coeff . of x z 
 
The matrix of the Q.F. is A   coeff . of y x coeff . of y z 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of x z coeff . of y z coeff . of z 
2

 2 2 
 8 6 2 
  6 7  4
 2  4 3 

To find the characteristic equation of A:

The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements
 8  7  3  18
S 2  Sumof the minors of the main diagonal elements
7 4 8 2 8 6
  
4 3 2 3 6 7
=(21- 16)+(24 - 4)+(56 - 36)
= 5 + 20 + 20 = 45
8 6 2
S3= A =  6 7  4
2 4 3
=8(21 - 16) + 6 (-18 + 8) + 2 (24 - 14)
= 8 (5) + 6 (-10) + 2 (10)
= 40 – 60 + 20 = 0
The characteristic equation is 3  182  45  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 4λ2 – λ + 4 = 0
λ ( λ2 – 18 λ + 45) = 0
Therefore λ = 0 is a root.
The other roots are given by λ2 –18λ +45 = 0
(λ – 3)(λ – 15) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are 0, 3, 15.

To find the eigenvector solve (A-λI)X=0

8    6 2   x1  0
i.e   6 7    4   x 2   0
 ………..(A)
 2  4 3     x3  0
Case (i): When λ = 0 equation (A) becomes
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 8 6 2   x1  0
 6 7 4  x   0
  2  
 2 4 3   x3  0

8 x1  6 x2  2 x3  0 ............. 1
6 x1  7 x2  4 x3  0 .............  2 
2 x1  4 x2  3x3  0 .............  3
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
 
24  14 12  32 56  36
x1 x2 x
  3
10 20 20
x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X1   2
 
 2
Case (ii):When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes
 5 6 2   x1  0
 6 4 4  x   0
  2  
 2 4 0   x3  0
5 x1  6 x2  2 x3  0 .............  4 
6 x1  4 x2  4 x3  0 .............  5
2 x1  4 x2  0 x3  0 .............  6 
Solving (5) and (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
 
0  16 8  0 24  8
x1 x x
 2  3
16 8 16
x1 x2 x3
 
2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 2   1 
 2 
Case (iii):When λ = 15 equation (A) becomes
 7 6 2   x1  0
 6 8 4   x   0
  2  
 2 4 12  x3  0
7 x1  6 x2  2 x3  0 .............  7 

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6 x1  8 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 8 
2 x1  4 x2  12 x3  0 .............  9 
Solving (8) and (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
 
96  16 8  72 24  16
x1 x x
 2  3
80 80 40
x1 x2 x3
 
2 2 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 3   2
 
 1 
 The set of Eigenvectors are,
1  2 2
X 1  2 , X 2  1 , X 3   2
   
     
 2  2  1 
X 1T X 2  2  2  4  0
X 1T X 3  2  4  2  0
X 2T X 3  4  2  2  0
Hence the eigenvectors are orthogonal to each other.

To form the Normalised matrix N.

1 2 2 
3 3 3 
2 1 1 2 2
2 1 
N     2 1  2
3 3 3 3
2 2 1  2  2 1 
 3 
3 3 
T
To find N
1 2 2
N  2 1  2
T 1
3
2  2 1 

Calculate AN
 8 6 2  1 2 2 
AN   6 7 4  2 1 2 
1
3
 2 4 3   2 2 1 

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 8  12  4 16  6  4 16  12  2 
  6  14  8 12  7  8 12  14  4
1
3
 2  8  6 446 4  8  3 
0 6 30  0 2 10 
 0 3 30  0 1 10 
1
3
0 6 15  0 2 5 
Calculate NT AN

1 2 2  0 2 10 
1
N AN   2
T
1 2 0 1 10 
3
 2 2 1  0 2 5 
0 2  2  4 10  20  10
1
 0 4  1  4 20  10  10 
3
0 4  2  2 20  20  5 
0 0 0  0 0 0 
 0 9 0   0 3 0 
1
3
0 0 45 0 0 15
0 0 0 
i.e. D  N AN  0 3 0 
T

0 0 15
Canonical form:
 y1  0 0 0   y1 
  
( y1 y 2 y3 ) D  y 2   ( y1 y 2 y3 ) 0 3 0   y 2 
 y3  0 0 15  y3 
 0 y1  3 y 2  15 y3  3 y 2  15 y3
2 2 2 2 2

Nature of the Q.F:

Since C.F. contains zero and +ve terms.

 Q.F. is said to be positive definite.

Rank:

rank = r = no. of non-zero rows = 2

Index:

No of positive square terms = s = 2.

Signature:
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Signature = 2s – r = 4-2 = 2

Rank of the Q.F = 2 [ Since the C.F. contains 2 terms only]

The canonical form of the quadratic form is zero:

When y2=0,y3=0 and y1 is arbitrary.
The orthogonal transformation X=NY
1 2 2 
 3   y1 
x   3 3 
 y   2 1  2  y 
  3 3 3  
2

 z   2 2 1   3 
 y
 3 
3 3 
1 2 2
x y1  y 2  y 3
3 3 3
2 1 2
y  y1  y 2  y 3
3 3 3
2 2 1
z  y1  y 2  y 3
3 3 3
Taking y1  3, y 2  0, y3  0 we get
x  1, y  2, z  2
These values x, y, z make the quadratic function zero.
Verification:
Quadratic function 8 x 2  7 y 2  3z 2  12 xy  8 yz  4 xz
 8(1) 2  7(2) 2  3(2) 2  12(1)(2)  8(2)(2)  4(1)(2)
 8  7(4)  3(4)  24  32  8
 8  28  12  24  32  8
 56  56  0
 2 1 2 
15)b.Using cayley-Hamilton theorem find A and A for the matrix A=  1 2  1 .(N/D 14,
4 -1

 1  1 2 
M/J 13, M/J 10) (4)

Solution:
 2 1 2 
 
Given A   1 2 1
 1 1 2 
 
The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 ------------------(1)
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6

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S 2  Sum of the minors of its leading diagonal elements

2 1 2 2 2 1
  
1 2 1 2 1 2
 (4  1)  (4  2)  (4  1)
 2  3 3  8
2 1 2
S3  | A |  1 2 1
1 1 2
 2(4  1)  1( 2  1)  2(1  2)
 6 1  2  3
 (1)   3  6 2  8  3  0 -------------------------(2)
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem
(2)  A3  6 A2  8 A  3I  0 ----------------------------(3)
A3  6 A2  8 A  3I ---------------------------------------(4)
(4)  A  A4  6 A3  8 A2  3 A
A4  6(6 A2  8 A  3I )  8 A2  3 A
 28 A2  45 A  18I ----------------------------------------(5)

To find A2 and A3
 2 1 2  2 1 2 
  
A  A  A   1 2 1 1 2 1
2

 1 1 2  1 1 2 
  
 7 6 9 
  5 6 6 
 5 5 7 
 2 1 2  7 6 9 
  
A  A  A   1 2 1 5 6 6 
3 2

 1 1 2  5 5 7 
  
 29 28 38 
  22 23 28
 22 22 29 
 7 6 9  2 1 2  1 0 0 
A  28  5 6
4
6  45  1 2 1  18 0 1 0
  
 5 5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1 
 196 168 252   90 45 90  18 0 0 
  140 168 168   45 90 45   0 18 0 
 140 140 196   45 45 90   0 0 18

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124 123 162 

  95 96 123
 95 95 124 
To Find A1
(2)  A3  6 A2  8 A  3I  0
1
(2)  (A-1)  A1  ( A2  6 A  8 I )
3
  7 6 9   2 1 2  1 0 0  
1  
   5 6 6   6  1 2 1  8 0 1 0  
  
3
  5 5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1  
  7 6 9   12 6 6  8 0 0  
1  
   5 6 6    6 12 6   0 8 0  
 
3
  5 5 7   6 6 12  0 0 8  
 3 0 3
  1 2 0 
1
3
 1 1 3 
 2 0 1
16)a. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix  0 2 0  (M/J 15, N/D 16). (6)
 
 1 0 2 
Solution:
 2 0 1 
 
Let A   0 2 0 
 1 0 2 
 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A – λI| = 0
i.e λ3 – S1λ2 + S2λ – S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 2 + 2+ 2 = 6
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
2 0 2 1 2 0
  
0 2 1 2 0 2
  4  0    4  1   4  0 
 4  3  4  11
S3 = |A|
2 0 1
 0 2 0
1 0 2

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 2  4  0   0  0  0   10  2 
 2( 4 )  0  1( 2 )  8  2  6
Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3 – 6λ2+ 11λ – 6 = 0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 6λ2+ 11λ – 6 = 0
If λ = 1 then λ3 – 6λ2+ 11λ – 6 = 1 – 6+ 11 – 6 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

1 1 -6 11 -6

0 1 -5 6
1 -5 6 0

other roots are given by λ2 –5λ + 6 = 0

(λ – 2)(λ – 3) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are 1,2, 3.

To find the eigenvectors:

To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 2 0 1   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i .e  0 2 0     0 1 0    x2   0 
   

 1 0 2    
 0 0 1    x3  0 
2   0 1   x1  0 
 0 2 0   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 1 0 2     x3  0 
Case (i): When λ = 1 equation (A) becomes
 1 0 1  x1  0 
 0 1 0   x   0 
  2  
 1 0 1   x3  0 
x1  0 x2  x3  0 ............. 1
0 x1  x2  0 x3  0 ............. 2 
 x1  0 x2  x3  0 ............. 3 
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1  x2 x
  3
0 1 0 0 10
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1

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1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 1  0
 
 1 
Case (ii):When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes
 0 0 1  x1  0 
 0 0 0   x   0 
  2  
 1 0 0   x3  0 
0 x1  0 x2  x3  0 ............. 4 
0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 5 
 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 6 

Solving (4) and (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x x
 2  3
0 0 0 1 0 0
x1 x2 x3
 
0 1 0
0 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvectors X 2  1
 
0 

Case (iii):When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes

 1 0 1  x1  0 
 0 1 0   x   0 
  2  
 1 0 1  x3  0 
 x1  0 x2  x3  0 .............7 
0 x1  x2  0 x3  0 ............. 8 
 x1  0 x2  x3  0 ............. 9 

Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1  x2 x
  3
0 1 0 0 10
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1

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x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvectors X 3  0
 
 1

16)b. Reduce the quadratic form 2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  2 x3 x1 in to canonical form. (Jan 2013) (10)

Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x1 2
coeff . of x1 x2
2
coeff . of x1x3 
 
 1
A  coeff . of x2 x1 coeff . of x2 2 1
coeff . of x2 x3 
2 2 
1 
 coeff . of x3 x1 1 coeff . of x3 x2 coeff . of x3 2 

 2 2 
0 1 1 
 1 0 1 
1 1 0 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λ I| = 0
i.e λ3- S1λ2+ S2λ - S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 0+ 0+ 0 = 0
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
0 1 0 1 0 1
  
1 0 1 0 1 0
  0  1   0  1   0  1
 3
S3 = |A|
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 0 0  1  1 0  1  1 1  0 
 0 11  2

Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3 – 0λ2 – 3λ – 2 = 0

i.e λ3 – 3λ – 2 = 0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 3λ – 2 = 0

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If λ = 1then λ3 – 3λ – 2 = 1 – 3 – 2 ≠ 0
If λ = -1then λ3 – 3λ – 2 = –1+ 3 – 2 = 0
Therefore λ = -1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

-1 1 0 -3 -2

0 -1 1 2
1 -1 -2 0

other roots are given by λ2 –λ – 2 = 0

(λ + 1)(λ – 2) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are -1, -1, 2
λ = -1, -1, so the algebraic multiplicity of λ = -1 is two.
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 0 1 1   1 0 0    x1  0 
   
i.e  1 0 1     0 1 0    x2   0 
 1 1 0   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
  0 0   x1  0
 0  0   x   0 ………..(A)
  2  
 0 0    x3  0

Case (i): When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes

 2 1 1   x1  0
 1 2 1   x   0
  2  
 1 1 2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 1
x1  2 x2  x3  0 .............  2 
x1  x2  2 x3  0 .............  3
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
1 2 1 2 4 1
x1 x2 x3
 
3 3 3
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 1  1
1
Case (ii):When λ = -1 equation (A) becomes

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1 1 1  x1  0
1 1 1  x   0
  2  
1 1 1  x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0 .............  4 
x1  x2  x3  0 .............  5
x1  x2  x3  0 .............  6 

Here (4), (5) and (6) represents the same equation,

x1  x 2  x3  0
Put x1 = 0 we get x 2 = - x 3
x2 x3

1 1
0
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 2   1 
 
 1
 l 
 
Let X3 =  m  as X3 is orthogonal to X1 andX2

n 
Since the given matrix is symmetric
l
1 1 1 m  0 or l  m  n  0
 n 

l
0 1 1 m   0 or 0l  m  n  0
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
 
1  1 0  1 1  0
l m n
 
2 1 1
l m n
 
2 1 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X3   1
 
 1

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Form normalized matrix N and find NT:

 1 2   1 1 1 
 0  
 3 6  3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 1 
N  ; NT   0
 3 2 6  2 2 
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
 3   6 
 2 6  6 6

Find AN:
 1 2 
 0 
3 6
0 1 1  
 1 1 
AN  1 0 1  
1
3 2 6 
1 1 0  
 1 1 1 
 3 6 
 2
 1 1 1 1 1 1   2 2 
0   0  0   0
 3 3 2 2 6 6   3 6

 1 1 1 2 1   2 1 1 
 0 00 0 
 3 3 2 6 6   3 2 6 
 1 1 1 2 1   2 1 1 
 3  3 0 0 0   0 
6 
 2 6 6   3 2

Calculate D = NTAN:

D  N T AN
 1 1 1  2 2 
 3  0 
 3 3   3 6 2 0 0
 
 1   1 1  
  0 1 0 
1 2
D 0
 2 2   3 2 6 
 0 0 1
 2 1 1   2 1 1  
 6
 6 6   3 2 6 

 y1 
Canonical form is  y1y2 y3  D   y 2 
 y3 
  2 0 0    y1 
 
  y1 y 2 y3    0 1 0    y 2   2y12  y 2 2  y 32
  0 0 1   y 
  3

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1 3 7
 
17)a. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, Find the inverse of A   4 2 3  .(M/J 15,N/D 16) (6)
1 2 1
 
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
i, e)  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements
S1  1  2  1  4
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements \
2 3 1 7 1 3
    (2  6)  (1  7)  (2  12)  20
2 1 1 1 4 2
1 3 7
S3  A  4 2 3
1 2 1
 1(2  6)  3(4  3)  7(8  2)  35
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  4 2  20  35  0
1 3 7  1 3 7 
A  4 2 3 4 2 3
2
  
1 2 1  1 2 1 
1  12  7 3  6  14 7  9  7 
  4  8  3 12  4  6 28  6  3
 
 1  8  1 3  4  2 7  6  1 
 20 23 23
 15 22 37 
 
10 9 14 

To prove: A3-4A2 – 20A -35I = 0

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 135 152 232   20 23 23  1 3 7 1 0 0

       
 140 163 208   4  15 22 37   20  4 2 3   35  0 1 0 
 60 76 111   10 9 14  1 2 1  0 0 1
   
 135 152 232   80 92 92   20 60 140   35 0 0 
       
 140 163 208    60 88 148    80 40 60    0 35 0 
 60 76 111   40 36 56   20 40 20   0 0 35 

0 0 0
 
 0 0 0
0 0 0
 
 A3  11A2  36 A 36 I  0 ...( 2 )

To find A-1, multiplying by A-1, A2-4A - 20I -35A-1 =0

1 2
 A-1 = [A -4A -20 I]
35
  20 23 23 1 3 7  1 0 0  
1  15 22 37   4  4 2 3   20 0 1 0  
A 1  
35      
 10 9 14  1 2 1  0 0 1  
  20 23 23  4 12 28  20 0 0  
1 1  15 22 37    16 8 12   0 20 0  
A   
35      
 10 9 14   4 8 4   0 0 20 
 4 11 5 
A 1   1 6 25 
1
35  
 6 1 10 

17)b. Reduce the quadratic form 6 x 2  3 y 2  3z 2  4 xy  2 yz  4 xz into a canonical

form by an orthogonal reduction. Hence find its rank and nature. (Jan 14,M/J 15, N/D 15, M/J 16,
N/D 16 ) (10)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff. of x 2
coeff. of xy
2
coeff. of xz 
 
 1
A  coeff. of yx coeff. of y 2 1
coeff. of yz 
2 2 
1 
 coeff. of zx 1 coeff. of zy coeff. of z 2 
 2 2 

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 6 2 2 
  2 3 1
 2 1 3 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix A is |A-λ I| = 0
i.e λ3- S1λ2+ S2λ - S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 6 + 3 + 3 = 12
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
3 1 6 2 6 2
  
1 3 2 3 2 3
  9  1  18  4   18  4 
 8  14  14  36
6 2 2
S3  | A |  2 3 1
2 1 3
 6  9  1  2  6  2   2  2  6 
 48  8  8  32
Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3- 12λ2 +36λ – 32= 0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3- 12λ2 +36λ - 32= 0
If λ = 1 then λ3 – 12λ2 +36λ – 32 = 1- 12 + 36 - 32 ≠ 0
If λ = -1 then λ3 – 12λ2 +36λ – 32 = -1- 12 – 36 -32 ≠ 0
If λ = 2 then λ3 – 12λ2 +36λ – 32 = 8- 42 + 72 -32 = 0
Therefore λ = 2 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

2 1 -12 36 -32

0 2 -20 32
1 -10 16 0

other roots are given by λ2 –10λ – 16 = 0

(λ – 8)(λ – 2) = 0
i.e λ = 8, λ = 2
Hence the eigenvalues are 2, 2, 8
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
6   2 2   x1  0
 2 3   1   x   0 ………..(A)
  2  
 2 1 3     x 3  0

Case (i): When λ = 8 equation (A) becomes

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 2 2 2   x1  0
 2 5 1  x   0
  2  
 2 1 5  x 3  0
2x1  2x 2  2x 3  0 ............. 1
2x1  5x 2  x 3  0 .............  2 
2x1  1x 2  5x 3  0 .............  3
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
 
2  10 4  2 10  4
x1 x 2 x 3
 
12 6 6
2
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X1   1
x1 x 2 x 3
 
2 1 1  
 1 
Case (ii):When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes
 4 2 2   x1  0
 2 1 1  x   0
  2  
 2 1 1   x 3  0
4x1  2x 2  2x 3  0 .............  4 
2x1  x 2  x 3  0 .............  5
2x1  x 2  x 3  0 .............  6 
Here (4), (5) and (6) represents the same equation,
2x1  x 2  x 3  0
Put x1 = 0 we get - x 2 = - x 3
x 2 x3

 1 1
0 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 2  1 
 
1 
 l 
 
Let X3 =  m  as X3 is orthogonal to X1 andX2

n 
Since the given matrix is symmetric
X1T X3  0  2l  m  n  0 .........  7 
X 2T X3  0  0l  m  n  0 ......... 8 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
 
1  1 0  2 2  0
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l m n
 
 2 2 2
1
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X3   1 
l m n
 
1 1 1  
 1
2 0 1
 The eigenvectors are X1   1 , X 2  1  , X3   1 
   

 1  1   1
T
Form normalized matrix N and find N :
 2 1   2 1 1 
 0  
 6 3  6 6 6 
 1 1 1   1 1 
N  ; NT   0
 6 2 3  2 2 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
 6   3 
 2 3  3 3
Find AN:
 2 1 
 0 
  6 2 2     6 3 
     
AN    2 3 1   
1 1 1

6 2 3  
  2 1 3    
 1 1 1  
 
 6 2 3  
12  2  2 0  2  2 6  2  2 
 
 6 2 3 
 4  3  1 0  3  1 2  3  1 

 6 2 3 
 4  1  3 0 1  3 2 1  3 
 3 
 6 2
 16 2 
 0 
 6 3
 8 2 2 

 6 2 3 
 8 2 2 
 6 3 
 2

Calculate D = NTAN:

D  N T AN

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 2 1 1   16 2 
   0 
 6 6 6 6 3 8 0 0
 
 1   8 2  
 0 2 0 
1 2
D 0   
 2 2 6 2 3
0 0 2 
 1 1 1   8 2 2  

 3 3 3   6 2 3 
 y1 
Canonical form is  y1y2 y3  D   y 2 
 y3 
 8 0 0    y1 
 
  y1 y 2 y3   0 2 0    y 2   8y12  2y 2 2  2y32
 0 0 2    y 
  3
Rank:
Index = number of positive terms in C.F = s = 3
Rank of given matrix =3 [since |A| ≠ 0]
Signature = 2s – r = 6 – 3 = 3
Rank of Q.F = 3 [since C.F contains 3 terms]

Nature of the Q.F:

Since C.F contains positive terms.
Q.F is said to be positive definite.
 7 2 2
18)a. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A if A   6 1 2  (N/D 09,N/D 16)
1
(6)
 
 6 2 1
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
i, e)  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements  7  1  1  5
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
1 2 7 2 7 2
    (1  4)  (7  12)  (7  12)  7
2 1 6 1 6 1
7 2 2
S 3  A  6 1 2
6 2 1

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 7(1  4)  2(6  12)  7(12  6)  3

The characteristic equation of A is
 3  5 2  7  3  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A3-5A2 –+7A -3I = 0
To find A-1, multiplying by A-1, A2-5A +7I -3A-1 = 0
1 2
 A-1 = [A -53A +7 I]
3
 7 2 2   7 2 2 
A   6 -1 2   6 -1
2
2
  
 6 2 2   6 2 2 
 49  12  12 14  2  4 14  4  2 
  42  6  12 -12+1+4 12  2  2 
 
 42  12  6 12  2  2 12  4  1 
 25 8 8 
  24 -7 8 
 
 24 8 7 
 25 8 8   7 2 2  1 0 0 
A 1   24 -7 8   5  6 1 2   7 0 1 0 
1
3     
 24 8 7   6 2 1 0 0 1 
 25 8 8   35 10 10  7 0 0 
1
 24 -7 8    30 5 10   7  0 7 0 
3     
 24 8 7   30 10 5   0 0 7 
  3 2 2 
A 1   6 5 2 
1
3 
 6 2 5 
18)b.Through an orthogonal transformation, reduce the quadratic for
x12  5x 22  x32  2 x1 x 2 2 x 2 x 3 6 x3 x 1 to a canonical form (N/D 14,M/J14,M/J 15, M/J 16) (10)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x1 2
coeff . of x1 x2
2
coeff . of x1 x3 
 
A   coeff . of x2 x1 coeff . of x2 x3 
1 1
coeff . of x2 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of x3 x1 coeff . of x3 x2 coeff . of x3 
2

 2 2 
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1 1 3
A  1 5 1
 
3 1 1 
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λ I| = 0
i.e λ3- S1 λ2+ S2 λ - S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 1+ 5+ 1 = 7
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
5 1 1 3 1 1
  
1 1 3 1 1 5
 5 11 9  5 1
0
S3 = |A|
1 1 3
1 5 1
3 1 1
 1 5  1  11  3  3 1  15 
 36
Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3- 7λ2+36 = 0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3-7 λ - 36= 0
If λ = 1 then 1-7+36  0
If λ = -1 then -1-7+36  0
If λ = -2 then -8-28+36 = 0
(λ + 2) is a factor
By synthetic division ,

-2 1 -7 0 -36

0 -2 -18 36
1 -9 -18 0

other roots are given by λ2- 9λ +18 = 0

(λ - 3)(λ -6) = 0
λ=3,6
Hence the eigenvalues are -2,3,6
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A-λI)X=0
1   1 3   x1  0 
 1 5 1   x2   0  .......( A)
    
 3 1 1     x3  0 
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Case (i): When λ = -2equation (A) becomes

3 1 3  x1  0 
1 7 1  x   0 
  2  
3 1 3  x3  0 
3 x1  x2  3 x3  0 .............1
x1  7 x2  x3  0 ............. 2 
3 x1  x2  3 x3  0 ............. 3
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
20 3  3 20
x1 x2 x3
 
1 0 1
1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 1   0 
 
 1
Case (ii):When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes
 2 1 3   x1  0 
 1 2 1   x   0 
  2  
 3 1 2   x3  0 
 2 x1  x2  3 x3  0 ............. 4 
x1  2 x2  x3  0 ............. 5 
3 x1  x2  2 x3  0 ............. 6 
Here (4), (5) and represents the same equation,
x1 x2 x3
 
5 5 5
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 2   1
 
 1 
Case (iii):When λ = 6 equation (A) becomes
 5 1 3   x1  0 
 1 1 1   x   0 
  2  
 3 1 5  x3  0 

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 5 x1  x2  3x3  0 ............. 7 
x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 8 
3x1  x2  5 x3  0 ............. 9 

Solving (7) and (8)

x1 x2 x3
 
4 8 4
x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 1
1 
Hence the corresponding eigenvector X 3   2 
 
1 
1 1 1
 The eigenvectors are X1   0  , X2   1 , X3
   2 
 1  1   1 
T
Form normalized matrix N and find N :
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6   2 2
 1 2   1 1 1 
N 0  ; N  T

 3 6  3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 2   6 
 3 6  6 6
Find AN:
 1 1 1 
 
2 3 6
1 1 3 
 1 2 
AN   1 5 1  0
3 6 
3 1 1 
 1 1 1 
 2 6 
 3
1  0  3 1  1  3 1  2  3 
 
 2 3 6   2 3 6 
 1  0  1 1  5  1 1  10  1   
  0  3 2 6
 2 3 6   
 3  0  1 3  1  1 3  2  1  
2 3 6 
 6 
 2 3

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Calculate D = NTAN:
 1 1 
 0 
 2 2   2 3 6   2 0 0 
 1 1 1  
D  0  3 2 6    0 3 0 
 3 3 3   
1   2 3 6   0 0 6 
 1 2
 6 6 
 6
 y1 
Canonical form is  y1y2 y3  D   y 2 
 y3 
  2 0 0    y1 
 
  y1 y2 y3    0 3 0    y2   2 y12  3 y2 2  6 y3 2
  0 0 6y 
  3
1 0 3 
19)a. Using cayley Hamilton theorem find A 1 when A  2 1  1 (M/J 14, Jan14,N/D 15,
1  1 1 
A/M17) (6)
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
i, e)  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements
S1  1  1  1  3
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
1 1 1 3 1 0
    (1  1)  (1  3)  (1  0)  1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1 0 3
S 3  A  2 1 1
1 1 1
 1(1  1)  0(2  1)  3(2  1)  9
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  3 2    9  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A3-3A2 – A + 9I = 0
To find A-1, multiplying by A-1, A2-3A - I + 9A-1 = 0
1
 A-1 = [-A2 + 3A + I]
9

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1 0 3  1 0 3 
A 2   2 1 1  2 1 1
  
1 1 1   1 1 1 

1 0  3 0  0  3 3  0  3
 2  2 1 0 11 6 1 1
1  2 1 0 1 1 3 1 1
 4 3 6 
 3 2 4
 
 0 2 5 
  4 3  6  3 0 9  1 0 0
A 1    3  2  4  6 3  3  0 1 0
1
9
 0 2  5 3  3 3  0 0 1
0 3 3
 3 2  7
1
9
3  1  1
19)b. Reduce the given quadratic form Q to its canonical form using orthogonal transformation
Q  x 2  3 y 2  3 z 2  2 yz . (Jan 09) (10)
Solution:
The matrix of the Q.F. is
 2 1 1 
 coeff . of x 2
coeff . of x y
2
coeff . of x z 
 
A   coeff . of y x coeff . of y z 
1 1
coeff . of y 2
2 2 
1 1 
 coeff . of x z coeff . of y z coeff . of z 2 
 2 2 
1 0 0 
  0 3 1
 
 0 1 3 

To find the characteristic equation of A:

The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i, e.,  3  S1 2  S 2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements
S1  1  3  3  7
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements
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3 1 1 0 1 0
    (9  1)  3  3  14
1 3 0 3 0 3
1 0 0
S3  A  0 3 1
0 1 3
 1(9  1)  0  0  8
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  7 2  14  8  0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 7λ2 +14λ – 8 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 7λ2 +14λ – 8 = 1 – 7 + 14– 8 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

1 1 -7 14 -8

0 1 -6 8
1 -6 8 0

Other roots are given by λ2 –6λ + 8 = 0

(λ – 4)(λ – 2) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are 1, 2, 4
To find the eigenvectors:
To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0
 1 0 0   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i.e  0 3 1    0 1 0    x2   0 

   
 0 1 3   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
1   0 0   x1  0 
 0 3 1   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 0 1 3     x3  0 

Case (i): When λ = 1 equation (A) becomes

0 0 0   x1  0 
0 2 1  x   0 
  2  
0 1 2   x3  0 
0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 .............1

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0 x1  2 x2  x3  0 ............. 2 
0 x1  x2  2 x3  0 ............. 3

Solving (2) and (3) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x x
 2  3
4 1 0  0 0  0
x1 x2 x3
 
3 0 0
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
1 0 0
1 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 1  0
 
 0 
Case (ii): When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes

 1 0 0   x1  0 
 0 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 0 1 1   x3  0 
 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 4 
0 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 5 
0 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 6 
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
0  0 0  1 1  0
x1 x2 x3
 
0 1 1
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
0 1 1
0 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X 2  1 
 
1 

Case (iii): When λ = 4 equation (A) becomes

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 3 0 0   x1  0 
 0 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 0 1 1  x3  0 

3 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 ............. 7 
0 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 8 
0 x1  x2  x3  0 ............. 9 

Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x x
 2  3
00 03 30
x1 x2 x3
 
0 3 3
x x x
i.e., 1  2  3
0 1 1
0
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X   1
3  
 1 

Form normalized matrix N and find NT:

   
1 0 0  1 0 0 
   
 1 1   1 1 
N  0  ; N  0
T

2 2 2 2
   
 1 1   1 1 
0 2 2 

0
2 2 
Find AN:
 
1 0 0 
1 0 0   
  
AN  0 3 1 0
1 1
2 2
0 1 3   
 1 1 
0 2 2 

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 
1  0  0 000 000 
 
 3 1 3 1 
 0  0  0 0  0 
2 2 2 2
 
 1 3 1 3 
0  0  0 0
2

2
0
2

2 
1 0 0 
 
 0 2 2 2 
0 2 2 
 2

Calculate D = NTAN:
D  N T AN
 
1 0 0  1 0
  0 
 1 1   
D  0  0 2 2 2 
2 2

1

1  0 2 2 2 

0 2 2 
1  0  0 0  0  0 0  0  0 
 0  0  0 11 0  2  2 
0  0  0 0  1  1 0  2  2 
1 0 0 
 0 2 0 
0 0 4 
 y1 
Canonical form is  y1y2 y3  D   y 2 
 y3 
 1 0 0    y1 
 
  y1 y 2 y3   0 2 0    y 2   y12  2y 2 2  4y 32
 0 0 4   y 
  3

20)a. Prove that the eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real. (M/J 14) (5)
Solution:
Let λ be an eigen value (may be complex) of the real symmetric matrix A.
Let the corresponding eigen vector be X. Let A denote the transpose of A.
We have AX = λX
Pre-multiplying this equation by 1 n matrix X  , where the bar denotes that all elements of X  ,
are the complex conjugate of those X ,we get
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X AX   X X ...(1)
Taking the conjugate complex of this we get X A X   X X or
X A X   X X since, A  A for A is real.
Taking the transpose on both sides, we get

 
  

X A X   X X (i.e.,) X A X   X X
(i.e.,) X A X   X X since A  A for A is symmetric.
But from (1), X A X   X X Hence  X X   X X
Since X X is an 11 matrix whose only element is a positive value,    (i.e.,) λ is real.
 3 4 4 
 
20)b. Find the Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix  1 2 4  (A/M 10) (6)
 1 1 3 
 
Solution:
 3 4 4 
 
Let A   1 2 4 
 1 1 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A – λI| = 0
i.e λ3 – S1λ2 + S2λ – S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
=3–2+3=4
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
2 4 3 4 3 4
  
1 3 1 3 1 2
  6  4    9  4    6  4   1

S3 = |A|
3 4 4
 1 2 4
1 1 3
 3  6  4   4  3  4   4  1  2 
 6  4   6
Therefore the characteristic equation is λ3 – 4λ2 +λ + 6 = 0
To solve the characteristic equation
λ3 – 4λ2 +λ + 6 = 0
If λ = 1then λ3 – 4λ2 + λ + 6 = 1 – 4 + 1 + 6 ≠ 0
If λ = –1then λ3 – 4λ2 +λ + 6 = – 1 – 4 – 1 + 6 = 0
Therefore λ = -1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

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-1 1 -4 1 6

0 -1 5 -6
1 -5 6 0

other roots are given by λ2 –5λ + 6 = 0

(λ – 3)(λ – 2) = 0
Hence the eigenvalues are -1, 2, 3

To find the eigenvectors:

To find the eigenvector solve (A – λI)X=0

 3 4 4   1 0 0    x1  0 
 
i.e  1 2 4     0 1 0    x2   0 
   
 1 1 3   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
3   4 4   x1  0 
 1 2   4   x2   0  ………..(A)
    
 1 1 3     x3  0 

Case (i): When λ = -1 equation (A) becomes

 4 4 4   x1  0 
1 1 4   x   0 
  2  
1 1 4   x3  0 
4 x1  4 x2  4 x3  0 .............1
x1  x2  4 x3  0 ............. 2 
x1  x2  4 x3  0 ............. 3

Here (2) & (3) are same.

Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x3
 2 
16  4 4  16 4  4
x1 x x
 2  3
12 12 0
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 0

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1 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X 1  1 
 0 
Case (ii):When λ = 2 equation (A) becomes
1 4 4   x1  0 
1 4 4   x   0 
  2  
1 1 1   x3  0 
x1  4 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 4 
x1  4 x2  4 x3  0 ............. 5 
x1  x2  x3  0 ............ 6 
Here (4) & (5) are same.
Solving (5) and (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x3
 2 
4  4 4  1 1  4
x1 x2 x3
 
0 3 3
0
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvectors X 2   3 
 3 
Case (iii):When λ = 3 equation (A) becomes
0 4 4   x1  0 
1 5 4   x   0 
  2  
1 1 0   x3  0 
4 x2  4 x3  0 .............  7 
x1  5 x2  4 x3  0 .............  8 
x1  x2  0 .............. 9 
Here (7) & (9) are same.
Solving (8) and (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x x
 2  3
0  4 4  0 1  5
x1 x2 x3
 
4 4 4
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 1

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1

Hence the corresponding Eigenvectors X 3  1
1
 6 2 2 
20)c. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem and hence find A , if A   2 1 1 (A/M 11) (5)
1
 
 2 1 2 
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
i, e)  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of the main diagonl elements
S1  6  2  1  9
S2  sum of the minors of themain diagonl elements \
1 1 6 2 6 2
    (2  1)  (12  4)  (6  4)  11
1 2 2 2 2 1
6 2 2
S3  A  2 1 1
2 1 2
 6(2  1)  2( 4  2)  2(2  2)  2
The characteristic equation of A is
 3  9 2  11  2  0
To show that, A3-9A2 +11A-2I =0
 6 2 2   6 2 2
A. A   2 1 1  2 1 1
  
 2 1 2   2 1 2 
 36  4  4 12  2  2 12  4  2 
A   12  2  2
2
4 11 4  1  2 
 
 12  2  4 4  1  2 4  1  4 
 44 16 18 
A 2   16 6 7 
 
 18 7 9 

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 44 16 18   6 2 2 
A 2 A   16 6 7   2 1 1
  
 18 7 9   2 1 2 
 264  32  36 88  16  18 88  16  36 
A 3   96  12  14 32  6  7 32  6  14 
 
 108  14  18 36  7  9 36  7  18 
 332 122 140 
A3   122 45 52 
 
 140 52 61 
A3-9A2 +11A-2I
 332 122 140   44 16 18 

= 122 45 52  -9  16 6 7 
   
 140 52 61   18 7 9 
 6 2 2   2 0 0
  
+11 2 1 1 + 0 2 0
   
 2 1 2   0 0 2 
 332 122 140   396 144 162 

= 122 45 52  +  144 54 63 
   
 140 52 61   162 63 81 
 66 22 22   2 0 0  0 0 0

+ 22 11 11 +  0 2 0  = 0 0 0
     
 22 11 22   0 0 2  0 0 0 
1 2
To find A-1, multiplying by A-1 A3-9A2 +11A-2I = 0A-1 =
[A -9A +11I]
2
 44 16 18   6 2 2  1 0 0 
1
1
A  16 6 7  9 2 1 1  11 0 1 0 
  
2     
 18 7 9   2 1 2  0 0 1 
 44 16 18   54 18 18 11 0 0  1 2 0 
A 1   16 6 7    18 9 9    0 11 0  ie., A 1  2 8 2
1 1
2      2  
 18 7 9   18 9 18  0 0 11  0 2 2 

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 4 2  2
 
21)a. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix   5 3 2  (8)
 2 4 1 

Solution:
 4 2  2
 
A  5 3 2 
 2 4 1 
 

To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is A  I  0
i.e., 3  S12  S 2   S3  0
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements  4  3  1  8
S2  Sumof the min ors of the main diagonal elements
3 2 4 2 4 2
   =(3-8)+(4-4)+(12+10)
4 1 2 1 5 3
=-5+0+22 = 17
4 2 2
S3= A =  5 3 2
2 4 1
= 4(3-8)-2(-5+4)-2(-20+6)
= 4(-5)-2(-1)-2(-14)
= -20+2+28 = 10
The characteristic equation is   8  17  10  0
3 2

To solve the characteristic equation

λ3 –8 λ2 + 17λ - 10 = 0
If λ = 1, then λ3 – 8λ2 +17λ - 10= 1– 8 +17–10 = 0
Therefore λ = 1 is a root.
By synthetic division ,

1 1 -8 17 -10

0 1 -7 10
1 -7 10 0

other roots are given by λ2 –7λ +10 = 0

(λ – 5)(λ – 2) = 0
Hence the Eigen values are 1, 2, 5.
Step 4.To find the Eigen vectors
To find Eigen vectors,solve (A-  I)=0

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4   2  2  x1  0
 5
 3 2   x2   0 ...( A)
 2 4 1     x3  0
Case(i) if  =1,then the equation (A) becomes
 3 2  2  x1  0
  5 2 2   x   0
  2   
 2 4 0   x3  0
3x1  2 x 2  2 x3  0.......(1)
 5 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  0....( 2)
 2 x1  4 x 2  0 x3  0.......( 3)
Solving (2) and (3) by rule of cross multiplication,we get
x1  x2 x3
 
0  8 0  4  20  4
x1 x x
 2  3
 8  4  16
x1 x2 x3
 
2 1 4
 2
 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 1  1
4

Case(ii) if  =2,then the equation (A) becomes

 2 2  2  x1  0
  5 1 2   x   0
  2   
 2 4  1  x3  0
2 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  0.......( 4)
 5 x1  x 2  2 x3  0....( 5)
 2 x1  4 x2  x3  0.......( 6)
Solving (5) and (6) by rule of cross multiplication,we get
x1  x2 x3
 
 1  8 5  4  20  2
x1 x x
 2  3
 9  9  18
x1 x2 x3
 
1 1 2
1 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 2  1
2
Case(iii) if  =5,then the equation (A) becomes
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  1 2  2  x1  0
  5  2 2   x   0 
  2   
 2 4  4  x3  0
 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  0.......( 7)
 5 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0....(8)
 2 x1  4 x 2  4 x3  0.......( 9)
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication,we get
x1  x2 x3
 
4  4  2  10 2  10
x1 x2 x3
 
0 12 12
x1 x2 x3
 
0 1 1
0
 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X 3  1
1

 1 1 1 
 
21)b. Show that the matrix  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation. Find also its
 2 0 3
 
inverse. (Jan 11, Jan 13, N/D 11) (8)
Solution:
 1 1 1 
 
Let A   0 1 0 
 2 0 3
 
To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A – λI| = 0
i.e λ3 – S1λ2 + S2λ – S3 = 0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
=1+1+3=5
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 0 1 1 1 1
  
0 3 2 3 0 1
  3  0    3  2   1  0 
5
S3 = |A|

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1 1 1
0 1 0
2 0 3
 1 3  0   1 0  0   1 0  2 
3 2
1
Therefore the characteristic equation of A is λ3 – 5λ2 +5λ – 1 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we get
[Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation]
A3 – 5A2 +5A – I = 0 --------(1)
 1 1 1  1 1 1 
  
A  A  A   0 1 0  0 1 0 
2

 2 0 3  2 0 3 
  
 1  0  2 1  1  0 1  0  3   3 2 4 
   
  0  0  0 0 1 0 0  0  0    0 1 0 
 2  0  6 2  0  0 2  0  9   8 2 11
   
 1 1 1  3 2 4 
  
A  A  A   0 1 0  0 1 0 
3 2

 2 0 3  8 2 11
  
 3  0  8 2  1  2 4  0  11   11 5 15 
   
  000 0 1 0 0  0  0    0 1 0
 6  0  24 4  0  6 8  0  33   30 10 41
   
 (1)  A  5 A  5 A  I
3 2

 11 5 15   3 2 4   1 1 1   1 0 0
       
 0 1 0   5 0 1 0   5 0 1 0    0 1 0
 30 10 41  8 2 11  2 0 3   0 0 1 
  
 11 5 15   15 10 20   5 5 5   1 0 0
       
 0 1 0  0 5 0    0 5 0    0 1 0
 30 10 41  40 10 55  10 0 15   0 0 1 
  
0 0 0
 
 0 0 0  0
0 0 0
 
Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem verified.
(1)  A3  5 A2  5 A  I  0
 A1  A2  5 A  5 I  A1  0
A1  A2  5 A  5 I

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3 2 4   1 1 1   1 0 0
     
 0 1 0   5 0 1 0  5 0 1 0
8 2 11  2 0 3   0 0 1 

3 2 4   5 5 5   5 0 0
     
 0 1 0  0 5 0    0 5 0
8 2 11  10 0 15   0 0 5 

 3 3 1
1  
A  0 1 0 
 2 2 1 
 
 7 3 1 0
22)a. If A    find A in the form aA  bI where a and b are scalars and I  
n
. (8)
 2 6 0 1
Solution:
7 3
The characteristic equation is 0
2 6
(7   ) (6   )  6  0
 2  13  36  0.
  4,9.
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
A2  13 A  36 I  0 ...(1)
When  is divided by   13  36, let  ( ) be the quotient and a  b be the remainder.
n 2

 n  ( 2  13  36)  ( )  a   b ...(2)

Put   4 4 n  4a  b ...(3)
Put   9 9 n  9a  b ...(4)
9 4 n n
9.4  4.9 n n
a and b 
5 5

Replacing by A in (1)
An  (A 2  13 A  36 I )  (A)  aA  bI
 An  aA  bI using (1)
9n  4n 9.4n  4.9n
 An  A I
5 5
 1 2  2
 
22)b. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A   2 5  4  and also
 3 7  5
 
verify the theorem (M/J 16) (8)

 1 2 2 
 
Solution: Let A =  2 5 4 
 3 7 5 
 

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The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0

i.e.,  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
Where
S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 5 - 5 = 1
S 2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
5 4 1 2 1 2
  
7 5 3 5 2 5
= (-25 +28) + (-5+6) + (5 - 4)
= 3+ 1 + 1= 5
1 2 2
S3  A  2 5 4
3 7 5
= 1(-25 +28) -2 ( -10 + 12 ) -2 (14 -15)
= 1(3) -2(2) -2(-1)= 3-4+2= 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is
λ3  λ2  5λ  1  0 ...(1)
To find A2 and A3
 1 2 2  1 2 2   1 2 0 
    
A   2 5 4  2 5
2
4    0 1 4 
 3 7 5  3 7 5   2 6 9 
 
 1 2 0  1 2 2   5 12 10 
    
A  A  A   0 1 4  2
3 2
5 4    10 23 16 
 2 6 9  3 7 5   13 29 17 
 
(1)  A  A  5A  I
3 2

 5 12 10   1 2 0   1 2 2   1 0 0 
       
  1023 16    0 1 4   5  2 5 4    0 1 0 
 1329 17   2 6 9   3 7 5   0 0 1 

 5 12 10   1 2 0   5 10 10   1 0 0 
       
  1023 16    0 1 4   10 25 20    0 1 0 
 1329 17   2 6 9   15 35 25   0 0 1

0 0 0
 
 0 0 0
0 0 0
 
 A3  A 2  5A  I  0 ...(2)

To Find A1
(2)  A3  A2  5 A  I  0
(2)  (A-1) A1  A2  A  5I
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 1 2 0   1 2 2   1 0 0
1     
A  0 1 4    2 5 4   5  0 1 0
2 6 9   3 7 5   0 0 1 

 1 2 0   1 2 2   5 0 0
     
 0 1 4    2 5 4    0 5 0 
2 6 9   3 7 5   0 0 5 

 3 8 10 
 
  0 25 24 
17 41 35 
 

Part – C
1. Write down the characterstic equation for 2  2 matrix.
Ans:  2  S1  S2  0
2. Write down the characterstic equation for 3  3 matrix.
Ans:  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0
3. How to find S1 in the characteristic equation in 3  3 matrix?
Ans: S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements.
4. How to find S 2 in the characteristic equation in 3  3 matrix?
Ans: S 2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
5. How to find S 3 in the characteristic equation in 3  3 matrix?
Ans: S 3 = Deteminant of A.
6. Write down the condition for quadratic form to be positive definite.
Ans: if r = n and s = n or if all the eigen values of A are positive numbers.
7. Write down the condition for quadratic form to be negative definite.
Ans: if r = n and s = 0 or if all the eigen values of A are negative numbers.
8. Write down the condition for quadratic form to be positive semi-definite.
Ans: if r < n and s = r or if all the eigen values of A  0 and atleast one eigen value is
zero.
9. Write down the condition for quadratic form to be negative semi-definite.
Ans: if r < n and s = 0 or if all the eigen values of A  0 and atleast one eigen value is
Zero
10. Write down the condition for quadratic form to be indefinite.
Ans: if A has both positive and negative eigen values.
11. Write down the formula to find the inverse of the matrix A.
1
Ans: A1  ( Adj A) where | A| 0
| A|

12. Write down the formula for matrix of the quadratic form.

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 2 1 1 
 coefficient of x 2
coeffecient of xy
2
coeffecient of xz 
 
Ans:  1 coeffecient of yx coefficient of y 2
1
coeffecient of yz 
2 2 
1 1 
 coeffecient of zx coeffecient of zy coefficient of z 2 
 2 2 

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