Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY

NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Module 1
Introduction to Internet of Things

Introduction

In this module, you will be introduced to Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT)
describes physical objects (or groups of such objects), that are embedded with sensors,
processing ability, software, and other technologies, and that connect and exchange data with
other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.

Read the Discussion and answer the questions that follow.

Learning Outputs: Upon completion of this Module, you shall be able to:
1. Describe what is Internet of Things;
2. Explain the application of Internet of Things;
3. Appreciate the value of Internet of Things.

Discussion

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects), that
are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies, and that
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other
communications networks.

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies,

including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems,
and machine learning. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively
enable the Internet of Things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with
products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices and appliances (such
as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home
appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices
associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. The IoT can also be
used in healthcare systems.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and
products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently, industry and
governmental moves to address these concerns have begun, including the development of
international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks.

History

The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the
first ARPANET-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks
were cold or not. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st
Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary
vision of the IOT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small
packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home
appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions
like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill
Joy envisioned device-to-device communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented
at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

The concept of the "Internet of Things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by
Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th Annual Legislative Weekend
in Washington, D.C, published in September 1985. According to Lewis, "The Internet of Things,
or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and
sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such
devices."

The term "Internet of Things" was coined independently by Kevin Ashton of Procter &
Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things".
At that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of
Things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things. The main theme of the
Internet of Things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily
necessities to enable new forms of communication between people and things, and between
things themselves.

Defining the Internet of Things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects'
were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was "born"
between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.

Characteristics:

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically
adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions,
user‗s context or sensed environment.
a. Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing
conditions.
2) Self-Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange data
with other devices and systems

Applications of IoT

The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer,
commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.

Consumer applications

A growing portion of IoT devices are created for consumer use, including connected
vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote
monitoring capabilities.

Smart home

IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include
lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems and camera systems. Long-
term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are
turned off or by making the residents in the home aware of usage.

A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart
devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can have their home
products and accessories controlled by an application in iOS devices such as the iPhone and
the Apple Watch.This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as Siri. This can
be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home
devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi
bridge.There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to
connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Google Home,
Apple's HomePod, and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. In addition to the commercial systems,

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB
and Domoticz.

Elder care

One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities
and elderly individuals. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an
owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while
alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired
users. They can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include
sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures. Smart home technology
applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.

The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By
2019, it is estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.

Organizational applications
Medical and healthcare

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is an application of the IoT for medical and health
related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. The IoMT has been
referenced as "Smart Healthcare", as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system,
connecting available medical resources and healthcare services.

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification
systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors
to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit
electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing
"smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when a patient is attempting to get up.
It can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support is applied to the patient without
the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare IoT
devices "can save the United States more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by
increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical
follow-up led to the creation of 'm-health', used analyzed health statistics."

Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and
general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being
administered and assisting people to regain lost mobility via therapy as well. These sensors create
a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer, and analyze valuable
information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring devices to hospital-
based systems. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected scales
or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. End-to-end health monitoring IoT
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals
and recurring medication requirements.

Advances in plastic and fabric electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost,
use-and-throw IoMT sensors. These sensors, along with the required RFID electronics, can be
fabricated on paper or e-textiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices. Applications
have been established for point-of-care medical diagnostics, where portability and low system-
complexity is essential.

As of 2018 IoMT was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also in
the healthcare and health insurance industries. IoMT in the healthcare industry is now permitting
doctors, patients, and others, such as guardians of patients, nurses, families, and similar, to be
part of a system, where patient records are saved in a database, allowing doctors and the rest of
the medical staff to have access to patient information. Moreover, IoT-based systems are patient-
centered, which involves being flexible to the patient's medical conditions. IoMT in the insurance
industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. This includes sensor-
based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices, and mobile apps to
track customer behavior. This can lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models.

The application of the IoT in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic
diseases and in disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through the
connection of powerful wireless solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners to capture
patient's data and applying complex algorithms in health data analysis.

Transportation
The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information
processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle,[ the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter- and intra-vehicular
communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection
systems, logistics and fleet management, vehicle control, safety, and road assistance.

V2X communication
In vehicular communication systems, vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X),
consists of three main components: vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V), vehicle to
infrastructure communication (V2I) and vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P). V2X is the
first step to autonomous driving and connected road infrastructure.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Building and home automation

IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic
systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or
residential) in home automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main
areas are being covered in literature:

 The integration of the Internet with building energy management systems in order to create
energy-efficient and IOT-driven "smart buildings".
 The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption and
monitoring occupant behaviors.
 The integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might be used in
future applications.

Industrial applications

Also known as IIoT, industrial IoT devices acquire and analyze data from connected
equipment, operational technology (OT), locations, and people. Combined with operational
technology (OT) monitoring devices, IIoT helps regulate and monitor industrial systems. Also, the
same implementation can be carried out for automated record updates of asset placement in
industrial storage units as the size of the assets can vary from a small screw to the whole motor
spare part, and misplacement of such assets can cause a percentile loss of manpower time and
money.

Manufacturing

The IoT can connect various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing, identification,
processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. Network control and
management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or
manufacturing process control allow IoT to be used for industrial applications and smart
manufacturing. IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing and optimization of new
products, and rapid response to product demands.

Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service
information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IIoT. IoT
can also be applied to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability. Industrial management systems can be integrated
with smart grids, enabling energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant
optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by networked
sensors.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

In addition to general manufacturing, IoT is also used for processes in the industrialization of
construction.

Agriculture

There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on temperature,
rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to
automate farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimize
risk and waste, and reduce effort required to manage crops. For example, farmers can now
monitor soil temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-acquired data to precision
fertilization programs. The overall goal is that data from sensors, coupled with the farmer’s
knowledge and intuition about his or her farm, can help increase farm productivity, and also help
reduce costs.

In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools
using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management.
Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms
use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of
fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The FarmBeats
project from Microsoft Research that uses TV white space to connect farms is also a part of the
Azure Marketplace now.

Food

The utilization of IoT-based applications for improving food supply chain activities has
been extensively investigated in recent years. The RFID technology adoption in the grocery
supply chain has led to the real-time visibility of stocks and its movement, automated proof of
delivery, increased the efficiency in logistics of short shelf life products, environmental, livestock
and cold chain monitoring, and effective traceability. Researchers at the Loughborough University
based on IoT technology designed an innovative digital food waste tracking system which
supported the decision making in real-time to combat and reduce the food waste issues in food
manufacturing. They further developed a fully automated system based on image processing to
track potato wastes in a potato packing factory. IoT is currently being deployed in the food industry
to increase the food safety, improve the logistics, enhance the supply chain transparency and
wastage reduction.

Maritime

IoT devices are in use monitoring the environments and systems of boats and
yachts. Many pleasure boats are left unattended for days in summer, and months in winter so
such devices provide valuable early alert of boat flooding, fire, and deep discharge of batteries.
The use of global internet data networks such as Sigfox, combined with long-life batteries, and
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

microelectronics allows the engine rooms, bilge, and batteries to be constantly monitored and
reported to a connected Android & Apple applications for example.

Infrastructure applications

Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like
bridges, railway tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT
infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can
compromise safety and increase risk. The IoT can benefit the construction industry by cost-
saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow and increase in productivity. It
can help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-Time Data Analytics. It can also be
used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks
between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to
control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for
monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency
response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management can
benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

Metropolitan scale deployments

There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better
management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully
equipped and wired smart city, is gradually being built, with approximately 70 percent of the
business district completed as of June 2018. Much of the city is planned to be wired and
automated, with little or no human intervention.

Another application is currently undergoing a project in Santander, Spain. For this

deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants has already
seen 18,000 downloads of its city smartphone app. The app is connected to 10,000 sensors that
enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda, and more. City
context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals
mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification.

Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore

Guangzhou Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution,
and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; and smart traffic management in
western Singapore. Using its RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) technology, San Diego-
based Ingenu has built a nationwide public network for low-bandwidth data transmissions using
the same unlicensed 2.4 gigahertz spectrum as Wi-Fi. Ingenu's "Machine Network" covers more
than a third of the US population across 35 major cities including San Diego and Dallas. French
company, Sigfox, commenced building an Ultra Narrowband wireless data network in the San
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such a deployment in the U.S. It
subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000 base stations to cover a total of 30 cities
in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the largest IoT network coverage provider in the country
thus far. Cisco also participates in smart cities projects. Cisco has started deploying technologies
for Smart Wi-Fi, Smart Safety & Security, Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Transports, Smart
Bus Stops, Smart Kiosks, Remote Expert for Government Services (REGS) and Smart Education
in the five km area in the city of Vijaywada.

Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in
New York City to connect all the city's vessels and be able to monitor them live 24/7. The network
was designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago-based company developing
wireless networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on
the Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the wireless network in place, NY
Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a way that was not previously
possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage,
public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and others.

Energy management

Significant numbers of energy-consuming devices (e.g. lamps, household appliances,

motors, pumps, etc.) already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to
communicate with utilities not only to balance power generation but also helps optimize the energy
consumption as a whole. These devices allow for remote control by users, or central management
via a cloud-based interface, and enable functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or
off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). The smart grid is a utility-
side IoT application; systems gather and ect on energy and power-related information to improve
the efficiency of the production and distribution of electricity. Using advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) Internet-connected devices, electric utilities not only collect data from end-
users, but also manage distribution automation devices like transformers.

Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in

environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and
can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats. Development
of resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications
like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to
provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area
and can also be mobile. It has been argued that the standardization that IoT brings to wireless
sensing will revolutionize this area.

Living Lab
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Another example of integrating the IoT is Living Lab which integrates and combines
research and innovation process, establishing within a public-private-people-partnership. There
are currently 320 Living Labs that use the IoT to collaborate and share knowledge between
stakeholders to co-create innovative and technological products. For companies to implement
and develop IoT services for smart cities, they need to have incentives. The governments play
key roles in smart city projects as changes in policies will help cities to implement the IoT which
provides effectiveness, efficiency, and accuracy of the resources that are being used. For
instance, the government provides tax incentives and cheap rent, improves public transports, and
offers an environment where start-up companies, creative industries, and multinationals may co-
create, share a common infrastructure and labor markets, and take advantage of locally
embedded technologies, production process, and transaction costs. The relationship between the
technology developers and governments who manage the city's assets, is key to provide open
access to resources to users in an efficient way.

Military applications

The Internet of Military Things (IoMT) is the application of IoT technologies in the military
domain for the purposes of reconnaissance, surveillance, and other combat-related objectives. It
is heavily influenced by the future prospects of warfare in an urban environment and involves the
use of sensors, munitions, vehicles, robots, human-wearable biometrics, and other smart
technology that is relevant on the battlefield.

Internet of Battlefield Things

The Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) is a project initiated and executed by the U.S.
Army Research Laboratory (ARL) that focuses on the basic science related to the IoT that
enhance the capabilities of Army soldiers. In 2017, ARL launched the Internet of Battlefield Things
Collaborative Research Alliance (IoBT-CRA), establishing a working collaboration between
industry, university, and Army researchers to advance the theoretical foundations of IoT
technologies and their applications to Army operations.

Ocean of Things

The Ocean of Things project is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA)-led program designed to establish an Internet of Things across large ocean areas for
the purposes of collecting, monitoring, and analyzing environmental and vessel activity data. The
project entails the deployment of about 50,000 floats that house a passive sensor suite that
autonomously detect and track military and commercial vessels as part of a cloud-based network.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Product digitization

There are several applications of smart or active packaging in which a QR code or NFC
tag is affixed on a product or its packaging. The tag itself is passive, however it contains a unique
identifier (typically a URL) which enables a user to access digital content about the product via a
smartphone. Strictly speaking, such passive items are not part of the Internet of Thing but they
can be seen as enablers of digital interactions. The term "Internet of Packaging" has been coined
to describe applications in which unique identifiers are used, to automate supply chains, and are
scanned on large scale by consumers to access digital content. Authentication of the unique
identifiers, and thereby of the product itself, is possible via a copy-sensitive digital
watermark or copy detection pattern for scanning when scanning a QR code, while NFC tags can
encrypt communication.

Trends and characteristics

The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices
connected and controlled by the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean
that the specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic
characteristics shared by most.

The IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced
human exertions.

The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4 billion in the year
2017 and it is estimated that there will be 30 billion devices by 2020. The global market value of
the IoT is projected to reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.

Intelligence

Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the
Internet of Things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require
Internet structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to
integrate the concepts of the IoT and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this
direction considering objects as the driving force for autonomous IoT. A promising approach in
this context is deep reinforcement learning where most of IoT systems provide a dynamic and
interactive environment. Training an agent (i.e., IoT device) to behave smartly in such an
environment cannot be addressed by conventional machine learning algorithms such
as supervised learning. By reinforcement learning approach, a learning agent can sense the
environment's state (e.g., sensing home temperature), perform actions (e.g., turn HVAC on or off)
and learn through the maximizing accumulated rewards it receives in long term.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

IoT intelligence can be offered at three levels: IoT devices, Edge/Fog nodes, and Cloud
computing. The need for intelligent control and decision at each level depends on the time
sensitiveness of the IoT application. For example, an autonomous vehicle's camera needs to
make real-time obstacle detection to avoid an accident. This fast decision making would not be
possible through transferring data from the vehicle to cloud instances and return the predictions
back to the vehicle. Instead, all the operation should be performed locally in the vehicle.
Integrating advanced machine learning algorithms including deep learning into IoT devices is an
active research area to make smart objects closer to reality. Moreover, it is possible to get the
most value out of IoT deployments through analyzing IoT data, extracting hidden information, and
predicting control decisions. A wide variety of machine learning techniques have been used in IoT
domain ranging from traditional methods such as regression, support vector machine,
and random forest to advanced ones such as convolutional neural networks, LSTM,
and variational autoencoder.

In the future, the Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic and open network in
which auto-organized or intelligent entities (web services, SOA components) and virtual objects
(avatars) will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or
shared ones) depending on the context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior
through the collection and reasoning of context information as well as the object's ability to
detect changes in the environment (faults affecting sensors) and introduce suitable mitigation
measures constitutes a major research trend, clearly needed to provide credibility to the IoT
technology. Modern IoT products and solutions in the marketplace use a variety of different
technologies to support such context-aware automation, but more sophisticated forms of
intelligence are requested to permit sensor units and intelligent cyber-physical systems to be
deployed in real environments.

Architecture

IoT system architecture, in its simplistic view, consists of three tiers: Tier 1: Devices, Tier
2: the Edge Gateway, and Tier 3: the Cloud. Devices include networked things, such as the
sensors and actuators found in IoT equipment, particularly those that use protocols such
as Modbus, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or proprietary protocols, to connect to an Edge Gateway. The
Edge Gateway layer consists of sensor data aggregation systems called Edge Gateways that
provide functionality, such as pre-processing of the data, securing connectivity to cloud, using
systems such as WebSockets, the event hub, and, even in some cases, edge analytics or fog
computing. Edge Gateway layer is also required to give a common view of the devices to the
upper layers to facilitate in easier management. The final tier includes the cloud application built
for IoT using the microservices architecture, which are usually polyglot and inherently secure in
nature using HTTPS/OAuth. It includes various database systems that store sensor data, such
as time series databases or asset stores using backend data storage systems (e.g. Cassandra,
PostgreSQL). The cloud tier in most cloud-based IoT system features event queuing and
messaging system that handles communication that transpires in all tiers. Some experts classified

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

the three-tiers in the IoT system as edge, platform, and enterprise and these are connected by
proximity network, access network, and service network, respectively.

Building on the Internet of Things, the web of things is an architecture for the application
layer of the Internet of Things looking at the convergence of data from IoT devices into Web
applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to program and control the flow of information
in the Internet of Things, a predicted architectural direction is being called BPM Everywhere which
is a blending of traditional process management with process mining and special capabilities to
automate the control of large numbers of coordinated devices.

Network architecture

The Internet of Things requires huge scalability in the network space to handle the surge
of devices. IETF 6LoWPAN would be used to connect devices to IP networks. With billions of
devices being added to the Internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling the network
layer scalability. IETF's Constrained Application Protocol, ZeroMQ, and MQTT would provide
lightweight data transport.

Fog computing is a viable alternative to prevent such a large burst of data flow through
the Internet. The edge devices' computation power to analyse and process data is extremely
limited. Limited processing power is a key attribute of IoT devices as their purpose is to supply
data about physical objects while remaining autonomous. Heavy processing requirements use
more battery power harming IoT's ability to operate. Scalability is easy because IoT devices
simply supply data through the internet to a server with sufficient processing power.

Decentralized IoT

Decentralized Internet of Things or Decentralized IoT is a modified IoT. It utilizes Fog

Computing to handle and balance requests of connected IoT devices in order to reduce loading
on the cloud servers, and improve responsiveness for latency-sensitive IoT applications like vital
signs monitoring of patients, vehicle-to-vehicle communication of autonomous driving, and critical
failure detection of industrial devices that may cause injury and loss of life. Implementation of fog
computing in IoT is beneficial for efficient network resource utilization by distributing secondary
importance computational process of data to the edge. There are two types of decentralization of
IoT as per below:

How decentralized IoT differs from other IoT architecture

Original IoT is connected via a mesh network but led by a major head node (centralized
controller). The head node decides everything including how a data being created, stored, and
transmitted. In short, head node is the final decision maker of its entire IoT system. In contrast,
Decentralized IoT breaks the original IoT system into smaller divisions. The head node authorizes
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

partial decision making power to lower level sub-nodes under mutual agreed policy. The
performance and flexibility is greatly improved especially for huge IoT systems with millions of
nodes. Decentralized IoT is the product of Blockchain and the Original IoT which serves as the
foundation of the Internet-of-Everything that revolutionized how devices connecting with each
other.

Significance of Decentralized IoT

By leveraging lightweight blockchain into IoT, the problem with limited bandwidth and
hashing capacity of battery-powered or wireless IoT devices was solved for enhanced
cybersecurity, access control, web of trust, and system authentication. Decentralized IoT
subsequently reduces the size of identity metadata in almost four times and security overhead up
to five times. Another experiment shows that decentralized IoT is able to detect up to 99%
accuracy even in the presence of 40% adversaries in federated machine learning. Decentralized
IoT is no more a conceptual idea or solely a theory, as many blockchain-based decentralized IoT
platforms have already being developed for real life applications.

Decentralized IoT Network Security

Cyberattack identification can be done fast and accurately through early detection and
mitigation at the edge nodes with more efficient traffic monitoring and evaluation. The internet
world is huge, it took longer and longer time transmitting data from an end to another. Hence, it
is good to distribute important task to be processed in the middle points in between ends.

Decentralized IoT Sensor Data Storage

IoT sensor data stored nearer to the edge nodes for more responsive queries by reducing
the data transmission frequency between IoT sensors and core servers at the cloud while
maintaining privacy of users by eliminating the trust issues raising during the data exchange
mediated by any third party node between cloud and users.

Complexity

In semi-open or closed loops (i.e. value chains, whenever a global finality can be settled)
the IoT will often be considered and studied as a complex system due to the huge number of
different links, interactions between autonomous actors, and its capacity to integrate new actors.
At the overall stage (full open loop) it will likely be seen as a chaotic environment
(since systems always have finality). As a practical approach, not all elements in the Internet of
Things run in a global, public space. Subsystems are often implemented to mitigate the risks of
privacy, control and reliability. For example, domestic robotics (domotics) running inside a smart
home might only share data within and be available via a local network. Managing and controlling
a high dynamic ad hoc IoT things/devices network is a tough task with the traditional networks
PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.
NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

architecture, Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides the agile dynamic solution that can
cope with the special requirements of the diversity of innovative IoT applications.

Size considerations

The Internet of Things would encode 50 to 100 trillion objects, and be able to follow the
movement of those objects. Human beings in surveyed urban environments are each surrounded
by 1000 to 5000 trackable objects.In 2015 there were already 83 million smart devices in people's
homes. This number is expected to grow to 193 million devices by 2020.

The figure of online capable devices grew 31% from 2016 to 2017 to reach 8.4 billion.

Space considerations

In the Internet of Things, the precise geographic location of a thing—and also the precise
geographic dimensions of a thing—will be critical. Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its
location in time and space, have been less critical to track because the person processing the
information can decide whether or not that information was important to the action being taken,
and if so, add the missing information (or decide to not take the action). (Note that some things in
the Internet of Things will be sensors, and sensor location is usually important.)
The GeoWeb and Digital Earth are promising applications that become possible when things can
become organized and connected by location. However, the challenges that remain include the
constraints of variable spatial scales, the need to handle massive amounts of data, and an
indexing for fast search and neighbour operations. In the Internet of Things, if things are able to
take actions on their own initiative, this human-centric mediation role is eliminated. Thus, the time-
space context that we as humans take for granted must be given a central role in this information
ecosystem. Just as standards play a key role in the Internet and the Web, geo-spatial standards
will play a key role in the Internet of Things.

A solution to "basket of remotes"

Many IoT devices have the potential to take a piece of this market. Jean-Louis
Gassée (Apple initial alumni team, and BeOS co-founder) has addressed this topic in an article
on Monday Note, where he predicts that the most likely problem will be what he calls the "basket
of remotes" problem, where we'll have hundreds of applications to interface with hundreds of
devices that don't share protocols for speaking with one another. For improved user interaction,
some technology leaders are joining forces to create standards for communication between
devices to solve this problem. Others are turning to the concept of predictive interaction of
devices, "where collected data is used to predict and trigger actions on the specific devices" while
making them work together.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Social Internet of Things

Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is a new kind of IoT that focuses the importance of social
interaction and relationship between IoT devices. SIoT is a pattern of how cross-domain IoT
devices enabling application to application communication and collaboration without human
intervention in order to serve their owners with autonomous services, and this only can be realized
when gained low-level architecture support from both IoT software and hardware engineering.

Social Network for IoT Devices (Not Human)

IoT defines a device with an identity like a citizen in a community, and connect them to
the internet to provide services to its users. SIoT defines a social network for IoT devices only to
interact with each other for different goals that to serve human.

How SIoT different from IoT?

SIoT is different from the original IoT in terms of the collaboration characteristics. IoT is
passive, it was set to serve for dedicated purposes with existing IoT devices in predetermined
system. SIoT is active, it was programmed and managed by AI to serve for unplanned purposes
with mix and match of potential IoT devices from different systems that benefit its users.

How SIoT Works?

IoT devices built-in with sociability will broadcast their abilities or functionalities, and at the
same time discovers, navigates and groups with other IoT devices in the same or nearby network
for useful service compositions in order to help its users proactively in every day's life especially
during emergency.

Social IoT Examples

1. IoT-based smart home technology monitors health data of patients or aging adults by
analyzing their physiological parameters and prompt the nearby health facilities when
emergency medical services needed. In case emergency, automatically, ambulance of a
nearest available hospital will be called with pickup location provided, ward assigned,
patient's health data will be transmitted to the emergency department, and display on the
doctor's computer immediately for further action.
2. IoT sensors on the vehicles, road and traffic lights monitor the conditions of the vehicles
and drivers and alert when attention needed and also coordinate themselves automatically
to ensure autonomous driving is working normally. Unfortunately if an accident happens,
IoT camera will inform the nearest hospital and police station for help.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Social IoT Challenges

1. Internet of Things is multifaceted and complicated. One of the main factors that hindering
people from adopting and use Internet of Things (IoT) based products and services is its
complexity. Installation and setup is a challenge to people, therefore, there is a need for
IoT devices to mix match and configure themselves automatically to provide different
services at different situation.
2. System security always a concern for any technology, and it is more crucial for SIoT as
not only security of oneself need to be considered but also the mutual trust mechanism
between collaborative IoT devices from time to time, from place to place.
3. Another critical challenge for SIoT is the accuracy and reliability of the sensors. At most
of the circumstances, IoT sensors would need to respond in nanoseconds to avoid
accidents, injury, and loss of life.

Enabling technologies for IoT

There are many technologies that enable the IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to
communicate between devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless or wired
technologies may fulfill:

Addressability

The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and distinct identification
through the Electronic Product Code. This has evolved into objects having an IP address
or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all
things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing naming
protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred
to by other agents, such as powerful centralised servers acting for their human owners. Integration
with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a distinct identifier. Due to
the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion different addresses), objects in the
IoT will have to use the next generation of the Internet protocol (IPv6) to scale to the extremely
large address space required. Internet-of-things devices additionally will benefit from the stateless
address auto-configuration present in IPv6, as it reduces the configuration overhead on the
hosts, and the IETF 6LoWPAN header compression. To a large extent, the future of the Internet
of Things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; and consequently, the global adoption
of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future.

Application Layer

 Aging and Disability Resource Center (ADRC) defines an application layer protocol
and supporting framework for implementing IoT applications.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Short-range wireless

 Bluetooth mesh networking – Specification providing a mesh networking variant

to Bluetooth low energy (BLE) with an increased number of nodes and standardized
application layer (Models).
 Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) – Wireless communication technology similar to the Wi-Fi standard,
but using visible light communication for increased bandwidth.
 Near-field communication (NFC) – Communication protocols enabling two electronic
devices to communicate within a 4 cm range.
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Technology using electromagnetic fields to read
data stored in tags embedded in other items.
 Wi-Fi – Technology for local area networking based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, where
devices may communicate through a shared access point or directly between individual
devices.
 ZigBee – Communication protocols for personal area networking based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard, providing low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high
throughput.
 Z-Wave – Wireless communications protocol used primarily for home automation and
security applications

Medium-range wireless

 LTE-Advanced – High-speed communication specification for mobile networks. Provides

enhancements to the LTE standard with extended coverage, higher throughput, and lower
latency.
 5G - 5G wireless networks can be used to achieve the high communication requirements
of the IoT and connect a large number of IoT devices, even when they are on the move.

Long-range wireless

 Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) – Wireless networks designed to allow long-

range communication at a low data rate, reducing power and cost for transmission.
Available LPWAN technologies and protocols: LoRaWan, Sigfox, NB-IoT, Weightless,
RPMA.
 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) – Satellite communication technology using
small dish antennas for narrowband and broadband data.

Wired

 Ethernet – General purpose networking standard using twisted pair and fiber optic links in
conjunction with hubs or switches.

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Lemery Campus, Poblacion South East Zone, Lemery, Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

 Power-line communication (PLC) – Communication technology using electrical wiring to

carry power and data. Specifications such as HomePlug or G.hn utilize PLC for networking
IoT devices.

Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected
IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion
by 2025. Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the
21st century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats,
baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.

By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies,
physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this
hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between
connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.

Assessment

A Google form link will be sent to the group chat messenger.

Reference

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things

-End of Module 1

PROF 105: Internet of Things Nestor Jr. T. Suerte, M.I.T.

NIPSC-LC BSIT Instructor 1
First Semester AY 2022-2023