Simply Supported Beam under UDL

Consider the simply supported beam AB carrying a

uniformly distributed load (UDL) w.
Theory and Design of Structures I The reactions at A and B are found by considering the
entire beam as a free body.
Bending Moment Diagrams & Shearing w kN/m
Force Diagrams for Beams A B
x
lm

wl/2 kN wl/2 kN
Simply supported beam under UDL

wkN/m wkN/m
A B A B
x x
lm lm
wl/2 kN wl/2 kN wl/2 kN wl/2 kN
Simply supported beam under UDL Simply supported beam under UDL
• To evaluate the shearing force and bending moment • If we consider the equilibrium of that portion of the
at a chosen section x from A, we consider the beam to the right of the section, we get
equilibrium of the portion of the beam to the left of
V x  wl  x  
this section, namely wl Vx w
Mx
wl w 2 B

Vx   wx l-x

l  x   w l  x 2
A wl
2 M
V
x
Mx  Free body diagram wl/2
 wl  wx 2 x 2 2
M x   x  x
 
2 2 wl /2

1
 Simply Supported Beam under UDL A
w kN/m
B

• Since the entire beam is in equilibrium, we must

obtain the same values for shear force and bending lm

moment at a chosen section by using the equilibrium wl/2 kN wl/2 kN

Simply supported beam under UDL
conditions for either portion of the beam
wl2/8

+
• By varying x from 0 to l, the values of Mx and Vx can
be obtained. The bending moment diagram and the Bending moment diagram
M V M
x
N + N
shear force diagram can thus be constructed V

wl/2
accordingly V
x
N - N
+
M V M

Sign conventions

-
-wl/2
Shear force diagram

40 kN 20 kN/m
Structural Analysis of a Simple Frame A B
C

3m
• Consider structure ABCD with a hinge at C as shown
2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C

40 kN
20 kN/m 240
40
A B C HC
C HB VB VC
A B Reactions
• Consider free body ABC. Taking moments about C
3m

gives
D
40 kN/m
VB 10  40 12  240  6  0 VB  192 kN
2m 10 m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C

• Taking moments about B,
 VC  10  240  4  40  2  0 VC  88 kN

2
 40 kN 20 kN/m
VC = 88 40 kN
20 kN/m
C HC
A B C

3m
C
A B
60
D 40 kN/m

3m
2m 10 m HD
Frame ABCD with hinge at C D
VD
2m 10 m D
40 kN/m

• Then consider free body CD. Taking moments about C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

gives
 H D  3  40  3   3  0
1 2
H D  40 kN 40 240
C HC
2 3 A B
• Consider the equilibrium of forces in the horizontal and HB VB VC
vertical directions (x- & y-directions).
• Consider the horizontal equilibrium of free body
(x-dir) H C  40  60  0 H C  20 kN
ABC
(y-dir) VD  VC  0 VD  88 kN H B  HC  0 H B  20 kN

40 C N
CD 40 kN
NAB NBC C HC = 20 20 kN/m

A B C
HD = 40 A B
VC = 88 D

3m
VD = 88

Axial Forces
D
40 kN/m
• By inspection of the reactions at B, C and D, one can 2m 10 m
Frame ABCD with hinge at C
write
N BC  20 kN(Compression) N AB  0 kN 40 kN
g
240 kN VC = 88
l e f i h C HC = 20
C
A H = 20
N CD  88 kN(Compression)
B B
VC = 88 j
VB = 192
60 kN
k
HD = 40
D
VD = 88

3
 40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
e f
2m 10 m D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

Shear forces in member ABC • The shear force at a section f just to the right of
• The shear force at a section e just to the left of support B can be obtained from the vertical
support B can be obtained from the vertical equilibrium of free body Af, i.e.
Point f (right of B)
equilibrium of free body Ae, i.e. SF f  40  20  2  192  112 kN 40kN 20kN/m
f Mf
SFe  40  20  2  80kN
A Nf
Point e (left of B) 20kN
SFf
40kN 20kN/m
e Me 192kN
A Ne

SFe

40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
g h

2m 10 m D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

• The shear forces at other sections can be obtained • For a section h that is 2m from C, consider free
similarly. For a section g that is 5m from A, body hC
Point h (hC = 2m)
consider free body Ag
40kN Point g (5 m from A)
SFh  20  2  88  48kN Mh 20kN/m
h C 20kN
SFg  40  20  5  192  52 kN 20kN/m g Mg Nh
A Ng
B SFh 88kN
SFg

4
 40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
i
j
2m 10 m D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

• To find the location where the shear force is zero, Shear forces in member CD
assume that it occurs at a section i at s metres from C
• The shear force at a section j that is 1m from C can be
and consider free body iC
obtained from the horizontal equilibrium of free body
SFi  20  s  88  0  s  4 .4 m Cj, i.e.
88kN
1 1 
Point i (SFi = 0)
Mi SF j  20   1   40  20kN
C
i 20kN/m C 20kN 2 3 
Ni SFj
1 Point j
 13 kN  13.33 kN
SFi = 0 88kN j
(1 m from C) Mj
s
3 Nj

40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
l

2m 10 m
k D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

• For a section k that is 2m from C, consider free body Ck Bending moments in member ABC
• The bending moment at a section l that is 1m from A
1 2 
SFk  20   2    40  88kN
20kN C
can be obtained by taking moments of free body Al
2  3  about l, i.e.
2
 6 kN  6.67 kN 1
3 BM l  40  1   20  12  50kNm
Point k SFk
k 2
(2 m from C) Mk
Nk

5
 40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
g h i

2m 10 m D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

• The bending moments at other sections can be • The maximum bending moment normally occurs at
obtained similarly. the section with zero shear force.
At i: 1
1
BM i  88  4.4   20  4.4  193.6kNm
2

At B: BM B  40  2   20  2 2  120kNm 2
2
Point i (SFi = 0)
1 Mi
At g: BM g  40  5   20  5  192  3  129kNm i 20kN/m
2
C 20kN
2 Ni
SFi = 0 88kN
1 s
At h: BM h  88  2   20  2 2  136kNm
2

40 kN 20 kN/m 40 kN 20 kN/m

C C
A B A B

3m

3m
j
2m 10 m D 40 kN/m 2m 10 m
k D 40 kN/m

Frame ABCD with hinge at C Frame ABCD with hinge at C

Bending moments in member CD 1 2  2

• At k: BM k  20  2   2    40    22.22kNm
1 1  1 2  3  3
At j: BM j  20  1   1   40    17.78kNm
2  3  3 88kN
20kN C
88kN
20kN
C

Point k SFk
Point j SFj k
j (2 m from C) Mk
(1 m from C) Mj Nk
Nj

6
• The bending moment diagrams, shear force • The bending moment diagrams, shear force
diagrams and axial force diagrams can then be diagrams and axial force diagrams can then be
plotted with certain sign conventions plotted with certain sign conventions
112 112
Positive shear
Positive shear
+ force
force
A C 20 A C 20
S C C S C C
B + B
- -
-40 40
Shear Force Diagram for ABC (unit: kN) -88 -88
-80 -88 80 Shear Force Diagram for ABC (unit: kN) 88

193.6 - D D D D
120.0
-40 S N 40 S N

+ C
C M C
A B
A B
M
C
+
- 23.1 23.1
Bending Moment Diagram for ABC Positive bending D
D
-120.0 (unit: kNm, sagging as positive) moment Bending Moment Diagram for ABC
M (unit: kNm, plotted on tension side) 193.6 M

B Axial Force Diagram for ABC (unit: kN) C B Axial Force Diagram for ABC (unit: kN) C
N Tensile axial force as positive
N Tensile axial force as positive
A A
-20 -20

• Diagrams plotted together • Diagrams plotted together

112 112

Positive shear Shear Force Diagram (unit: kN)

+
force A C 20
A C 20
B + B
- -
-40 40

-80 Shear Force Diagram (unit: kN) -88 80 88

Positive shear
- D force D
193.6 120.0
-40 40

Bending Moment Diagram (unit:

Positive bending
kNm, plotted on tension side) C
moment +
A B
A B C

- 23.1
Bending Moment Diagram + D
-120.0 (unit: kNm) 23.1
193.6
D Positive bending
moment
Axial Force Diagram (unit: kN,
B C B tensile axial force as positive) C
A A
-20 -20

-88 -88
Axial Force Diagram (unit: kN,
tensile axial force as positive) D D

7
 Sign Conventions for Internal Forces • Shear force
V
• Axial force M M
x
– The resultant of all external
N + N
forces on the left / right side of V M
– Tensile (+ve) V
M
x
the section acts upwards / N + N
– Compressive (–ve) V
downwards, the shear force is
x V
N - N
+ve; otherwise it is –ve. V
M V M x
• Bending moment Sign conventions – When the shear force tends to N - N
M M
– Concave upwards, i.e. sagging rotate the portion of the beam V
Sign conventions
moment (+ve) in the clockwise sense about
– Convex upwards, i.e. hogging an axis through a point inside
moment (-ve) the free body and normal to
the plane of loading, it is +ve;
otherwise it is -ve.

• The sign conventions, although arbitrary, must be

Sign Conventions for Internal Forces observed to avoid confusion
W
• Bending moment diagram M M
Q
1. Drawing the x-y plot in the usual way with the w
positive quantities (i.e. sagging moments) above Q
Positive Positive Positive
the x-axis and negative quantities below it Loading Bending Shear

2. Plotting the ordinate showing the magnitude of s

N N N
the bending moment on the convex side (the side Section Element
where longitudinal fibre is in tension) of the Positive axial force

section Section at s Q Q Q
Section Element
Positive shear force
Element at s
M M M
Two methods of considering point s
Section
Element
Positive bending moment

Notation and Sign Conventions

8
 Consider the element of beam as shown

Relationship between • Resolving vertically, we have

w

Load Intensity w, V  wdx  (V  dV )  0 V

M + dM

Shear Force V and wdx  dV  0 M

x

Bending Moment M 
dV
 w
dx
V + dV
dx An element of a beam

• Taking moments about the left

• Therefore the maximum or minimum bending
end of the element, we have
moment M occurs where the shear force V vanishes.
M  ( M  dM )  (V  dV )dx  w( dx ) 2 2  0
w P
dM  (V  dV )dx  w( dx ) 2 2
w
dM
 V  dV  wdx 2 V
dx M + dM
x
• Neglecting the higher-order M
M M
terms, it becomes dx
V + dV
dM
V An element of a beam V V
dx

9
The End

10