Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course CPE18 – Digital Signal Processing
Sem/AY Second Semester/2022-2023
Module No. 3
Lesson Title Transform Analysis and Frequency Response
Week
Week 7-9
Duration
Date October 3 – 22, 2022
Description
of the In this lesson the students will learn about Transform Analysis and Frequency
Lesson Response.

Learning Outcomes
Intended
Learning Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Outcomes  Learn about the Transform Analysis
 Learn what is Frequency Response

Targets/
Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
 Know what Transform Analysis
 Familiarize with Frequency Response

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities
(Synchronous/ A. Online Discussion via Google Meet/Zoom
You will be directed to attend in a Two-Hour class discussion on the
Asynchronous) ‘Vector Principles and Vector Coordinate Systems’. To have access to the
Online Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on _____________, from ______________.

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is Transform Analysis?
2. What is Frequency Response?

Lecture Guide

Transform Analysis

In transform analysis we identify the central transform and afferent and efferent flows,
create a first-cut structure chart, refine the chart as needed at this high level, decompose
the processes into functions, and refine again as needed. These rules are summarized as
follows:
1. Identify the central transform
2. Produce a first-cut structure chart
3. Based on the design strategy, decompose the processes into their component activities
4. Complete the structure chart
5. Evaluate the structure chart and redesign as required.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self-
Paced)

To properly structure modules, their interrelationships and the nature of the application
must be well understood. If a system concept has not yet been decided, design cannot be
finalized until it is. The concept includes the timing of the application as batch, on-line or
real-time for each process, and a definition of how the modules will work together in
production. This activity may be concurrent with transform analysis, but should have been

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
decided to structure and package processes for an efficient production environment. This
activity is specific to the application and will be discussed again for ABC rental processing.

First, we identify the central transform and afferent and efferent flows. Look at the DFD
and locate each stream of processing for each input. Trace each stream until you find the
data flow that identifies valid, processable input that is the end of an afferent stream. The
afferent and efferent arcs refer only to the processes in the diagram. During this part of
the transform analysis, files and data flows are ignored except in determining afferent and
efferent flows. After identifying the afferent flows, trace backward from specific outputs
(files or flows to entities) to identify the efferent flows. The net afferent and efferent
outputs are used to determine the initial structure of the structure chart, using a process
called factoring. Factoring is the act of placing each unbroken, single strand of processes
into its own control structure, and of creating new control processes for split strands at
the point of the split. The new control structure is placed under the input, process, or
output controls as appropriate.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

A master file update is shown above to trace the streams. In this diagram, we have two
afferent data streams which come together at Match Trans to Master. The first input,
Trans Data flows through process Get Trans and through Edit Trans to become Edited
Trans. Successfully edited transaction parts flow through Collect Transactions to become

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Logical Trans Record.

The second input stream deals with the master file. The Master Record is input to Get
Master Record; successfully read master records flow through the process. Once the
Logical Trans Record and Master Record are both present, the input transformations are
complete. These two afferent streams completely describe inputs, and the arc is drawn
over the Logical Trans Record and Master Record data flows.

The two streams of data are first processed together in Match Trans to Master.
Information to be updated flows through Update Master from Trans to become Updated
Master. The error report coming from the match process is considered a trivial output and
does not change the essential transform nature of the process. The argument that Match
Trans to Master is part of the afferent stream might be made. While it could be treated as
such, the input data is ready to be processed; that is, transactions by themselves, master
records by themselves, and transactions with master records might all be processed. Here,
we interpret the first transformation as matching.

The data flow out of Update Master from Trans is a net outflow, and Write New Master is
an efferent process. The efferent arc is drawn over the data flow Updated Master.

Next, we factor three basic structures that relate to input-process-output processing (see
below). If there is more than one process in a stream, getting the net output data may
require some inter-process coordination. The coordination activities are grouped and
identified by a name that identifies the net output data. So, in the example, the input
stream is Get Input; the transform stream is Process; the output stream is Write New
Master. Each stream represents the major elements of processing. Because the process
and input streams both are compound, each has at least two streams beneath them-one
for each sequential process stream to reach the net output data.

Notice that the DFD process names identify both data and transformation processes. Make
sure that the lowest-level names on the structure chart are identical to the name on the
data flow diagram to simplify completeness checking.

Notice also that there is transformation processing within the afferent and efferent
streams. Modules frequently mix input/output and transform processing, and there is no
absolute way to distinguish into which stream the module belongs. The rule of thumb is to
place a module in the stream which best describes the majority of its processing.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Once the module is on the structure chart, we specifically evaluate it to ensure that it
meets the principles of fan-out, span of control, maximal cohesion, and minimal coupling.
If it violates even one principle, experiment with moving the module to the alternative
streams and test if it better balances processing, without changing the processing. If so,
leave it in the new location; otherwise note that the unbalanced part of the structure chart
may need special design attention to avoid production bottlenecks.

Decompose the structure chart entries for each process. The three heuristics to guide the
decomposition are:

 Is the decomposition also an IPO structure? If yes, continue; if no, do not

decompose it.
 Does the control of the decomposed processing change? If yes, do not decompose
it. If no, continue.
 Does the nature of the process change? That is, if the process is a date-validation,
for instance, once it is decomposed is it still a date-validation? If no, continue. If
yes, do not decompose it. In this example, I might try to decompose a date-
validation into month-validate, day-validate, and year-validate. I would need to
add a date-validate to check all three pieces together. Instead of a plain date-
validate, I have ( a) changed the nature of the process, and (b) added control logic
that was not necessary.

The thought process in analyzing depth is similar to that used in analyzing the number of
organizational levels in reengineering. We want only those levels that are required to
control hierarchic complexity. Any extra levels of hierarchy should be omitted. Now let us
turn to ABC rental processing to do transform analysis and develop the structure chart.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
What is Frequency Response?
The response of a system can be partitioned into both the transient response and the
steady state response. We can find the transient response by using Fourier integrals. The
steady state response of a system for an input sinusoidal signal is known as the frequency
response.
If a sinusoidal signal is applied as an input to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system, then it
produces the steady state output, which is also a sinusoidal signal. The input and output
sinusoidal signals have the same frequency, but different amplitudes and phase angles.
Let the input signal be −

The open loop transfer function will be –

We can represent G(jω)G(jω) in terms of magnitude and phase as shown below.

Substitute, ω=ω0ω=ω0 in the above equation.

The output signal is

 The amplitude of the output sinusoidal signal is obtained by multiplying the

amplitude of the input sinusoidal signal and the magnitude
of G(jω)G(jω) at ω=ω0ω=ω0.

 The phase of the output sinusoidal signal is obtained by adding the phase of the
input sinusoidal signal and the phase of G(jω)G(jω) at ω=ω0ω=ω0.
Where,
 A is the amplitude of the input sinusoidal signal.
 ω0 is angular frequency of the input sinusoidal signal.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
We can write, angular frequency ω0ω0 as shown below.

Here, f0 is the frequency of the input sinusoidal signal. Similarly, you can follow the same
procedure for closed loop control system.
Applications:
Harmonic Analysis
In practice one often meets engineering signals which are periodic with a well defined (i.e.
noise-free) shape. In such cases it is frequently useful to analyse the harmonic structure of
these waveforms, since the occurrence of certain harmonics may give insight into their
source. By the same token there may be a requirement that certain harmonic
components must be less than a pre-specified level. This is true in, for example, testing
commercial signal generators where part of the technical specification refers to permitted
harmonic levels.

Transfer Function Analysis of AC Systems

In addition to conventional dc feedback control systems there is a class of servo-
mechanisms which employ amplitude modulated ac signals. The frequency response
analyser is particularly effective at response testing this kind of control system for three
reasons:
a) It is particularly easy to modulate and demodulate the amplitude of an ac signal with
sinewaves.
b) The low crest factor of a sinewave test signal means that a relatively high level of
modulation can be achieved before non-linear affects occur.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
c) If the demodulated signal still contains significant components of the carrier frequency,
the filtering action of the correlation frequency response analyser will tend to suppress
the carrier frequency components.

Performance Tasks
PT 1
Directions:
Do the laboratory experiment 1 and 2

Understanding Directed Assess

As per standard grading system, we’ll be using base-50 for our grading system, the student shall attain at least 50%
of the total items to have a passing mark in every engaging activities and performance tasks

Learning Resources
https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/view.php?id=33023&chapterid=13017
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_frequency_response_analysis.html
https://www.ameteksi.com/-
/media/ameteksi/download_links/documentations/library/solartonanalytical/materials/technical-
report-10-frequency-response-analysis.pdf?la=en&revision=6452792d-d770-4580-8418-

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
53126f3aa3d3&hash=3A3E6113610D4C3AE5058F7F58044103#:~:text=Frequency%20response%2
0analysis%20is%20the,transfer%20function%20G(s).

CONTACT INFORMATION

I am your Faculty-in-Charge. There is more information about me in our course website in LMS. You
may reach me at:

Name of Faculty: Engr. Jennedes Rosaliza M. Estay

Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09175964279

Technical support contact information:

Program Coordinator (ECE): Engr. Rachael Alimbuyog
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09175708356

Student support contact information (Dean’s Office):

Dean/Associate Dean: Engr. Paul Enrico Puyo
College: College of Engineering
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09283590148

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
(CPE18)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing