Scribd
Upload
165 views14 pages

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

The document describes the equivalent circuit diagram used to model the behavior of a loaded transformer. The equivalent circuit allows engineers to simplify calculations involving transformers, transmission lines, and loads. It represents the transformer as a circuit with resistances, reactances, and voltage drops. Engineers can use the equivalent circuit to determine the primary voltage required to maintain a given secondary load voltage or vice versa.

Uploaded by

Jeans Gonzalez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
165 views14 pages

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

The document describes the equivalent circuit diagram used to model the behavior of a loaded transformer. The equivalent circuit allows engineers to simplify calculations involving transformers, transmission lines, and loads. It represents the transformer as a circuit with resistances, reactances, and voltage drops. Engineers can use the equivalent circuit to determine the primary voltage required to maintain a given secondary load voltage or vice versa.

Uploaded by

Jeans Gonzalez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Transformer equivalent circuit

The calculations of a combined electrical system or circuit comprising


transformers, transmission and distribution lines are often simplified by
the use of the equivalent circuit diagram. The characteristics of a
loaded transformer also can often be indicated more clearly by the
same means. Figure A1.1 shows the more general form of diagram of
connections, and Figure A1.2 the corresponding phasor diagram for a
loaded transformer.
V1 primary terminal voltage;
E1 primary induced e.m.f.;
E2 secondary induced e.m.f.;
V2 secondary terminal voltage;
I2 secondary load current;
load component of total primary
current;
I1 total primary current (including I0 and
I02);
I0 primary no-load current;
Im primary magnetising current;
Ic primary core loss current;
R1 primary reactance;
X1 primary leakage reactance;
Z1 primary impedance;
R2 secondary resistance;
X2 secondary leakage reactance;
Z2 secondary impedance;
I1 R1 primary resistance voltage drop;
I1X1 primary reactance voltage drop;
I1Z1 primary impedance voltage drop;
803

Figure A1.1 Circuit diagram

Figure A1.2 Phasor diagram of loaded transformers.

Assumed turns ratio 1:1

I2 R2 secondary resistance voltage


drop;
I2X2 secondary reactance voltage
drop;
I2Z2 secondary impedance voltage
drop;
Rl secondary load resistance;
Xl secondary load reactance;
Zl secondary load impedance;
N1 primary turns;
N2 secondary turns;
cos2 secondary load power factor.
Figure A1.3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to
Figure A1.1 and this applies to step-up and step-down transformers.
This diagram enables the primary voltage V1 necessary to maintain a
given load voltage V2 to be determined. Those characteristics of Figure
A1.3 which apply to the secondary circuit are shown as referred to the
primary circuit by the turns ratio n. The admittance Y0 (no-load current
divided by the primary induced e.m.f.) is simply such as to represent
the no-load characteristics of

Figure A1.3 Equivalent circuit diagram for determining the primary


voltage V1

the transformer; that is, the resistance branch takes a current equal to
the core-loss current, and the reactance branch takes a current equal to
the true magnetising current. This method of treatment takes account
of the efficiency of the transformer, and the copper losses appear as
voltage drops. The phasor diagram corresponding to Figure A1.3 is
shown in Figure A1.4. E1 is the e.m.f. across the admittance Y0, and V1 E1
is the voltage drop (which is not measurable) that is assumed to occur
in the primary circuit if half the transformer reactance is allotted to the
primary side of the transformer.
Figure A1.4 Phasor diagram of equivalent circuit shown in FigureA1.3

The required voltage V1 can be calculated simply by multiplying the


equivalent load current in the circuit by the total equivalent impedance
of the circuit. In calculating the equivalent impedance, the individual
equivalent ohmic resistances may be added arithmetically as also may
be the equivalent ohmic reactances; including, of course, the
equivalent load resistance and reactance; the total equivalent
impedance is then the phasor sum of the total equivalent resistances
and reactances. This is illustrated in Figure A1.5. (This method neglects
the very small phase displacements that exist between the individual
ohmic impedances but the approximation is normally justified.)
Figure A1.5 Resultant phasor diagram corresponding to FigureA1.4

Figure A1.6 is similar to Figure A1.3 except that the notation is


framed so as to enable the secondary load voltage V2 at a given primary
voltage V1 to be determined. That is, the primary characteristics are
referred to the secondary circuit by the turns ratio n.

Figure A1.6 Equivalent circuit diagram for determining the


secondary load voltage V2

The phasor diagram corresponding to Figure A1.6 is shown in Figure


A1.7 and the simplified phasor diagram for calculating the required
voltage V2 is shown in Figure A1.8. In constructing the latter diagram the
very small phase displacements that exist between the individual ohmic
impedances have again been neglected.

Example on Figure A1.3


Consider the case of a 200 kVA, 11000/415 V, three-phase, delta/star,
50 Hz transformer.
Figure A1.7 Phasor diagram of equivalent circuit shown in FigureA1.6

Figure A1.8 Resultant phasor diagram corresponding to FigureA1.7

Tested phase voltage ratio n D 11000 3/415 D 45.9


2 2
and therefore n D 45.9 D 2110
Tested core loss per phase D 270 watts
Ic per phase D 270/11000 D 0.025 A
Tested no-load current per I0 D 0.212 A
phase
In per phase

D 0.211 A

Primary no-load power factor cos

and therefore 0 D 83.3°

Tested copper loss per phase


A pproximately
5%
D 1130 Wincrease in losses on
calculated figure
Calculated copper loss per D 1080 W
phase
Calculated primary resistance D 16.6 
Actual primary resistance R1 D 16.6 ð 1.05

D 17.4 
Calculated secondary resistance D 0.00606 
Actual secondary resistance R2 D 0.00606 ð 1.05 

D 0.00637 
R 
D 13.4 

Tested h.v. impedance per D 524 V at 6.06 A per phase


phase
therefore Z0e D 524/6.06 D 86.3 

and X0e
D 80.6 

Assuming the reactive voltage drop to be equal in the primary and


secondary winding gives X1 D 40.3 , and X .
The phase constants of the transformer derived from test figures are
thus
n D 45.9 0D 83.2° R1
n2 D 2110 D 17.4 
Ic D 0.025 A R 
I0 D 0.212 A X1 D 40.3 
Im D 0.211 A X 

(a) With an applied primary terminal voltage V1 of 11000 V it is


required to find the secondary terminal voltage V2 when the
transformer supplies a secondary load of 200 kVA at a power factor cos 2
D 0.8 lagging.
All calculations are made on a phase to neutral basis.
It is necessary to start by assuming a value of V2, say 288 V (i.e.
assuming a 5% drop).

I2 D 200000/⊲p3 ð 228 ð p3⊳ D 292 A

36 A

Rℓ 
Rℓ0 D 0.624 ð 2110

D 1310 
X
D 228 ð 0.6/292

D 0.468 

Xℓ0 D 0.468 ð 2110

D 987 

Resistance drop to SS 8420 V


Reactance drop to SS 6540 V

ss °

D 6.51 A
Primary line current D 6.51 ð p3 D 11.3 A

⊳
ss

⊳
ss

Resistance drop to PP D

8420 C I1R1 D 8420 C 6.51 ð

17.4 D 8530 V Reactance drop to PP D 6540 C I1X1 D 6540 C 6.51 ð

40.3 D 6800 V

V 10910 V

Percentage regulation

2%

Thus, with V1 D 11000 V we have V

i.e. V2 D 230 V

Secondary terminal line voltage D 230p3 D 398 V

°
° °
1 D 38.6 C 1.3 D 39.9°

Power input 54500 watts


Power output 53300 watts
therefore percentage efficiency D ⊲53300/54500⊳100 D 97.80%.
the corrected value ofWith V1 D 11000 V andI2 DV2200000D 230/⊲V,p3
ð 230 ð p3⊳ D 290 A

and, the corrected value of 32 A.


The corrected value of Rℓ0 D 230 ð 0.8 ð 2110/290 D 1340 

and, the corrected value of Xℓ0 D 230 ð 0.6 ð 2110/290 D 1000

.

Figure A1.10 Phasor diagram

Figure A1.11 The general form of Figure A1.9

(b) Results can also be obtained by means of the symbolic method


which allows for the very small phase displacements between the
individual ohmic impedances. Consider the general form of Figure A1.9
as shown in Figure A1.11:

It can be derived that


V0 V1Zℓ0Z0
⊲A1.1⊳
V
I ⊲A1.2⊳

I0 D V1Z0 ⊲A1.3⊳

In order to determine Z0 it is first necessary to calculate E1.

E1 D V2 C I02Z02

D 230 ð 45.9⊲0.8 C j0.6⊳ C 6.32⊲13.4 C j40.3⊳

D 8530 C j6590 D 10800 V

D IE1Ic C jIE1Im

D 5990 C j50500 

Thus,

Z1 D 17.4 C j40.3 

Z0 D 5990 C j50500 

Zℓ0 D 1340 C j1000 

and .
Thus, substituting these values in equation (A1.1),

V
D 10540 n1.6° V

V2 D 10540/45.9 D 230 V
and the secondary terminal line voltage D 230p3 D 398 V.

Substituting in equation (A1.2),

I
D 6.45 n39.6° A

Primary line current D 6.45p3n39.6° D 11.2 A

D 0.771

Power input
D 11000 ð 6.45 ð 0.771

D 54600 watts

Substituting in equation (A1.3),

I0 D 11000⊲5990 C j50500⊳ D

and I2 D 6.31 ð 45.9 n38.3°A D 290n38.3° A

Power input 53300 watts


Percentage efficiency D ⊲53300/54600⊳100 D 97.62%.

Thus it will be seen that the results obtained by the two methods of
calculation show close agreement.
13

Appendix 2
14

You might also like