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Reaction Engineering - Rate of Reaction For Shrinking Particles

This lecture is lecture 8, and part of a reactor engineering course in chemical engineering department in Khartoum University.

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Yosof Khaled
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94 views34 pages

Reaction Engineering - Rate of Reaction For Shrinking Particles

This lecture is lecture 8, and part of a reactor engineering course in chemical engineering department in Khartoum University.

Uploaded by

Yosof Khaled
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 8

ChE42102 Reactor
Engineering II
Dr. Mustafa Abbas Mustafa
Email: [email protected]
Rate of Reaction for Shrinking Particles

• When no ash forms, the reacting particle shrinks


in size during reaction until finally it disappears.
• Example is the burning of pure carbon in air.
Rate of Reaction for Shrinking
Spherical Particles
Three steps occur consequently
1st Step
Diffusion of reactant A from the main body of gas through the gas
film to the surface of the solid.

2nd Step
Reaction on the surface between reactant A and solid.

3rd Step
Diffusion of reaction products from the surface of the solid through
the gas film back into the main body of gas. There is no ash layer
to offer any resistance.
Reaction Rate Expression
As with particles of constant size, let us see what rate expressions
result when one or the other of the resistances controls.
• When chemical reaction controls, the behaviour is identical to
that of particles of unchanging size. So the same equations are
used.
• When gas film controls, film resistance is a function on many
factors such as the relative velocity between particle and fluid,
size of particle, and fluid properties. These have been correlated
for various ways of contacting fluid with solid, such as packed
beds, fluidized beds, and solids in free fall.
Gas Film Diffusion Controls

Levenspiel
Extensions
• Particles of different shape
For particles, other than spherical, the equations
developed are shown in the next slide.
Levenspiel
Extensions
Combination of resistances
For more than one resistance involved use the
following

or

Levenspiel
Determination for Rate Controlling Step
Determination for Rate Controlling Step
The following is a guide to help understand experimental
data in terms of what step is rate controlling. If one
examines
• Temperature
The chemical step is usually much more temperature-
sensitive than the physical steps. Therefore, if we
conduct experiments at different temperatures, then
one can easily distinguish between ash/film diffusion
and chemical reaction as the controlling step.
Determination for Rate Controlling Step
The following is a guide to help understand experimental
data in terms of what step is rate controlling. If one
examines
• Particle Size
If we compare the time required to achieve the same
fractional conversion for particles of different but
unchanging sizes is given by
Determination for Rate Controlling Step
• Particle Size

Therefore, if we conduct experiments at different size of


particles, then one can easily distinguish between ash/film
diffusion and chemical reaction as the controlling step.
Please note that if experimental results show t  R 1.5-2, we can note be sure that it is film or ash diffusion controlling
since there is always an experimental error. Thus we need to check if that the exponent drops with rise in Reynolds
number to conform film diffusion controlling.
Determination of Rate Controlling Step
Ash Versus Film Resistance
• When a hard solid ash forms during reaction, the
resistance of gas-phase reactant through this ash is
usually much greater than through the gas film
surrounding the particle. Hence in the presence of a
non-flaking ash layer, film resistance can safely be
ignored.
• Ash resistance is unaffected by changes in gas velocity.
Design of Fluid Particle Reactors
Important Factors
• The flow patterns of solids and fluid in the
reactor.
• The reaction kinetics for single particles.
• The size distribution of solids being treated.
Contacting of Solid-Gas Operations
Solids and Gas Both in Plug Flow
The plug flow contacting of phases may be accomplished in many ways: by
countercurrent flow as in blast furnaces, by crossflow as in moving belt feeders
for furnaces, or by cocurrent flow as in polymer driers.

Solids in Mixed Flow


Example, fluidized bed is the best example of a reactor with mixed flow of
solids.

Batch/Semibatch Operations

We will focus on plug flow and mixed flow operations only.


Contacting Patterns: Countercurrent,
Crosscurrent, and Cocurrent plug flow

Levenspiel
Plug Flow
([1]particles of single size and
[2]a mixture of particles)
Particles of a Single Size, Plug Flow of
Solids, Uniform Gas Composition

• Reaction time is calculated as shown in the


previous lecture.
Representation of the Feed Rate of a
Mixture of Particles

Where Rm is the largest particle size in the feed.


Levenspiel
Mixture of Particles of Different but
Unchanging Sizes (Plug Flow of Solids,
Uniform Gas Composition)

Please note that we start the summation from R(tp=) for the largest converted particle size in the problem
at hand. This is because Smaller particles would have completely converted. So they are not included,
especially since if included could lead to a conversion of more than 1 which makes no sense physically.
Levenspiel
Example

The summation starts from R(tp=), thus from 100μm, since at 10 min definitely the 50μm have converted
completely. So they are not included, especially since if included could lead to a numerical error where a
conversion of more than 1 is achieved which certainly makes no sense physically.
Mixed Flow
(particles of single size and a mixture of
particles)
Mixed Flow of Particles of a Single
Unchanging Size (Uniform Gas
Composition)

Levenspiel
Levenspiel
Mixed Flow of Particles of a Single
Unchanging Size (Uniform Gas
Composition)

Levenspiel
Film Resistance Controls

Levenspiel
Chemical Reaction Controls

Levenspiel
Ash Resistance Controls

Levenspiel
Mixed Flow of a Size Mixture of
Particles of Unchanging Size
(Uniform Gas Composition)

Levenspiel
Mixed Flow of a Size Mixture of
Particles of Unchanging Size
(Uniform Gas Composition)

Levenspiel
Mixed Flow of a Size Mixture of
Particles of Unchanging Size
(Uniform Gas Composition)

Levenspiel
Mixed Flow of a Size Mixture of Particles of
Unchanging Size (Uniform Gas Composition)

Levenspiel
Questions

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