Data Analysis

Method
( Qualitative )
Let's Try this
1. Which method of data analysis is used to analyze
documented information of texts, media, or even physical
item characteristics?
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded Theory D. Thematic
2. Which statement pertains to thematic analysis of data
A. It involves looking at each case narratively
B. It is used conjunction with other methods
C. It shows the main themes that summarize all the views
collected
D. It enables one to focus on human behavior indirectly by
analyzing their communication
3. It is a conversation between two or more people ( the interviewer and the
interviewee) where the interviewer asks questions to obtain information from
the interviewee following structured guidelines or pointers.

A. Individual interview C. Questionnaires

B. Observation D. Vlog

4. Which of the following best describes qualitative data analysis?

A. It is an awkward, haphazard process.

B. It begins after all data has been collected
C. It builds from abstraction to specific, concrete examples.
D. It is an ongoing, cyclic process integrated into all phases of research

5. Which of the following is not included in qualitative data preparation and

analysis?

A. Getting familiar with the data

B. Revisiting research objectives
C. Identifying the patterns and connection
D. Describing the relationship between two variables
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods

The most commonly used data analysis methods are:

1. Content Analysis

this is one of the most common methods

to analyze qualitative data.
it is used to analyze documented
information in texts, media, or even
physical items.

it is usually used to analyze responses

of interviewees
Content analysis is a qualitative data analysis
method that focuses on recorded human artefacts
such as manuscripts, voice recordings, and
journals. The content analysis investigates these
written, spoken and visual artefacts without
explicitly extracting data from participants.

with content analysis, you don’t necessarily need to

interact with participants you can simply analyze
the data that they have already produced. With this
type of analysis, you can analyze data such as text
messages, books, Facebook posts, videos, and
audio.
2. Narrative Analysis

this method analyzes content from

various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from
the field, or surveys.

it focuses on using the stories and

experiences shared by people to answer
the research questions.
Researchers use narrative analysis to understand how
research participants construct story and narrative
from their own personal experience. That means there is
a dual layer of interpretation in narrative analysis. First
the research participants interpret their own lives
through narrative. Then the researcher interprets the
construction of that narrative.

narratives can be derived from journals, letters,

conversations, autobiographies, transcripts of in-depth
interviews, focus groups, or other types of narrative
qualitative research and then used in narrative
research.
3. Discourse analysis

like narrative analysis, it is used to

analyze interactions with people.
it focuses on analyzing the social context
in which the communication between
the researcher and the respondent
occurred.
also looks at the respondent's day-to-
day environment and uses that
information during analysis
It is a blanket term for a range of qualitative research
approaches used in analyzing the use of language in
social contexts. Researchers employ these techniques
to understand the world by investigating the underlying
meaning of what people say and how they say it,
whether in face-to-face conversations, documents,
non-verbal interaction, or images.

involves the examination of language beyond the

sentence to understand how it functions in a social
context. Some of the materials researchers use for
discourse analysis include books, newspapers,
marketing materials, government documents,
conversations, and interviews.
4. Grounded theory

this refers to using qualitative data to

explain why a specific phenomenon
happened.
It does this by studying various cases in
different settings and using the data to
derive causal explanations.
Researchers may alter the explanations
or create new ones as they study more
cases until they arrive at an explanation
that fits all cases.
Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive
methods for conducting qualitative research aimed
toward theory development. The term grounded theory
denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of
flexible methodological strategies and (b) the products
of this type of inquiry.

Increasingly, researchers use the term to mean the

methods of inquiry for collecting and, in particular,
analyzing data. The methodological strategies of
grounded theory are aimed to construct middle-
level theories directly from data analysis.
Terms to remember:

Individual interview

is a conversation between two or more people( the interviewee)

where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information
from the interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers.

Questionnaires

are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of

gathering information from respondents.
Observation

the researcher manipulated a group or single

participants, for example asked to perform a
specific task or action.

are then used made for their user behavior, uses

processes, workflow, etc. either in a controlled
situation example in the laboratory or a real- world
situation example in the classroom.

it deals with the actual encounter with respondent

particular activities of the day.
Surveys
can be open or close-ended questions.
when you want to do a survey, you need a questionnaire to help get the
information that you need.

Open-ended questions

- allow the respondent to express their opinions freely and they are not
restricted by the options.
-are questions that allow someone to give a free-form answer.
Example What did you expect when you…

Close-ended questions
-provides options to the respondents and requires them to choose one or more
items from the list.
-can be answered with “Yes” or “No,” or they have a limited set of possible
answers (such as: A, B, C, or All of the Above).
Example
Are you satisfied?
Themes

are ideas or categories that emerge from

the grouping of lower data points.
are features of participants accounts
characterizing particular perceptions
and/or experiences that the researcher
sees as relevant to the research question.
Thematic Analysis

the researcher looks across all the data to

identify some reccuring issues.
central themes that summarize all the views
collected can be derived from these issues.
Main stages of thematic analysis

Read and annotate the transcript

in this stage, as a researcher, you can have a feel for the data
because primary observations are provided. However, an
overview of the data cannot be achieved in this early stage.

Identify themes

in this phase, you can gaze at the data in detail to find

themes.
in each text, you may note at the start what the interviewee is
trying to impart on his/her answers.
Identifying the theme

if your research topic is using qualitative data, utilize the

data you gather to develop and identify the theme.

limit questions up to 5 or depending on the need of your

research.

Develop a coding scheme

include the enumerated themes and the codes
applicable to the data.

each broad code has a number of sub codes.

Coding the data

a qualitative analysis of data converts all the data in to

text format by exporting the data into a spreadsheet,
manually typing in, or any computer- assisted data
analysis tools.
applying these codes in the whole data set.
can be done on either the margins of the transcripts or
the statements in line.

Coding- is a process of identifying a passage in the text

or other data items (photograph, image) , searching and
identifying concepts and finding relations between them.
Six basic steps in coding data

Get an idea of the entire set.

-after reading the transcriptions carefully, write down

some ideas as they arise in the margins and transcription.

Select one interesting document.

-choose the shortest perhaps the most interesting

transcript, reread it and ask questions, " What is the
respondent talking about?" Discern the underlying
meaning and jot down in the margins of the transcript.
Identify themes or patterns.

-use codes or labels

we use labels or highlighter to identify themes or
patterns
-you're through understanding of your data will
facilitate this process.

Ask the theme to analyze

you can ask another person ( your
teammates) to reanalyze the data to ensure
nothing is missed during the open coding.
Organize themes into categories: present or emergent

Once codes have been identified, you can now organize

them in tabular form.

Identify patterns within and among categories.

This is when you categorize patterns and themes that you

have identified in your data.

-You can further streamline your categories by looking at those

you think could be combined to form just one category. Go back
to your research questions. Those themes and patterns that you
have identified are the answers to your research questions.
Let's Assess
1. It is used to analyze content from various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or
surveys. It focuses on using the stories and experiences
shared by people to answer the research questions.
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded theory D. Thematic
2. A qualitative analysis of data converts all the data into text
format by exporting the data into a spreadsheet, manually
typing in, or any computer-assisted data analysis tools.
A. Arranging data C. Validating data
B. Coding data D. Develop a coding scheme
3. Which of the following is not included in the main stages of thematic
analysis?

A. Coding the data C. Identify themes

B. Summarize data D. setting a code to the collected data

4. These are a series of questions and other prompts to gather information

from respondents.

A. Questionnaires B. Blog C. Interview D. Survey

5. Which of the following does NOT describe qualitative data interpretation?

A. It must also be remembered that interpretation does not necessarily

depend on the point of view of the researcher
B. Interpretation of findings is making sense of the
data collected, and an identifying the lessons
learned from the study.

C. Interpretation of qualitative findings is a process

of intellectualizing beyond the emerging themes to
broader data perspectives

D. In interpreting results, it is helpful to similar

group responses into categories then identify usual
patterns to derive meanings from what may seem
unrelated and wordy responses.