Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
1st Semester, Module 11
JAMILLE ANN S. POLIDO
Instructor
MODULE 11 , Lesson 1: Communication for Academic Purposes: Avoiding Plagiarism
Time Frame/ Number of Hours – 3 hours
I. OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this module you are expected to:
Illustrate the differences and similarities of quotes, phrases and summaries
Write an acceptable summary and a paraphrase
II. MOTIVATION
Answer the following questions.
1. What would you feel if someone claims your ideas or work as his/her own?
2. What would you do to avoid such pilfering of idea?
3. Is borrowing acceptable in the intellectual field? Why or Why Not?
III. INTRODUCTION
With the multifarious information from the internet, books, and other reading
resources that will help you finish your academic papers, it is paramount that we recall
how you can avoid using somebody’s words or ideas as your own.
Let us first review how to quote, paraphrase, summarize, and to correctly cite
authorities.
Quotes, paraphrases, and summaries are introduced by signal phrases. The tense of
the verbs in the signal phrases depend on the conventions of the style (e.g. APA, MLA) you
are ascribing to.
IV. CONTENT
Quoting is copying the words of the author and intertwining these words to your
own. Quoted statements, which are incorporated at the beginning, middle, or end part of
your paragraph are enclosed in quotation marks and are identified with the author’s family
name, year of publication, and page number of the journal or book where the quoted
statements was lifted from.
Following the American Psychological Association (APA), 6 th edition format, quoted
statements fewer than 40words are incorporated in the texts and are enclosed in quotation
marks while statements composed of more than 40 words are set off as block quotations
and are not enclosed in quotation marks.
Less than 40 words
Plagiarism is defined as “the practice of claiming credits for the words, ideas, and
concepts of others”(American Psychological Association [APA], 2010. P170).
More than 40 words/block quotation
Siagto-Wakat (2017) as curtained:
Most of the data gathered in studies on language anxiety used verbal
communication under quantitative approach employing close-ended questionnaires
(Duxbury & Tsai, 2010; Hismanoglu, 2012; Hussain et al., 2011; Khodadady & Khajavy,
2013; Matsuda, 2004; Marwan, 2007,; Orbeta& San Jose, 2013; Ozururk & Hursen, 2013;
Rajab et all., 2012; Smith & Schroth, 2014; Thevasigamoneyy & Yunus, 2014; Tum, 2012;
Williams & Andrade, 2008; Wong 2012; Yahya, 2013; Yanf, 2012). Other studies utilized
qualitative using open-ended questionnaire and interview (Khattak et al., 2011; Kocak,
2010), diary and, semi-structured interview (Merc, 2011), semi-structured interview
(Riosati, 2011), or semi structured interview and focus-group discussion (Hashemi, 2011).
Some studies delved into mixed methods using closed-ended and open-ended survey
questionnaire (Berkleyen, 2009; Grant et all., 2014; Kondo & Ying-Ling, 2004; Ozturk &
Gurbuz, 2013), closed-ended questionnaires and interview (Ohata, 2005; Rezaei & Jafari,
2014; Savasci, 2014; Suleimenova, 2013; Yalcin & Sroinan, 2012; Pappamihiel, 2002). (p.
228)
For block quotes with more than two paragraphs, the first paragraph is not indented
while the succeeding paragraphs are indented. Also, if the block quote does not introduce
the author and year of publication, the name of the author, year of publication, and page
number are placed at the last part of the quoted statement.
As ascertained:
Most of the data gathered in studies on language anxiety used verbal communication under
quantitative approach employing close-ended questionnaires (Duxbury & Tsai, 2010;
Hismanoglu, 2012; Hussain et al., 2011; Khodadady & Khajavy, 2013; Matsuda, 2004;
Marwan, 2007,; Orbeta& San Jose, 2013; Ozururk & Hursen, 2013; Rajab et all., 2012; Smith
& Schroth, 2014; Thevasigamoneyy & Yunus, 2014; Tum, 2012; Williams & Andrade, 2008;
Wong 2012; Yahya, 2013; Yanf, 2012). Other studies utilized qualitative using open-ended
questionnaire and interview (Khattak et al., 2011; Kocak, 2010), diary and, semi-structured
interview (Merc, 2011), semi-structured interview (Riosati, 2011), or semi structured
interview and focus-group discussion (Hashemi, 2011). Some studies delved into mixed
methods using closed-ended and open-ended survey questionnaire (Berkleyen, 2009;
Grant et all., 2014; Kondo & Ying-Ling, 2004; Ozturk & Gurbuz, 2013), closed-ended
questionnaires and interview (Ohata, 2005; Rezaei & Jafari, 2014; Savasci, 2014;
Suleimenova, 2013; Yalcin & Sroinan, 2012; Pappamihiel, 2002). (Siagto-Wakat, 2017, p.
228)
Paraphrasing entails using your own words and own style of writing to state
another author’s idea. You may use a grammatical structure different from that of the
original text. Paraphrasing requires understanding the original text, setting it aside for you
to write your own text, then going back to the original text to check if what you have
written brought out the meaning intended by the author.
Original Text:
The activities scheduled on March 19, 2018 for the Strawberry festival celebration
were called off because of the stormy weather.
Acceptable Paraphrase:
Due to the inclement weather, the March 19, 2018 activities of the Strawberry
Festival were cancelled.
Summarizing, on the other hand, warrants the articulation of the important ideas
of the original text in a compendious form. Hence, a research article can simply be
summarized in less than ten sentences.
The following research abstract adopted from Siagto- Wakat (2017) gives a
summary of a 15-page research article.
This qualitative study explored the use of doodling to surface experiences in the
psychological phenomenon of language anxiety in an English Classroom. It treated
the doodles of 192 freshmen from a premier university in Northern Luzon,
Philippines. Further, it made use of phenomenological reduction in analyzing the
data gathered. Findings reveal that doodling can be an effective tool in surfacing
experiences of a psychological phenomena, such as language anxiety, although this
may not be generalizable. The gathered doodles show that English language learners
go through shimming and shaming experiences, specifically, buffing, baffling,
shutting, sweating and shivering, and shattering. The findings of the study can
benefit teachers for they can use doodling, a non-verbal tool, in generating the
classroom experiences of their students. More so, the anxiety experiences unveiled
in this study will help language teachers realize the impact of language anxiety on
English language learners.
Using APA, 6th edition format, paraphrases and summaries are presented through in
text citation.
Examples:
Siagto-Wakat (2017) surfaced that students undergo shimming and shaming
experiences.
OR
In 2017, Siagto-Wakat surfaced that students undergo shimming and shaming
experiences.
OR
Students undergo shimming and shaming experiences (Siagto_wakat, 2017).
For citations with two or more authors, the word and is spelled out if the names of
the authors are nor enclosed in parenthesis while ampersand is used if the names of the
authors are enclosed in parenthesis.
Examples:
Heckler, Forde, and Bryan (2013) found that plagiarism depends on the kind of
assignment given to the students.
In 2013, Heckler, Forde, and Bryan found that plagiarism depends on the kind of
assignment given to the students.
Plagiarism depends on the kind of assignment given to the students (Heckler, Forde,
and Bryan ,2013).
V. STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. Using a graphic organizer, illustrate the differences and similarities of quotes, phrases, an
summaries. (10points)
2. Read the legend of the Black Rice then write a summary of it. (10 points)
1. Read the following paragraph then write an acceptable paraphrase. (10points)
“Language anxiety experiences, as the findings show, may be experienced
cognitively, physiologically, psychologically, physically, emotionally, psychosocially, or in
combination. As a result, it may sometimes be difficult to express through words the
language anxiety experience one wants to share. However, with the use of doodling, a non-
verbal tool, the key informants were able to clearly capture and share their experiences.
Doodling, therefore, may also be a potential tool in generating other experiences brought
about by a psychological phenomenon or construct, although its application may not be
generalizable.” (Siagto-Wakat, 2017).
VI. SUMMARY
Quoting is copying the words of the author and intertwining these words to your
own. Quoted statements, which are incorporated at the beginning, middle, or end
part of your paragraph are enclosed in quotation marks and are identified with the
author’s family name, year of publication, and page number of the journal or book
where the quoted statements was lifted from.
Plagiarism is defined as “the practice of claiming credits for the words, ideas, and
concepts of others”(American Psychological Association [APA], 2010. P170).
Paraphrasing entails using your own words and own style of writing to state
another author’s idea. You may use a grammatical structure different from that of
the original text. Paraphrasing requires understanding the original text, setting it
aside for you to write your own text, then going back to the original text to check if
what you have written brought out the meaning intended by the author.
Summarizing, on the other hand, warrants the articulation of the important ideas
of the original text in a compendious form. Hence, a research article can simply be
summarized in less than ten sentences.
VII. EVALUATION
1. Read the following paragraph then write an acceptable paraphrase. (10points)
“Language anxiety experiences, as the findings show, may be experienced
cognitively, physiologically, psychologically, physically, emotionally, psychosocially, or in
combination. As a result, it may sometimes be difficult to express through words the
language anxiety experience one wants to share. However, with the use of doodling, a non-
verbal tool, the key informants were able to clearly capture and share their experiences.
Doodling, therefore, may also be a potential tool in generating other experiences brought
about by a psychological phenomenon or construct, although its application may not be
generalizable.” (Siagto-Wakat, 2017).
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. After recalling the concepts of quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, I realized
that__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.
IX. REFERENCES
1. Wakat, Geraldine S. PhD. Et. al. Purposive Communication.LORIMAR Publishing Inc. (2018)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
1st Semester, Module 11
JAMILLE ANN S. POLIDO
Instructor
MODULE 11 , Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal
Time Frame/ Number of Hours – 3 hours
I. OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this module you are expected to:
Identify research gap, research objective, and research problem
Write research objective and research problem
II. MOTIVATION
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you feel about research? Doodle your answer and write a one-sentence
description of your doodle.
2. What made you feel such (your answer in number 1) towards research?
3. Do you think research is important in your chosen field? Why?
4. Do you want to write more research articles? Why?
III. INTRODUCTION
A research entails a careful scientific investigation of a phenomenon through
synthesizing and analyzing research literatures in order to come up with a sound problem
and appropriate methodology to correctly gather data, organize, analyze, and present the
data or findings about this phenomenon.
IV. CONTENT
Types of Research
1. Pure research
2. Applied Research
3. Action Research
4. Policy Research
Kinds of Research Report
1. Academic research report
2. Research Article for Publication
3. Commissioned Research Report
Common Elements of a Research Report
1. Research Title
This presents the capsule of the study; hence, it should not be the first to be written.
It is recommended that a title should not be more than 12 substantial words.
2. Abstract
Generally, a research abstract consists of 150 to 250 words. It presents the research
objectives and research problems, methodology, summary of the findings and conclusions
or further implications of the study.
3. Introduction
The introduction presents a comprehensive review of research literatures in order
to identify a research gap where the objective of the current research will be anchored
from. It also presents the research problems and significance of the study.
The introduction must vividly discuss all the important key terms of the research.
4. Methodology
The methodology must be carefully crafted according to the objective of the study. A
sound method leads to solid findings. The methodology must comprehensively present the
research design, participants and locale of the study, data gathering tools, data gathering
procedures, treatment of the data, and research ethics employed in the study.
5. Results/Findings and Discussion
The results or findings of the study show the processed data and is presented
according to the research problems. A discussion follows after the presentation of the
findings. While corroborations are considered part of the discussion, these are supposed to
be presented moderately in order to highlight the discussion of the findings and their
implications.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions are considered as the extension of the findings while recommendations
are considered extension of the conclusion.
7. References
References list the sources or authorities cited in the study. These are presented
according to the prescribed format of the institution or of the publishing companies. Note
that only those that are cited on the research article should be listed on the references.
Finalizing a research topic requires a lot of literature reading. Here are
important things that you need to do.
1. Decide on a topic you want to research on. Make sure that the topic is not very broad nor
very narrow.
2. Search for as many research articles about your chosen topic as you can.
3. Make a summary of the research articles using a repertory grid.
4. Evaluate the repertory grid. Figure out research gaps or areas of the topic that are not
explored. The research gap will be your basis in crafting your research objective and
research question.
5. If you have established your research gap and identified your research objective and
research question, you may already formulate your research title.
V. STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. a. Form a group with five members. Decide on a topic that you like to study.
b. Each member shall download from reliable sources 10 peer-reviewed research articles about
the topic.
2. Each member shall summarize the research articles following the repertory grid below.
3. Examine the repertory grid of all members of the group. Which areas of the topic are most
explored? Which are least explored?
4. Based on the least explored areas of the topic, identify a gap that you want to research on then
write a research objective and research problem/s
5. Write a research title based on your answers in number 4.
VI. SUMMARY
A research entails a careful scientific investigation of a phenomenon through
synthesizing and analyzing research literatures in order to come up with a sound
problem and appropriate methodology to correctly gather data, organize, analyze,
and present the data or findings about this phenomenon.
Types of Research: 1. Pure research, 2. Applied Research, 3. Action Research, and 4.
Policy Research
Kinds of Research Report: 1. Academic research report, 2. Research Article for
Publication, and 3. Commissioned Research Report
Common Elements of a Research Report: 1. Research Title, 2. Abstract, 3.
Introduction, 4. Methodology, 5. Results/ Findings and Discussion, 6. Conclusions
and Recommendations, and 7. References.
VII. EVALUATION
Read the following excerpt of a research introduction then identify the research gap,
research objective, and research question/s. Based on your first answers, write a possible
title for the research introduction excerpt. (10points)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. Your hobbies include reading about cars, brands of cars, kinds of cars, and the different car innovations
in the world. You are tasked to write an essay about this hobby.
a. How should you start your essay?
b. What details will you mention?
c. Do you have to mention ideas from different sources? Why?
IX. REFERENCES
1. Wakat, Geraldine S. PhD. Et. al. Purposive Communication.LORIMAR Publishing Inc. (2018)
Prepared by:
JAMILLE ANN S. POLIDO
Instructor
