SE 043 767

-AUTHOR Artino, Ralph A., Com r And.Others

TITLE The Contest Problem ok IV. Annual High. School
Examinations 1971-19 2.New Mathematical Library
Volume-29.
INSTITUTION
/
Mathematical AssoCiation
'

a .

America, Washington,
REPORT NO ISBN-0-88385-629-8'
PUB. DATE. - 82
NOTE 198p. ,/
AVAILABLE FROM Itiew Mathematical/ Ieibrary, 1529_18th St. , N.W.
Washington, DC 20036.
Gui es Getnerl (050) -- Tests/Evaluation
.1 trume is ' (160)
4 r
EDRS PRICE MFOI Plus Poltage. 1pC Not Avallable from tDRS.
DESCRIPTORS AnswtilKeys;tCompetition; High Schoolq; *Mathematical
Enric ent;/*Problem Sets; *Problem Solving:
*Quantitative Teste; Secondary' Education; *Secondary
School .Mathematic Talent -
IliENTIFIERS .. Annual High School Mathematics Examinations;
/ ' Mathematical Associaton
i of America; *Mathemotics
Contests/; *Solution Methods . _.

ABSTRACT /

This Volume contains the Anniial--High School

Mathematics Examinatiftns given- 1973 through 1982, supplementing three
--previous compilationps\. The examinations provide challenging Oroblems
.' which teach, stimulite, and--1piovide enjoyment for both participnts"
and ieaders. In acld4t-ion to presenting the ten examinations, '

consisting of 35. for the 1973 examination and 30 problems,

,
for ,/the-others,
.
the answer keys' are given and solutions are
delineated. (MNS)/
/\

********************************************************************* .
/ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
.
*
. from the original ,document.
,
******* *************************************-**************************
if , _1' .
 THE CONT
.P11013LE
Co
o ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL'M EXAMINATIONS 1973-1982
M.

Compiled and with solutions by ,

RALPH A. ARTINO, ANTHONY M. GAGLIONE and NIEL SHELL

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co:"PERMISSION TO J °
MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE .ONLYI ,
HAS BEEN GRANTEO BY . .
6

11.11
kr) The Mathematical Association of America
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOUliegg 2 New Mathematical Library
 . .. '/.
.

Annual, High SchoOl EXaminatioris

A
1973-1982
of ,,

-.The Mathematical Asosiation of Aineiiaa

Society of Actuaries'.'
,
-----7 Mu; 1pha Theta -
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Casuklty Actuarial Society'
 NEW MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY ,
PUBLISHED BY

THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Editorial Cointnittee

Ivan NiveniChairman ( nsi 83 ) Anneli Lax, Editor

University of. Oregon wNewYork University

W..:0. Chinn (198042). City College of San Francisco

Basil Gordon (1980-82) University of California, Los Angeles
M. M. Schiffer (1979-81)Stanford University ;

The 'New Mathematical Library (NML) was begun in

1961 by the Schdol Mathematics. Study Group to make
available to high school students short expository books
on various tbpics not usually covered in the high school
syllabus. In, a decade the NMI, rnfatured Into a steadily
growing series of some twenty titles of interest not only to
the ofiginally intended audience, but to college students
and teathers at all levels. Previously published. by Ran-
dom House and L. W. Singer: the NML became a
publication series of the Mathematical Association of
America (MAA) in 1975. Under the auspices of.the MAA
the NML will continue to grow and will remain ded. a,ted
to its original and 9xpanded purposes.
 "7,

tONT

Anntial High SCho'ol Exatninat

073-1982 ,

'compiled d with 1§cilutions by

'alph Artino
The City College of New York.

Anthony M. Gaglione
The .U.S. Naval Accideiny
and

Niel Steil ,
The City College,of Net, York

plICA

O,
0
441E Ft tC

9
THE MATHEMATICAL: ASSOCIATION
OF AMERICA
All rights reserved derjnternational and Pan;American Copyfigh!
q Published W_as3ington by the Mathematical Association.of
Library of Congress Catalog>Card Nnmber: 82-Q51076

CoMplete Set ISBN 048385-600-X

Vol, 29 0-88385-629-8
 Cdntents

9
vii

Editors' Preface , xi

Listaof Symbols . ... r, \; . ................ .xot

I Problems . . . . . . . . .... '. . . . ..... . ..... . . .1

1. x, 1973 Eximination .. . /. . : . . ..... . . . . ... . .1
1974 Examination .'.
\,
..... . .. . . . ....... 8
1975 Examination - 14
1976 ExaMination . . : ..... . .. .. . . ..... . . . .20
1977 Examinati 27
1978 Examipa ion . ... . . . . . . ..... ..34
1979 Exanination 40
1980 Datnination . . . 46
19 -(Examination . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .i. . . . .52
, .. 58
982 Examination

II Answer Keys 65
J
H Solutions . , ,. . . .-. '.\ .......... . . ...... . .61
. . . . . .. . . .

1973 Examination.% . . .-. . . . .-: . .. .. .. . . ... . . .67

. . . . . . .

f974 Exammatton ...... . . ....... : ..... . . .'. . ..79.

1975 Examination ,. . .. .... . .. . .88
. . . . . . . . .

t ' (1976 Etami4ation . .... . .... . .98

. . . . . . . . . s .
1977 Eiamination . . . .. :. . . 1 . .. . . . . . . .107
1978 ExaminOtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...:117
1979 Examination . . ... . .. . . . . . .126
1980 ExaniMation . . . . . . . : . . . .138
1981 Examination . . . -13
1982 F..xamination 167

}-1 IV. Classification of Problems . .

 4

NEW. MTHE1VIATIC L LIBRARY

/ 1 Nurhbers: Ratiotial and Irrational by Ivon Niven

2 What is Calculus About? by W. W. Sa ' yet
3 An Introduction to Inequalities by E. aeckenbach and R. Bellman
4 Geometric Inequalities by N. D. Kazarf off
5. The Contest Problem Book .I Annual Hi School. Contests 1950-1960.
Compiled and with solutions by Charles Salkind
6 The Lore of Lqrge Numbers by P. J. D vis
7 Uses 9f Infinity by Leo Zippin
8 Geometric Transformations l- by I. M. Yaglom, translated by A. Shields
9 Continued Fractions by Carl D. Olds
If! Graphs and Their Uses by Oystein Ore ,
11 l Hungarian Problem Books I and II, B d on the Ebtvos
12) Competitions 1894 -1905 and 1906-1928; t.onslated by. E. Rapaport
13 Episodes from the Early History ry of Mathematics by A. Aaboe
.14 'GrouPs and Their Graphs, by I. Grossman and W. Magnus
15 ° The Mathematics of Choice by Ivan NLven
16 \From Pythagoras to Einstein by (K. 0. Friedrichs
17- The Contest Problem Book II Annual High School Contest; 1961-1965.
Compiled and with solutions by. Chdrles Salkind
18 First Concepts Of.Topology by W. G. Chinl and N. E. Steenrod.
19 Geometry Revisitedby If. S. M. Coxeter and S. L. Greitzer
20 Invitation'to Number Theory by Oystein Ore
21 Geometric Transformations II by I. M. Yctglotn, translated by A. Shields
2Z Elementary CryptanalysisA Mathematical Approach by A. SinkOv
i.
23 Ingehity in Mathematics by Ross Honsberger
24.Geometric Transfonnations III by I. M. Yaglom, translated by A. Shenitzer
25 The Contest Probleni Book III Annual High Stool Conteks 1966-1972.
Compiled and with solutions by C. T. Salkind an J. °M.: Earl
26 Mathemitical Methods in Science by George Polya
27 International Mathematical Olympiids--1959-1977.
Compiled and with solutions by S. L. Greitzer
28 The Mathematics of Games and Gambling by Edward W. Packel
29 The Contest Problem Book IV Annual High School Examinations 1973-1982.
Compiled and with solutions by R. A. Artino, A. M. Gaglione and N. Shell

Other titles in preparation

 Preface
\ ,

This, volume Tontains the Annual. High School Mathematics Ex-

s

aminations, give 1973 through 1982. It is a continuation or Contest

Problem Books I, II, III, published as Volumes 5, 1'7, and 25 of the
New Mathematical\Library series and which contain the firsi twenty -'
three annual examinations. The Annual High School Mathematics
Examinations (AHSME), it' is hoped, provide challenging probleins
which teach, stimulate\ and provide enjoyment 'for not only the par-
ticipants,' but also the readers of`these volumes.
All high school students are eligible to participate in the Annual
High School MathematiC\Exarninations. In 1982, over 418,000 stu-
dents in the United . S. tates Canada, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Jamaica,
Australia, Italy, England, Hungary', Ireland, Israel, FinLind, Belgium
and Luxembourg participated in the examination. It was'administered
also in many APO/FPO d 'other schools abroad. Each year a
Summary of Results and A ,ards .is sent to all participating 'high
schools (in, the United States an Canada): The problems are designed
so that they can be solved with a knowledge of only "pre-calculus"
mathematics, with emphasis on in ermediate algebra and plane geome-
try. The subject classificatkon at the\end of the volume indicates which,
questions are 'related to which topics.
The problems on each examination become _progressively more
difficult. Between 1973 and 1977, the participants were given eighty t
minutes. to complete the examination, and in subsequent years they
were allowed ninety minutes. the 1973 examination consists of four
parts containing 10, 10; 10 d 5 questioris respectively worth,3, 4, 5,
and 6 points .each; to con 't for guessing, one fourth of the
numbe) of points assign d to incorrectly ',answered problems was
deduct,ed from the number of points assigned to correctly answered
problems. The 1974 through.1977 examinations con ist of 30 questions
Worth five points per question; one point was deducted for each
question answered incorrectly. Since 1978, each examination consists
of 30 questions NO was scored by adding 30 points to four times the
1 r t
viii A PREFACE

number of correct answers and then subtracting one point for each
incorrect answer.
Each year since 1972, approximately one hundred of the highest
scoring students on the AHSME and a number of members of
previous International Mathematical tOlympiad training classes have
been invited to participate in the U.S.A. Mathematical Olympiad,
currently a three and one half hout essay type examination consisting
of five questions. Since 197.4, a team ,of students has been selected to
participate in the International Mathematical Olympiad.* An Interna-
tional Mathematical -Olympiad training class of approiimately
twenty-four students receives an intensive problem solving course
prior to the International Olympiad.
It is a pleasure to, acknowledge the contributions of the many 9
individuals and organizations who have made the preparation and
administration of these examinations possible. We thank the Members
of the COrrimittee on High School Contests and its Advisory Panel for..
Proposing problems and suggesting many improvements in the pre-
liminary drafts of the examinations. 'We are grateful to .Professor
Stephen B. Maurer, who succeeded us as Committee chairman in
1981, for his assistance in 'the preparation of thiS book..We express our
appreciation to the regional examination coordinators throughout the
.United States and Canada who &such an excellent job of administer-
ing the examinations in their regtons, and to the mernberS ot the
Olympiad Subcommittee who adMinister all the Olympiad activities.
Particular, ,thanks are due to Professor James M. Earl, Who was the
chairman of the Contests Committee until his death, shortly after the.,
1973 examination was printed; to Professor Henry M. Cox, who was
the executive director of the Contests Committee from 1973 to 1976;
to Professor Walter E. Mientka, who has been the executive directof of
the Contests Committee since September 1976; and to'. Professor
Samuel L. dreitzer, Who has been the chairman of the Olympiad
SubcoMmittee since the inception of the subconittee. We express
appreciation to our sponsors, the Mathematical Association of
Amerita, the Sobiety of Actuaries, Mu Alpha, Theta, the. National
Council of TeaChers of_ Mathematics, and the Casualty Actuarial '
'Society for their financial support and guidance; we thank the City
'College bf New York, the University of Nebraska, Swarthmore Col-
lege and Metropolitan- Life Insurance Company for the support they
have prthrided present and past chairthen and executive directors; and
we thank L. G. Balfour. Company, W. H. Freeman and Company;
Kuhn Associates, National SemiconduCtor, Pickett, Inc., .MAA, Mu

*The International Olympiads from 1959 to .1977 have been published in volume 27 of
the New Mathematical Library series.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV ix

Alpha Theta, 'NCI'M and Random. House for donating awards to

high-storing individuals and schools on the AHSME.
The members of the Committee on High School Contests are
particularly pleased to acknowledge financial support for the. U.S.A.
Mathematical Olympiad and the participation of the U.S. team in the
International Mathematical Olympiad. We express our gratin,* to
the International .Business Machines Corporation for an annual grant
tb'spon'sor an awards ceremony in honor of the winners of the U.S.A.
Mathematical Olympiad; we thank the hosts of training sessions:
Rutgers University, United States Military Academy and C)ited
States Naval Actidemy; we gratefully acknowledge financial support
of the training sessions' and travel !o the International Mathematical
Olympiad from the following: Army Research Office, Johnson and
Johnson Foundation, Office of Naval Research, Minnesota Mining &
Manufacturing Corporation, National Science Foundation, Spender
Foundation, Standard Oil Company ofCalifornia and Xerox Corpo-
ration.
A few minor changes in the sta.sments of problems have been made
in this collection for the. sake of greater clarity....
Ralph A. Artino
Anthony M. Gaglione
Niel Shell

4
 0

Editors' Preface
The editors of the New Mathematical Library; 'wishing to encourage
significant problem solving at an elementary level, have published a,: ...

. variety of problem collections. In addition to the Annual High School . ;0 ,

Mathematics ExaMinations (NML vols. 5, 17, 25 and 29) describedin

detail in the Preface On the preceding pages, the NML sgries contains
tranSlations of the Htingarian Eatits Competitions through 1928 i.
(*ML vols. 11 and 12) and the International Mathemalical Olympiads
(NML vol. 27). Both ace essay type competitions containing only it
few questions which' often require ingenious solutions.
The present voluthe is a sequel to. NML vol. 25 published it the
request of the many readers who enjoyed the 'previous Contest Prob-'
,
lem Books. .

The Mathematical Association of America, publisher of the NML

series, is concerned primarily with mathematics at the undergraduate
level in colleges and universities. It conducts the annual Pulliam
Competitions for undergraduate students. All three journals of the.
MAA, the, American Mathematical_ Monthly, Mathematics Magazine
and the Two Year College Mathematics Journal, have sections devoted
to problems and their solutions. ,
I
The editors of the NeW. Mathematical Library are pleased to ac:,
knowledge the essential contributions of R. A. Artino, A. M. Gaglione
and N. Shell, the thre'e men who compiled and wrote solutions for the-
problems in the present volume. The hard work of Stephen B. Maurer,
current chairman' of the MLA Committee on School Contests,
.and that of other Committee members in the fin editing of this
collection is greatly appreciated.
We suggest that readers attempt their own solutions before looking
at the ones offered. Their solutions may be quite different frOm,but
just as good or better than, those published here., lj
People taking the AHSME are told to avoid random guessing, since ad
there is a penalty for incorrect answers; however, if a; participant can
, 1^g
lit

I
 EDITORS' PREFACE
use his mathematical lcnowledge to eliminate all but one of the.listed
choices, he will improve his score. A few examples of this kind of
elimination are indicated in some of the Notes.appended to solutions.

134sil. Gordon
. ,
AnneLt Lax
'102
 Naine and/or Meining
set of all x such that; e.g. (x : x is 'a positive integer less
than 4) is the sei with members 1; 2, 3
,, contained in; A c 4 means each member of A is in B
contains; A B means B C A
not equal to
f(x) function f of the variable x
ft "'the value that f assigns to the constant a
identically equal; e.g. f(x) = 1 means f(15= 1 for :all
values of the variable x
in number theory, foeintegers a, b, m, a b(mod
is read "a is congruent to b mod m" and me_ ans tit&
a. b is divisible by m.
less than
lesA, than or equal t6
grater than
greAter than or equal to
approximately equal to
0
absolute value; lx1 =.
xxif x <0)
n factorial; n! = 1 2 7.. n
.
combinations of n things taken k at a time;
n1 n!
kk) k!(n k)!
-

summation sign; ,E.ai means al + a2 + + an

co
infinite sum; E a, = al + a2 +
I

(abcd n
base n representation; an3 + bn2 + cn + d
"A a. first difference; for a sequence al, a2,... , Aan means
an+i an
kth difference; AI = Aan, Ak+lan= A (A kan%) for
k >1
the largest integer not bigger than x
xiii
 Name anddr Meaning

determinant of the matrix '(a b) equal to 'ad be

imaginary unit in the set of complex %umbers; satisfying
i2 = 1; also used as a constant or as a variable (Or
index) °taking integer values (e.g. in ES_1ai al + a2
+ + a5).
complex conjugate of z; if z = a + ib with a, b real,
then I- = a bi.
either line segment connecting points A. and B or its
length
the minor circular arc with endpoints A and
either angle ABC or its measure
is perpendicular to
is parallel to
is similar to
is congruent to
parallelogiam
 1. A chord which is the perpendicular bisector of a radius of length
12 in a circle, has length
(A) 3V (B) 27 .(C) 6V (D) 12{3- (E) "none of these

2. -One thousand unit cubes, are fastened together to form a large

cube with edge length 10 units; this is painted and then separated
into the original cubes. The number of these unit cubes which
have "at least one face painted is
(A) 600 (B) 520 (C) 488 (D) 480 (E) 400

3. The stronger .Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer

greater than 7 can be written as the sum of two different prime,
numbers)" For such Itpresentations of the even number 126, the
largest possible difference beivreen the two primes is
(A) 112 (B) 100 (C) 92 (D) 88 (E)

t The regular Goldbach conjecture states that any even integer greater than 3 is
expressible as a sum of two primes. neither this conjecture nor the stronger vgsion has
been settled.
 THE MAA 1)40BLEM IrOOK IV,
0' f°

. 4: Ws congruent 300::- 60° -2 90° triangles are placed.so that they

- overlap partly and their hygotenuses coinCide. If the hypotenuse,
ot each triangle is 12, the area common to both triangles is, .
(A) 6iff ° (B) ,`" D) 12iff (E)' 24

Of the following five I to V, about-tlie 'binary opera-,

tion ofs averaging (arithmetic mean),

I. Averaging is associative
II. Averaging is commutative
III. Averaging distributes ever addition
IV. Addition distributes over -averaging
V. Averaging has an identity element
those which are aiNfa;is true are
(A) All (B) I and II only (C) II and III only
(D) II` and IV only (E) II and V only

6. If 554 is the base b representation of the square of the number.

whose base b representatibn is. 24, ihed b, when written in base-
10, equals
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D), 14 (E) 16

7. The sum of all 'the' integers between 50,, and 350 which end in 1 is
(A) 5880 (B) 5539 (C).5208 .(D) 4877 (E) 4566

8. If 1 pint of paint is needed to paint a statue 6 ft. high; then the

number of, pints it will take to paint (to the same thickness) 540
statues similar to the original but only 1 ft: high,. is
(A) 90 (B)72 (C) 45 (D) 30 (E) 15

9. In t ABC -with-right-angleat Cv'altitude CH and median-CM--

trisect the right angle. If the area of iCHM is K, then the area
of iABC is
(A) 6K ± (B) 4K -(C) 3{3-K (D) 3K (E) 4K
a
10. If n is a real number, then the simultaneous . , nx + y .-= 1
system to the right has no solution if and only. ny + z = 1
if n is equal tom
 8
' so

II. A circle.with a circiubscribed and an inscribed Square centered at

the origin 0 of a rectangular coordinate system with positive x
and y axes OX and. OY is shown in each figure Ito IVZelow.

IV

The inequalities
Ixt1 + 1Y1 < 12(x2 + y ) 2 Max(Ixl,
are represented geometricallyt by the fig re numbered
(A) I (B) II (C) (D) IV (E) :none of these

12. The average (arithmetic meant age of a group consisting of

doctors and lawyers, is 40.. If the doctors average 35 and the
lawyers 50 years old, then the ratio of the number of doctors to
.the number of lawyers is
(A) 3:2 (B) 3:1 (C) 2:3 (D) 2:1 (E) 1:2

( 2
13. The fraction 2 sr,
+6
3112 + {3-
r' is equal to

(B) 1 4
s

(C)
2a (p)
4
,(E)
16
3 3

4An inequality of the form f(x, y) g(x, y), for all x and y is re-Presented geometri-
cally by a figure showing the containment
(The set of points (x, y) such that g(x, y) < a)
, -
The set of points Ix, y) such that f (x, y) < a)
for a typical mats number a.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV/
4. Each valve A, B,. and C, when open, releases water ink) a tank
at its awn constant rate. With all three' ValveS o end the tank fills
in 1 hour, with only valves ,A and C.openit taiZeg:4.5 .hOur,, and
With only valves B and* C open jt talies,2 hours ,The.nuMber
hours.required with, only valves: A and .B .,,open .

(A) 1.1 (B) 1.15 (q 1.2 (D),'1.25 cE) 1.75;

a .
15. A sector with acute central angle ti is cut frbm a circle,of radius 6. 1

The radius of the circle circumscribed about"the'sector is

(A) 3 cos 0 .(B) 3 sec Op (C), 3 cos 20 (03 sec -1,0
4

-.16. If the sum of all the angles except one of !a, convex polygon is
2190°, then the number of sides of the polyOn must be
(A) 13 (B) 15 (CI 17 , (D) 19 21

x 1
then tan 0 equals
17. If 0 is an acute angle and sin i B = 2)c
,

1 ' ---1
(A) x (B) x , (C) (D)
+1

18. If p 5 is & prime number, then 24 divides p2 1 without re-

mainder
(A) never (B) 'sometimes only (C) always
(D) only if p,=. 5 (E) none of these

19. Define nal. for n and' a positive to be

na! n(n a)(n 2a.)(n (n ka),
where k is the greatest integer for which n >-ka.-
Then the quotient 728!/182! is equal to
(A) 45 (B) 46 (C) 48 (D) 49 (E) 4'2,

20. A cowboy is .4 miles south ()La stream which flows due east. He is
also 8 miles west and 7 miles north' of his cabin. He wishes to
water his horse at the stream and return home. The shortest
distancelin miles) he can travel and accomplish this is
(A) 4 + Iffff (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 18 (E) 41'+-11S17:
 21. 'The numb A, of sets bf twp or more consecutive positive in egers
whose"slUiry is 100 is
:',0r,
(A) .0' (B) -2 (C)'3 (D) 4 5 '.(E)

22. e% et of all Teal solutions of the inequality

o
, x-- 11 4- lx + 21 < 5'

(x: 3 <'x 2) (B) (x 1 < x < 2)

fv,44;:;(C) (x: 2 x < 1) < x < 1)
2 .(E) 0 (empty)

23. There/are two cards; one is red on both sides and the other is red
on one side and blue on the other. The cards have the same''
probability (I) of being chosen, and one is chosen and-placed on
the table. If the upper side of the card on the table is red, then the
-"probability that the under-side is also red is
'(A) (B) 3 (C) (D) i _ (t)

24. The check'for a luncheon of 3 sandwiches, 7 cups of coffee and

one piece,of pie came to $3.15 The check for a luncheon consist-
ing of 4 sandwiches, 10 cups of coffee and one piece of pie came
to $4.20 at the same place. The cost of a luncheon consisting of
one sandwich, one cup of coffee and one piece of pie at the same
place will come to
(A) $130 (B) $1.65 (C) $1.20 (D) $1.05 (E) $.95

25. A circular grass plot 12 feet in diameter is cut by a straight gravel

path 3 feet wide, one edge of which passes through the center of
the plot. The number of square feet in the remaining grass area is
(A) 367r 34 (B) 307r 15 (C) 367r 33
(D) 357r (E) 307r .9%/-

26. The number of terms in an A.P. (Arithmetic Progression), is even.

The sums of the odd- and even-numbered terms are .24 and 30
respectively. ILthe last term exceeds the first by 10.5, the number
of terms in the A.P. is
(A) 20 (B) 18 (C) 12
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

27. Cars A and A, traVel the same distance. Car A travels half that
distance it,u milessper dour and half at v miles perit4tur. Car B
travels half the time'at u miles per hour and half at v miles per
ui". The averhge speed of Car A is x miles per.hour and that of
B is y miles per hotir: Then we-always have
(A) x (R) x y (C) x = y (D) x < Y (4) x >

If a, b, and c are in geometric progression (G.P.) with 1 < a <

b < c and ..n:> 1 is an ,integer, then Logan, logo, logcn form a
sequence
(A) which is a. G.P.
(B) which is an arithmetic progression (A.P.)
(C) in which.the reciprocals of the terms form an A.P.
(D) in which the second and third terms are the nth powers of
the first and second respectively
(E) none of these

29. Two boys start moving from the same point A pn a circular track
but in opposite direction& Their speeds are 5 ft. per sec.,and 9 ft.
per sec. if they start at the same time and finish when they first
meet at the point A again, then the number of times they meet,
excluding the start and finish, is
(A) 13 (B) 25 (C) 44 (D) infinity (E) none of these

30. Let [t] denote the greatest integer < t whero t 0 and S
((x, y): (x T )2 + y2 < T2 where T = t [I]). Then we have
(A). the point (0,0) does not belong to S for any t
(B) 0--"< Area S < Tr for all t
(C) S is contained in the first quadrant.for all t 5
"(D)ttiecenter of S for any j is on the line y = x
(E) none of the other statements, is true

Part 4

31. In the following equation, each of the letters represents uniquely a

different digit in base ten:
( YE ) (ME) >= TTT
The sum E + M T + Y equals
(A) 19 (B) 20 (C) 21 (D) .22 (E) 24
 PROBLEMS: 1973 EXAMINATION
32; The volume of a pyramid whose base is an equilateral triarigle of
side length 6 and whose other, edges are each of length 113- is
9 /3-
(4 '9 -(B) 9/2 (C). 27/2 , (D) (E,) none of ths'e
Ii
.1

`.33. hen one ounce of water is 40Zied to a mixtukeof acid and wateP,
, the new xnixture is to% acid '.`When one ouri4 of acid is added
to the new.mixture, the result is 33-1-% acid. TI percentage of acid -
in the original mixture is
(A). 22% (B) 24% (C) 25% (D) 30% (E) 331%

34. A plane flew straight against a wind between two towns in 84

minutes and returned with that wind in 9 minutes less than it
would take in still, air. The number of minutes (2 answers) for the
return trip was
(A) 54 or 18 (B) 60 or 15 (C) 63-or 12 (D) 72 or 36
(E) 75 or 20

35. In the unit circle shown in the

figure to the right, chords PQ
and MN are parallel to.,the unit
radius OR of the circle with
center. at 0. Chords, MP,- PQ
and NR are each s units long
and chord MN is d units long.
Of :The three equations
o.

I. d s = 1, II. ds = 1,
III. d2 s2 a
those which are neces,§arily 'true,
are
(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only
(D) I and II only (E) II, and III
 THE M-AA PROBLEM BOOK-IV

.1974 Examination
2
0 or 4 and y 0 or 6, then x + y3- 1
*2
is equivalent
to
4xy
(A) 4x + 3y = xy

(E) none) of these

2. Let x, and x2 be, such that - x, x2 and

i = 1,2. Then x, + x2 equals
h h b
(A) (B)
3
(C)
3
(b) 2b (E) -
3

3. The coefficient of x7. in the polynomial expansion of

(1 +.2x ---.x)4

(B) 12 (C) 6 (D) 12 (F.' ) none of these

-7.) + 1?
4. What is the remainder when ,X5' + 51 is divided by
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 49 (D) 50 (E) 51

5. Given a quadrilateral ABCD inscribed in a circle with side AB

extended beyond B to point. E, if 4BAD = 92° ancL4ADC
68 °, find_4EBC.
(A) 66° (B) 68° (C) 70° (D) 88° (E) 92°

x y
6. For p tve real numbers x and y define x * y - then
x +y'
(A) " *" is commutative but not associative
(B) " *" is associative but not commutative
(C) " *" is neither commutative nor associative
(D) " *" is commutative and associative
(E) none of these
 PROBLEMS: 1974 EXAMINATION
7. A town's population increased by 1,200 people, and then this new
population decreased by 11%. The town now had 32 less people
than it did before the 1,200 increase. What is, the original
'
'(A) 1,200 (B) 11,200 (C) 9,968 (D) 10,000
(E) none of these

8. What is the smallest prime number dividing the sum 311 + 513?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 311 + 513 (E) none of these
_

9. The integers greater than one are arranged in five columns as

follows: -/
2 3' 4 5
8 7 6
10 11 12 13
16 15 14

(Four consecutive integers appear in each row; in the first, third

and other odd numbered rows, the integers appear in the last four
columns and increase from left to right;,in the second, fourth and
other even numbered rows, the integers appear in the first four
columns and increase from right to left.)
In which column will the number 1,000 fall?
(A) first (B) second (C) third (D) fourth (E) fifth

10. What is the smallest integral value of k such that

2x(kx 4) x2 + 6 = 0
has no real roots?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

11. If (a, b) and (c, d) are two points on the line whose equation is
y = mx + k, then the distance between (a, b)and (c, d), in
terms of a, c and m, is
(A) la c11/1 + m (B) la + (C) la
+ m2
' (D) la 1(1 + m2) (E) clIml

24
 THE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK IV

.x2
12. If g(x) = 1 z2, and f('8(x)) when' x 0, .then
X2
f(1/2) equals
(A) 3/4 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 1212

13. Which of the following is equivalent to "If P is true iben is

false."? '
^

(A) "P is true or Q is false."

(B) "If Q is false then p. is true."
(.C) "If P is false then Q is true."
(D) "If Q is true then. P is false."
(E) Q is true then P is true."

14: Which statement is correct?

(A) If x < 0, then, x2 ) If x2 > 0, then > 0.
(C), If x2 x, then x > 0. (D) If x2 > x, then x < 0.
(E) If x < 1, then x2 < x.

15. If x < - -2 then I1 11 + xl I equals

(A) 2 + x (B) 2x (C) x (D) x (E) 2

16. A circle of radius r is inscribed in a right isosceles triangle, and a

circle of radius R is circumscribed about the triangle. Then R/t
equals.
r-
(A) 1 + v2 (B)
2+a (C)
a1
2 2
1 + {2- v-i)
(D) (E) 2(2

17. If i 1, then (1 020 20 equals

(1 _ 1)
(A) -1024 . 1024i (C) 0 (D) .1024 (E) 10241
 PROBLEMS. : 19.74 EXAMINATION 11

18. If 1og83 p and 1og35 = q7 then, in terms of 'p and q, log1o5

equals

(A) pq
(E) p2 + q2:
(B) 3P .-1-
.
" .1 + 3p
p4-qq z" 1+3pq
3pq

19. In -the adjoining figure ABCD

is a square and c MN' is an
equilateral triangle. If the area'
of ABCD is one square inch,
then the area of CMN in square
inches is
(A) 3 (B) V /3
(C) {374 (D) 1273 A NB
(E) 4

;2)0. Let
1 1 1
T=
3 [6-
then
(A) T < (B) T = 1 (C) 1 < T < 2. (D) T
1
(E) T
V)(18- )(if 1C)(16- V)(15- 2)

21. In a geometric series of positive terms the difference be ten the

fifth and fourth terms is 576, and the difference between the
second and first terms is 9. What is the sum of the first five terms
of this series?
(A) 1061 (B) 1023 (C) 1024 (D) 768 (E) none of these

e minimum value of sin

2
A
acosA2 is 'attained when A is

(A) 180° (B) 60° (C) 120° (D) 0° (E) none of these t
12 THE-.MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

23. In the adjoining figure TP!and'T'Q T4

are parallel tangents to a circle of
radius r, with T and T' the points
of tangency. PTV is a third tangent
with T" as point of tangency. If TP
4 and T'Q = 9 then r is
(A) 25/6 (B) 6 4 (C) 25/4
(D) a number other than 25/6, ,6,, 25/4
(E) not determinable from the given information

24. A fair die is rolled six times. The probability of rolling at least a
five at least five times is
(4:13/729 (B).12/729 (C).2/729 (D) 3/729 -
(E) flione of these

25. In parallelogram ABCD of the:accompanying diagram, line DP

is draWn bisecting BC at N and meeting AB (extended) at P.
From vertex C, line CQ is drawn bisecting side AD at M and
meeting_ AB (extended) at. Q. Lines DP and CQ meet at 0. If
thearea of parallelogram ABCD is k, then the area of tiiangle
. ,
QPO is,equal to
(A) k
(C) 9k/8 (D 5k/4
(E)2k M

26. The number of distinct positive integral .divisors,,of (30)4 excluding

°
1 and (30)4 is
(A) 100 (B) 125 (C), 123 (D) 30 (E) none of these

27. If f(X) = 3x + 2 for all real x, th the statement:

"ff(x)+ 41.< whenever lx + 21 < b and a.> 0 and b > 0"
is true when
(A) b . a/3 (B) b > a/3 (C) a < b/3 (D) a $. b/3
(E) The,statement is never true.

la
 PROBL'eMS: 1974 EXAMINATION 13

28. Which of the following is satisfied by all numbers .x of the form

x=
at
3 +++
a2
_ .32
a25
25
w 'I

where at is 0 or 2, a2 is 0 or 2,..., a25 is 0 or r

(A) 0 < x <.1/3 (B) 1/3 < x < 2/3 (C) 2/3 < x <
(D) 0 x < 1/3 or 2/3 < x < 1 (E) .I/2"< x <. 3/4

29. For p = 1, 2,... , 10 let Sp be the sum of ihe first. 40 terms of the
arithmetic progression whose first termis p and-whose co
difference is 2p 1; then Si + S2 + + S10 is
(A) 80,000 (B) 80,200 (C) 80,400 (D) 80,600
(E) 80,800

30. A line segment is divided so that the lesser part is to the greater
part as the greater part is to the whole. If R is the ratio of the
lesser part to the greater part, then the value of
14 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

1975 Examination

1. The value is
1

1
2

(A) 3/4 (B) 4/5 (C) 5/6 (D) 6/7 (E) 6/5

2. For which real values^of in are the simultaneous equations

y = mx + 3
y = (2m 1)x + 4
- J
satisfied by at least one pair of real numbers (x, y)?
(A) all m (B) Ian m 0 (C) all m 1/2 (D) all .m
(E) no values of in

3. Which of the following inequalities are satisfied for all real num-
- bers a, b,c, x, y, z which satisfy the conditions x < a, y ..< b,
and z < c?
I. xy + yz + zx < ab + bc + ca
II. x2 + y2 + z2 < a2 b2
III. xyz < abc
(A) None are satisfied. (B) I only (C) II only
(D) III only (E) All are satisfied.

4. If the side of one square is the diagonal of a second square, what

is tfi'e ratio of the area,of the, first square to the area of the second?.
(A) 2 (B) (C) 1/2 (D) 2{1 (E) 4

5. The polynomial--(x + y)9 is expanded in decreasing powers of x.

The second and third terms have equal values when evaluated at
x = p and y = q, where p and q are positive numbers whose
sum is one What is the value of p?
(A) 1/5 (B) 4/5 (C) 1/4 (D) 3/4 (E) 8/9

6. The sum of the first eighty positive odd integers subtracted from
the sum of the first eighty positive even integers is
(A) 0 (8) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60 (E) 80
 PR.OBLEM: 1 975 EXAMINATION 15

Ix -- lx11
7. For which non-zero real numbers x is a positive in-
teger?
(A) for negative x only (B) for positive x only
(C) only for x an even integer
(D) for all non-zero real numbers x
(E) for no non-zero real numbers x

8. If the statement "All shirts in this store are on sale." is false, then
which of the following statements must be true?
I,. All shirts in this store are at non-sale prices.t
II. .There is some shirt in this store not on sale.
III. No shirt in this. store is on'sale.
IV. Not all shirts in this store are on sale.
(A) II only (B) IV only. (C) I and III. only
(D) ILand IV only (E) I, II and IV only.

9. Let al, a2,... and bi, b2,. be arithmetic progressions such that
al = 25, b, = 75 and am + btu = 100: Find the sum of the
first one hundred terms of-the progression al + b1, a2 + b2,...
(A) 0 (B) 100 (C) 10,000 (D) 505,000
(E) .nat enough information given to solve the problem

10. The sum of the digits in base ten of (104'2+8 + 1)2, where n is a
positive integer, is
(A) 4 (B) 4n (C) 2 + 2n (D) 4n2 (E) n2 + n + 2

1L Let -P be an interior point of circle K other than the center of K.

Form all chords of K which pass through P, and determine their
midpoints. Tlly locus of these midpoints is
(A) a: circle with one point deleted
(B) a circle if the distance froM P to the center, of K is less than
one half the radius of K; otherwise a circular arc of less than
360°
(C) la semicircle with one point deleted
(D) a semicircle (E) a circle

t Originally, statement I read: All shirts in this store are not on sale.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

. If a # b, a3 b3 = 19x3 and a = x, which of the followin

conclusions is correct?
(A) a = 3x (B) a = 3x or a = 2x
(C) a = 3x or a = 2x (D) a = 3x or a = (E) a 2x

13. The equation x6 3x5 6x3 x +.8 =, 0 has

I (A) nq real roots
(B) exactly two distinct negative roots
(C) exactly one negative root
(D) no negative roots, but at least one positive root
(E) none of these

14. If the whatsis is so when the whosis is' is and the so and so is is so,,
what is the whosis whatsis when the whosis is so, the so and so is
so so, and the is is two (whatsis, whosis, is and so are variables
taking positive Values)?
(A) whosis is so (B) whosis (C) is (D) so
(E) so and so

15. In the sequence of number's 1, 3, each term after the first two
is equal to the term preceding it :Minus ,the term preceding that
The sum)of the first one hundred terms of the sequence is

16: If the first term of. an infinite geometric series is a po e integer,

the common ratio is the reciprocal of a positive int ger, and the
sum of the series is 3, then the sum of the first two terms of the
series is
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 8/3 - (D) 2 (E) 9/2

17. A 'Man can commute either by train or by bus. If he goes to work

on the train in the morning, he comes home on the bus in the
afternoon; and if he comes home in the afternoon on the train, he
took the bus in the morning. During a total of x working-days,
the man tqdlc the bus to work in the morning 8 times, came home
by bus in the afternoon 15 times, and commuted by train (either
morning or afternoon) 9 times. Find x.
(A) 19 (B) 18 (C) 17 (D) 16
(E) not enough information given to solve the problem
 PROBLEMS: 1975 EXAMINATION
18. A positive integer N with three digits in its base ten representa
tion is chosen at random, with each three digit number having an
equal chance of being chosen. The probability'that log2 is an
integer is
(A) 0 (B) 3/899 (C) 1/225 (D) 1/300 (E) 1/450

19. Which positive numbers x satisfy the equation (log3x)(logx5) =

1og35?
(A) 3 and 5 only (B) 3, 5 and 15 only
(C) only numbers of the form 3m, where n and m are posi-
tive integers
(D) all positive x 1 (E) none of these

20. In the adjoining figure triangle ABC is such that AB = 4 and

AC = 8. If M is the midpoint of BC and AM= 3, what, is the
length of BC? _
.
.
04
(A) 246 (B)
(C) 9 (D) 4.-I- 21iT
(E) not enough information
given to solve the problem

21. Suppose f(x) is defined for all real numbers x; f(x) > 0 for all
x; and, f(a)f(b) f(6 + b) for all a and b. Which of the fol-
lowing statements are true?
I. f(0) = 1 f(a)= 1/1(a) for all a
III. f(a) jlf(3a) for all a IV, f(b) > f(a) if
(A) and IV only (B) I, III and IV only
(C) I, II and IV only. (D) I, II and III only (E) All arc true.

22. If p and q are primes and x2 px + q = 0 has distinct posi-

tive integral roots, then which of the following statements are
true?
L The difference of the roots is odd.
IL At least one root is prime.
III. p2 q is prime:
IV. p + q is prime.
(A) I only (B) II only (C) II and III only
(D) I, II and IV only (E) All are true.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

23. In the adjoining figure AB and BC are

adjaceht sides of square ABCD; M is
the midpoint of AB; N is the midpoirii
of BC; and AN and CM intersect 9,1
-0. The ratio of the area of AOCD to
the-area of ABCD is
(A) .5/6 (B) 3/4 (C) 2/3
(D) (E) 1)/2

24. In triangle ABC, 2CC = 0' and 4B = 20, where 0° < 0-< 60°.
The-circle with center A and radius -AB intersects AC at. D and
intersects BC, extended if necessary, at B and at E (E may
coincide witl3 B). Then EC = AD
(A) for no values of 0 (B) only if 0 = 45°
(C) only, if 0° < 0 < 45° (D) only if 45° < 0 < 60°
(E) for all 0 such that 0° < 0 < 60°

'25. A woman, her brother, her son and her daughter are chess players
(all relations by birth). The worst player's twin (who is one of the
four players) and the best player are of opposite sex. The worst
player and the best player are the same age. Who is the worst
player?fr
(A) the woman (B) her son
(C) her brother (D) her daughter
(E) No solution is consistent with the given information.

26. In acute triangle ABC the, bisector of 4A meets side BC g D.

The circle with center B and radius BI) intersects side. AB at
M; and the circle with center C and radius CD intersects side
AC at N. Then it is always true that
(A) 24CND + 4.8111D 4DAC = 120°
'(B) AMDN is a trapezoid
(C) BC is parallel to MN
3(DB DC)
(D) AM AN 2
DC)
(E) AB AC =3(DB 2
2 =-
27. If p, q and r are distinct roots of
p3 +. q3 +-r3 equals
(A) (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 5 (E) none of these
 PRODLEMS: 1975 EXAMINATION 19

28. In triangle ABC shown in the adjoining figure, M is the mid-

point..of side BC, AB = 12 and AC = 16. Points E and F are
taken on AC and AB, respectively, and Allies EF and AM M-
tersect at. G. If AE = 2AF then EG/GF equals

(A) 3/2 (B) 4/3

(C) 5/4 (D)
(E) not enough information
given to solve the problem
A

9. What i'ithe smallest integer larger than (a + 12-)67

(A) 972 (B) 971 (C) 970 (D) 969 (E) 968

30. Let x cos 36° cos 72°. Then x equals

(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 (C) 3 1 (D) 213-
(E) none: of these
20 THE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK IV

1. If one minus the reciprocal of (1 x) equals the reciprocal of

(1 - x), then x equals
(A) -2 (B) -1 (C) 1/2 (D) 2 (E) 3

2. For how many real numbers x is V- (x + 1)2 a real number?

(A) _none (B) one (C) two
(D) a finite number: greater than two (E) infinitely many

3. The sum of the distances.from one vertex of a square with sides'of

length. two to the midpoints of each of the sides of the square is
(A). 21/Y (B) 2 + (C) 2 + 21T (p) 2 +
(E) 2 + 2{5-
,
74. Let a geometric progression with' n terms have \first term one,
common ratio r and sum s, where r and s are not zero. The
sum of the geometric progression formed by replacing each term
of the original progression by its reciprocal is . . \
1 s r" \rn-
(A) 71 (B) es
-- (C) (D)
s
(E) ,.,
s
r"-I 'iL

5. How many integers greater than ten and less than one hundred,
written in base ten notation, are increased by nine whe their
digits are'reversed?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10
v
6. If c is a real number and the negative of one of the solutionAof
x2 - 3x + c = 0 is a solution of x2 + 3x - c/= 0, then the
solution§ of x2.- 3x c = 0 are /
3 3
(A) 1, 2 (B) 1, -2 (C) 0,3 (D) 0, -3 (E)
2 '2
7. If x is a real number, then the quantity (1 14(1 + x) is piosi'.);
tive if and only if
(A) lx1 < 1 (B) x < 1 (C) Ix! >
(E) x <l or I<x<1
 PROBLEMS; 1976 EXAMINATION
8. A point in the plane, both of whose rectangular coordinates are
integers with absolute value less than or equal to four, is chosen at
t random, with all such points having'an equal probability of being .

chosen. What is the probability that the distance from the point to
the origin is at most two units?
13 15 13
"(A)81 ""
(B) 81 ""1 64
(E) the square of a rational number

9.. In triangle ABC, D is the midpoint of AB; E is the midpoint of

DB; and F is the midpoint of BC. If the area of tABC is 96,
then the area of tAEF is
(A) 16, (B) .24 (C) 32 (D) 36 (E) 4
10. If m, n, p and q are real numbers and f(x) = mx + n and
g(x) = px + q, then the equation f(g(x))=, g(f(x)) has a solu-
tion
(A) for all choices of m, n, p and q
(B) if and only if m p .and n = q
(C) if and only if mq np = 0
(D) if and only if n(1 p) q(1 m) = 0
(E) if and only if (1 n)(1 p) (1 q)(1 )=0

11. Which of the following statements is (are) equivalent to > the

statement "If the pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes,
then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose"?
I. "If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink
elepharit on planet alpha has purple eyes."
II. "If the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple
eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long
nose."
III. "If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink
elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes."
IV. "The pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple
eyes, oit the wild pig on planet beta does pot have a long.
nose."
(A) I and III only (B) III and IV only
(C) II and IV only (D) II and III only (E) III. only

The word "or" is used here in the inclusive sense (as is customary in mathematical
writing).
22 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK

12. A supermarket has 128, crates of apples. Each crate contains 'at
least 120 apples and at most 144 apples. What is the largest
integer n such that there must be at least n crates containing the
same number of apples?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 24 (E) 25

13. If x-cows give x + 1 cans of milk in x + 2 days, how many

days will it take x + 3 cows to give x + 5 cans of milk?
x(x + 2)(x + 5) x(x + 1)(x + 5)
(A) (B) (x + 2)(x + 3)
(x + 1)(x + 3)
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 5) (x + 1)(x + 3)
(C) (D)
x(x + 2) x(x + 2)(x + 5)
(E) none of these

14..The measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon are in

arithmetic progression. If the smallest angle is 100° and the largest
angle is 140°, then the number of sides the polygon has is
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 11 (E) 12

15. If r is the remainder when each of the numbers 1059, 1417 and
2312 is divided by d, where d is an integer greater than orie, then
d = r equals
(A) 1 (B) 15 (C) 179 (D) d 15 (E) d 1

16. In triangles ABC and DEF, lengths AC, BC, DF and EF are
all equal. Length AB is twice the length of the altituide of ADEF
from F to DE. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
I. 4ACB and 4DFE must be complementary.
H. 4ACB and 4DFE must be supplementary.
III. The area of LABC must equal the area of .ADEF.
IV. The area of cABC must equal twice the area of ADEF.
(A) II only (B) HI only (C) IV only
(D) I and III only (E) II and III only

17. If 9 is an acute angle and sin 28 ---- a, then siii 9 + cos 0 equals
(B) (If --, 1)a + 1 (C) Va2 --7-c;
(A) Va -i- 1

(D) + V a2 a (E) + a2 d
.r.
 PROBLEMS: 976 EXAMINATION
18. In the adjoining figure, AB is tangent at A to the circle with
center b; point D is interior to the circle; and DB intersectslhe
circle at C. If BC = DC = 3, OD = 2 and AB = 6, then the
radius of the circle is
(A) 3 +
(B) 15 /i
(C) 9/2
(D)
(E)

19, A polynomial p(x) has remainder three when divided by x 1

and-remainder five when divided by x 3. Theremainder when

p(x) is divided by (x 1)(x 3) is
(A) x 2 (B) x + 2 (C) 2 (D) 8 (E) 15

20. Let a, b and x be positive teal, numbers distinct from one. Then
'4(logax)2 + 3(1086x)2 = 8(logax)(logbx)

(A) for all values of a; b and x (B) if and only if a. = b2

(C) if and only if b = a2 (D) if and only if x ab
(E) none of these . -

21. What is the smallest positive odd integer n such that the product
21/723/7 2(2n±1)/7

is greater than 1000? (In The product the denominators of th-e

exponents are all sevens, and The numerators are the successive
odd integers from 1 to 2n + 1.)
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 11 (D) 17 (E) 19
 THE .MAA PROBtEM BOOK IV
consider the
22'. Given an, equilateral triangle with side of length s, the sum
locus of all points,,P, in the plane of the triangle such that
of the squares of the distances from P. to the vertices of the
triangle is a fixed number a. This locus
,(A) is a circle if a > s2
(B) contains only , three. points if a =. 2s and is a circle if
a > 2s2
(C) is a circle with positive jadius only if s2 < a < 2s2
(D) contains only a finite number of points for any value of a
(E) is none of these '3

23For integers k and n such that 1 4'k'''< n,.let

n n!
k k!(n k)!'.
2k 1 n
)( k ) is an integer
Then ( n k + 1
(A) for all k and n
(B) for all even values of k and n, but not for all k and n
(C) for all odd values of k and n, but not for all k and n.
(D) if k 1 or n 1, but not for for all odd values of k and n
s (E) if n is divisible by k, but not all even values of k and n

AB; circle L is
24. In the adjoining figure, circle k has diameter K; and
tangent to circle K and to AB at the center of circleThe
K, to circle L and to AB.. ratio
circle M is tangent to circle
of the area of circle K to the area of circle M is
(A) 12
(B) 14 .
(C) '16
(9a 18'
( not an integer

25. For a sequence 141,442,. , define 46.'(u) un4.1 u and, for

1(Ak 1 ( U )) If u = n3 + n, then-
all integers k > 1, Ak n "
6,1c
) 0 for all' n
(A) if k = 1 (B) if k = 2, but -not if k =1
(C) if k = 3, but not if k-= 2 (D) if k = 4, but not if k =
(E) for no value of k
 PROBLEMS: 1976 EXAMINATION 25

26. In the adjoining figure, every point of circle 0' is exterior to

circle 0. Let P and Q be the points of intersection of an inter-
nal common tangent 'with the two external common tangents.
Then the length of PQ is
(A) the average of the
'lengths of the, internal
and external common
t
tangents
(B) equal to the length of
an external common
tangent if and only if
circles 0 and O'
have equal radii
(C) always equal to the
length of an external
common tangent
(D) greater than the length of an external, common tangent
(E) the geometric mean of the lengths of the internal and external
common tangents

27. If
J,r + + V.15- 2

1/5 + 1
then N equals

(A) 1 (B) 2V 1 (C) (D)

(E) none of these

28. Lines LI, L100 are distinct. All lines L4, n a positive in-
teger, are parallel to each other: All lines 14_3, n -a positive
integer, pass through a given point A. The maximum number of
points of intersection of pairs of lines from the complete set
(LI, L2,..., L100) is
(A) 4350 (B) 4351 (C) 4900 (D):4901 (E) 9851

40
26 THE.MAA PROBLEM 130"K IV

29. -Ann and Barbara were comparing -their ages and found that
Barbara is as old as Ann was when Barbara was as old as Ann had
been when Barbara was half as old as Ann is. If the sum of their
present ages is 44 years, then Ann's age is
(A) 22 (B) 24 (C) 25 (D) 6 (N14

30. How many distinct ordered triples- (x, y, z) satisfy the equations
x + 2y + 4z 12
xy. + 4yz + 2xz =- 22
xyz = 6 ?,
(C) 2 (D) 4 , (E) 6
 PROBLEMS: 1977 EXAMINATIONS. 27

1977 Examination
1. If y 2x and z = 2y,' then x + y + z equals
(A) x 3x (C) 5x (D) 7x (E) 9x

2. Which one ,of the following statements is false? All equilateral

is triangles are
(A) equiangular (B) isosceles '(C) regular polygons
(D) congruent to each other (E) similar to each other

3. A man has $2.73 in, pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters and half
dollars. If he has an equal number of coins of each kind, then the
total' number.of coins he has is
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 9 . (D) 10 (E) 15

4. In triangle ABC, AB =, AC
and IC A = 80°. If points
D, E and F lie on sides
BC, AC and AB, respec7
tively, and CE = CD and
BF = BD, then i4EDF equals
(A) 30° (B) 40°
(C) 50° (D) 65°
(E) none of these

5. The set of all -points P such that the sum of the (undirected)
distances from P to two fixed points A and B equals the dis-
tance between A and B is
s(A) the line segment frodt A to B
(B) tilt line passing through A and 73
(C) the perpendicular bisector of the line segment' from A to B
(ID) an ellipse having positive area
(E) a parabola
28 THE MAA PROBLEM. BOOK IV

6. If x, y 2x + Y are not zerr then

1r -11 as
(2x+ 2) 1(2x) + b

equals

(4.1 (B) xy- I (C) x- (D) (x-Y)- I

(E) hone of these

7. If t = 1 then t equals
1

(A) (1 h)(2 (B), (1- ;5)(1 + 12-)

(C) (1 + h)(1 15) (D) (1 + h)(1+ V-2-)
(E) (1 1- 4)(1

8. For every' triple (a, b, c) of non-zero real numbers, form the

number
a b c abc
WI icy + Iabc1.
The set of all numbers formed is
(A) (0) (B) 4, 0, 4) (C) 4, 2, 0, 2, 4)
(D) (-4, .2, 2,4) (E) none of these

9. In the adjoining figure 4E = 40° and arc AB, arc RC and arc.
CD all'haye equal length. Find the measure of 4ACD.
(A) 10° (B) 15°
45
(C) 20° (D) (--)
2
(E) 30°

10. If ,,(3x l)? = a7x7 + abx6 + + cloy then a7 ± a6 + + ao

9 equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 64 (D) 64 (E) 128

43
 PROBLEMS: 1977 EXAMINATIONS 29

11. For each real number 'x, let [x] be the largest integer not exceed-
ing x (i.e.',- the integer n- such that n < x < n + 1). Which of the
following statements is (are) true?
I. Ix + I] = [x] + 1 for all x
II. [x + y] =[.x] + [y] for all X and y
III. [xy] = [x][y] for all x and y
(A) none (B) I only (C) I and II only
(D) III only (E) all

12. Al's age is 16 more than the sum of Bob's age and Carl's age, and
thesquare of Al's age is 1632 more than the square of the sum of
Bob's age and Carl's age. The. sum, of the ages of Al, Bob and Carl
is
(A) 64 (B) 94 (C) 96 (D) 102 (E) 140

13. If 'al, a2, is a sequence of positive iiumbers such that

an+2 = a pa n+, for all positive integers n, then the sequence
al, a2, a3,... is a geometric progression
(A) for all positive values of al and a2
(B) if and only if al = a2 (C) if and only if al = 1
(D) if and only if a2 = 1 (E) if and only if al ,= a2 --= 1

14. How many pairs (m, n) y integers satisfy the equation m +

mn?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) more than 4

15. Each of the three circles in the adjoining figure is externally

tangent to the other two, and each side of the triangle is tangent to
two of the circles. If each circle- has radius three, ;then the
perimeter of the triangle is
(A) 36 + 9V (B) 36 + 6V.
(C) 36 + 90- (D) 18 + 18{3-
(E) 45
30 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
16. If i2 1, then the sum
cos 45°1- icos 135° + incos(45+ 90n)°+ + i40cos 3645°

equals

(B) (C)
21a
,(A) 2
2

, (D) 2 (21 20i) (E) 200

17.* Three fair dice are tossed (all faces have the same probability of c.
coming up): What 's the probability that the three numbers turned
up can be arrange to form an arithmetic progression zwith com-
mon difference one?
1 1 1 1 7
(A) -6- (B) ) (D) -574 (E)
36-

18. If y = (log23)(1og34) (logn[n + 11) (log3132) then

(A) 4'< y' < 5 (B) y;-= 5 (C) <y<6
(D) y = 6 (E) .6 < y < 7-

19. Let E be the point of intersection of the diagonals of convex

quadrilateral ABCD, and let P, Q; R and ®S be the centers of
the circles circumscribing triangles ABE, BCE, CDE and ADE,
respectively. Then
(A) PhRS is a parallelogram
(B) PQRS is a parallelogram if and only if ABCD is a rhombus
(C) PQRS is a parallelogram if and only if ABCD is a rectangle
(D) PQRS is a parallelograth if and only if ABCD is a parallelo-
gram
(E) none of the above are true

20. For how many paths consisting of a sequence of horizontal

and/or vertical line segments, with eaoh segment connecting a
pair of adjacent letters in the diagram below, is the word CON-
TEST spelled out as the path is traversed from beginning to end?

(A) 63 (B) 128 C

(C) 129 (D) 255 COC
CONOC
(E) none of these
CONTNOC
CONTETNOC
CONTESETNOC
CONTESTSETNOC

45
 PROBLEMS: 1977 EXAMINATIONS , 31

21. For how many values of the coefficient a do the equations

+ ax 1 ,

x2 x a ='
have a common real solution?
(A) 0 03) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) infinitely many

22. If f(x) is a real valued function of the real, variable x, and f(x)
is not identically, zero, and for all a and b

f(a + b)-1-f(a = 21(a) + 2f(b),

then for all x and y

(A), f(0) = I i (B) f(,x) = f(x), (C) f(x)-
(D) f(x y) = f(.7e)+ f(y) .(E) there is a positive number T
such that f(x + T) =-- f(x)

23. If the solutions of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are the cubes of

the solutions of the equation x2 + mx + n = 0, then
(A) p m3 + 3mn (B) p = m3 3mn (C) p + q = m
Cl/ )3 = (E) none of these
(D) n q

24. Find the sum

T.
1 1 1
+ +
1 3 3 5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) + 255 257

127 128 1 128 129

(A) (B) (C) -2- (D) (E)

25. Determine the largest positive integer n such that 1005! is divisi-
ble by IV.
(A) 102. (B) 112 (C) 249 (D) 502 (E) none of these
32 THE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK IV

26. Let a, b,c and d be the lengths of sides MN, NP, Pa and QM,
respectively, of quadrilater.al MNPQ. If A is the area of MNPQ,
then
A.(a+.c)(b+d) if andtonly if MNPQ
2A 2
(a + c)ib +
"
(C)
2A2
a + c1( b +
if and only if MNPQ

if and only if MNPQ

2. ik 2 )
a +2T 1(b +
If and only if MNPQ is a parallelo-
2 J
gram -

clib+ c/1 if and only if MNPQ is a parallelo-

2A 2
gram

27. There are two 'spherical balls of different sizes lying in two corners
of a rectangular room, each touching two walls and the floor. If
there is a point on each ball which is 5 inchep from each 'wall
which that ball touches and 10 inches from the floor, then the sum
of the diameters of the balls is
.(A) 20 inches (B) 30 inches (C) 40 inches
(D) 60 inches (E) not determined by the given information

-28. Let g(x) --= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1. What is the remainder

when the polynomial g(x12) is divided by the polpiOmial g(x')?
(A) 6 (B) 5 x (C) 4 x + x2 (D) 3 x + x2
(E) 2 x + x2 x+x

9. Find the smallest in-teger n

(x2 + y2 + z2
for all real numbers x, y, and z.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (ID) 6 (E) There is no such integer n.
 PROBLEMS: 1977 EXAMINATIONS

30. If a, b and d are the lengths of a side 'a shortest diagonal and a
longest diagonal, respectively, of a regular nonagon (see adjoining
figure), then
(A)d=a+b
(B) d2 a2 + b2
(C) d2 = a2 + ab + b2
a+d
(b) b = 2
(E) b2 = ad
2. If four times the reciprocal of the circumference of a circle equals
the diameter of the circle, then the area of the circle is
1 1
(A) -7, (B) (C) 1 (D) r(E) ire
71' h 7T

3. For all non-zero:mirnbers x and y. such that x =..'1/y;

y+ y
. x
equals
(A) 2x2. (B) (C) x2 + y2 .(D) x2

4:71f a = 1, b = 10,c = 100 and d = 1000, then

(a + b + c d)+ (a b c + d)
+ (a b+c d)+ (a + b + c + d)
is equal to
(A):.1111 (B) 2222 (C) 3333 (D) 1212 (E): 4242

5. Four boys bought a boat for $60. The first boy paid one half of
the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys; the second boy,
paid one third of The sum of the amounts paid by the other boys;
and the third boy paid one fourth of the sum of the amounts paid
by the other boys. How much did the fourth boy pay?
(A) $10 N (B) $12 (C) $13 (D) $14 (E) $15
 PROBLEMS:. 1978 EXAMINATION 35

6. The number of distinct pairs (x, y) of r al numbers satisfying

both of the following equations:
x +y,
y = 2xy
is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
*

/
7. Opposite sides of a regular hexagon are 12 inches apart. The
length of each side, in inches, is
9
(B) 69- (C) 5a (D) (E) 413-

8.' If x y. and the sequences x, al, a2, y and x, b1, b3, y each
are in arithmetic 'progression, then (a2 a1)/(b2 b1) equals
2,' 3 4 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) -s (E)
4

2I equals
x 1 (D) 1 + 2x (E) 2x 1

10. If: B is a point on circle C with center P. then the set of all,

. i points A in the plane' of circle' C such that the distance .between

A and B is less than Or equal to the distance between
etween A -an .
any .

other point on circle C is

(A) the line segment from P to B
(B) the ray beginning at P and passing throu
(C) -a ray beginning at B
..(D) a circle whose center is P
(E) a. circle whose center is B
It
\
i

IL If r is mositive and the line whose equation is x + y.= r is tan-

gent to the cirele,whose equation is x + y 2 = r, then r equals
% f

. (B) 1 (C) 2 .'(D) (E) '21f

2 :
36 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
12. In AADE,4ADE = 1412°. Points B and C he on sides AD and
AE, respectively, and points A, B; C, D: E are distinct .f If
leifgths AB, Be, CD and DE are all equal, then the measure of
EAD is
(A) 5° (B) 6° (C) 7.5° (D) 8° (E) 10°

13. If c, and d are non-zero numbers such that c and d are

the solutions of x2 + ax ± 0 and a and b are the solutions
of x2 + cx + d= 0, then a+b+c+d equals
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) -4 (E) (-1 + {5)/2
14. If an integer n, greater than 8, is a Solution of the equation
.x2 ax + by= 0 and the representation of a in the base n
numeration system is 18, then the base n representation of b is
(A) 18 (B) 28 (C) 80 (D) 81 (E) 280

15. If sin x + cos x = 1/5 and 0 < x < TT then tan x is

4 3 3 4
s
&

(A) (B) (C) (D)

4 3
(E) not completely determined by the given information

16. In ,a room coh. eople, N > 3, at least one person has

not shaken ...;"11-ryone else in the room. What is the
maximum number aepeoPle in the room that could have shaken
hands with everyone else?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) N 1 (D) N (E) none of these

17. It k is a positive number and f is a,function such that, for every

positive number x,
{f(x2 + le --= k;
then, for every positive number y,

is equal to
(A) vrc (B) 2k (C) kir< (D) k2 (E) y
tThe specification that pOints E be distinct was not included in the original
statement of the problem, If. B...; 15,- then C Q E and 4EAD-. 20°.
 PROBLEMS: 1978. EXAMINATION 37.

18. What is th smallest positive integer n such that VTi /1/7----- 1

< .0-1?
(A) 2499 (B) 2500 (C) 2501 (D) 10,000
(E) There is no such integer.

19. A positive' integer n not exceeding 100 is chosen in such a way

that if n < 50, ,then thee probability of choosing n is and if
n > 50, then the probability of choosing n is 3p. The probabil-
ity that a perfect square is chosen is
(A) .05 (B) .065 (C) .08 (D) .09 (E) .1

20. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers such that

a+bc ab+c a+b+c
a
c b-

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
x= abc '
and x < 0, then x equals
(A) -1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6 (E)

21. For all positive numbers x distinct from 1,

1 1 1
+ +
log3x log4x log5x
equals..
tAl 1 1 1
(B) (C)
log6ox logx60 (log3x)(log4x)(log5x)
12
(D)
(log3x) + (log4x) + (log5x)
log2x log3x log5x
(E)
(log3x)(log5x) (1og2x)(1og5x ) (log24(log3x)

52
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOk
22. The following four statements, and only these, are found on a
card:

On this card exactly one statement is false.

On this card exactly two statements are false.
On this card exactly three statements are false.
On this card exactly four statements are false.

(Assume each statement on the card is either true or false.) Among

them the number of false statements is exactly
(A) O. (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

23. Vertex E of equilateral triangle ABE is in tteinteriOr\ of square

ABCD, and F is the point of intersection of diagonal BD and
line segment AE. If length AB is VI + IS then the area of
4ABF is

(A) I ( (9 2--

213- +

24. If the distinct non-zero numbers x(y z), y(z x),,z(x y)

Gaa
form a geometric prdgression with common ratio r, then r satis-'
fies the equation
(E) r2r-Fi =-0 (C) +2
(D) (r .+ 1)4 + r =,0 4E) (r 1)4 + r = 0

25. Let a be a positive number. Considef the set S of "all points

whose rectangular coordinates (x, y) satisfy all of the following
conditions:
a a
(i) < x <.2a (ii) 47 4 2a (iii) x + y a .
(iv) x + a > y (v) x +a
The boundary of set S is a polygon with
(A) 3 sides (B)' 4 sides (C) 5 sides
(E) 7 stdes
 PROBLEMS: 1978 EXAMINATION.*
26. In oABC, AB = 10, AC = 8 and
'BC = 6. Circle P is the circle with
smallest radius which p-asses.
through C and is tangent to AB.
Let Q and R be the points of in-
tersection, distinct from C, of
circle P with sides AC. and BC,
respectively.'Thelength of segment
QR is CL Q.
.(A) 4.75 (B) 4.8 , (C), 5 (D) 4V (E)

27. There is mqre than one integer greater than 1 which,,when divided
by any integer k such_ that 2 < kF < 11, has a remainder of 1.
What is the difference between the two smallest such integers?
(A) 2310 (B). 2311 (C) 27,720 (D) 27,721
(E)
. none of these

28. If L A A2A3 is equilateral and'

A3 is; the midpoint of line seg-
ment A;An_,1 for all positive in-
tegers n; then the measure of,
4A44 A4 A43 equals
_1(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60°
(D) 90° .,(p 120°

29. Sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respectively, ;of,convex quadrilateral

ABCD are extended past B, C, D. and A to 'points B',C', D'
and A'.' Also, AB = BB' = 6, BC = CC' = .7,CD = DD' = 8
and DA = AA' = 9; and the' area of ABCD is 10. The area of
A'B'C'D' is
(A) 20 (B) 40 ,(C) 454 (D) (E) 60
. .

0 30. In a tennis tournament, n women 'and 2n men play, and each

player plays exactly one match with every other player. If there
are no ties and the ratio of the number of matches won by women
to the number of, matches won bye mqn is 7/5, then n equals
,(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D). 7 (E) none of these
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV,

1979 Examination
1. If rectangle ABCD. has area 72 sqtiare meters and E and 9 are
the midpoints of sides'-4D and CD, respectively, then the area of
rectangle DEFG in square meters is
(A) 8. (B) 9 (C) 12
(D) 18 (E) 24

2. For all non-zero vreal numbers x and y. such 'that x

.
xy,
1 1 ,
eqtials

1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) y

In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a square, ABE is an equilateral

triangle and 'point E is outside square ABCD. What is the mea-
sure of AED in degrees?
A
(A) 10
(B) 12.5
(C)
(D) 20
(E) 25

4. For all real numbers x,.i[x(x(2 x) 4) + 10] + I

(A) x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 10x+ 1
(B) x4 + 4x2 + 10x + 1
(C) x4 2x3 4x2 + lOpi°+ 1
.(D) x4 L. 2x3 4x2 -- 10X + 1
(E) x4'+ 2*3- 4x2 10x.-+ 1

5. Find the sum of .theodigns of the largest eVerythree digit number_

(in bWse- ten representation) which is not changed when its unit's.
and; hundreds, digits -are interchanged.:
(A) 22': (C) 24 (D) 25 (E)* 26
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV,

1979 Examination
1. If rectangle ABCD. has area 72 sqtiare meters and E and 9 are
the midpoints of sides'-4D and CD, respectively, then the area of
rectangle DEFG in square meters is
(A) 8. (B) 9 (C) 12
(D) 18 (E) 24

2. For all non-zero vreal numbers x and y. such 'that x

.
xy,
1 1 ,
eqtials

1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) y

In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a square, ABE is an equilateral

triangle and 'point E is outside square ABCD. What is the mea-
sure of AED in degrees?
A
(A) 10
(B) 12.5
(C)
(D) 20
(E) 25

4. For all real numbers x,.i[x(x(2 x) 4) + 10] + I

(A) x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 10x+ 1
(B) x4 + 4x2 + 10x + 1
(C) x4 2x3 4x2 + lOpi°+ 1
.(D) x4 L. 2x3 4x2 -- 10X + 1
(E) x4'+ 2*3- 4x2 10x.-+ 1

5. Find the sum of .theodigns of the largest eVerythree digit number_

(in bWse- ten representation) which is not changed when its unit's.
and; hundreds, digits -are interchanged.:
(A) 22': (C) 24 (D) 25 (E)* 26
 THE M-AA PROBLEM BOOK I'

1979Ex4mination.
. ,
1. If rectangle ABCP has area 72 square meters am
the midpoints of sides 'AD and CD, respectiliely;
rectangle. DEFG .in square meters is
(A):8 (B) 9 (C) 12
(D) 18 (E) 24

2. For all non-zero frea f nnmbers x and y

1 1
eqUals

1
(A) (B)
y

. In the adjoining-figure, 'ABCD is a square, ABE

triangle and 'paint E is outside square ABCD. Vv
sure of '4AED in degrees?
(A) 10
(B) 12.5
(C) 15
 PROBLEMS 1979 EXAMINATION 43

17.. Points A, B,C ,and D are distinct and lie, in the given order, on
a straight line. Line segments AB, AC and AD have lengths x, y
and z, respectively. If line segments AB' and CD may be rotated
about points ,B and C, respectively, so that points A and D
coincide, to foim a triangle with Positive area, then which of the
following three inequalities must be satisfied"
I. x
z
II y<x+ 2

III. y <`2.
2

(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only

(D) II and III only (E) I, II and III

18. To the nearest thousandth, logio2 is .301 and log103 is A77.

Which of the following is the best approxim'ation of log510?
8 9 10 11 12
"'(A) 7 LB) 7 (c) -T (D) (E)
7.

19. Find the sum. of the' u res of all real numbers satisfying the
equation
216 25632,7 o.

(A) 8 (B) 128 (C) 512 (D) 65,536 (E) 2(25632)

20. If a ---=and (a + 1)(b + 1) --= 2, then the radian measure of

Arctan a + Arctan b equals
/7. 7T
(A) -7-2-T (B) (C) (D) -3- (E)
6.

21. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is h, and the

radius of the inscribed circle is r. The ratio of the area of the
circle to the area of the triangle is
err err err
(A) h + 2r (B) h+r (C) 2h + r
(E) pone of these

22. Find the number of pairs (m, n) of integers which satisfy the
equation m3 + 6m2 + 5m = 270 + 9n2 + 9n + 1.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 9 (E) infinitely many
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK:IV.
23. The edges of a regular tetrahedron with vertices A, B,C and 'D
each have length one Find the least possible distance. between a
pair of points P and Q, where P is on edge AB and Q is on
edge CD.
1 3
(A) (B)
1

(C) 2 (D)
(E)

B
24. Sides4B, BC and CD of (shnplet) quadrilateral ABCD have
lengths 405 and 20, respectively. If vertex angles B. and C are
obtuse and sin C = cos B = s then side AD has length
(A) 24 (B) 24.5 (C) '24.6 (D) 24.8 (E) 25

25. If q1(x) and r1 are the quotient and remainder, respectively,

%when the polynomial x8 is divided by x + I, and if q2(x) and
r2 are the quotient and remainder, respectively, when q i(x) is
divided by. x + 1, then r2 equals
1 1
(A) (C) 1
256 (B)

26. The function f satisfies- the functional eqtiation

f(x) +f(y) = f(x + yr xy 1

for every pair x, y of real numbers. If f(1) = 1, then the number

of integers n 1 for which f(n) = n is.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) infinite
,

27. An ordered pair. of integers, each of which has absolute

value less than or equal to five, is chosen at random, with each
such ordered ',pair having an equal likelihood of being chosen.
What is the,grobability, that the equation x2 + b .7c +.c 0 will
not have distinct positive real roots?
106 . 108 .110
(E) none of these
(A) UT (B) 121 (C) 121

to polygon is called "simple" if it is not self intersecting.

28. Circles with centers A, B, and. C each have radius r, where
1 < r < 2. The distance between each pair of centers is 2. If B' is
the point of intersection of circle A and circle C which is outside
circle B, and if C' is the point of intersection of circle A and
circle B which is outside circle C, then length B'C' equals
(A) 3r, 2
(B) r
(C)' r + V3(r 1

(D) 1 + V3(r2 1

(E) none of these

29. For each positive number x, let

The minimum value of f(x) is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

30. In AABC, E is the midpoint of side BC and D is on side AC.

If the length of AC is 1. and 4BAC = 60°, 44BC = 100°,
2CACB = 20°and 2CDEC = 80°, then the area of tABC plus
twice the area of tCDE equals

(B)
1
(D) 74 cos 50°
46 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

1980 Examirtion
1. The largest whole number such that seven times the number is less
than 100 is.
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 14 (D) 15

2. The degree of (x2 + 1)4(x3 + 1)3 as ,a polynomial in <x is

(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 12 (D) ,17 (E) 72

3. If the ratio of 2x to x + y is 3'

what is the ratio of
x to y?
4 6 5
(A) 1. (B) -5- (C) 1 (D) (E) 74

4. In the adjoining figure, CDE is an equilateral triangle' and ABCD

and. DEFG are squares. The measure of 4GDA is
(A) 90° A

(B) 105°
(C) 120°
(D) 135°
(E) 150°

3. If. AB and CD are perpendicular diameters of circle Q, and

4QPC = 60°;then the lengthr PQ divided by the length of AQ.
is
 PROBLEMS: 1980 EXAMINATION' 47

6. A positive number x satisfies the inequality 6: < 2x if and

only if

(A) x > (B) x > 2 (C) x > 4 (D) x < (E) x <

7. Sides AB, BC, CD and DA of convex quadrilateral ABCD have

lengths 3, 4, 12, and 13, respectively; and CBA is a, right angle.
The area of -the quadrilateral is
(A) 32 (B) 36
(C) 39 (D) 42
(E) 48

8. How many pairs a, b) of non-zero real numbers satisfy the

equation
1 1
+ ?
a b a+b
(A) none (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) one pair for each b 0
(E) two pairs for each b +. 0

9. A man walks x miles due west, turns 150° to his left and walks 3
miles in the new direction. If he finishes at a point (3.- miles from
his starting point, then x is
(A) 13 (B) 2{3- (C)

(E) not, uniquely determined by the given information

10. The number of teeth in three meshed circular gears A,-B,C are
y, z, respectively. (The teeth on all gears are the same size,and
regularly spaced as in the figure.) The angular speeds, in revolt':
tions per minute, of A, B, .0 are in the proportion
11. If the sum of the first 10 terms and the sum of the first 100 terms
of a given arithmetic progression are 100 and 10, respectively, then
the sum of thrfirst 110 terms is
(A) 90 (B) 90 (C) 110 (D)

12. The equations of L1 and 1.2 are y = mx ancPy = nx, (-respec-

tively., Suppose LI makes twice as large an angle with the hori-
zontal (measured counterclockwise from the positive .3c-'axis) as
does L2, and that LI has 4 times the slope of L2. If LI is not
horizontal, then Inn is ,

(A)12-T (B)
a (C) 2 (D)
(E) not uniquely determined by, the given information

13. A bug (of negligible size) starts at t origin on the co-ordinate

plane. First it moves 1 unit right to (1, . Then it makes a 90°
turn counterclockwise and travels I- a unit to (1,1). If it con-
tinues in this fashion, each time making a 00° turn counterclock-
wise and traveling' half as far as in the previous move, to which of
the following points will it come closest?
(2
-5 , -3-
2
(B)
42
-5-
.
(C)
(2
3- ,
4)
(A)
2
(E) -5- , 3)

14. If the function f defined iby

cx 3
c a constant,
f(x)
2x + 3 '
satisfies f(f(x)) = x for all real numbers x except -I, then
c is
3 3
(A) 3 (B) (C) -2- (D) 3
(E) not uniquely determined by the given information

15. A store prices an item in dollars and cents so that when 4% sales
tax is added no rounding is necessary because the result is exactly
n dollars, where n is a positive integer. The smallest value of n is
(A) 1 (B) 13 (C) 25 (D) 26 (E) 100
 'PROBLEMS: 1980 EXAMINATION , 49

16. Four of the eight vertices of a cube are vertices of a regular

tetrahedron. Find the .ratio of the surface area of the cube to the
surface area ,of the tetrahedron.
(A) (2- (B) 1/3
3 , 2
(C) (D)
v3

(E) 2

17. Given that 12 = 1, for how many integers n is. (n + i)4 an in-
teger?
(A) none (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

18. If b > 1, sin x > 0, cos x > 0 and logbsin x a, then

logo cos x equals
.-(A) 2 lo (r ba/2) (B) %f1 a2 (C) bat
1
(D) 1 g (1 b2a) (E) none of these

9. Let C1, C2 and C3 be three parallel chords of a circle 'on the

same side of the center. The distance between C1 and C2 is the
sathe as the distance between C2 and C3. The lengths of
thechords are 20, 16 and 8. The radius of the circle is
5g5- 5122
(A) 12 (B) 4177 (C) (D)
2
(E) not uniquely determined by the given information

20. A box contains 2 pennies, 4 nickels and 6 dimes....Six coins

drawn without replacement, with each coin haVing., an equal
probability of being chosen. What is the probability that
of the coins drawn is at least 50 cents?
37 91. 127 132
(A).
924.E (B) 924
"" ""' 924 924
(E) none of these
 THE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK IV
21. In triangle ABC, 4CBA 7 72°, E is the 'midpoint of side AC,
and D is a point ton side BC such that 2BD = DC; AD, and
BE intersect at F. The ratio of the area of ABDF to the area of
quadrilateral .FDCE is
1
(A) (B)
1 2
(C)' (D)
(E) none of these

22. For each real number x, let f(x) be the miniitim;of thenum
bers 4x + 1, x + 2, and 2x + 4. Then th:iniximum valtie of
f(x) is
5 8
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

23. Line segments drawn from the vertex opposite the hypotenuse of a
n t triangle to the points trisecting the hypotenuse have lengths
sin x and cos x, where x is a real number such that 0 <,x < 2
The length of the hypotenuse is
4 3 31 2 [5-
(A) (B) (C) 5 . (D) 3

(E) not uniquely determined by the given information

24:. For some real number r, the polynomial 8x3 4x2 .42x + 45
is divisible by (x r)2 Which of the following numbers is closest
to r?
(A) 1.22 (B) 1.32 (C) 1.42 (D) 1.52 (E) 1.62

25. In the non-decreasing sequence of odd integers (al, a2, a3,...)

(1, , 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, ... ) each. positive Odd integer- k appears k
times. It is a fact that there are integers b, c and, d such that, for
all positive integers n,
a,Nb[671-c] + d,
where (xl denotes the largest integer not exceeding x. The sum
b + c d equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
 -PROBLEMS: 1980 EXAMINATION 51

26. Four balls of radius 1 are mutually tangent, three resting on the
floor and the fourth resting on the others. A tetrahedron, each of
whose edges,has length s,. is circumscribed around the balls. Then
s equals
(A) 4{2- (B) 4V (C) 2V (D) 1 + 24- (E) 2 +

27. The sum 15 + 21/1-3- + 15 2V-U equals

3
(A) -2-1 (b)
343.
(C)
1+
(D) v2
3,
(E) none of these /
28. The polynomial x2" + 1 .+ x + 1)2" is not divisible by
x2 + x + 1 if n equals
(A) 17 (B) 20 (C) 21 (D) 64 (E) 65

29. How many ordered triples (x, y, z) of integers satisfy the system
of equations below?
x2 3xy +2y2 -1-z2 = 31,
x2 +6yz +2z2 = 44,
x2 + xy + 8z2 =100.
(A) 0 (B) 1 , (C) 2 (D) a finite number greater than two
(E) infinitely many

30. A six digit nuniber (base 10) is squarish if it satisfies the following
conditionS:
(i) none of its digits is zero;
(ii) it is a perfect square; and
(iii) the first two digits, the middle two digits and the last two
digits of the number are all perfect squares when considered
as two digit numbers.
How many squarish numbers are there?
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 8 (E):9
52 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
4

1981 Examination

t. If 2 = 2 then (x + 2)2 equal's

(A) 12 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 (E) 16

2. Point E is on side AB of square ABCD. If EB has length'one

and EC has length two, then the area of the square is
(A) 15- (B)
(C) 3 (D) 2/3-
(E) 5

3. For x * 0, T Oquals
1 5 11
rki 2x 6x 6x `'' 6x
4. If three times the larger of two numbers is four times the small
and the difference between the numbers is 8, then the larger f
the two numbers is
(A) 16 (B) 24 .(C) 32 (D) 44 (E) 52

5. In trapezoid ABCD, sides AB and CD are parallel, and, diago-

nal BD and side AD have equal length. If 4DCB = 110° and
itCBD = 30°, then 4ADB
(A) 80° (B) 90°
(C) 100° (D) 110°
(E) 120°

Y then x equals
6. If x yh +± 2Y
1
-.1 2y ..- 2
(A) y2 + 2y 1 (B) y2 + 2y 2 (C) y2 + 2y + 2
(D) y2 + 2y + 1 . (E) y2 2y + 1
 PROBLEMS: 1981 EXAMINATION 53
ta,
7. How many of the first one hundred positive integers are divisible
by all of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E):

8. For 'all positive numbers x, y, z, the product

, I

(x+y+z)-Iti-14-y-14-z-rjrxy+y2+2'.4-1 [ .
) T i +(yzr +(zxril
equals
(A) X -2y-2z (B) .x-2 + y- + Z-2 1 (C) (x y + z)-
1
(D) (E)
xyz xy + yz + zx

9. In the adjoining figure, PQ, is :.a

F

diagonal of the cube. If PQ has

length a, then the surface area of
the cube is '
(A) 2a2 (B) 2{fa2
(C) 213-a2 (D) 3{3Ta 2
(E) 6a 2

10. The lines L and K are symmetric to each other with respect to
the line y = x. If the equation of line L is y = ax + b with
a 0 Wand b 0, then the equation of K is y =
(A)
a
+b (B)
,ax
1
+b (C) x
a
1

(D) ax + 1 b
a
(E) ax 1 b
a

11. The three sides of a right triangle have integral lengths which form
an arithmetic progression. One of the sides could have length
(A) 22 (B) 58 (C) 81 (D) 91 (E) 361

11 If p, q and M are positive numbers and q < 100, then the num-
ber obtained by increasing M by p% and decreasing the result
by q% exceeds M if and only if
. q
(A) P > q (B). P > 1009 q (C) P
100q 100q
(D) P .> (E) p >
100 q
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
'-
13. Suppose that at the end of any year; a unit. of money has lost ;.1q%
of the. value it had at the beginning of that year Find the smallest.
integer n such that after n years the unit of money will haye lost
at least 90% of its Value. (To 'the nearest thousandth 1og103 is
:A77.) *p.
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 18 .(D) 20 (E) ;22

14. In a. geometric sequence of realnumbers; the sum of the first two

terms is 7, and. sum of the first six. terms is 91. The sum of
the-first fou terms is
(A) 28 (B) 32 (C) 35

15. If b > 1, x > 0 atNt1 (2408b2 (3x)losb3

1
(B) 6, (C) 1 (D) 6
216
(E) not uniquely determined

16. The base three representation of x is

12112211122211112222:
The first digit (on the left) of the baffe nine representation of
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
A

17. The function f is not defined for x = 0, but;-for all non=zero.rea

.numberS,,x,

f(x) -1-2f(-1-1= 3x. The equation f (

(A) exactly one real number

(B) exactly two real numbers
(C) no real numbers
. (3) infinitely many, but not all, non-zero re
(E) all non-zero real numbers
2
i;18. The number Otiir1 solutions to The equation:
sin x
100

(A) 61 Co) 62 (C)763 (D)66.4 ''(E) .65

Et
 PROBLEMS: 1 9 81 EXAMINATION

19. In AABC, M is the Midpoint of side BC, AN bisects 2CBAC,-

BN 1 AN and 0 is the measure of 4BPIC. If sides AB and .A
have lengths 14 and. respectiVely, then length ,11-0 equals
5
(A) 2 (B)

(C) sin 8

5 1
(D) sin 0

(E) sinV2-)
2

.
0. A ray of light origniates froM point A and travels in a plane,
being reflected n times between lines AD and CD, before strik-
ing a point B (WhieW may be on AD or 'di) perpendicularly
and retracing its path tip A. (At each poirg of reflection the light
makes two equal angles as, indicated in the adjoining figure. The
figure shows the light path fob n = 3.) If 2CCDA = 8°, what is .

the largest value 2 can eve?

(A)* 6..,.(B) 10 (C) 38 (D) 98
(E) There is no largest value.

21. In a triangle with sidel of lengths a, b and c,

b + c)(a + b c) =-- 3ab.
The measure of angle "opposite the side of length. c is
(A059' )(C) 45° .(D) 60° (E 150°

22 H manY lines in a "three dimensional rectangular coordinate

sy em pass thiknigh.lotti: distinct Points. of the form (i, j,k),
:ar,sposttve -integers not exceeding four?
$ (E),100 -
 THE. MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
23. Equilateral 1ABC is inscribed in. a circle. A second circle is
tangent internally to the circumcircle at T and tangent to sides
AB and AC at points P. and Q. If side BC has length 12, then
segment PQ has length A
(A) 6
(B) 6[3-
(C) 8
(D) 813-
(E) 9

1
an such that 0 < 0 < 7T
24. If 0 is a constant and
an x + ----

then for each positive integer n, x" + x" equals

(A) 2 cos 0 (B) 2" cos 0 (C) 2 cos"0
(D) 2 cos nO (E) 2" cos"0

25. In triangle. ABC in the adjoining figu AD and AE trisect

.tBAC. The lengths of BD, DE and are 2, 3, and 6, re
spectively. The length of the shortest side of ABC is
(A)2110
(B) 11
(C) 164-

(E) not uniquely determined

by the given information

26. Alice, Bob and Cavil repeatedly, take turns tossing'a die. Alice
begins; Bob always follows Alice; Carol always folloWs Bob; and
Alice always follows CaroL Find the probability that Carol will be
the first one to toss a six. (The probability of obtaining a six on
any" toss is t, independent of the outcome-of any other toss.)
.
1 2 5 25 36
(A) (B) (c) (D) (E)
 --PROBLEMS: 1981 EXAMINATION 57

27. In the adjoining figure triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle: Point

D lies on AC with ./k = 30°, and point G lies" on BA
with BG > O. Side AB and side AC each have length equal to
the length of chord DG, and .4CAB 30°. Chord DG inter-
sects sides 21,C. and AB at E and F, respectively. The ratio of
the area of CAFE to the area of ABC is

(A) .
2 13- /(PP,9213-
3 3
(C) 7V3 12 (D) 313- 5

9 5/3-.
(E)
3

28. Consider the set of all equations x3 + a2x2 + aix + ao = 0,

where a2, a1, ao are real constants and lad < 2 for i = 0, 1;2.
Let r be the largest positive real number which satisfies at least'
one of these equations. Then
3
(A) 1 < r <
2
(B) 32 < r < 2
5 7
(D)
2
<r<3 (E) 3 < r <
2
.1
29. If a >. 1, then the sum of the real solutions of
Va a+x=x

30. If a, b; c, d are the solutions cif the equation x bx . 3 = 0,

then an equation whose solutions are
a+b4c a+.b+d a+ +
2
d2 c b2
is
(A) 3x + bx .1- 1 = 0 (B) 3x bx + 1 = 0
(C) 3x4 + bx3 1 = 0 (D) 3x4 bx3 1=0
,,(E) none of these
 1982 Examination
1. When the polynomial x3 2 'is, divided ,by the -polynomial
x2 2, the remainder is
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 2 (D) 2x + 2 (E) 2x

2. If a number eight, times as large as 2 is increased by two, then

one fourth of the result equals
1
(A) 2x + -2- (B) + (C) 2x + 2 (D) 2x + 4
(E) 2x + 16
3. Evaluate (xx)() at x ---- 2.
(A) 16 (B) 64 (C) 256 (D) 1024 (E) 65,536

4. The perhneter of a semicircular region, measured in cenMeters, is

--numerically equal to its area, measured in square centimeters. The
radius of the semicircle, measured in centimeters, is
1 4
(A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) (E)
2
+2
Tr

5. Two positive numbers x. and y are in, the ratio a :. b, where 0 <
a_< b. If x + y = c, then the smaller of x and y is .
ac bc -- ac ac 1 bc
(C) (D)
(A)
b
(B)
b a+b a+b
ac
(E) b a
6. The sum of all but one of the interior angles of a convex polygon
eqhals 2570°. The rem *Wing angle is
(A),90° (B) 105° `(C) 120° (D) 130° - (E) 144°
O.

7. If the Operation x * y. i defined by x * y_ (x + 1)(y ,+_ 1)

then which one of the f llowing is false?
) x * y =y l,.x for all real x and 3).
) x *(y -I- z) = (x. * .y + (x * z) for all real x, y, and z.
).(x 1)*(x + 1) ---- ix* x) 1 for all real x.--
) x *0 = x for all real, x.
E) x *(y * z) = (x * y).. z for all real x, y, and z.

\
 PROBLEMS: 1982 EXAMINATION
8. By definition r! = r(r 1) 1 and

(i)=
k k!C k)!'
where r, j, k are positive integers and k < j. If ( ni ), 2), ( n3 )
form an arithmetic progression with n > 3, then n equals
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11 (E) 12

9. A vertical line divides the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and
(9, 1) in the xy-plane into two regions of equal area. The equation
of the line is x
(A) 2.5 (B) 3.0 (C) 3.5, (D) 4.0 (E) 4.5

10., In the adjoining dia 0 bisects 4CBA, CO bisects ACB,

and MN is parallel to B If AB= 12, BC= 24, and AC= 18,
.

then the perimeter of tAMN is

(A) 30 (B) 33
(C) 36 (D) 39
(E) 42

11. How many integers with four different-digits are there between
1,000 and 9,999 such that the absolute value of the difference
between the first digit and the last digit is r
(A) 672 (B) 784 (C) 840 (D) 896 (E) 1,008

12. Let f(x) = ax' bx3 + cx 5, where a, b and c are con-

stants. If f(-7)=.- 7, thence f(7) equals
(A) 17 (B) 7 0(C) 14 (D) 21
(E) not uniquely determined

logb (logba
13, If a > 1, b > 1 and p = logba
, then all equals

(A) 1 (B) b (C) logab (D) logba (E) ah'gba

 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
14. In the adjoining figure, points B and C lie on line segment AD,
and AB, BC and CD are diameters of circles 0, N and P, re-
spectively. Circles 0, N and P all have radius 15, and the line
AG is tangent to circle P at G. If AG intersects circle N at
points .E and F, then chord EF has length
(A) 20 (B) 151/2-
(C) 24. (D) 25
(E) none of these

15. Let [z] denote the greatest integer not exceeding z. Let x and y
satisfy the simultaneous equations ,

y = 21x1 +'.3
y = 3Ix 21 + 5.
If x is not an integer, then x + y is
(A) an integer / (B) between 4 and 5
(C) between 4 and 4 (D) between 15 and 16
(E) 16.5-

16. In the adjoining figure, a wooden cube has edges of length 3

meters. Square holes of side one meter, centered in each face, are
cut through to the opposite face. The edges of the holes are
parallel to the edges of the cube. The entire surface area including
the inside, in square meters, is
(A) 54 (B) 72
(C) 76 1
4D) 84
(E) 86

17. How many real numbers x satisfy the equation

.32x+2 _ 3;c4-3 +3 0?
 PROBLEMS: 1982-EXA4MINATION
18: In the adjoining figure, of a rectangular solid, 4DHG = 45° and
4FHB = 60°. 'Find, the cosine of 4BHD.
13- 16- A-
( A) (B) (C) (D) 7-4- (E)
6 3

19. Let f(x) = Ix 21+ Ix 41 I2x 61, for 2 x 8. The sum

of the largest and smallest values of f(x) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6 (E) none of these
.

20. The number of pairs' of positive integers (x, y) which satisfy the
equation x2 +, y2 -='; x3 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) not finite (E) none of these
1113

21. In the adjoining figure, the triangle ABC is a right tria with
4)3C.44 = 90°. Median CM is perpendicular to median B and
side BC = s. The length of BN is
3
(A) sv2 (B) (C) 2s12- (D)
62 THE4MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
22. In a narrow alley of width w a ladder of -length a is placed with
its foot at a point P between the walls. Resting against one wall
at Q, a distance k above the ground, the ladder makes a 45°
angle with the ground. Resting against the other wall at R, a
distance it above the ground, the ladder makes a 75° anglewith,
the ground. The width w is equal to

23. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are consecutive integers, and
the largest angle is twice the smallest angle. The cosine of th
smallest angle is
3 7 2 9
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) none of
10 3 14

24. In the adjoining figure, the circle; meets the sides of an equil
triangle at six points. If AG = 2, toF = 13, FC = 1 and HJ
then DE equals
(A) 21 22 (B)
(C) 9 (D) 10
(E) 13

25. The adjoining figure is a map of part of a city: the Ismail.

rectangles are blocks and the spaces m between are streets. Each
morning a student walks from intersection 4 to intersection B,'
always walking along street shown, always going east or south.
For variety, at each intersection where he has a choice, he chooses
with probability (independent of all other choices) whether to
go east or south. Find the probability that, on any giVen Morning,.
he walks through intersection C.
 . PROBLEMS: 1_
11
(A)

g with 1 is written
. e average (arithmetic
ers is 35 What number was

8 (D) 9 (E) can not be deterniined

29. Let x, y and z be three positive real numb s whose sum is 1. If

no one of these numbers is more than twice any other, then the
minimum possible value of the product xyz is
1 1 :4 1
(A) -3-2- (B) (C) (u) (E) none of these
17
30. Find the units digit in the decimal expansion of
(15 + 451)17 + (15 + 410)82
 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
t I. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
CCCE B B D B D A B D

I2. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 12. I.I. 10. 8. 7.

^C B D D A E BA B 9.B A D
1976 1974
16. 15. 14. 13. 18: 17. 16. 14. 13.
18.E 17.A EBAA 15.B
D C A A D
7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. I.
24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. Answers
24. 23. 21. 20. 19. Answers
A C D D B D
C. A A B E B A B 22.E B D A
14. 12. II. 8.
30. 29. 28. 26. 25. 30. 29. '28. 27. 26. 25. C 13..D D B I0.A 9.E E
E BB 27.A C D A B D, A C C
1973
21. 20. 18. 16. 15.
65
B C 19.6D C 17.E B D
Answer

6. 5. 4. 3. `2. I. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 28. 27. 26. 25. 23. 22. Answers

D A C E D D EBA ADB CA E E 24.D D ik

12. 10. 9. 8. 7. 12. I. 9. 8. 7. 35. 34. 33. 3/ 31. 30. 29.
D 11.-B E B B, E' BE I0.A CDE ECCACBA Keys
1977 1975
18. 17. 16. 15. 13. 18. 17. 15. 14. 13.
B B D D 14.B E 16.0
D D A E D
Answers Answers
24. 23. 21. 20. 19. 23. 21. 20. 19.

D B 22.0 B E A 24.E C 22.E D B D

30. 29. 28. 26. 25. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25.
A B A 27.0 B E B C A E. C B
66 THE. MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
1978 Answers 1979 Answers

I.B 7. E 13. i l 19. C 25. D 1.D 7. ,E 13. A .19. A 25. B

2. C 8. D ,14.0 20.A 26.B 2. D 8.0 14.0 20. C 26. B
3. D 9. B. 15, A 21. A 27. C 3. C 9. E 15. E 21. B 27. E
44.B 10.B 16. E 22.D 28.E 4.E 10.D 16. E 22.A 28.D
5. C 11. C 17. D 23;.0 29. D. 5. D 11. B .17. C 23. C .29. E
6.E 12. E 18. C 24.A 30.`E 6. A 12.B 18. C 24. E 30. B

1980 Answers 1981 Answers

I.C 7. B 13. B- 19. D 25.0 1:E 7.B 13..E 19. B 25. A

2. D 8. A 14. A 20. C 26.E 2. C 8. A 14. A 20. B 26. D
3. E 9. E 15.B 21. A 27. E 3.D 9. A 15. B 21.D 27. C
4. C 10. D 16. B 22. E 28. C 4. C .10.E 16. E 22. D 28. D
5. B 11.D 17.D 123.0 29.A 5. C .11.0 17. B 23. C 29. E
6. A 12. C 18.D 24. D 30. B 6.A 12. E 18.0 24.D, 30.D
1982 Answers
I. E 7. B 13. D 19. B 25.D
2. A 8. B 14.0 20.D 26. B
3. C 9. B 15. D 21. E 27. C
4.E 10. A 16. B 22-E 28..B
5.0 11.,C 17. C 23. A 29..A
6.D 12. A 18. D 24. A 30. D
 III

Solutionst
1973 Solutions
4

Part 1

1. (D) Let 0 denote the center of the circle, and let OR and AB
be the radius and the chord
which are perpendicular bisec-
tors of each other at M.
Applying the Pythagorean
theorem . to, right triangle
OMA yields
(AM)2 (OA)2 (OM)2
---' 122. 62 = 108,
AM 1= 6[3-.
Thus the required chord has length 12{3-.

2. (C) The unpainted cubes form the 8 x 8 x 8 cube of interior

cubes. Therefore, 103 83 = 488 cubes have at least one face
painted.

tThe letter following the problemmumber refers to the cdkelt choice of the five listed in
the examination. *#,
 68 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK: IV
3..(B) Thirteen is the smallest prime p such that 126 p is also
prime. Thus the largeg difference is 113 .13 = 100.

4. (D) In the adjoining figure MV is

an altitude of A.,t1BV. Since
tAMV is a 30° 60° 90°.
triangle, MV has length 2a.
The required area is, therefore,
area AABVi= 4(AB)(MV)
=1(12)2irs = 12a.

'5. (D) Let a * b denote the average, 4(a + b), of 4 and b. Then
II a*b + b)= 1(6 + a) ------ b* a,
0
and"
IV a + (b* c) = a + 4(b + c) = 4(a + b + a + c)
= (a + b)*(a + c),

b)* + b) + = + + lc,

(b* c)---; [a + 1-(b + c)]:= +4b±

and
III (b + c) = 4-(a + b + .c),
while
(a * b) + (a * c) =1(a + b) + 4(a + c)$a*(b+ c).
r
To see that V is;false, sUppose that e * g = a for some e
and all a. Then 4(e+ a) = a, so e = a. Clearly this can-
not hold for more than one value of a. Thus only H and IV
are true.

(C) Let b > 5 be the base. Sincei.:(241) 2 = (2b + 4)2

4b1 16b ± 16 and 554b.=Jb2 + 5b + -4, it follows that
5b2 +.56 + 4 = 4b2 + 1664 16,
 -SOL.UTIONS:(1973 EXAMINAM0.14
(A) The ntimbers. to be added form an aril tic, Pr9res,
with first term a = 51 ; - last term 1 = 341 fl,,Fortunon
d = 10. We '.use the..: iorintila 1 4.-i41,:rEl 1)d to
deterinirie numb0;n...of to. be
to fi4thOr.'Siim: 'Thus '341 =,;!"54z+
yields n 15(394= 5SE10Y!

'the nuniber of pihts I" of paint needed i

stirface area to the squareofthe
t he ; 5.0'
, and also(to ,number n of stIttues AO. 6,-,
.A,,. ; ii".= Wnh2;. substiluting n = 1, h = 6 arid t

equatia, we obtainIthe constant

nstant of ProPOrAiA; _

- 36
.1%).ow-whprion.=" 540 and h = (1

"9..1E) Right .triangles CHM and

et-lB on entSince'their.
arigles dt c7a)rii equal. Ther
fore, t 4ase Ml of oCM
Of th:el hasrAB
,

Z.6,ABC'i4.hile' their 'altitudes'

arc, equa).:' Oence: the area of A
4,ABC

: D, .
, If 1.* theri AeMentary operati
.the sOluti4
three,. equations yields e =. 3, whi
eqUations.,h4s. no Solution.
01§
usq the A system- of three linear equatibris in
three inriltriwnslias''-'2 gue solution if and': onlY if the
determinant Of itiebeffiCienCinattilic do of vanish. in our
. '.exainple;:thiS.determiriatit is

The only real .value- of n ,fo th './) vanishes is 1. We

saw above that.; the System: as ridisoIution in this case.
 _
70 MAA -PROBLEM BOOK IV
part 2.

11. (B) The giyen inequalities are represented geometrically as

(the set of points, y), such. that Zinax(Ixl, a)
c {the set of points (x, y) /such that v2(xt y2),;:<. aY
c (the set,of pOitits (x,'y) such-that lx1+1Y1 a).
If the side length of, the Meier T
e m the, figures is denote d
by a, then' the three sets m the above inclusions are the sets
of poin6 inside (or on) the inscribed square, the circle, and
the circnniscribed.sqUare, respectively, in

1 (D) Let in ,and n de riofe the number of doctors and laWyeis;:.-.,

respectively. Then b
.135m + 50n-
+
th
d',0*
So 40(A ± n) = 35m +"--on;. 5m = 10n, and

13t (D)0The square of the given fractiodis

4(2 + 6) 4(8 +'41/T);., 16(2 +1.4. 16
9(2 1-,a) +4:
6, 0- wJi:
'.
Hence the fiaction is equal to

OR
MUltiplying top and bottOm of the giVen,fraction'iv. we
get
2(15 .4 lit) '2(14- iff 4(1) +
31/2. +. 3. 4 + 215% 1/(1 I)2
.+ ,1

6
(C) Let x, y and z denote t ,number;Of tankfuls of water de
livered by valves A,'S and respectively, in one hour. Then

,3±,yt z 1.5 '

z=
2 'it
iiiitiaCtink the sum of the lasiltWO equatiOns from twice ihe
firs 'yields x + y =1, so that 5 (,,,x y).=' I tankful Will-be
delivered.by valves A and B in ,=r 1.2 hours.
 ,OL IfTIONS:. 19 73 EX,AMrNA:tION 71

15. (D) The center of the circle eh'

circumscribes sector. POQ is at C;
. the intersection of the Perpendicular
bisectors SC 4arid RC. Considering
AORC, we'see that

0 OC 9 0
sec -T = sr-, or OC = 3.sec ,-;
h

Note;, All the answers. eicf, :(13) can be eliminated by consider-

A

ing the limiting casit4% :7r/2. For in-this casel(A) is 0, .(B)

u is. infinite; (C) is less.:than,3, and (E) is 3; all absurd..'

6. (B) Let n denote the number of 'sides of the given convex poly-
gon and x the number bfidegrees in the excepted angle. Then
180(n 2) ---- 2190 + x; *so-that

2190 .
= +
180 180

Since the pnlygon is convex, 0 <,x < 180; it follows that

2190 '2190
180 180

i.e. 12* < nrH 2 < .13i. Since n is an integer, this forces
n. 2 13, so n 15. (Incidentally; (13)(180) = 2340 =
. 2190 150, so the excepted angle has,theasure 150°)
Fr!

17.. (E) 14ing4the fOrmiiiki-;for the cosine of twice the angle 10, we
haVe "

x
!cos = cos 2 2 sin22

1
[Note that since 0 < °, 0- , so x > L] Now

tin2 0 A4

0S

tan.0
 THE-.MAA PROBLEM
*
BOOK IV
. , .
,
;.1(...,1-.6`r
18: (C) Since the factors p 1 and p + 1 of p2 -- 1 are consecii&-
tive even integers, both are divisible by 2 and one of them by -..
.

4, so thqVit)leir. product is divisible by 8. Again (p 1); p

and.(e p tlp ; are three consecutive integerS, so that one of
them, (butlitat the prime p) is divisible by 3. Therefore the
piodud;:fp, --.1)(p + 1) -= p2 1. is alWays divisible by both'
3 and 411d hence by 24.. . 7
19. :(D) 12,X;.,Oit'X x 48 x 40X 32 x 24 X'16 x
89/.XA9!); K

1821.=-A8 ,*.-`..-16.x 1.4 x 12X10 X 8 x6 x 4'X 2:.

2? X .9!).
The qgtitient',(728D/(382!),= 89/29 = 49

20:AC);: fn the..nljOining figure,. S denotes an

omt on the streark 1SE, and
j3 ;denote', the position` of . .

ie cowboy, his cabin' and the polr}t S

e'diStinCe'
DS $1/ w , as
k ple env
is straight line .tberi'i

4
ie.nn -anseciiiivp.4niegdFiii a, set is either odd or
ven" dcfllet .their .nurnhey..*21,ixt -- and their averagebe..
= 100 and x =
sci-:that. :,211*4i'40,404Only be5or 25'; If 2n +
en''x = 20: and n 24 so, that integers are
If-1,2n -i- 1 25; x =001.40 n = 12, Which .
lnipossible,becaue the integers must be positive.
j tie' number of consecutive integers is an 'even, number:
the','av rage of the integers (half way,,,,between the
e pair/ e denoted by x. Then 2nx 100, x 50/n.
,x,,iSda half integer, 2x ---=..100/n is an integer; bUt
iOfot an integer, so that n is 4;20 or 100. For ft 42 : 4)
and the integers are 9 Ihrough 16; n =-- 20 and 100,
....-nretfitipos e since the integers are positive. Hence there are
eitirtetlY two bets' of positive integerS whose sum is 10(
.
 u$

-"OLVTIQN ; 1973 t XAMINATL

22 : (A) Interpreting + Viz .± 21 as

32 1. 0 1

the !mini of the distances from x to 1,,and froni,' to 2, we

see that this suna4is 341( -<'X 1 and 3 -1- 2u, if x.is a
distance from the irfterval, froM 2 to I. Thus, the solutiotbi ,
setis (x: x < 2). '. -4

3, (D) Let the.sides of the first card (both red) be numbered.' and 2:
Let the red and blue,sides of the second card be nunibered 3
and 4,4espectively. Pn the draW any of the sides 1, 2 or ,/has
equal likelihood of tieing face up op the table. Of thek three,
two undersides are redtand one blue; sOlhal the probdbility
a red underside is 2/3. .0

`24. (D) Let s,' c and p denote the cost .in dollars of one .sandwich;
one . cup of coffeetand one piece of pie,* respectively. Then..,
3s + 7c-rt- p = 3.15 ,and 4s 10c + SubtraCting-.1.
twice' the sec-Qnc____I.Of.these equationS es'.ifie first
yields s ± Los so that, $1.05 is the .requited -cosf..

25 `(E) ttet 0 tenter the

plz t' and iRdpotne Of-the:
Side% of ttipatv: not .:.passing 6 ;6
thiough inoteg* ,one 3 0 t OCi°
arc: connecting ''Oil*;40:sides.pf
the walk, then 0 BA consists
'of the 30? SectODAB--and the
30° 60° 7 90 iriangle OMB.
Thus the area o£ the walk ig

2[ v62
.1

12
+ (3)56] ='67r + 91/3
2 1
1

and the required area is

!'t 11.62 (671. + 3 ir r- 9 3 .
74 H NtA.A PROBLEM
THE
. .
.- OOK
:
IV .
26.. Let and 2n denote the common difference and 'the even
number of terms. Let So and AV denetei.the sums
odd- and all n even-nUmbered terms respectivelY1; then':Vt;-
;50 = nd since.each'even-nUmbered term exoeedS its odd-num-,
bered predecessor by. d. Moreover the lag term clearly ex-
ceeds the. first .by, (2n -7. l)d. Hence in the present case we
have
nd = 30 24 = 6 and (2n 7 1)d = 10.5.
Therefore d = 2nd = 10.5 = i2 10.5 and
n =,6/1.5 = 4, so = 8.
Note: We note that in solving this .problem we did not need to
know the values of So and Se, but only their difference
.

27.' (A) Let s denote the distance. The total time t that car A travels
,,. is
.s
-..
2u
and the average speed is

s
+
2'u 2v
For car B, the average speed is
0 (u '2uv U2 v2;'.;
viding sth sides of the last inequ el
v u+

Note 1,.:7
caleu
drivin
i,1' alsp be obtained Wi hout any
r. -clearly 4fiends-mOre than h f the time
war o the two speeds u and b...
Note 2: O ge"ev6't 6-aiWg'.*Ofige speed x is the reciprocal of
the average, of the reciprocals of u and v; this is called the
harmonic mean (H. M.). of u and v:
1 2itv
H- M:
, u+

The. Calculations abOve, that the harmonic.mean of two

 SOLUTIVN : 1973 EXAMINATION 75

positive nambers never exceeds their arithmetic' mean. For

comparisons of the 'harmonic, geometric and arithmetic means
of two positive numbeeksee Anintrodu0On to. Inequalities by
,E Beckenbach and R. 'Bellman, NMI,Xfol:P, Exercise 4 on p.
62 and its solution on p. 120. '4
1

28. (C) Let r > 1 denote the-common ratio in the geometric progres- ,

sion a, b, c:
-= ar; logb = logAa 4---lognr"
c = loga + 2 logr,
so that logna, log b, logc is an arithmetic progression. Now
it follows from, the identityt logav = that the recipro-
logau '
cals of logan, log n, logcn form an arithmetic progression.

29. (A) The boys Meet for the first time when the faster,has covered
9/14 and.,the slower 5/14 of the track.They meet for the.
tinie after the faSter has travelled (9%14)n laps and the slower
(5/44)n laps. Both of the4 Aire first Whale numbers ofilapS-
when n = 14; there are thirteen rnetingsp excluding the start
and finish.

30:'`.(BY For any fixed t '0, 0 -4.. T.< 1 .Hence; infcrior of

the circle with center (T, 0) !and iaclfui.. s: area bey'7
tween 0 and 77. 4.

'Part 4

31. (C) The integer TIT = T(111) T 37, with. T

final digit:of E2. Now 37 must divide one of 'ME and 'YE;:
say ME. Therefore ME 37 or !74.4Aba latter possibility is
ruled out since it would imP1Se (#E1.(YE)-.>: 74 ; 14
1036 TTT 999. met 37, T. =
ITT 999
=
.ana YE (4m 37
'44
.

See footnpte (in p. 82:

 76 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

2. (A) The :volume of 'a pyramid is

equaLto one third the area of
the base-times the altitude. The
base of .the given pyramid is
an equilateral triangle with
sides of length 6; hence it has
area 913. Altitude h of the
given pyramid may be found
by applying the Pythagorean <

theorem to right. ..6,ABC in the

adjoining diagram. Here B is the center of,! the base, so that
AB :=-1(313)
3 = 213- h2 = (111)2 L'(21/73)? and h---; "T

Therefore, the volume of the pyramid is -.1-(95-)(f3) = 9.

33. (C) .Let and y denote the nuinber egof v/Irr_..and of

acid,; respectively, in the originatsolutiqtt'After,t addition
of one ounce of water, _there 'arei.,y7Olinces".....of acid and
x + y + 1 'ounces of solution; after adding one ounce of acid;
there are +.1 ounces' of acid and x +.y + 2 ounces of
solution. Therefore,
1
-y -I- 1
and
x+y+1 x+y+2 3

solving these equations yields x = 3-and y 1, from which

it follows that the original solution contained
y 1
250 acid
x y. 3 +.1

4., (C) Let dvt) and w denote the distance between the towns, the
speed against the wind and the speed with the winctiirespec-
tively; then the plane's speed in still air is -1-( v + w), We are
<. .
given that '
(1) vd 84 and that (2) =:.- d

,..,....-trt . ..,,
,tka,..s. ''' it x = d/w; the required return time Then by (2),
w 2 ( w + v)
-\.

x 2 '''''' ..., 2
w
x 84
Simplifying, we obtain .702 7 75x + 756 = 0.. The solutions
of this, equation are x = 63 and x = 12.
 SOLUTIONS: 1 973 EXAMINi%Tr044:
35. (E) We shall show that I, II, and III are all true by giving
geometric arguments for I and II and then showiiig algebrai-
Cally that III is a consequence of,I and II
In the, adjoining.. fig-
ure, chords .QN and
KM have length s. The
five equal Chords of
lengths in the semicircle M
with diameter KR sub-
tend 'central angles of
180°/5 36° each. The
five isosceles triangles,
each with base s and
Rpposite vertex at, the
center 0, .have base an-
gles of measure
4-(180° -- 36°) 72°.
Now rotate' the ,intire configuration clockwise through 72°
about 0. Then chord PQ, parallel to diameter KR, goeS in-
to chord NR,, parallel to diameter PL. Denote by T the in-
tersection of MN and PL: In parallelogram ORNT, TN =
OR =,1, ,and TO NR s. We saw that 4MPO = 72°;;,,,
now 4MTP 7.2°. also, because MT KO.. So APMT is.
fsOkele§4.with.../tiT, = MP = s. Therefore d = MT + TN
s:,4-7-1, g):' 4,

s= 1.
The segments PT, TL and MT, TN of intersecting chords
MN and PL satisfy (PT)(TL) = (MT)(Tly). Since
= *OP OT s, and TL 0L+ OT = 1 + s, this
equation takes thelorm-
(1 s)(I + or 1 .s 1 -.

Multiplying equation (I) by s, we get ds

II : ds = s2 + s 1
xbe equaVon S s = s-kis equivalent to s2 +'s
Whose phsitve... its s = 1). Therefore
,15- ,
=s+1 = +
2.

and
III
 .,(,1,,y,
r.

THE MAA PROBLEM' BOO

OR
Each chord of length s subtends an angle 36 °: at the center
0, and MN of length d subtends an angle 3 36 = 108°.
Therefore
s = 2 sin 18° and' d :4.- Isin54".146
ItIollows from this and trigonometric identities that
d = 2 sin 54° el 22cos 36° =.2(1 2 sin218°) = 2
L and
s 2 sin 18° R= 2 cos 72° 2(cos236° 1) = d2 2.
Adding d = 2 s2 and s = d2 2, we obtain d + s.=
d2 s2 (d + s)(d s), so that I. d s = 1. Substituting
s + 1 for d in d = 2 s2, we find that s2 s 1 = 0,
'which has one positive root, s = -1-(15--. 1) Then
 1974 Sblutions
1. (D) Multiplying both sides of the given equation:, by Ahe least:
common denominator 2xy yields 4.y.,+ 6x xy or, equiVa-1,
lently, 4y = xy -- 6x. Factoring x Om the right side of the
last equation gives 4y x(y - 6). Since.y * 6 we can di-
vide both ides of this equation by y'- 6 to obtain (D).

2. (B) , Since xi and xZ are 'melts Of .the quadrat c equation

3x 2 - hx the sum of;IhelrootS is

3. (A) The coefficient of x7 in (1 '+ 2" -is the coefficiat of

the sum of four identical tei=iii;2X - x which sum, is
8x7.

4. (D) By the rethainder theorem x51 + 51 divided by x + 1 leaves

a remainder of ( -;1)51 + 51;= 50. This can also be seen
quite easily by long division.'"fr

5. (B) 2GEBC = 4ADC since both angles are supplements of

ABC. Note the fact that 4BAD = 92° is not needed in the
solution of the problem.

(D) x xY
x+y y X spy
xyz
xy x+y xyz
(x y)* z - x y *z Xy xy + .xz + yz
X,+ y
Similarly x4 ,(y * i) - XY Z SO " 99 is bot
xy -F .Xz
mutative and associative.

Note: The result can also be derived from the identity

1 1 1
+
x*y x y
Commutativity and associativity of * now follows from the
fact that they hold'for +.
 THE MAA PROBLEM. BOOIC

. (D) If x is the original population, then

.)C,-1- 1,200 0.1.1(x 1,200) =
Solving for x gives (D).

(A)' Since 3'! and 5" are both odd,

(B) All multiples of 8, including 1,000, fall in ,the'second column.

ryp
10. (B) Putting the quadratic in its standard form:
X2k 8x + 6
we see that the xliscriminant D is 64 --4(2k. 1)6 =-
88 48k = 8(11 6k). A quadratic, equation, has no real
roots if and only if its discriminant is negative. Dais negative
if 11 6k < 0, that is, when k 11 /6; the smallest in-
tegral Value of k >for whickthe equation has no real roots is
2.

11. (A) Sinco, (a, b).,and (c, d)are:.iiin the Sailigline; y mx

they satisfy the,same equation. Therefore, .,!" '
b =-- m,a + lc d --= mc+ k.
Now the distance between (a,°b) and (c, d),is /
11(a c)2 + (b
)

Froni the first two equations we obtain (b

,
C),
so that
2
1/(a --. )2 (b d)2 c) +
:= .1. rni!..
Note we are Using the fact tit* Ix F. for all real i
OR
Let 0 be the angle between the line and the -axis; then
(c, d) .
2
(tan 0)
Ib dl.
so , b)
2
(b = m2-(a
and the square of the'desired distance is
( (b d)2 = (a C.)2 +
(a c)2(1 + m

Zr7
 :s

OL.UTIONS: 1974 EXAMINATION 1

Since- k(X) = .1/29s satisfied by x

f(1/2)' = "(4/172))

Since ( x ) = 1' x 2 for x we have' X

for x.,* 0; so
."
=f(g(x)) for x
g( X)
And

f (1) 7 1 = 1.
u.

13. (D) Statement (D) is the contrapositive of the given one and the
only one of the statements (A) through (E) equivalent to the
given statement.

14. (A) Since x2 > 0 for all x * 0, ,x2 > 9 > x. is true if *x < 0.
Cbunterexamples to the other statements .are easy to . con-
struct:

15.. (B) By definition la 1 { a when a 0 If

----- X < 2, then
a when a < 0
1 + x< 0 and, 11 + xl = x) and 11 11 +xll
= 11 + 1 + xl = 12 + xl. Again if 3C < 2, then 2 + < .0
and 12 +.x1 = 2 x.

16. (A frt tlj Adjoining figure, ABC-is

'isosceles triangle, with.
90° and AB AC,
'bed in a circle with center
0 and radius R. The line seg-
ment AO has length R and bi-
sereti;:)ine seginent BC And
BA C: A :circle with center 0'
jAlg-0114 and raaius
st-ribld in AAsc.. The 'sides AB.
and AC are tangent to the inscribed circle with poihts of
tangency T and T, "respectively. Since. AA TO' has angles .

45°" 45° 90° and O'T r., we have AT r and O'A

=R . Hence R ra and R/r = 1 +,11T,
82T THE MAA PROBLEM BobK-iy
(C) SinCe .-1, (1 + 7 2/ 'and, (1 -7 1)2 Writing
(1 0.20 .)20
j)2)10 :2Y10

'we have
4. 020 = (21)10 ( 21)1° == 0.
OR
Observe that l(1 = 12 = 1 + i, and i4't= ( -1)2 =1.
Therefore.
(1 .1
,and.
for =

(1 V2 20[cos900° 4- i sin 9001 = 1024;

I P.

(1 '1)20 2160S( 9009' (-900°)] 1024,'

and the difference in.

18. (D) By hypothesis we have

3 so 5 = (2P)q,=.23Pq.
8? =-. /31', 5 = 34;
We are asked to find logio5= x, i e. x ,such that 10x r&"
Since 5 = '23Pq, we have 10x = 23Pq; litit;a1So 10x.= 2x. 5t
2x 23eq". 2x"+Pq) It follows that
x(1 +'3 3iq and :1X a +3P4
3pq
OR
We.recall thhange of base formulas'
log b 1
( ) logab -*and itscor011aiy logab
loggia logtd

tTo verify the change of base formula (a')for positive, numberS a, a c

we set . .

logab 7.U, so au m-b,

logcb 7 V, so cv
logca W, so cw 7 a.

Thus cv b s au (cfr)u cuw and (1141 V, so VW Taking,

b a c, we also obtain the important corollary

logab 7.
logba
Since we are asked for an -answpr in base 10 we convert all
using ( ). Froth.
the given information to that base, using
.
.
p = ,log83 =--
ol glo3 / I
log,08 '

One obtains /

= plogio8,

logio5 pqlog 108 = pq logio

1pq(1 logio5)

Solving this for Ina5 givds choice (D).

.

. Conversion of logarithms to a common base provides a

systematic (if.no always shortest) approach to problems like
18, and this approach will be used again in fater problems,
with a reference baCk to (*). In the last "solution to this
problem, we/c,onveited to base IQ only because the answer
was requested in that base. The,traditional re, son for using,
base 10 ease of doing numerical computations has been
made largely obsolete by computers.
84 TH,B,'MAA P11.0BLEMBOCYK Iv
.
19. (A) I.tet DM BNB = x; then AM 77- AN = 1 x. Now
areal a ABCD area tANM
area -ANB-C area oCDM
1 2 x
= (1, x
2 2 2
Denote the, length of each side of the equilateral trian
CMN by y; Pythagorean, theorem we see that
x2 + 12 = y2 and (1 .x)2 + (1 x)2 = y2.
Substituting 'die first equation into the second we get -
2(1 x)2 = x2 + 1 '.or x2 + 1 =0.
The roots of this equaticin are24Y-S and 2 + Since
2+ > 1 we must choose 'x 2 {S and :obtain area
ACMN -3.
v.

20! (D) By rationalizing the tdenominator of each iraction, we see

= 3 + 2 = 5.

21. (B) The sum of the first fiye terms of the geometric series with
itial term a andpommon ratio r is
° a(1
S5 == a + ar + ar 2 -v ar + ar 4 = 1 r
1By hypothesis...ar4 ar3 = 576 and ar = 9. Dividing
'the first equation by the last yields'
r4 r3 -r-1(r 1
64,
r 1 1"

so r3 = 64, and rd= 4. Sine( ar -- = 9 and r =--

have a = 3 and therefore I .14

22, (E) We recall that a sin 0 + b cos'0, if 0, can be ex-

pressed in the folm-
 SOLUTIekS: 1974 EXAMINATION , 85

where \
a
cos cp. --= , sin 95 --=
va2 b2 Va2 + -
/ occurs when
and, that. the minimum of sin a is 1 and
a = 270° '-}-,'(36E)m)°, m = 0, ±
Applying this princiPle to the given"function where
1
<0; a . 1

Va2,,,i- b2 VI Ty 2' Va2 4. b2

we find p ,---- 60° and write o

i
Sin--
A [,1
---- 2 -1sin-i
. A '/icos--2-A
2
.
= 2 (A 600); :

k2
This expression'. is< minimized when AA tz 60° = 270°4
(360m)°,` that is when, A '%60° + (720m)°, m 0,
None of (A) through (D)are angles of this form.

3 (B) Since' TP = T "P, OT = OT" = r, and 2CPT"0. 4PTO

90°, we have .6.0TP a gOT"P. Similarly iOT'Q
6.0T"Q. Letting x = STOP e- 4,POT" and y %=-'2CT"OQ
_= Q.072' we obtain.2x + 180°. But this implies that
.4POQ= = 90°. Therefore APOQ is a right .triangle
with altitude 077,Since the altitude drawn to the hypo-.
tenuseOf a right triangle is, `the mean proportiodNoNhe
)sTgments it cuts, we have ,.
4 or
= r = 6. .
J
r
4..;(A) Let- A be the event of rolling air least a five; then the proba-
bility of A is,40i In §ix rolls of a did the probability of
event, A happening six times is (3 )6. The"probability of get-
ting exactly five successes ancVoA failure of A in a specific
order i% f: Since thereLard;six ways to do this; the
probability of gettnig:five successes and one failure'Of A in
r#14order's

1 f.3 729
The probability of getting all successes or, five successes an
one failure in any order is thu,t' . .

,-
86 THE 'MAA PROBLEM BOOK 1-V

25. (C) Since DM --=',.1M,,COMA = 4DMd ancl,;CCDM =,QAM,

we have AQAM o MCD. Similarly ABPAT.s--... 'ADNC..
Now,
area AQP0 = area L7 ABCD ar 4 ADOC
and
It
area aDOC = 14 (-21 area ,QABC:D
so that
.9k
area AQP0 k

26. (C) Writing 30 as a product of prime factors, 30 = 2 3 . 5, we

obtain
(30)
The divisors of (30)4 are exactly the numbers of the form
2' . 5k, where are non-negative integers between
zero and four inclusively, so there are (5)3 = 125 distinct
divisors of (30)4; excluding Land (30)4 there are 1 ivisors.

27. (A) Consider 1f(x) + 41 = 13x + 2 + 41 = 31x + 21. Now

whenever 'Ix + 21 < a/3, then 11(x) + 41 < a. Con-.
sequently whenever +..21 < b and 1 . a/3, we have
1f(x) + 41 < a.

28. (D) Using the fofmula for the isum of a geometric series, we have-
2
-3-
 L.;,1J Tj : .1 9 7 4 E,CAMI,I1'AT,I.6:. $71.
.

If the nuniter *is represented in base 3;'lheri it lakes the..

form . a1 a'd a'. where each digit is either 0. or 2: .Thus
We see that.either -
(
(0.100... or .ic > (0.200 )3 =
,

(B) For 1,..., 10,

p (2 'I..-- --./34+ 2(2p/ + N..+1)+39(2p.7
4
(40)(31)
40p '(2p 1 11

4-.1- (40 + :40 . 39)/j-1 20 3

,

---(40)p 20 39.
Therefore,
io 10
EFsp = (46)0E p (10).(20)(39)
P".1 P71
2 (10)(r1)
(40) . (1Q) 20)(39)
=10,200:

30. (A) Consider line segment AB cut by -a 'Vint p With AP= x

)..)B y, y'=1,x and
X D Y
y
Since y/x = R we can choose x pi 1 and theieforey = R.
thus = and 2 + R l We cap therefore
write R +1 so that
-R2 + R-1 +R 1 + R 1) 2 =)2,
and

R[R(62+ 1""-1]+ R- -----R[112+R`j1 + k-

R2 + R
2.
188 MAA. PROBLEM BOOK ;IV

1975 Solutions

,,( 3

D) The equations have a solution unless their graphs are parallel

lines,This will be the case only if their slopes are equal, i.e. if
m = 2m :11. 1 or m = 1. (The, lines are not coincident since
they have distinct y-interceptg for all values of m.)

4--
43. (A) None, of the. ineqiralities are satisfied if a, b,c, x, y, z are
choseil to be 1,1, 1,0,0, 10, respectively.
,
4. (A) In the adjoining figure, if s is, the
length of a sidg of the first square,.
0

then s/12 is thelength oraside

.
- . of the second, Thus the tatio of
the areas is s2/(sy {2-)2 = 2.

(x + y)9 x9.+ 9x8y 36x7y2 + -+ y9;

9p8q,=-- 36p7q2 and p + q = 1. Dividing the second equation
by 9p7q, we :obtain p = 4q, and substituting 1 p for q
Vie obtain = 4(1 so p 4/5.

6., (E) drouping the terms of the difference as o

(2 I) + (4 3) + +.(160 159),
,

one obtains a sum of 80 terms, each .equal to 1,

lx11
is 2 if,x is negative and 0 if, x: is positive.
x

8. (D) .II and IV are the only negations of, the given statement.
 SOLUTIONS: 1975 EXAM-INATION 89
,
9. (t) Let d denote the common difference of the progression
al + 1)1, ,622 b2, .... Then
99d = (an° + bloo) (al + bi) = O.
Thus d = 0, and 1°0(121 + b1) = 10,0001s the desired sum.

:':('A) .Let k be any positive irkteger. Theh

414y, (10k + 1)2 102k+ 2 10k +/
The sum of the digits' is therefore 1 + 2 + 1 = 4.

11. (E) Suppose P the givenID" oint, 0 is the .center of circle K,

and M is the midpoint of a chord AB paSsing through f.
Since 40MP is 90°, M lies on a circle C. having OP for its
diameter. Converse1y;iif M is any point on the circle C, then
the chord of circliK passing through P and. M (the chord
of Krtangen O -C al if `M:= P) is perpendicular to OM.
Hence. M is the' 1d int Ef this chord and therefore belongs
to the locus.
0

12. (B) tIf a *--b, 3 19x3 and a b= then

---- (a b)(a2 + ab + b2),.= x(a2 tab + b2)
= 19x3
Dividing the last equality above by x and substituting
b=ax, we obtain
18x2 +3axi 3a2 = 0,
3x)(it -1;2x) = 0.
So a = 3x or ...r2 2x. 4'

13. (D) For x < 0, the polynomial x6 3x5 6x3. x -+ 8 is posi-

t., tivet sine, then all terms are positive, so it has no negative
zeroV At x = 1, the polynomial is negative and,hence has at-
least one positive zero (between .0 and 1).
.

14. ,(E) Let W, H, I .and .S denote what*, whosilei

tively. Then H = I and IS = 2S imply W
lently, since S > 0, H= I = 12 W
S, 2S and I = 2, or / equivalently H
then W = S, so that 11W = 4 =.S i- S. o.

103
 THE MAA P12,4:)BLEM BOOK IV

(A) The first' et terms of the se are 1, 3, 2, 1, -13, 2,

1,3. Since the seventh and eighth terms are the same as t e
first and second,. the ninth term will be the same, as the liiird,
etc.; i.e., the sequence repeats 'every six. terms. Moreover, the
sum'ol each six term period is 0. Hence the sum. of the first 96
terms is zero, and the sum of the first onc.htildred terms'is
the sum of tile last four terms 1 + 3 2 1,-= 5.

(C)', Denote the fir.st termi of the series by a and the. common
.ratio by j/n; then the, sum of the series is
= 3, and a =.3 n).
1 (1/n)
Since a, and n are positive integers, 0 < 1/n 1, n = 3 and
g-= 2 The sum of the first" two terms is 2 4. (1/3) = 8/3.
ote:,The desired sum clearly lies between 1 and 3, 'so (A), (B)
'and (E) are (D) were the answer, the first two
terms, would both be 1, also impossible. This leaves only (C).

(D) Since the commuter makes two trips each work day, the total
number of, trips is 2x;` thus 2.x4.= 9.+ (8 + )5) =' 32, and
x =-- 16.
Nate: The given information was deliberately, redundant. "If he
comes home on the train, he took the bus in the, morning" is
logically equivalent to "If he takes the train in the morning,
he comes home by bus in the afternoon..

(D) There are 9D0. three digit numbers., and three of them (128,
256 and 512) haye logarithms to base two which are integral.
So 3/900 = 1/300 is the desired probability.

19. (D)yor any fixed positive value ,of x distinct from one, let a
, log3x, b = 10g,5 and c = log35. Then x...c,=.3a, 5 ---- xb and
5 = Y. These last equalities imply' 3ab .1 or ab = c. Note
-19 that logx 5 is ,not. defined' for x = 1.
OR
Converting all these logs to some fixed but arbitrary' base d
(see footnote On p. 82), we pbtam
logdx logd5 1pgd5
(1og3x)(logx5) .21
iogdJ iogdx
=
logd3
log 35,
r
).
 -S13LUTIONS: 1975 EXAKINATION 91
"vr

2!), (B) In the adjoining figure. let h be 'the length; of altitude:, AN

\ drawn to BC, let x = tM and let y = NM. Then

h2 + (x +y)2 = 64,
II' +y2 = 9,.
-112 + (x y)z = 16.

Subtiacting\twice the second eqUation lfrom the suns' of the

first and third 'equations yields 2x2 = 62. Thus x = 3T
and BC = 2r3T...

OR
Recall that the su of the squares of the sides of a parallelo-
gram is equal to he suni of the squares of its diagonals.
Applying this' tote parallelogram having AB and AC as
adjacent sides yields (42 + 82) = 0 (2X)2, x = {31 .

21. (D) Letting .a = 0 in the tiqu tion f(a)f(b) = f(a + b) (called a

functional equation) yields (0)f(b) = f(b), or f(0) = 1; let-
ting b = a in the. Tfunctio al equation yields f(a)f(a)=
f(0), or f( a) = 1/f(a); and ,

f(a)f(a)f(a) = f(a)f (2a) = f(3a), or f(a)=311f(3a) .

The function f(Y) ---E 1 satisfies the functional eqtation, but
does not satisfy condifon IV.

22. ( ) Since the prockict of .the positive integral roots is the prime
integer q, q must be positive and the roots niust be 1 and q.
Since p = 1 + q is also prime, q = 2 and.? = 3. Hence all
four statements a true., . ; \\\\
\
92 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV,

23. (C) In the adjoining figur gonals D

AC and DB are drawn. since 0
,is the intersection of the medians
of tABC, the altitude of AAOB
from 0 is the altitude of
A ABC from C; i.e. the side
lengths s, of the square. Hence

area AAOB =1 (area A ABC) B

Ii(fs2) = is2.0

SiMilarly, area 'Acos = 152. The area of AOCD is ob-

tained by subtracting the areas of triangles AOB COB,
andis2.
s2 is.2
from that of the square, so area AOCD =
OR
Introduce coordinates with respect to which AB is the ,umt
interval on the positive x-axis ann,1/) is the unit interval on
the positive "y-axis. Now
area AOCD = area A ACD + area A AOC
Z 1 4.1 i. 3 =,2'
2 2 1 1. 3

The rows of ,the determinant are the coordinates of 0 ail C.

Those of 0 are (i, because'0 is the intersection of
medians of A ABC.
Note: Since the area of AABN is a of the area of the square, it is
clear that the/desired ratio r satisfies i < r < 4. Only (C)
fulfills this condition.

24. (E) If 0° < 0 < 45°, then (see Figure 1) an applicition of a

theorem, on exterior angles of triangles to 'n EAC yields
20 = .4EAC 0. refore 4EAC = 0 and AEAV is iso-
sceles. Hence EC = = AD.

E C E B

Figure 1 Figure 2

106
 SOLUTIONS: 1975 EXAMINATION 93

If 11:=:. 45°, then 4 ABC is a 45°-45*-90° triangle and

'E B. Then EC = BC... AB... AD.
If 45° <11 <,60°, then (see Figure 2)
4EAC =, 180° . 4AEC .GC
180° (180° 20)
= 0.
Thus n EAC is isosceles and EC = .EA = AD.

25. (B) If the son is the worst player, the daughter must be his twin.
The best player must then be the brother. This is consistent
with the given information, since the brother and the son
could be the same age. The assumption that any of the other
players is worst leads to a contradiction:
If the woman is the worst player, her brother must be her
(twin and her daughter must be the besi player. But the
woman and her daughter cannot be the same age.
If the brother is the worst player, the woman must be his
twin. The beSt player is then the son. But the woman and her
son cannot be the same age, and hence the woman's twin, her
brother, cannot be the same age as the.son. '
If the daughter, is the worst player; the son must be the
daughter's twin. The best player must then be, the woman. But -..4
the woman pnd her daughter cannot be the same age.

26. (C) In the adjoining figure

'D /CD = AB/AC,
since an angle bisector of a
triangle divides the opposite
side into segments which are
proportional to' the two adjac- A
M. B.
ent sides. Since CN = CD
and BM = BD, we have BM/CN = %B/A C, which
implies that MN is parallel to BC. Since only one choice is
correct,lt must therefore be (C). Actually, it is easy to yerify
that (A), 63), (D) and (E) are false if 4A = 90° 8, if/3 =
60° and 4C 30° + 8, where 8 is any sufficiently small
positive angle.

1
94 TEIE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
271 (E) If p, q, r are roots, then the polynomial can fie factored as
follows:.
x3 2+X"2= 7 p)(x q)( .* r)
. x3 (p + q + r)x2
(pq + pr + qr)x pqr.
Equating coefficients of'li4 powers 'of x, we find
p+q+r 1, pq + pr + qr =1, pqr = 2.
In looking for the sum of the cubes of the roots of a cubic
equation, let us use the fact that each root satisfies the
-fequation:
p3 p2 + ,2
q2 + 2 0

r3 t2 + r 2 = O.
Adding these, we obtain
(*) + q3 r3 (p2 + q2 + r2)+-tp + q + r) 6 = O.
'We saw that p_+,q+r=1 and shall' deterTine the sum of
the iquares of the roots by squaring this 'relation:,
0) + p2 + 172 + r2 + + + qr)
p2 + q2 2 + 2(1)
,p2 q2 + r2

Substituting this :into ), we obtain

p3 + q3 + r3 1'+ 6 = 4.

28. (A) Construct line t P parallel to'EF and intersecting. AB at. P.

Then
AP AF
AC AE'
that is,
AP AF'
16 2AF'
so
AP = 8.
Let a,.x, y, a, fl,0 and 0 be as shown in the adjoining-A.1a-
gram. The desired ratio EG/GF is the same.as y/x which
4

.41
 SOLUTIONS: 1975 EXAMINATION 95.

we now determine. By the law of sines, .

a ,12 a 16 16 .
-- --.--
sin a .S1110 '
r-- =--
sin #
- = ..--
sin 0
.
t ,
, sin(.180° 'V 4 4$ s
k

Hence-
sin /3
. sin a
Moreover
16 16
sin a si 84. in sip(180° sin 8
Hence
sin #
2
.x sin a
OR
Join GB a d GC. 'Triangle ABC is subdivided into SIX
smaller triangl s whose areas are
denoted by a, b, d,e, f, as in-
dicated in the diagr Triangles
AEG and A _G--have the corn-
on vertex A, so their areas are
the ratio EG to GF. Thus
EG d
GF a'
and this we now calculate.
Triangles ACM and ABM have equal areas, so
d+e+f=a+b+c.
Similarly f__= c, and_ hence d_+ e = a .+ b by subtraction.
Let x' be the length AF, so that AE = 2x, FB = 12 x,
EC = 16 2x. Then
b
a
FB
FA
12
x
x
and
;
e EC
EA
16
2.x/
2x

Hence
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK ;IV

,(1'husa+b=--d+e becomes
12
a-- , 16a or ,3a
----
x 2x
OR
Extend BC and FE until they
intersect in a point H; 'see the
adjoining figure. The colline.ar
points A, G, M he on sides (or
their extensions) BF, FH,,HB
of AFBH respectively. They also
lie on extensions of sides
CE, EH, HC of h. ECH. We
may 'therefore. apply Menelaus's
theoreni and find
A
HG FA , BM HG EA CM
FG BA' HM ' EG CA HM
Since CM = BM and EA = 2FA;:division of the first equa-
tion by the second yields
EG BA
= 2 CA
G

29. (C) Instead of trying to compute (is.--p /2-)6 directly, we cora-

pute something slightly,larger and easier to compute, because
many terms cancel; namely we compute
(15- + 4-)6 (V
When (a + b)2k and (a b)2k are expanded by the bi-
nomial theorem, their even-powered terms areidentical, and
their odd-powered terms differ only in sign; so their sturris

2[a24 + (2k) 2k-zb2 b2k1.

2 ,

tienelaus's theorem: If points X, Y, Z on the sides BC, CA, AB (suitably tended)

of &ABC are collinear, then
BX CY AZ
CX AY BZ "
Conversely, if this equation holds for points X,Y, Z on the three sides
points are collinear.
For a proof, see e.g. H.S.M. Coxetei. and S.L. Greitier Geometry
66 in this NML series.
 SOLUTIONS: 1.975 E2CA.MIIATION
ti ,This principle, applied with a .= b

ay +..(a if)s= 2[27 + 15(18 + 12) + 8] = 970.

Since 0 < < 1, 970 is the smallest integer larger
than4(a ,5)6.
30. (B) Let w = cos 36° and let y = cos 72 °: ,Applying the dentities
os 2 2 cos20 and cos
'Co 20 = 1 2 sin20,
with 0 = 36° in the first identity and 0 = 18° in the second
yieldg
y = 2w2 1 and w 1 2y2.
Adding these last two equations yields
+ y 2(w2 y2) 2(w y)(w + y
and division by w + y yields 2(w. y) = 1, so
=w y
 1976 Soluthini

; =

2. (B) If ,x + 1 *.0 then (x .1- 1)2 < 0' and + 1)2 is not
real.; if x + I = 0 then V= (x + 1)2 = 0. Thus x = -1 is
the only value of x for which the given expression is real.

3. (E) The distance to each of the two closer midpoints is one; the
distance to each of the other midpoints is 1I2 + 22.

4. (C) The sum of the tezrns m the new progression is

1 .. 1 r"-1 + rn 2 + ::* + 1 s
ra-1 rn-1 rnl..
,

Note: If r= 1, then, s = n and the sum of the reciprocai pro- ,

gression is also n. `This eliminates all choices except (C).

5. (C) Let .t and u be the tens' digit and units' digit, respectively, of
a number which is- increased by . nine when its Oigits are
reversed. Then 9 = (10w+ t) (lot + ti) t) and
u = t + 1. The eight solutions are (12, 23,... , 89).

6. (C) Let r be a solution of x2 3x +c=i) such that r is a

solution of x2 + 3x c = 0. Then
7- 3r + c = 0,
r2 3r c 0.
which implies 2c = 0. The solutions of x are 0.

and 3.
Note: The restriction to real c was not, needed.

7. (E) The quantity (1 jxj)(i + x) is positive if and only if either

both factors are positive or both factors' are negative. Both
factors are positive if and only if < x < 1, while both
factors are negative if and only if x (< 1.
 SOLUTIQN,S:1976 .EXAMINATION
.
8. (A) The p oirIts whose coor- ).)- A
dinates are integers with
absolUte value less than
equal tq'four tom a
9 x 9. array, and 13' of
these points are at dis-
tance lesi than or equal
to two units from the
origin. See figure.

9. (D) Since y is the midpoint of

BC, the altitude of nAEF
from F to AE (extended
if necessary)'is one half the
altitude of n ABC from
C to AB (extended if nec-
-'es4r-S/). Base AE of nAEF
3/4 of base AB of
AA BC. Therefore, the area
of oAEF is
(1/2)(3/4)(96) --- 36.

10. (D) For the given functions, f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) is equivalent

m(px + q) + n = p(mx + n)+ q,
which redUces to
mq + n or p) q(1 m)= O.
n(1
If this lkst equation Ivilcls, then f(g(x))= g(f(x)) is an'
identity, i.e. true for every value of x If on the other hand
identity,
n(1 p) + q(1 m), then f(g(x))--- g(f(x)) has no soli-
tion in x.
Note: If the compositef(g(x)] and g[f(x)] of such functions f
and g have the same output for some input x, then f and g
commute under composition.

11 '(B) The statements "P implies Q," "Not 'Q implies not P"
and "Not P or Q" are equivalent. The given statement,
statement III and statement IV are of these forms, respec-
tively.
2. (C) The e are 25 different possibilities for the umber of apples a
cra cans' contain. If thbre were no,,m6 e than five crates
cej taming any given number `of apples, there could be at mos;
2) cranes: , Since 'there are 128 crates, n 6. We
'chide that n = by- observing' that it isquite possible that
re are exactly six crates containing. k apples in each of the
es. k = 120, 1121;122, and exactly five crates containing k
pies in each of the cases k = 123;124, 125,... , 144. e.

a cows give 6-cans in c dys and A cows, give B cans in

\days, then we make the basic assumption
b
AC ac'
ii.e.'that the number of cans per cow-day is ,always the same.
in the precent case a = x, b = x + 1, c = x + 2, and A =
x -11 3,, B = x + 5. Thus
x+5 x 1 x(x + 2)(x + 5)
(x 4- 3)C x(x + 2) (x +1)(x + 3)
Note: As a partial check, we verify that ur answer lins Ahe
.

appropriate units:
. -
x4ws-(x + 2)days(x + 5)eans. ifays.
(x + 3)cews(x + Oran&

14. (A) Let t sbe the number of sides of the polygon. The .surn.of
the interior angles. of a convex polygon with n sides is
(n 2080°, and ,,the sum of n terms of an arithmetic pro-
gression is n/2 times the sum of the, first and last terms.
Therefore

4 (n - 2)180 = -2-(100 + 140):

Solving this equation for n yields n"-- 6.

15. (B) Since each of the given numbers, when divided b'y d, has the
same remainder, d divides the differences 2312 1417 =
895 = 5 17,, and 1417 - 1059 =-° 378 = 2 179; and since
179 is prime, dT179. Now 1059 = 5 179 + 1 , r = 164,
and d - r =,179i- 164 = 15.

,,,
 SOLUTiON,S:1976 EXAMINA
)
,.,
(E) Let, G and,
,
k'
k be
be the points at which' the filtitudesdrom
. C
and F. hitersect sides AB and respectively. Right triani'
1,1es AGC and FliD,are iongruent,. since).1ide AG and side,
FH have the -same length, . and hypoten se AC and hy-
potenuse DF have the iaihe length.' therefore, 4GAC =1.
4-DFH; : 1 .. \
ifiCG -1- 4GAC*=.'4)1CG + 4DFH = §0°,
I b , ,
I

4 ACB F 4DFE =24ACG + 22CDFH = 180°, "

and . -, ,

area A ABC = 2(area i.ACG)_=:. (irea ANDFI!) =

C

G B
17. (A) thing trigonometric identities, vi obtain
(sin 0 + cos 0)2 = sin20 + cos20 fr 2 sine cos 0
= 4+ sin 20
1 + a.

Since 0 is acute, sin 0 + cos 0 > 0 and sin 0 '+ cos 0

=
18. (E) In the adjoining figure, E is the point of intersection of the
circle and the extension of DB, and FG is the diameter pasi.
in$ through D. Let r denote the radius of the circle.
Then
(BC)(BE) =--(AB)--
3(DE + 6) = 36,
DE = 6.
Also
(DE)(DC) (DF)(DG),
6 3 = (r 2)(r + 2),
18 = r2 4,
r = 41.
10 ;IE A,A PROBLEM
s -
BOOK
.

2
19 .41:9 Let fax) be the desired remainder. Since its degree .i e;ss.
the the degree of the divisor (x ;- 1)(x 3); r(x) is
form "ax b.' Thus
p(x) (x-- -- 3)q(x) :: tax "+ b

The given,inforniatioi sails that p(1)--= 3 and p(3) = 5 Set-

ting x = -1 and then x = 3; we obfain
p(1) = a b -,*(3) 3a,+!b
1 b =.2, and r(x)=--- x-+ 2.°

20. (E) The given equation may. be writeii in the form

4
4(logdx),,
2 /8(logX)(log1,x) + 3(lOgi,x) -4:0;
2

logbx)(2logax 0;
logax2;-- logbx or logax2 lOgbx3.

Let r --= lotax2. aThen

or ar =x2 am ;
ar =,x and b' ,
ar = b2r -or, b2ra

Since x 1 we'have r* 0; and

a=b a3
4o2

2.1. (13) We .recall that 1 +.3 + 5 + + 2n = (n + 1)2 atld

write the product
, :2(2n +1)/7 =_-1'2[1-4;?+ - 4-2nt 11/7 2(n+ 1)2/7.
V711237,7 .

Since = 1024, we consider values of for which

I}2/7 is approximately-10: - k-
V+ 02/7 29+(1 /7) < 29 21/2 = (512)0 Al .

< 1000 < 1024 = 2101 2(9+1)2/7

and n

22. (A) Let point P haYe coordinates (x, y) in the coordinate sys-
tem in which the vertices of the equilateral triangle are
(0,0), (s, 0) and (s/2; P belongs to the locus
 0'LLjTIONS:1976 EXAMINATION,
if and only if
a -= x2 +°y2 (x s) 2 y 2 + (g s/2)2 + (y
or, equivalence; if and only if
(3x2--.3s9t,) 2:sA,

a 252
y2)2:-+ (y /6)2
3
a s2
(x s/2)2 .+ (y Ad/6)2.
T3 s
Thus the locus is the empty set if a < s2; the locus is a sin
point if a = s2; and thelocus, is a circle if a > s2.

23. (A)' Since all binomial coefficients (k) are integers, the quantity
I n\ (n + 1) 2(k + 1) n \
kk) ko- 1 kk)
( n47)+ 1 2\ n \
k+1 k
'.n +1 n! (n\
1 k!(n k)! lk
(n + 1)! 2( n)'
(k + 1)!(n k)!
+i. ;3(n
k+1 1k)
is always an integer.

24. (C) In the adjoining figure, M is parallel to AB and intersects

KL at F. Let r, s(= r/ and t be the radii of the circles
with centers K, L and M, respectively.' Applying the
Pythagorean theorem to AFEM ancrEFKMYtelds
2
(MF)2 = t) -
2,
° (MF) 2 (r t) 2 t
Equating the right sides
of these equalities yields
r/t = 4. Therefore the
desired ratio is 16.
 104, THiMAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
25. (D) For all positive ittegers n,

46,4(u.) 0.

Note. if un is a, polynomial in n of degree IL, then is a

polynomial of degree r 1, A 2 tin is a polYn'omial of degree
r 2, etc. From this we see that Arun is a non -zero constant
sequence, and 46,r+ = 0. In the present example r = 3, so
03u is anon -zero. constant, while 4,4:4 = 0.
Readers familiar with cglculus will note an analogy with the
fact that if f(x) is a polynomial of degree r, then the.r th
derivative D'f(x) is a non -zero constant, while Dr+lf(x)=
0. The finite difference operator A is known as the forward
difference operator and plays an important role in numerical
analysis.

26. (C) In. the adjoining figure,

X, Y,, V and W are the
points of tangency of the
external common tan-
gents; and R and S are
the points of tangency of
the internal common tan-'
gent. From the fact that
the tangents to a circle
from an external point
.are equal, we obtain:

PR =-- PX, PS = PY,

QS = QW, QR = QV.

PR + PS + QS + QR PX + PY + _QW + QV,
and thus
 SOLUTIONS:1976 EXAMINATION
27. (A) A direct calculation shows that
2 + V5
'11% 1

3 21/I = 2 215 + 1 = (a.- 0 .

Since a radical sign denotes'the positive square root,

N (Vf 1) =

(B) One hundred lhies intersect at most at ( 100 100 99

2 2
4950 pOints. But the ,25 line's L4, L8,..., Lioo are parallel;
hence (25 = 300 intersections are lost. Also, the 25 lines
2
LI, L5,..., L97 intersect only at point A, so that (25)) 1
= 299 more intersections are lost. The maximum number of
points of intersection is 4950 300 299 = 4351.

29. (B) The table below shows the ages of Ann and Barbara at
various times referred to in the pioblem. The first colufim
indiVes their present ages. The second column shows thek
ages when Barbara was half as of as Ann is nowthat was
y -. (x/2) years ago, hence Ann's age was .x° (y x or--7) 2
3x
y. The third column refers t6 the time when Barbara*/
was as'old as Ann had been when Barbara was half as old as
Ann isthat Was y 2
y) or 2y = 32 years ago;
3x 5x
hence Ann's age-then was x
-
(2y T T) or -2- 2y.

.3x
Ann 5x
2
2y
2
3x
Barbara -- y
2 2

By the conditions stated in the problem, x +y = 44

5x 2y; the simultaneous solution of these yields
and y = 2
x= 24.
106 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV,
30. (E) We observe that we can find a system of symmetric equations
by the change of variables
1
(1) x = 2u , y= Fi= w.

This substitution yields the transformed system

u + v + w = 6,
(2) uv + owl+ uw = 11,
uvw = 6.,
Consider the polynomial' p(t) = (t u)(t v)(t
where (u, v, w) is a solution of the system (2). Then
(3) p(t) = t3 6t2 + I it 6,
and u, v, w are the solutions of p(t) = 0.. Conversely, if the
roots of p(t)j= 0 are listed as a triple in any order, this triple
is a solution to system (2). 0
It is not hard to see that p(t) 0 has three distinct solu-
tions; in fact, p(t) = (t 1)(t 2)(t 3). So the triple
(1, 2, 3) and each of its permutations satisfies the system (2).
Since the change of variables (1) is one-to-one, the original
system has 6 distinct solutions (x, y, z): 1), (2,2, i),
(4, 1, i), (4, 3,1), (6, 1, 1) or (6, 2,1).
Note: There are methods for det rmining all solutions of .a sy tern
of linear equations in n u owns, on the one hand, and of a
single n-th degree polynomial in one variable, on the other.
No such simple methods are generally applicable to hybjd
systems of the, type presented in Problem 30. The problem
shows that some very special systems can be transformed into
a system of n equations (n = 3 in the present case) involv-
ing the elementary symmetric functions of n variables, thus
permitting solutions via a single polynomial equation of de-
gree n in one variable.
 SOLUTIONS: 1977 EXAMINATION' ,107

1977 Solutions
\t,
x+y+z=x+ 2x + 2y = x + 2x 4x = 7.).

If three equal sides of one equilateral triangle haVe length s,

and those of another have length t, then the triangles are
congruent if and only if s = t. .

3. (E) Let n be the number of coins thepan has of each type; their
total value, in cents, is '

1 n + 5 n + 10 n + 25 n + 50 n 91n* 273,
and n = 3; three each of five types of coins is'15 coins.
4. (C) Since the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal,
4B 4C = 50°,
4EDC =,2CCED = 65° and 4BDF = 2cDFB = 65 °.
It follows that
4FDE = 180° 2(65°) = 50°.

Note: The measure of 24EDF is 50° even if AB AC; see the

Figure below.
E = 180° 4EDC 4BDF
= 180° ,1-(180° 4C)
1(180

0
180° 4A)
= 50°.
_5. (A) If P is on line segment AB, then -AP + PB = AB; other-
wise AP + PB > AB.
21
6. (D) (2x +)-1[(2x)-1+ (E-1-11 (4x +2 Y VI L2x
1 -1-
y
4
2 k 2 / .I k 1
2 4x +y 1
xyr 1.
4x + y 2xy . xy (

Note: The function f(x, y) = (2x + i) [(2x)- + (1) ] is

homogi,neous of degree 2, which means that f(tx, ty)--
t-2f(x,y). Only choice D dis'plays a function with this
property.
108 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK -IV
.
1 1+ 412- 1 1+
1 -4 4v-2-
1+ v2 . 1+

+ 4v-2-)0

8. (B) If a, b and c are all positive (negative), then 4 frespectively,

4) is farmed; otherwise 0 is formed:

9. (B). Let AB = x° and AD = y°. Then

3x + y =.36q,
2(x y) = 40.
Salving this pair of equations for y, we obtain o?,
hence 4C = Zy = 15°.

10. (E) The sum of the coefficients of a polynomial p(x) is equal to

p(1). For the given polyn4 his is (3 1 1)7 = 128.

11. (B) If n < x < n + 1, thed < + 1 < n +. 2: Hence

[x +11= Ix] 1. Ch = y" = 2;5, shOws that II and
III are false.

12. (D) Let a, b, and c dedote the ages of Al,_ifob and Carl, respeo:
tively. Then
a = 16 + (b + c) and a2 = 1632 + (b + c)2;
so a2 = 1632 + (a 16)2 which yields
1632 2 - 16a + 162 = 0 and d = 59.
Then b + = 59 16 = 43 and a + b + c.= 102.
OR
Since we are interested in the sum' a + b + c, we try to write
it in terms of the information supplied by the problem:
[a + b + c][a (b + c)] a2 (b + c)
a+b+ a = (b + c)
a (b + c)

102.

1
 SOLUTIONS: 1 9 7,7 EXAMINATLON 109

13. (E) The second through the fifth terms of (d) are
a2, a1a2, aia22, at 2a23
If these terms are in geometric progression, then the ratios of
successive" term§ .must be equal: al a2 = ata2. Since al
and a2 are positive, it is necessary that al =,a2 = 1. Con-
versely, if al = a2 =- 1, then (an) is the geometric progres-
sion_ 1, 1, 1, .

14. (B) If + n = mn, then

m+n mn = 0, m + n(1 m)= 0, m 1'
%,
for m * 1. There are no solution for which m = 1. The
m
solutions (m, 1) are pairs of integers only if m is 0
m 1
or 2.

If mn = m + n, then (m 1)(n
m 1 n 1-= 1 or m 1 n7
=- (2,2) or (0,0).
_-
5 (D) In the adjoining PB and
QC are radii drawn- to common
.tangent AD of circ)e P and
circle Q. Since 2CPAB p ZQDC
= 30°, we have.
AB = CD = 3)/T.
Moreover BC 'PQ 6, and
hence AD = 6 + 615. There-
fore the perimeter is 18 + 18)5.

1p. (D) Since

in-'2cos(45 + 90(n + 2))° in(--cos(45 + 90n)°)
in(cos(45 + 90n)°),
every other term has the same value. The first is VT/2,, and
there are 21 terms with this value (n =.0,2,4,..., 40). The
second term is icos 135° = and there are 20 terms
with this value (h = 1, 3,.." 39). Thus the sum is

2 (21- 20i).
1/-2-

123
no° THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

17. (B) The successful outcomes of the toss are the permutations
of (1a; 3), of (2, 3, 4), of (3, 4, 5), anci of (4,5, T. ob a-

. bility that one of these outcomes will occur is 63

18. (B) Let y be the desired product. By definition of logarithms, c.

210423 = 3. Raising both sides of this equation. to the log34
power yields 2(i °g23)(1`4,34) = 4. Continuing in this fashion, one
obtains 2Y = 32; thus y = 5.

OR

Express each logarithm in the problem in terms of some fixed

base, say 2 (see footnote on p. 82). Then we have
1og23 log24 log25 1og231 log232
Y 1og22 1og23 1og24 1og230 108231
which telescopes to
1og232
Y .42 1og22

19. (A) The center: of a

circle circumscrib-
ing a triangle is
the point of inter-
section of the
, perpendicular bi-
sectors of the sides
of the triangle.
Therefore, P, Q, R
and S are the in-
tersections of the
perpendicular bi-
sectors of line seg-
ments AE,BE,CE
and DE. Since line
segments per-
pendicular to the
same line are paral-
lel, PQRS is a
parallelogram.
 SOLUTIONS: 1977 EXAMINATION 111

20. (E) All admissible paths end at the center

"T" in the bottom row of the diagram.
Our count is, easier if we go from the end CO
to the beginning of each path; that is, if CON
we spell TSETNOC, starting at the bot-
tom center and traversing seqtences of CONT
horitontally ° and/or vertically upward C ONTE
directed segments. The count) becomes
easier still if we take advtage
an of the CONTES
symmetry of the figure and distinguish CONTEST
those paths whose horizontal segments
are directed to the left (see figure)
from those whose horizontal 'segments are directed to the
right. These two sets have the central vertical column in
common and contain an equal number of paths. Starting at
the bottom corner "T" idour figure, we have at each-stage of
the spelling the two choices of taking the next letter from
above or from the left. Sinee there are 6 steps, this leads to 26
paths in this configuration. We get 26 paths also in the
synunetric configuration. Since we have counted the central
column twice, there are altogether 2 26 1 127 distinct
paths.

21..(B) Subtracting the second given equation from the first yields
ax -F x + (1 + a) = 0
or, equivalently,
(a + 1)(x + 1) = 0.
Hence, a = =1 or x = -1. If a = 1, then the given
equations are identical and have (two complex but) no real
solutions; x = 1 is a common solution to the given equa-
tions if and only if a = 2. Therefore, 2 is the only value of a ,
fora which the, given equations have a common real solution.

Choosing a =,b = 0 yields .

2f(b) = 4f (6),
1(0) = 0.
Choosing a = 0 and b = x yields
f(x) + f(x)= 21(0) + 2f (x),
f( -x) =1(x).
Note: It can be shown that a continuous function f satisfies the
given functional equation if and only if f(x) = cx2, where c
is some constant.
112 -THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

23..(B) Lct-a-and-b-be-the-solutions-of-xl--I---mx-then
-m= a+ b, -p = a3 + b3,
n = ab, q = a3b3.
Since
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a.2b + 3ab +113 b -+ 3ab(a +
we obtain
-m3 = -p + 3n ( -m) or p = m3 3mn.

1 1 2
24. (D) We use the identity -n to write the
given sum in the form

11
2T1 11 3.+ 255 257
whicn telescopes to
1 1 . 1 256 128
257 2 257 5-7
OR
Use the identity
1 1 2
n(n - k) 12(n + k) (n k)(n + k)
to group successive pairs of terms in the sum...Thus letting
k = 2, write
S= + +
3 3 5 7 5 7 9
1
+ +
1 5 5 9
then let k = 4 and write
1
2( I + 9.17 +
= 2 2(:..119
17 1 '128
This process will lead to 257 257
1

25. (E) Let 2 kl

3 5m be the factorization 1005! into powers of
distinct primes; then n is the minimum of k and m. Now
201 of the integers between 5 and 1005 are divisible by 5;
forty of these 201 integers are divisible by 52; eight of these
forty integers are divisible by 53; and one of these eight
integers is divisible by 54. Since 502 of the numbers between
 SOIAJTIONS.: 1977 EXAMINATION 113

O
m = 201 + 40 +8 + 1 =.250.
26. (B) If MNPQ is convex, as' in Figure 1, then A is the sum of
areas of the triangles into which MNPQ is divided by diago-
nal MP, so _that
lab
2 sin N + 2lcdsin 0
Similarly; plividin gMNP Q with diagonal NQ yields
. y
A = fadsinM + Zbcsin P.
I

We show below that these two equations for A hold also if

,MNPQ is not convex..Therefore, in any case,
A,
, ,
-14(ab + cd + ad + bc)= .
a+c b+d
2 ,2
The inequality,is an equality if and only if
sin M sin N = sin P sin Q =
i.e. if and only if MNPQ is a rectangle.

./-/. id
> -

./ 3

M : is a
Figure 1 Figure 2,

If MNPQ is not convex, for example if interior..angle

of quadrilateral MNPQ is greater than 180°, as shown in
Figure 21 then A is the difference
area of tMNP area of zMQP
so that
1
= ab sin N cdsin14PQM
2 2

= --ab sin N L- 2 cdsin(360° 4MQP)

e.

1 1
ab sin 'if + 2 cd sin 4MQP.
2

tTo distinguish interior angle Q of quadrilateral MNPQ from interior angle Q of

6PMQ in Figure 2, we label the angles in the counter-clockwise direction: 4MQP is
the angle through wIlich line segment MQ must be rotated counter-clockwise about
point Q to coincide with the line through P and. Q. Note that
2CMQP + 4PQM 360°.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
27. (C) In the corner of a room. two walls meet in a vertical line, and
each wall meets the floor in a horizontal line. Consider these
three mutually orthogonal rays as the positive axis of an
x, y, z-coordinate system. A sphere with radius a, tangent to
all three coordinate planeS, has an equation of the form'
(x a)2 (y - a)2 + (z - a) 2 = a 2
If the point (5,5,10) lies on such a sphere, then
(5 a) + (5 - 4- (10 - 02 = a
2a2 40a-+ 150 = 0,
a2 - 20a + 75 = 0.
The two solutions of this quadratic equation give the radii of
spheres satisfying the given conditions. The sum, of the solu-
tions (the negative of the coefficient of a) is 20, so the sum of
the diameters of the spheres is 40. (Since the last equation is
equivalent to (a 15)(a - 5) = 0 we see that the spheres
have radii 15 and 5.) zas,

28. (A) We shall use the identity

1) (x" + x"-1 + +x x"+1 I.
Thus, for example, (x - 1)g(x) = x 1. By definition of
the function g, we have
g(x ) (x12)5 + (x12)4 + (x12) + (x1 ) + x12 +
(x6)18 (x6)8 (x6)6 + (x6)4 4. (x6)2 + 1.

Subtracting f from each term on the right-yields the equation

g(x12)-- 6 = [(x6)10- 11+ [(x6)8- 1] + + [(x6)2 --1
Each expression on the right is divisible by x6 1. We may
therefore write
g(Z12) 6 = (x6 - 1)P(.4
where P(x) is a polynomial °_,in x6. Expressing x6 1 in
terms of g(x), we arrive -at
g(x'2) = (xL.og(x)p(4+ 6. .,
When this is divided by 'g(x), the remainder is 6.
OR
Write g(x12) = g(x)Q(x) R(x), where Q(x) is a Pbly-
nomial and R(x) is the remainder we are seekini. Since the

128
 SOLUTIONS: 1977 EXAMINATION 115

degree of the remainder is less than that of the divisor, We

know that the degree of R(x) is at most 4. -'
Since g(x)(x 1) = x6 1, the five zeros of g(x) are
-1 and the other four (complex) sixth roots of unity; so if a
is a zero of g(x), then a6 = 1. Therefore
..g(a9) = g[(a6)2] = g(1) = 6.
. -
On the other hand,
g(xi2) = g(a)Q(
6 = .R(a),
and, this holds for five distinct values of a. But the poly-
nomial R(x) 6 of degree less than 5 can vanish at 5 places
only if R(x) 6 = 0' for all x, i.e. if R(x) = 6 for all x.'
29. (B) Let a = x2, b = y2 and c'= z2. Noting that (a b)2 0
implies a2 + b2 > 2ab, we see that
(a + b + c)2 = + 62 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac +
a-2 b2 e2 (a2 bz)
(a2 c2) 4.(b2
3(a2 b2 c2).
Therefore n 3. Choosing a = b = c > .0 shows
less than three.

30. (A) In the adjoining figure, sides PQ

arid 73; of the regular nonagon
have been extended to meet at R
and the circumscribed cycle has
been drawn. Each sides of the
nonagon subtends an arc of
360°/9 = 40 °; therefore
TPQ 4STP

=J-.3.4
2

Since QS1IPT, it follows that both APRT and ANORS are

equilateral.Hence
d PT = PR = PQ + QR PQ + QS = a +
116 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
OR
Inscribe the nonagon in a circle of radius r. Since the chords
of lengths a, b, d subtend central angles of 40°, 80°, 160°
respectively, we have
a = ir sin 20°, b = 2r sin 40°, d = 2r sin 80°,
By means of the identity
+y x y
sin x -I- sin y = 2 sinx---cos
2
with
x40°, y = 20°,
we obtain sin 40° + sin 20° = 2 sin 30° Cos 10°. Since
sin 30° = 2, this yields
sin40° ± sin 20° = cos 10° = sin 80°,,
. and therefore b + a= d.

130
 SOLUTIONS: 1978 EXAMINATION 117

1978 Solutions
a
2 2
1. (B) 1
x x)

2. (C) Let r be the radius pf the circle. Then its diameter, cir-
cumference, and area are 2r, 2wr and 7rr2, respectively. The
given information reads = 2r. Therefore 4 = 47772,
rr
and the area is wr = 1.

3.(D) x) y)(x + y)

4. (B) (a+b+c--d)+(a+bc+d)+(ab+c+d)
+(a + b + c + d) = 2(a + b + c + 2222.

(C) Let w, x, y and z be the amounts paid by the first, second,

third and fourth boy, respectively. Then since'

w+x+y+z =60,
1 1
w = --2- (x + y + z) --- -i (6 , w = 20;

1
( + y + z)= (6
1

3
x), x =15;

y = (w +° x + z) = (60
1 1
-.2 y), y= 12.
4 4

Any of these equations now yields z = 13.

6. (E) If y e# 0, the second equation implies x = I, and the first

equation, then implies y = ± 1. If y = 0, the first equation
implies x --- 0 or 1. Thus we have the Jour distinct solution
pairs 0, goy, 0, oy.

131
118 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
7. (E) In the accornpafiying figur A3
vertices AI and 43 of the hexa-
gon lie on parallel sides twelve
inches apart, and M is the, mid-
point of AIA3. Thus AAIA2M
is a 30°-60°-90° triangle, and A

Ail A2
so A A2 4V§..
6

8, (D) In the first sequence, it takes three equal steps to get frOm x
to y; in the second, it takes 4. Hence the ratio of these step
sizes is

a2 (y x)/3
b2 b1 (y x) /4

9.1 (B) - 111 = - 1 7- X)1

:" 1 + 2X1 = 1 -2x.

10. (B) For each point A' other than P, the point of intersection of
_ circle C with the ray beginning ate P and passing
through A
is the point on circle C closest to A. Therefore the ray be-
ginning at P and passing through B is the set orall points' A
such that B is the point on circle C which is closest to
point. A.

11. (C) If the line with equation x + y = r is tangent to the circle

(
with equation x2 + y2 = r, then the distance between. the
point of tangency 2 , )2 and the origin is /i:. Therefore,
2 2
(i) r and r = 2.
 SOLUTIONS: 1978 EXAMINATION 119

12. (E) Let x BAC = ICBCA; y = AXBD = ICCDB and z

DCE = 'Applying
DEC.. the theorem'on exterior 'angles to
.6.ABC and AACD and the theorem on the sum of the inter-
. or angles of a triangle to o ADE yields
y = 2x,
x + y 3x,
x + 'CADE + z = 180°,
140° + 4x = 180°,
x = 10°.

13. (B) Since the constant term of a monict quadratic equation is the
product of its roots,
b = cd, d = ab.
Since the coefficient of x in a monic quadratic equation is
the negative of the sum of its roots,
a= c+ d, c= a+ b;
thus a+c+d=0=a+b+c, and b = d. But the
equations b = cd ,and d ab imply, since b = d # 0,
that 1 = a = c. Therefore, b d = 2, and
a+b+c+d= 2.

14. (C) Since. n2 an + b = 0, and a = (18)n = 1 n 8, we have

b = an n2 = (n + 8)n n2 = 8n (80).
OR
The sum of the roots of x2 ax + b = 0 is a = (18). Since
one root is n = (10), the other is (18) (10) (8) = 8.
Hence the product b of the roots is (8) (10) = (80).

to monic polynomial is one in which the coefficient of the highest power of the variable )
is I.
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
1
15. (A) If sin x + cos x , then cos x sin x and
5

cos2x' = sm x= (3.1 sin x) ;

SO

25 sin2x -- 5 sin x 12 = 0.

..The solutions of '25s2 5s .12 = 0 are s = 4/5 and s

3/5. Since 0 x < 71',, sin x > 0, so sin x = 4/5 and
cos x = (1/5) sin x = 3/5. Hence tan x = 4/3.

16. (E) Label the people A1, 42,-, AN in such a way that AI and
A2 are a pair that did not shake hands with each other.
Possibly every Other pair of people shook hands, so that.only
AI and A2 did not shake with everyone else. Therefore, at
most N 2 people shook hands with everyone else.

17. (D) Applying the given relation with x 3/y yields

o.

9 +2Y2.121577P 1)/327: 12

f( Y f Y)

18. (C) We seek the' smallest integer n such that 1/7, 1 1

1
< --- Since, for positive a, a < c if and only if a > c '
100
we must find the smallest integer such that
1
1/71 + 1 > 100.
r71-
Since //3F0 + 1E499 < 100 and JEN" + 2500 > 1
the.least such integer is 2501.

19. (C) Since 50p + 50(3p) = 1, p .005. Since there are, seven per-
fect squares not exceeding 50 and three greater than 50 but
not exceeding 100, the probability of choosing a perfect
square is 7p + 3(3p) = M8.
 SOLUTIONS: 1978 EXAMINATION
20. (A) Observe that the given relations imply
a+b--c +2=
a--b+c +2
a + b + c + 2,
c ,
..b a
that is,
a+b+c +b+c a +b +c'
1 c b .'= a
These equalities are satisfied if a + b + c = 0, in which case
x = , 1. If a + b + c # 0, then dividing each member of
the second set of equalities by a + b + c and l'alcing the
reciprocals of the results yields a-= b'= c. In that case x = 8.

21. (A) Since logo a = logb (see footnote on p. 82), we see that
A

I 1 .1
= logx3 + logx4 + logx5
Iog3x logsx
1
= log160
log6ox

22. (D) Since each pair of statements on the card is contradictory, at

most one of them is true. The assumption that hone of the,
statements is true implies the fourth statement is true. Hence,
there must be exactly one true statement on the card. In fact,
it is easy to verify that the third statement is true.

23. (C) Let FG be an altitude of tAFB, and let x denote the length
of "AG. From the adjoining figure it may be seen that

vi = AB = x(1 +
F
1+ f =x20 + 0
= x20 + ,f4 o x 3
isro
A x G xff B

The area of tABF is

-1-(AB)(FG)= ix2 (1 + 15)15 = -11.

135
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOE0 IV'

24. (A) LeC a = x(y-- z) and observe that the identity

.X(i +y(z x)+ z(x 4) = 0
. implies

a + ar + ar2 .= 0;
1 + r + r2 O.

25. (D) The boundary of the setfif points satisfying the conditiofis is
shown in the,adjoining figure.
Y ..., y = x +a
.
-1 -- -'
1

24
Y

,
x+y=a N /' //y=x a
a,(
y = a12
a12 7
/
I- V X
.(0,0) a/2 2a

26. tB) In the first figure, K is any circle tangent to AB and passing
through C. Let T be the point of tangency and NT the di-
ameter through point T. Let CH be the altittide of AABC
from C. Then NT > CT 3 CH with NT = CH if and only
if N = C, and T = H. There is such a Circle with diameter
CH, so it is the unique circle P of the problem, shown in
the second figure. By the converse of the Pythagorean theo-
rem, it RCQ = 90?-; thus QR is also a diameter of P. Since
C6 H
tCBH tABC, = so QR CH
1 '
B

Figur Figure 2
 SOLUTIONS: 1.978 EXAMINATION 6123

27. (C) A positiVe integer has a remainder of 1 when divided by any

of the integers from 2 through 11 if and only if the integer is
of the form mt +1, where t is'a nonnegative integer and
ki =`23 32 5 - 7 27,720,is the least common multi-
ple of 2, 3,..., 11. Therefore, consecutive intege with the-
desiied property differ by 27,720.

E) Triangle A2A3A4 has vertex

angles 60°,30°,90°, respectively.
Since 24A1A2A3 = 60°, and.
A244 and A2A5 have the same
length, A24A5 is equilateral.
Therefore, AA3A4A5 has vertex
angles 30°,30°, 120°, respective-
ly. Then iA4A5A6 has vertex
angles 30°, 60°, 90°, respectively.
Finally, ,since 24A4A5A'6 = 60°
and A5A6 and A5A7 have the same length, zA5A6A7 is
again equilateral. The next cycle yields four triankles, each
similar to the corresponding triangle in the previous cycle.
Therefore AAAn+IA,T+2 AA,T+4A,T.F5A,1_6 with An and
An4.4 as corresponding vertices. Thus
4A44A45A43.= 24A4A5A3. 120°.

29. (D). Since the length of base AA' of b,AA'B,is the same as the
length of base AD of o ABD, and the corresponding altitude
of LiAA'B' has twice the length of the corresponding altitude
of ziABD,
area AAAV3'...7 farea AADB,

see figure on next page. (Alternatively, we cotild let 0 be the

measure of DAB and observe k.

area AAAVP --(AD)(2AB) in (180° 0)

2
1
= 2[i(AD)(AB)sin 0] = 2 aiea AABD.Y

area A/313:C' = 2 area ABAC,

area zCC'D' = 2 area ACBD,
area ADD'A' = 2 area A DCA.

137
124 THE .MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

Therefore
area A'B'C'D'
= (area AAA'B' + area ABB'C')
.1-i- (area ACC'D' + area ADD'A')
C'
+area ABCD
2(area AABD + area A BA C )
+2(area CBD + area A DCA )
+area ABCD,
5 area ABCD 50:

30. (E) Let 7m, 5m be the total number of matches won by women
and men, respectively. Now there are
n(n 1) matches between women, hence won by women.
2
There are
2n(2n n(2n 1) matches between men, hence
2
won by men. Finally, there are
2n n = 2n2 mixed matches, of which
(n 1)
k = 7m n are won; by women, and

2n2 k = 5m n(2n 1) by men.

We note for later use that k < 2n2. Then
7m in (n 1) + k 1 n(n 1) + 2k
501 n(2n, 1) + 2n2 k 2 4n2 n

5n(n 1) + 10k = 14(4n2 n k),

51n2 9n 24k = 3(17n2 3n -- 8k) ,

17n2 3n = 8k,
 SOLUTIONS,: 1978 EXAMINATION 125

Since k < 2n2, it ° follows that 17n2 73n 16,n2;4so

n(n 0, 3. Since k is an integer, al # 1 or 2;
hence n = 3.
OR
The total numter of games played was
3/11 3n(3n I) to
l2) 2
Suppose that 7m games were won by women, and 5m games,
were won by men. Then
3n(3n -- 1)
7m + 5m = 12m = and 3n (3n 1) = 24m.
2
Since m is an integer, 3n(3n 1) is a multiple of 24. But
this is not true for n = 2,4,6,7. (It is true for n = 3.)
126 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

1979 Solutions

1. (D) Rectangle-DEFG has area 18, one quarter of the area of

rectangle ABCD.

1 1 y x x y xy
2. (D) Xj1 xy xy
X 31.

3. (C) Since 4DAE =- 90°, + 60° = 150° and DA = AB = AE,

180 150
AED = 1°
2

4. (E) x[x{x(2 + 10] + ..

= x[x(2x 7 X2'- 4) + 10] + 1 = x[2x2 .x 4x + 10] +1,
23/ 4.5c2 + 10x+ 1.

5, (D) The, units and hundred' s. digits of the desired number must
clearly be equal. The largest such even three digit number is
898. The sum of its digits is 25.

6. (A) Add and subtract directly or note that

3 5 65
+. + + 674 7

7. (E) Let x = n2, n 0. Then

*(n + 1)2 = ;12 + 2n 4- 1 =

8. (C). The area of the, smallest

region bounded by y =
Ix' and x2 + y2 = 4 is
shown in the adjoining
figure. Its area is

(4 22)
1

14u
 SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION 127

9. (E) 41/g (22)1/3(23)1/4 22/323/4 __:=4 217/12 21-1{5/12)

25/12=
o
=2 2-.

10. (D) Let C be the center of

the hex'agon; then the
area of Q1Q2Q3Q4 is
the :-sum of the areas
of the-three equilateral
triangles .A Q IQ 2C,
Q2Q3C, Q3Q4C,
each of whose -sides
have length 2. The area
of an equilateral trian-
gle of side s is is26-..
Therefore,

. area .Q.1Q293Q4

11. (B) Summing the arithmetic progressions yields

115 1+3+".±(2n.1)
116 2+4+ + 2n
n2 n
n(n + 1.) n + 1'
hence n = 115.

12. (B) Draw line segment BO, and let, x and y denbte the mea-
sures of 4E0D and 4BAO, respectively. Olcserve that AB
= OD = OE = OB, and apply the theorem on exterior an
gles of triangles to AABO and AAEO to obtains
4EBO = 4BE0 = 2y
and
x = 3y.
Thus
45° = 3y,
150

141
128 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK. IV
OR
Since the measure of an angle formed by two secants is half
the difference of the intercepted arcs,'
1 x 45° ,
=

13. (A) Consider two cases:

Case 1: If x 0 then y x< {)c2 if and only if
y x < x, or equivalently, y < 2x.
Case 2 If x < 0 then y x < 1,&2 if and only if
y x < x, or equivalently, y < 0.
The pairs (x, y)
satisfying the condi- Y =2x
tions described in
either Case 1 or Case
2 are exactly the pairs
(x, y) such that y.<
0 or y 2x (see ad-
joining diagram for
geometric, interpreta-
Case
tion).

Note 1: Since 1/:xz the given inequality can be written

for x> 0
y<+ , ,
= 2x
0 for x < 0
and the graph of x + 'xi is the boundary of the shaded
region in the figure.

Note 2: The given inequality holds if x = 1, y = 0, and also if

y = I. This eliminates all choices except (A). %-

14. (C) Let a denote the nth number in the sequence; then
(102 a. n2
a1a2 ,an_1 (n 1)2
.'

for n > 2. Thus, the first five numbers in the sequence

61
are
9 16 25 9 25
1,4, and the desired sum is 4 + 16 16'
4. 9 16
 SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION . 129

15. (E) if each jar contains a total of x liters of solution, then one
jar contains Px liters of alcohol and x liters of
p+ 1 . .p + 1 0

water, and the other jar contains qx liters of alcohol and

q+1
q+ 1 liters of water. The ratio of the volume of alcohol to
the volume of water in the mixture is then

( p+1 +q + )x 1 p(q-+ 1) + q(p +1)

1 1 + + (p+1)
kp+1 q+1)

C.

16. (E) Since A1, A2, A + A2 are in arithmetic progression,

A2 --- A1 = (AI + A2) A2; 2Ai = A2.
If r is the radius of the smaller circle, then
9,7 = Al + A2 -= 3A = 3/71-2;

17. (C) Since the length of any side of a triangle is less than the sum
of the lengths of the other sides,
x<yx+zy=zx, which implies x< 2

yx<x+ which y<x 2

zy<x+y which implies y > .

Therefore, only statements I and II ar

130 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
I
= log. b (see tootnote on p. 82),
1 1 .10
1og510 logio 10 log 2 .699,
1og1o5

(The value of logio 3 was not used.)

19. (A) Since 25632 (28)32 = 224, the given equation is equivalent
to

I) x 256

Aiiiong the 256 256th roots of 1, only 1 and 1 are real.

Thus x T.- 2 or x = = 2 and 22 + (-2)2 = 8.

20. (C) Let x = Arctan a and y Arctan b:

(a 4-`15(b + I) = 2,
(tan x + .1)(tan y + 1) = 2,
tan x "+ tan y = I tan x tan y,

, tanxtany
tan x + tan y

The left hand side is tan(x + y), so

7T
tan(x + y) = 1, x + y = 7-1 = Arctan a + Arctan
OR
Substituting 'a = in the equation (a + 1)(b + I) = 2, and
solving,for b, we obtain b Then
tan x + y a b- +
tan(x + y) I tan x tan y 1,
1 ab I

,so x + y 71.

Note: x + y cannot be (v/4) + ri r for a non-zero integer n.

cause 0 < x, y < Tr/2.

21. (B) In the adjoining figure, 0 is the center of the circle and x,
are the lengths of the legs of the' triangle. SO
h (y r) + (x
=x+y 2r,
as.

14
 SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION 131

x+y=h 2r .:
F

x r

The area,of oABC is the sum of the areas of triangles AOB,

BO.0 and AOC, whose altitudes have length r. Thus
r
area AABC = + yr + hr) = +y+
r.
= i(h + + h) r(h -F r).
err 2 err
Thus the desired ratio is =
hr + r2 h r.
Note: Alternatively, the area of oABC is .
1 1 (x + y)2 (x2 + 2)
2 2
r,
i(h + 2r) 2
hr + r2.

22. (A) The left member of the given equation can be factored into
m(m + 1)(m + 5) and rewritten in the form
th(rn + .1-)(m + 2 + 3) m(m.+ 1)(m -P2) + 3m(m + 1).
For all integers m the first term, is the product of three
consecutive integers, hence divisible by 3, and the second
term is obviously divisible by 3. So for all integers m, 'the left
side is divisible by 3.
The right side, 3(9n3 + 3n2 + 3n] + 1 has remainder 1
when divided by 3. Therefore there are no integer solutions of
the given equation.
132 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
23. (C) Let M and N be the
midpoints of AB and
CD,, respectively. We
claim that M and N
are the unique
choices for P and Q
which minimize the
distance PQ. To
show this we consider i
the set S of all points B
equidistant from A
and k S is the plane perendicular to AB through M.
Since C and D are equidistan from A and B, they lie in
S, and so does the line throu C and D. Now M is the
foot of the perpendicular to A from any point Q on CD.
Therefore, if P is any point on AB,

MQ < PQ unless P = M.
Similarly, the plane through N perpendicular to CD con-
tains AB. In particular, MN .1 CD. thus
MN < MQ unless Q N.
By transitivity, MN < PQ unlets P = M and Q --N. This
proves the claim. ],

To compute the length of MN, we note that MN is

the altitude of isosceles oDMC with sides of lengths {374
3/2,- 1. The Pythagorean theorem now yields
o

MN = 11(MC)2 (NC)2
4
3 4

if = minimal distance PQ.

2

24. (E) Let E be the intersection of lines AB and CD, and let /3
and 0 be the measures of 4EBC and 4ECB, respectively;
see figure,. Since'
cos /3 = 'cosB = sin C = sin 0,
/3 + 8 90°, so 4BEC is a right angle, and
BE = BC sin 0 = 3; CE = BC sin = 4.
Therefore, AE = 7, DE 24 and AD, which is the hypot
enuse of right triangle ADE, is V72 + 242 = 25.
 SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION

20
25. (B) Let a.= Applying the remainder theorem yields r1 =
a8, and solving the equality x8 = (x a)q,(x) + r1 for
4i(x) yields -'

qi(x) =
x°
x a
a x7 + ax6 +t + a7
for, .by factoring a difference of squares three times,
a4xx2 a2)(x a)]..
(x4
Applying the remainder theorem-to determine the remainder
when q1 (x) is divided by x a yields
1
r2 = qi`@0= 8a7 =
Note For solvets familiar
way to find qi(a).Nte
(x
3.: 16
1us, there is another
the identity x8 =
a)q,(x)+ r1 with-respect' t6 x, obtaining
Si? = q1(x) + (x a)q;(x).
Setting x = a yields 8a7 = qi(a).

'26. (B) Substitute x, = 1 into the functional equation and solve for
the first tent on the right side to obtain
f(Y + 1) =AY) +.Y-+ 2-
Since f(1) =II, one sees by successively substituting y
2, 3, 4,.. that f(y) > 0 for every positive integer. There-
fore, for y a positive integer, f(y + 1) > y + 2 > y + 1,
and f(n) = n has no solutions, for integers n > 1. Solvirig
the above ,equation for f(y) yields
,./.(Y)=./.(Y + 1) (y + 2).
Successively, substituting y = 0, 1, 2,... into this equa-
tion yields f(0) = - 1,..'f (-1) = 2, f( 2) --= 2,
f( 3) = 1, f(-4) = 1. Now f(-4)> 0 and, for y < 4,
--(y 2) > 0. Thus, for y. < 4,-1(y) > 0. Therefore,

147
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

f(n) n for n < .-4; and the solutions n

only ones.
OR.
We write the functional equation in the form
. I (x +y) -I(y) =I(x) + xy + 1:
Setting x = 1 and. using the given yalue f(1) ---- 1, re find
I (Y + 1) -f(y) = y + 2.
We now set y = 0, 1, 2,. . . n successively, then y --
0, 1, m successively, and obtain
f (1) f (0) 2 (so f (0) 1) f (0) f( 1)",-1
f(2) f(1) =-13 f(.: f( 2) =,0 \
f (n) f(n 1) m n + 1 f ( (In 1)) f( m)= 2).

Adding the set of equations in the left column and cancelling

like terms with opposite signs yields
n +1
f (n) f (0) = 2 + + + n + 1 = -1+ E,i.
Recalling that the sum of the first k positive integers is
21c(k + I) and using the value f(0) = -1, we obtain
(n -j3 1)(n + 2)
f (n) + 1 = 2
1

(1) f(n) -1(n2 + 3n 2)

for each non-negative integer n.' .

The same procedure applied to the column Of equations on

the right -above shows that equaifon (1) is valid alsO for
negative integers; thus (1),holds for all integers.
The equation f (n) = n is equivalent to
r'n2 -1- 3n -- 2 --^ 2n,
n2 + n 2 = (n' + .2)(n
n=1 or = 2;
so, there is only one integer solution' other than

Note 1: The computations involving the equations in the right .

column above can be.;.avoided by setting; y = -x in the

original equation to obtain
f (x) + f ( x) = f(0) + x2 1,

or since j(0) =
(2) 1(4 = f(-'x) +x2 2 -
for all X. Let x be negative 'and substitute (1) in (2) to get
 SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION 135

f(x)=. 1[(x)2 + 3(--)c) 2} + x2 2--= -}(x2 + 3x

Thtis negative integers as well as positive satisfy (1). In fact, it
is easy to check that the function
x2 + 3x 2
1(x)= 2
satisfies the given functional equation for all redl x and y.
Note. 2: The technique used in the second solution is frequently
applied to solve many commonly occurring functional equa-
tions involving the expression Af()s)= f(x + 1) f(x);
Af(x) is called the "first difference" of f(x) and behaves,
in many ways, like the first derivative f'(x) of f(x). For
example

f'(x)-= x +.2 implies f(x)'-= x2

T + 2x + c;
x(x 1)
+ 2x + c,
Af(x) = x + 2 implies f(x)
where c a constant. The study of functions by means- of
Af(x). isis called the theory of finite differericesj

7. (E) These six statements are equivalent for integers b, c with

absolute value at most 5:
(1) the equation x2 + bx + c =, 0 has positive roots;
(2) the equation x2 + bx + c =.0 has real roots, the smaller
of which is positive;
(T) 1/b2 -4c is real and b lb 4c y0;
(4) 0 b2 4c < le and b < 0;
b2
(5) 0 < c < 71 and b < 0;
(6) b = 2 and c= 1; or b ="s'.= 3 and c = 1 or 2; or
b = 4 and c = 1, 2, 3 or 4; or' ,b = 5 and ..c = 1, 2,
3, 4 or 5.
The roots corresponding to the pairs (b, c) described in (6)
will be distinct unless b2 = 4c. Thus, deleting (b, c) =
(-2,1) and (-4,4) from the list in (6) yields the ten pairs
resulting in distinct positive roots. ,
10 111.
The desired probability is then 1

*Some references to this theory or to the theory of more general functional equations
are: Finite Differences by S. Goldberg; "Functional Equations in Secondary Mathe-
atics", by S. B. Maurer, an article in The Mathematics Teacher, April 1974.

149
136 THE MAA. PROBLEM 4B00.1( IV
28. (D) Denote by A' the analogous intersection point of the circles
with centers at '.B and C, so that, by symmetry, A'B'C' and
ABC are both. equilateral triangles. Again, by symmetry,
AABC and A;4're' have a'common centroid; call it K. Let
'M be the midpoint of the line segment BC. From the trian-
gle AfBC we see that the length A'M = r172--1- -Since car-,
responding lengthS in similar triangles are proportional,
B'C' AW
BC '.AK'
Since equilateral tABC has sides of length 2, we find that
B'C' = 2 and also that altitude AM has
AK
Consequently

AK= 23A = MK= i-AM

1 1 Ilir_-
 I

SOLUTIONS: 1979 EXAMINATION 17

1
29. (E) By observing that 6+2+ one sees
75
that
312

X.
f x)
(x
3

xH
1

Since
V
< , we have .2

and f(X) = 3(x + x

taken on. at -x 1.
)
1
has a minimum ue of 6, which

.30. (B),Let F be the point on the

extension' of side AB past
B for which AF = 1. Since
4F ---- AC and 2CFAC
60°, AACF is equilateral.
Let G be the point on line
Pr. \
/

segment BF for which \

24BCG = 20°. 'Th,en ABCG \
is similar. to LDCE and 100°
BC 2(EC). Also tFtC 20° \
.6 0° 8 0°
is congruent to. AABC. A C
Therefore, I

area AitCP-- (area nABC± area tGCF) + area nBCG,

-= 2 area -F 4 area
4

area .6, BC + area aCDE.

8 '
.138 .6 THE MA.A PROBLEM BOOK IV

1980 Solutions

1. (C) Since
10 14 +
2
the number is 14.
7' 4
°:t%11,4;

2. (D) The highest powers of x in the factors (x + 1)4 and

(x,3 + 1)3 are 8,and 9, respectively. Hence the highest
power of x in the product is 8 + 9 = 17.

3. (E) If then
x+y
6x -= 3 = 2x + 2y,
4 = 5y,
5
4*

4. (C) The measures of angles 4ADC, 4CDE and 4EDG are 9Q°,
60° and 90°, respectively. Hence the measure of .4GDA is
360° (90° + 60. ° + 90°) = 120°.

5. (B) Triangle PQC is a 30°-60°L9db right triangle. Since

AQ = CQ
P =."
1 {3-
{3- 3

6. (A) Since x is positive the following are equivalent:

1 1
x < 2x, x < 4x2, 1 < 4x, < x, x > 4.

7 (B) By the Pythagorean theorem, diagon414C has length 5.

-
Since 52
5 + 12 = 132, ADAC a right triangle by the conz
verse of the Pythagorean theorem...The area of ABCD is
(2)(3)(4) + (2)(5)(12) = 36.
 SOLUTIONS: I 9 8 0,EXAMINATION 139
o.
8. (A) The given equation implies each of these equations:
9 a.+ b 1

ab a+b'
+ b)2 ab,
a2 + ab + b2 = 0.
Since the last equation is satisfied by the pairs (a, b) such
that a = 1[b ±{---317], and since the only real pair among
these is (0, 0), there are no pairs of real numbers satisfying
the original equation.

9. (E) As shown in the adjoining figure, there are two possible

starting points; therefore, x is not uniquely determined.

POssible starting points. '

150° --- 10-

3

10. (D) Since the teeth are all the same size, equally spaced and are
meshed, they all move with the same absolute speed v (v is
the distance a point on the circumference moves per unit of
time). Let a, /3, y be the angular speeds of A, B, C,- respec-
tively. If rcr; b, c represent the lengths of the circumferences "of
A, B, C, respectively, then
v
a= a' b,
Therefore, as = 136 yc or, equivalently,
t",1

;
a
1 f- l 1

a b c
Thus the angular speeds are in the proportion
1 1

a b c
Since a, b, c, are proportional to x, y, z, respectiVely, the
angular speeds are in the proportion
1 1 .

x. y
Multiplying each term by xyz yields the proportion
yz : xz : xy.

153
140 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
11. (D) The formula for the sum S of n terms of an arithmetic
progression, whose first term is a and whose common, dif-
ference is d, is 25= n(2a + (n 1)d). Therefpre,
200 = 10(2a + 9d),
20 = 100(2a + 99d),
2.3110 = 110(2a + 109d).
Subtracting the first equation from the second and dividing
by 90 yields, 2a + 109d = -2. Hence 23'110 110(- 2), iso
Silo = 110.
12. (C) In the adjoining figure, L1
and L2 intersect the line
x 1 at. B and A, respec

tively; C is the intersection

of the line x = 1 with the
xLaxis. Since OC = 1, .AC
is the slope of L2 and BC
is the slope of Li. There-
fore, AC '= n, > BC = m,
and = 3n. Sirice OA
isati rat gle bisecior C
,OC AC
OB. AB
This yields
and OB = 3'.
OB 3n

By the Pythagorean theorem 1 + (4

Since m = 4n, mn = 4n2 = 2.
OR
Let 0, and 02 be the angles of inclination of lines L., and
L2, respectively. Then m = tan 01 and n = tan 02. 'Since 01
= 202 and m = 4n,
2 tan 02 2n
4n = m = tan 01 = an 202 =
-14- 1 t an2 02 1 - n2
-'-'4

Thus
2n
-n2 and 4n(1 n2) = 2
1

Since n 0, 2n 1, and mn, which equals 4n2, is 2.

154
 SOLUTIONS: 1 9 8 0 EXAMINATION 141

13. (B4) If the bug travels indefinitely, the algebraic sum of the
horizontal components of its moves approaches 4, the limit
of the geometric series

1 + 16

Similarly, the algebraic sum of the vertical components of iti

moves, approaches
2A1
5 2 8 32
Therefore, the bug will get arbitiarily close to 0
OR
The line segments rria be regarded as a complex geometric
sequerice with -al = I and r i/2. Its sum is
ob

a, ---
a, 2, 4 + 2i 2
5
iE
In coordinate language, the limit is the, point

Note: The figure'shows that the 1

4
limiting position (X, y) of
the bug satisfies x > 3/4,
y > 3/8. These inequalities
alone prove that (B) is the
correct choice.

14. (A) For all

rr
cx
2x + 3 )
=1(./.(x)) 2cx + 6x + 9.'
k. 2x + 3
which implies (2c +16)x + (9 c2) = 0. Therefore, 2c + 6
= 0 and 9 c2,.= c = 3.
OR
4,
The condition fil(x)r= x says that the function f(x) is its
own inverse. ThuS, if
,cx
Y = 2x + 3
is solved for x as a function of y, the result will be x = f(y).
142 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
Indeed, we obtain
2xy + 3y cx = , x(2y
and
y
= 2y 3
c.
which implies c 3.
Note: In order to form f[f(x)], we assumed that if xT-- 3/2,
then f(x)'* 3/2. This assumption can be justified ex post
facto now that we have found c = 3; indeed if
3x 3
f(x) 2x + 3
then 6x ='6\cx + 9, a contradiction.

15: (B) Let m be the price of the item in cents. Then (1.04)m = 100n.
Thus (8)(13)m = (100)2n, so m = (2)(5)4-0-. Thus in is an
integer if and only if 13 divides n.

16. (B) The edges of the tetrahedron are face diagonals of the cube.
Therefore, if s is the length of an edge of the cube, the area
of each faee of the tetrahedron is
( s {2- )213 {3-
4 2
and the desired ratio is
6s2
s2115

17. (D) Since i = 1,

(n +.i)4 ----- n4 6n + 1 + i(4n3 4n).
This is real if and only if 4n3 4n = 0. Since 4n(n2 ,1) =
0 if and only if _n = 0, 1, 1, there are<only three values of
n for which (n + 04 is real; (n 04 is an integer in all
three cases.
 SOLUTIONS: 1 980 EXAMINATION - 143

19. (D) The adjoining figure is drawn and labelled according to the
given data We let r be the radius, x the distance from the
center of the circle to the closest chord, and.)' the common
distance between the chords. The Pythagorea theorem pro-
vides three equations in r, x, and y:
r2 x2 + 102,
+Y)2 82;.
= (x + 2y)2 + 42.
1

Subtracting the first equation

from the second yields
0 = 2xy +;)i 36,
addisubtractingthe second
equation from the third yields
0 240- 3y2 48.
This last pair of equations yields --- 0, thus
y = {6, and x =-- 15/ V' > Finally
= 1I X2 + 102 = 5V22/2.

20. (C) Th6 number of ways of choosing 6 coins from 12 is

( 162)
924.

[The symbol (k ) denotes the number of ways k things may

be selected from a set of n distinct objects.] "Having at least
50 cents" will occur if one of the following cases occurs:

(1) Six dimes are drawn.

(2) Five dimes and any other coin are drawn.
(3) Four dimes and two nickels are drawn.

The nuMbers of ways (1), (2) and (3) can occur are
(66), (56)(61) and (46)(24) , respective
.
y. The dem proba
bility is, therefore,

(66) 4. (46)(24) ( )() 127

924 924

.157
 THE AA PROBLEM BO'OK IV

21. (A) In-the adjoining figure the line segment from E to-G, the
midpoint of DC, is drawn. Then

area A EBG = (-2s) (area A EBC),

".

area ABDF = (4)(area q10 = ).(area A EBC).

(Note that since EG connects the midpoints of sides AC

and in, AACD, EG is parallel to AD) Therefor,
area FDCE A

22. (E) In the adjoining figure, the graphs of y =-- 4x + 1, y"=-- x + 2

and y 2x + 4 are drawn. The solid line i represents the
graph of the functiOn f. Its maximum occurs at the intersec-
tion of the lines'y = x + 2 and y= 2x + 4. Thus
I

23. (C) Applying the Pythagorean theorem to tCDF and ACEG

in the adjoining figure yields
4a2 + b22 = sin2x,
a2 + 4b2 = cos2x.
 SOLUTIONS: 1980 EXAMINANION
ding these equations, we obtain
5(a2 + b2) = sin2x + cos2x =

24. (D) Denote the given polynomial by P(x). Since P(x) is divisi-
ble by (x r)2, we have, for some polynoinial L(x),
I
(x - r)2 L(x),
and since P(x) is off' , degree 3, L(x) is of degree 1, say
L(x) ax .+ b. So we have the identity
8x3 4x2 42 + 45 = (x2 2rx + r2)(ax + b).
In the right memb r the coefficient of x3 is a, and the
constant term is b 2. Hence a = 8, and br2 = 45, or b =
45/r2, and the iden ity. becomes

8x3 4x2 42 + 45 = r ) 8x +
Equating coefficient of x2 and x, we obtain
5 90
16r+ 8r
r
42.
Multiplying the first equation by 2r and adding it to the
second, we have
24r = 42
or
12,2 4 -21 =0= (2 3)(6r + 7),
so that r = 3/2 or r = 7 /6. Now P(3/2) = but;
P( 7/6) # 0. We conclude that r = 3/2 = 1.5.

153
146 THE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK
OR
,

For solvers familiar with calculus we inchifle the follow-

ing alternative. By, hypothesis : 8x3- = 4x2 7 42x + 45 =
8(x r)2(x-- s). Differentiating both sides, we obtain

24x 8x 42 = 16(x r)(x s) + 8(x

Setting x r and dividing by 2, we get 12r2 4r =- 21 =

From here n the solution proceeds as above.

25. "(C) The given formation implies that a,, > an_i if and only if
n + c is a perfect square. Since a2 > al and as > a4, it fol-
lows tha 2 + c and 5 + c are both squares. The 'only
squares differing by 3 are. .1 and` 4; hence .2 + c 1, so
c = 1 Now
=3=b c +d=b[111] +d=b+d.
Hen, eb+c+d=3-1= 2. (Although we only needed to
fit* b + d here, it is easy to see by setting n = 1. that d
p d hence b = 2.)
Not : The last member of the k-th string of equal terms occupies
the position I + 3 + 5 + + 2k -. 1 = k2 in the se-
quence. Its successor is ak24.I = ak2 + 2. Therefore
2
1 [42 + r + k2+cj= -1
=1,

so c -1 and b = 2.

26; (E) A smaller regular tetrahedron circumscribing just one of the

balls maybe' formed by introducing a plane parallel to the
horizontal face as shown in Figure 1. Let the edge of this
tetrahedron be t, Neit construct the quadrilateral B IB2C2,..:
where CI and C2 are centers of two lof: the hills. By the'
symmetry of the ball tetrahedron configuration the sides'
C1B1 and C2B2 are paralleland equal. It. follows thatc.....li

B B2 c, c2 =-

Thus, s t + 2, and our problem reduces to that of de-

termining t.

160
 SOLUTIONS: 1980 EXAMINATION 147

Figure 2

Figure I

In AABC1, in Figur \2, AC1 has a length of one radius

less than the length b altitudes DB and AE of the smaller
tetrahedron; and AB as length i(1372)t, since B is the
center of a face. Applying the Pythagorean theorem to
tABC1 yields

Th(b 1)2= 12+ 12.(iSt)1

3 2

anti applying the Pythagorean theorem to AADB yields

b2

Solving the second equation for b; substituting this value for

b in the first equation, and solving the resulting equation for
the positive value of t Yields t = 2V. Thus s = 2 + t =
2+
OR.
We first consider the regular tetrahedron T whose vertices
are the centers of the four unit balls and calculate the distance
d from the center of T to each fac4We then magnify T so
that the distance from the center to each face is increased by
1, the radius of the balls. We thus obtain the tetrahedron 7"
whpse edge length e' is to be determined. Since T and T'
are similar, and since the edges of T have length 2, we have
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK. IV,
e' d iL. 1
2
We carry out this plan by placing the,center of T at the
origin of a three dimensional coordinate system and °denote
the vectors from the origin to the vertices by qi, c2, c3; c4,
and their common length by c. Since cl + c2 + c3 + c4 = 0,
(2) ci = c2 + c3 + c4.
Taking the scalar product of both sides with c1 ,yields
c1 C1 = -c2 = CI c2 + c1 C3 + c1 c4 = 3ctos 0,
where 0 is the angle between ci and cj, i # j. Thus
cos 0 =
The square of the length of an edge of T is

1c1-- C 12 4 = 2c2 2c2cos c2(2 + = c?,

SO

(3) c = 1372
Now the line from the origin perpendicular to 'a face of T
goes through the centroid of the triangular face. So the
distance d is the length of the vector i(c2 + c3 + c4); by (2)
we have,
d =1-1(c2 + c3 + c4)1= C.

Substituting for. c from (3), we obtain

d = (1/3) 3 71,= 1/11-6-
Finally, from _(1),
d+1 (1/%/0 + 1
e' = 2 2 2{6.
1/{6-

OR
Some solvers may be familiar with the fact that the altitudes
of a regular tetrahedron intersect at a point 3/4 of the way
from any vertex to the center of the opposite face.i. Given this
This can be proved by finding the center of mass of four unit masses situated at the
ertices, Indinding M, the three masses on the bottom face can be replaced by i single
mass of 3 units located at the center of the bottom face. Hence M is 3/4 of the way
from the top vertex to this latter point. The result now follows by symmetry.
 SOLUTIONS: 1980 EXAMINATION 149
.

fact, it follows that the altitude DB of the small tetrahedron

is 4. From AADB we find
2
= 42 + ( -3-
2 fi t
2
t,2
= 16 + - -3- .

2
Hence /2 = 16, or I = (24 = 2{6.
3

271) Let a = 31/5 + 24-3- , b = 3115 2,riJ and x + b. Then

x3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3,
x,3 = a3 + + 3ab(a + b),
x3 = 10 + 33r-- Fix.
The last equation is equivalent to x3 + 9x 10 = 0, or
(x 1)(,x2 + x + 10) = 0, whose only real solution is x = 1.

28. (C) Let f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x2" + 1 + (x + 1)2".

Note that (x 1)f(x) = x3.-- 1, so that Je zeros of f(x)
are the complex cube roots of 1:
1 13-,
= +, = cos 120°1+ ism 1200 = ehr/3,
2 2

= 2 2
= cos 240° + i sin 240° ei2"13 = w2

Note that
3
Cs)3 = (0.0 = 1.
Now g(x) is divisible by f(x) if and only if Mu) =
Mu') 0. Since co and are complex conjugates, it
suffices tO determine those n for which
&(o) = (42" + (w+ 1)2" + 1 =0.
.-Vilirote that
1 Ili = = et /3=
=
+1= + e1 °/6,, so (w 1)2
2 2

tThe polar representStion of the complex number a + ib is r(cos + isin 0), where
r m ici27-F 17 and 0 arctan12.. For brevity, we set cos° + i in 0 s ei9, 0 in
'radians. Note that e'2kIr m I for all integers k. This exponential natation is not arbi-
trary. Complex powers of e are defined as ea+'9 (cos° + /sin 0) for all real a
and O.
150 THE E M B0 K I V
Thus, whitie multiple of 3, say 3k, we have

g34(w) m co6k + (co + 1)" 1 = 1,7t, 1 4- 1 =,3 # O.

Suppose n is not a multiple of 3.
If n 3k 1,

w2n = b6k+2 .; 2 (6) + 1)2_7 = ton c. ton+ I

and
g3k+1(wii W2 + W 11- 1 = 1.+ 1 = 0.
If n = 3k + 2,
2n 6k+4 02n opk.,72
CO = 6.)

and
g3 2( (e) =
4 -
Thus gn(w) # 0 if and only if n: is a multipl of 3, and
g(x) fails to be divisible by f(x) only in that c. se.

OR
Both of the given polynomials have inter ients, and
X2 + x has leading coefficjent 1.

(1) x 2n + I + (X + 1)2n = Q(x)(x x + 1),

then Q(x) has integer coefficients. Setting x= 2 in (1), we
obtain

22n + 32" Q(2) - 7,

which shows that 7 divides 22" + I + 32n. However if n is

divisible by 3, both 22"' and 32" leave remainders of 1
upon diVision by 7, since 26k .-... 64*.°= (7 9 + 1)", and
3' = (729)k, = (7 104 + 1)k; so 22" + 1 + 32" leaves a
1
remainder of 3 upon division by 7:

Note: The second, ioiution, unlikethe first, does not tell us what
happens when n is not dMsible by 3, but it does enable us
to answer the question. Welnow that only oneisted answer
is correct, and (C) is a correct answer since 3 divides 21.
 SO,LU'iIONS: 198o EXA
29. (A) If the last e,guation is multiplied by 3 and added to the first
'equation, we obtain
1

4x,2 +.2y2 23z-Z/=

Clearly z2 is odd and less than 25, so z21-- or 9. This

leads to-the tWOl'equitions
. 2 2 +.y2 = 154
and
. 2.J+ y2 = 62,
both of which are quickly: found to have no solutions. Note
that we made no use here of the second of the original
equations.
/
OR
/
Ad4ing the given equations and rearranging the terms of the
resulting 'equation yields '

2 -7 2xy y + (y2 + 6yz, + 9z )7_1-75

(x. y)2 -I- (y + 3z)2 = 175'.

:7 0

The square of an even integer is divisible, by 4; the square of Tr

an odd;mteger, (2n + 1 2 has remainder '1 when divided by
4. So. the
.,
sum of two rfect-squares can only have 0, 1 or 2
as. emainder when divided by 4. But 175 has remainder 3
a

Upon- divisiOn by 4, d hence the left and rig,ht.Sides.of the

'..equa ion above annot be lequal. Thus there are no integral
solutions.

30: (B) That N is squarish may be expressed algebraically as follows:

-there are single digit integers A, B; C, a, b, c such that
'. 41A 2
+ A2 2+ C'2
710i lt,+ c)2,
40 I "
e4Oli of A, B; C .excedc1sTr3, and so ;;ancli c are posi-.
tive. OZ.` 102 B2 + C2 < - 104,';*e can write

104.42 < (10.2a + 10b + c)2 104A2 + 104 '104(A + 1

Taking square roots we obtain.
. -100A :< .100a.-*.-40bf+c < 100A + 100:
 THt MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
from which it follows that A = Hence- a 4. Now con-
sider
M=N 104442' = (102a + 10b + c) 104a2
102( b2 + 2ac) + 10(2bc) + c2.
103(2ab)
Since M has only four digits, 2 ab < 10, which implies that
ab < 4. Thus either (i) b 0, or (ii) a = 4 and b = 1.
In case (ii),
N = (410 + c) = 168100 + 820c + c2.
If c = I or 2, the middle two digits of N form a number
,,ekbeeding 81, hence not a square. If c > 3, then the letmost -
digits of N are 17. Therefore case (i) must hold, and we
'lave
N (102a 4: c) = 104a2 + 102(2ac) + c2.
Thus a 4;and 2ac is an even two-digit perfect
4, c
square. It is now easy to check that either a = 8, c 4,
N = 646416, or a = 4, c = 8, N = 166464.
 SOLUTIONS: 1981 EXAMINATION. 153

2. (C) The
Thee Pythagorean theorem, applied to:&EBC, yields (BC)2
12 =.3. This is the area of the square.

s.
-3 2 = 11
6x 6x. 6x

4. '(C) Let x be the larger number. Then x. 8 is the smaller num-

ber and '3x = 4(x 8), so that 'x = 32.'

5. (C) In ABDC,4,8De= 40°. Since DC is parallel to AB,

4DBA = 40°.
Also, 4BA./3 = 40° since bae angles of an isoscCles triangle
are equal. Therefore ADB = 100°
N
6. (A) (y2 + 2y 2)x + 2y 1)x (y + 2y 1),

[(Y2 t Y2 + 2Y 1)]-7c:= (Y2 + 2Y 1);

x NI y2 + 2y 7 1.
OR
Rewrite the right member of the given equ
(y2 + 2y 1)
(y2 + 2y 1) 1

and note by inspection that x = y2 + 2y 1.

on multiple of 2, 3, 4 and 5- is 60. The num-

2, 3, 4 and 5 are, integer multiples,,of 60..
154 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV'

8. (A) The given expression equals

1 (1 1 1V 1 V1 1 1\
x +-y +-z-k x y- -z jk xy. + yz zx jk xy zx

1 xy +"yz + zx 1 x+y+z
x+y + zl xyz xy + yz + zx xyz j

X-- 2
y -2 Z -

Note: The given expression is homogeneous of degree 6; i.e. if

x, y, z are multiplied, by t, the expression is multiplied by
6. Only choice (A) has this property.

9. (A) Let, s be the length of an edge of the

cube, and let R and T. be vertices of
the cube as shown in the adjoining
figure. Then applying .the Pythagorean
' theorem to APQR, and APRT yields
a2 (pR)2 52 s29
a2 3s2.
The surface area is 652 = 2a2.

10. (E) If ( p, q) is appoint on line L; then by .symmetry (g, p) must

be a point 6n YC. Therefore, the points on K satisfy
x = ay + b.
Solving for y yields

11. (C) Let the sides of the triangle have lengths .s d, s, s.+ d.
Then by the Pythagorean theorem
(s ,d)2 + s2 = (s + d)2.
Squaring and rearranging the terms yields
s(s 4d) = 0.
Since s must be positive, s 4d. Thus the sides have lengths
3d,4d, 5d. Since the sides must have lengths divisible by 3, 4,'
or 5, only choice (C) could be the length of a side.
 SOLUTIONS: 1981 EXAMINATION
Note: The familiar 3-4-5 right triangle has- sides which are
in arithmetic progression. It is perhaps faiily natural to think
of multiplying the sides by 27, thus getting 81, 108, 135.
Since there is only one correct choice, it must be (C).

12. (E) The number obtained by increasing M by p% and decreas-

ing the result by q% is M(1 + 100)(-1
P 1001
and ex-
ceeds M if and only if the following equivalent inequalities
hold:

13. (E) If A denotes the value of The unit of money at a given time,
then .9A denotes its value a year later and (.9)nA denotes its
value n years later. We seek the smallest integer n such that
n satisfies these equivalent inequalities:

(.9)nA .1A,

(-1-)
9.
login (-1-) < login ,

n(2log1o3 1)
 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
14. (A) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of
successive terms in the geometricsequence, respectively. en
.
a + ar = 7, r----,,,
a(r6 1)
r 1
The result of dividing the second equation by the first is
a(6 1) '91
13.
(r 1)a(r + 1) 7

The left member reduces to

Cr2 1)(r4 + r2 + )
r2 1

Thus r2 = 3 and
a + ar + ar2 + r = (a + ar)(1 + r2)
= 7(4) = 28.

15. (B) For this solution write log for logs. The given equation is
equivalent to
(2x)kg2 = (3x)kg3
Equating the logaritluns of the two sides, one obtains.
log 2(log 2x) = log 3(log 3x ),
log 2(log 2 + log x) =',1og 3(log 3 + log x),

(log 2)2 + log 2(log x) (log 3)2 + log 3(log x ),

(log 2)2 (log 3)2 = (log 3 log 2)log x,

(log 2 + log 3) = log x,
1
log 6 = log x;r
1

6
 SOLUTIONS: 1981 EXAMINATIO/
16. (E) Grouping the base three digits of x in Pairs_yield
x = (1 3" J113-1-4--(1 317 + 1 316)

+ +(2 3 + 2)
= (1 3 --1-2)(32)9 + (1 . 3 +1)(32)8
;I- + (2 3 + 2).
Therefore, the first base nine digit of x is 1 3 + 2 =--

1
17. (B) Replacing x by in the given equation

f(x ) + 21(1 ) = 3x
yields '3

f(-.0,+ 21(x) = z.

Eliminating f( from the two equations yields

f(x) =.2
-x2.
/x
Then f (x) = f(- x) if and only if
2 x2 2 (-x)
x -x '
= 2. Thus x = a are the only' solutions;

18. (C) We have = sin x if. and only if 100 x); thus, sin(
100
the given equation has an equal number of positive and
negative solutions. Also x 0 is a solution. Furthermore,all (.^

positive solutions are les4han or equal to 100, since

1001sinxi <j100.
Since 15.5 < 100/(27r) < 16, the graphs of x/100 and sin x
are as shown in the 'figure on p. 158. Thus there is one
solution to the given equation between 0 and it and two
solutions in each of the intervals from (2k - 1) 7r to
(2k -ix 1)7r, 1 4 k 4 15. The total number of solutions is,
therefore,
1 + 2(1 + 2 15) = 63.
158 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV

307r 317/ 100

sin x

19. (B) In the adjoin] g fi

ure,BN is e nde
past N and eets
at E. Triangle
ri
congruent to o \ENA,
'is; 414"antettikib
since .4BAN= .4EAArs,\.
B
frt C

AN = AN and 2CANB'=\24ANE. Therefore N is the mid-

point of BE, and AB AE = 14. Thus EC = 5. Since
MN is the line joining the midpoints of sides BC and BE of
ACBE, its length is 2(EC) 2.

20. (B) Let. it DAR! =,0 and let 0, be the. (acute) angle the light
-beam and the reflecting line form at the eh, pOint of reflec-
Ition.1 Applying the theorem on exterior angles of triangles
to &ARID, then successively to the triangles Ri_IRID,
2 < i < n, and finally to ARBD yields
0 = 0 + 8°, ts
02 = 01 + 8° = 0 + 16°,
03 = 02 + 8° = 6 + 24°,

= 0 _1 + 8° = B + (8n)°,
90° = 0 + 8° = 0 + (8n + 8)°:
must be positive. Therefore,
0< 8= 9 0 ( 8 n+ 8 )° ,
82
<

The maximum value of n, 10, occurs when B= 2°.

172
 SOLUTIONS: 1981 EXAMINATION

21113) Let 0 be the angle opposite the side of length c. Now

42i b + c) (a + b c) = 3ab,
(a + b) 2 -, c 2 = 3ab,
.g ;.
a2 + b2 ab = c2 .

2+ b2. 2ab cos 0 c2,'

1
so that ab = 2 ab cos 0, cos 0 = and 0 = 60°.
2'

22. (D) Corrsider the smallest cube containing all the lattice points
(i, j, k), 1 < i, j, k < 4, in a three diniensigrtal Cartesian
coordinate system. There are 4 main diagonals. There are 24
diagonal lines parallel to a coordinate plane: 2 in each of
four planes parallel to each of the three coordinate planes.
There are 48- lines parallel to a coordinate axis: 16 m each
of the three directions. Therefore, there are 4 + 24 + 48 = .76
lines.
OR
Let S be the set of lattice points (i, j, k) with 1 -.5. 1, j, k
4, and let 7' be, the set of lattice points (i, j, k) with 0 4
j, k < 5. Every line segment containing four points of S
can be extended at both ends so as to contain six points of T.

Points of S
Points of T S
 ,(The figure on p. 159 shows two of these extended linei in the
xy-plane.) Every point of the "border" T S is contained in
exactly one of these fines. Hence the number of lines is hall
the number of points in the border, namely half the number
of points in T minus half the number, of points in S

= (63
1

2
43) = 76.

Note: The same reasoning shows that the number of ways .o1
making tic-tac-toe on an h-dimensional "board" of s" lattic4
-points is -1[(s + I)" sn].'

23. (C) Let 0 and H be the points at

which PQ and BC, respectively,
intersect diameter AT. Sides AB
and AC form a portion of the
equilateral triangle circumscrib-
ing the smaller circle and tangent r.

to the smaller circle at T. There-

fore, iPQT is an'
angt
 ONS: 1981 EXAMINATION 161

0 2 = 2(2 cos20 1.) = 2 cos 20..

ces except (D).

ote to the Contests Committee to
solution because, for 0 < B <
1
?.. 2 for all x. This claim
in the problem did it say that
estriction is intended, it is

3a, c = AB, y = AD,

e bisector theorems

b= 2y

Sri

plies

gle bisectortof a triangle'sdivides 'the

gth to the 'adjacent sides, i.e. ,
u r .t
(*) ' c
in the adjoining figure. This is a consequence of the
law of sines applied to each subtriangle and the fact
that the gupplernentary angles at D hale equal
sines. B dD
113
162 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
The equality of the first and third expressions implies
3c2 4y2 = 96.
Solving these two equations for c2 and y2 yields
e2 = 40, y2 = 54.

Thus the sides of the triangle are

AB -= c 2116 6.3,
AC = b = 2y = 2{54 = 61/6- 14.7,
BC = 11.
OR
Using the angle bisector formulae and (1), above, we have
2 2
y + 6 = cz =3z2, z2 + 18 = vb
' 2Y2.

Solving these equations for y2 and z2 yields y2 = 54,

z2 = 90. Therefore
2
AB = c =-- = 2116, --= b = 2154 = 6/6..
3

'The angle bisector formula states that the square of the angle bisector plus the' product
of the segments of the opposite side is equal to the product of tke adjacent sides:
() k2 + de =he. :A

This is a consequence of the angle bisector theorem

and the law of cosines:,

C2 + k2 2 a cos a = d2,
B d D
b2 + k2 2bkcos a e2.
Multiplying the first equation by b, the second by c and subtracting, we obtain

bc2 b2c k2(c b) = d2b e2c.

By (*) Om footnote on p. 161) the right member can be written dec edb; thus

N (c b)[bc k2] = (c b)de. ,

Dividing by (c b adding k2 yields formula (**). In the isosteles case, c b =

0; but the angle 131 is the altitude, so.that (**) becomes a consequence of the
Pythagorean theorem.
 SOLUTIONS: 19.81 EXAMINATI-O-N 163

26. (D) The probability that the first tossed on the k-th toss is
the product
( probability that never a 6 was ( probability that a 6 is
tossed in the previous k 1 tosses] tossed on the kth toss
(I/6).
The probability that: Carol will _toss the first .6 is the sum of
the probabilities that she will toss the first 6 on her first turn
Ord tossof the game), on her second turn (6th tons of. the
game), on her thircIturn, etc. This sum is
-1'
(A)
6
2
I
6
4_ (5)5 1
6
+. 5
.0' 1

an infinite geOmetric series with first term

6
common ratio r = (-513. This sum is
6
52/63 . 52 25
1 ---4(53/63) , 63 53 .91
o

27. (C) In the figure, line seg-

ment DC is drawn.
'Sihce AC = 150°, AD
AC = 150°
30° = 120°. Hence 120°
4AeD 60°. Since AC
--= DG; 4=-7 GD AD
= AC 120° = 30°.
.Therefore
-
CG = 18,0°-
'and
-a tCDG = 90°. So
DEC is a 30°,-60°--,90° fii
triangle. D
Since we are° loolcins 30. 75°
for the ratio of the areas, B
let us assume without loss
of generality that AC -= AB.= DG = 1. Since AC .and DQ
are chOrds orequal length in a circle, we have AE DE. Let
x be their common length.,Then, CE = 1
Solving fbr x yields AE y x -2/3- 3. Since BA anti
DG are.ch6rds of equal length in a circle, we have FG = FA,'
and sirrce AFAE is isosceles, EF = FA. Thus
164 THE MAA PROBLEM BOOK

Therefore

area AAFE =-1(AE)(AF )sin 30°

2
I
2x
1 x 1 _xx2 713---- 2
2 2 8
1
area tABC I{ABYAC)sin 30°
Hence
a.
area CAFE
= 7v3 12.
area\ ABC O

28. (D) Let g(x) = x + a2x2 + aix +-ao be an-arbitrary cubic with
constants of the specified form... Because x3 dominoes the
other terms for large enough x,g(x)> t) for all x greater
than the largest real root of g. Thus we seek a particular g in
which the terms a2x2 + aix + ao "hold down" g(x) as
much as possible, so that the value of the largest teal root is as
large as possible. This suggests that the answer to the problem
is the largest root of f(x) =63 2x2 2x --2. Call this
root ro. Since f(0) = 2, ro is certainly positive. To verify
this conjecture, note that for x 0,
. r
2x2 < a2x2,. 2x < aix, and 2 < ao.
Summing these, inequalities and adding id to both sides .

yields f(x) <, g(x),for all- x 0. Thus 'foi all x > ro,
0 < f(x) < g(x). That is,
i no g' has a root. larger .than to,
so ro is the sr of the problem.
A sketch of f shows that it has a typical cubic shape,
6 and
with largest root a little Jess than 3. ,fin fact; f(2) =--
f(S) T 1.. To be absolutely sure the answer is (D), not (C),
compute f(i) to See if it is negative. Indeed,
51 31

(E) 'Since x is the principal, square root of some quantity, x

"-" For x-..> 0,',the given evation is equivalent to

.-
a= +
The left member iS'''a',:constant, the riti..,Member is an
 SOLUT- IONS :. l'98-1

increasing function of .x; and hence the equa:

:;§ne solution:e Write. . ,
.
A
2

x.4, -71-x

. a t..Tt
x x >. 0; '*e ,.

X or
, -
x 2x 4- '1 a + x.

x2.+4 C+ 1 a = q.
therefOre fir.
.1 V4a 73
the
1 a' .1 the only solutiOnof the 10
(ion. The ;J:this- i§ also th -sum of the

AFF
deriVe a = via an x = -x
x...Squa.ring.both sides,we find th
' 7
a22a + x4 = 0 .
ThiS" is :a% x; and :.thtrgfOr
solVe;:but itisonly-quadratic.in
,- : -.

a2 '2 =1:1)a6+
Solving he'qn atc
i: formUla,iv iNd. (a!

'I.::: 1.z: =,X2 4; ..5C 1.

EWe took the positive i :,.squ1re rocii,s'ince a > i2; indeed
a :X 7 a ,

Now W.e.ha,71 .quadratic egliati011401: x, namely

.; 0 -.

which we solve a6n'the p vious sOliition.

Note One, might notice 'that. whe :3; the,:t.blution of the
original equatiOnIS 1. -s eyntinates all choices except
(E).
. ,
30. (D) Sincethe coefficient Of x3 in the polynomial function .1(x)
x4 bx .3 is zero, the%sum of the roots of f(x)' is zero,
and therefore

erV
 ,e
SO'LL)TIONS: 1982 EXAMINATION. 167

`..4.43.

1982 Solutions
(E)' ;; x
x2 + Ox 7- 2 ax + Ox +' Ox --
.x? + 2x
2x "remainder.

;4f:OR
We have.:
X3 2 2x'_ 2
x2 -2 X2
so the remainder is 21 2.

8x± 2
The answer is 2x +

3.. (0) For `x.=2, the'expression uals

eq'.
o (22)(2) = 44 = 4 4 256.

.,,,.

4 (E) Let r' be the radius of the semicircle. The perimeter of of a

,semicircular region is irr +.2i:''qhe area of ,the region is
12 irr 2 The refOre

+ 2r
+ 4 .=-'Frr,
4
2+ r.
' Since y = x,
: (C)
b b
> 1, and x > 0, it follows that x is the
smaller number. Al C. >x y c. Thus

,-'-'

-,...,,,ac
,..4. i

X = a + b ,:
 TKE .MAA PROBLEM BOOK IV
6: (D) The sum of the angles in g convex polygon of n sidegIS
(n 2) 180°. Therefore, if x -is the unknown angle. :

4r7-, 2)180° = 2570° x, with 0? < x .< 180°.

Ift, then (n --- 2)1.80° = 15(180°) = 2700°: and x
130.°:SMaller valdes of in woult1 yield negative varies of x,
and larger values-of n would yield Values of x greater than

.x,* z
(4* *

F) *sz). Thu remaining

pice rean:easily.be sho**6 be true.
;
,-

'

!have,:
n kn .?
6
.

'
n3 924- 14n
n(n 2)(n =
7 the solution
tanoWerr may sabei3Obitiined by evaluating the sequence
)':1"Or ii- listed as choices.)

e acljoinAlg a
re, ABC ihe A(1,1)
triangleand
.
divid-
g line.Snce area
A 13ri 1(1)(8)
4 the two re-
Pits_ must each B(6, 0)
ave are d.\2; Since
he ptarti ri of
 A ABC to the left of the ,vertical line thro A. has
re less than area A ABF the line x a s deed right ..
of A as shown. Since the:evatioh of line Bc.-is.y = x/9,
Abe' yertiOal line x,= a intersects BC at a point E:(a, a/9).

Then 9 7 a =, ± 6, and a = 15 or 3. Since the line x =

must intersect A ABC, x 3.

10., (A) Sin6e MN is paralleeto BC,

2CMOB = CBO 201;11,.
and
'CON = 40CB =-4NCO.
Therefore MB = MO
and ON- NC; Hence

A M + MO ON + AN = (AM +i,MB)
A

Note thli thegiven value BC = was not needed; in fact,

Cnily the suniZfV. rlerigth.Of the Other, tvip sides Was used..

11., (e) ,Froh!. the st :.there are sareen pairs of nUmbeis

qo; ;), .(2,0);..(1, 3 1 ),. ), Whose difference is '±2 All'
but (0, 2) daiflie:iiK as the firiZ and last digit, respeCtively;.
of, the 'required number. or e"nchr of tlie. 15 ,ordeiecfpairs
there are 8 -1 = 56 ways to fill the remaining middle two
digits. Thus thvt..are 15 -54 = 84d-riumbers,of the required
form,

12. (A) Since f(x) = ax'' + . b 3:' +.CX

f( a(.)c) 7 + 3
+ c(
Therefortt f(x) + f(x)=-- 10 and f(7) + f(-7)
Hence, since f(-7)= 7, f (7) = .
170 THE.MI%A Pi.:OBLE14.BOOK; 1N
13. (D) We have

rpendicular to AG at Al;
and NF and. PG are radii.. Sinc AAMN AAGP, it fol-
MN
lows that 7-1-cr ==
GP
, or MN
ny 1575
. hus MN = 9. Ap-
plying the Pythagorean theore to triangle MNF yields
(MF)2 =7- (15)2 .144, so F =-- 12. Therefore , EF
24.
G

afrayAlitA
(D) We'have'

i0.45. of

is removed exposes.4 interioi

ace area in square meters is
72.

17. (C) Let y =-- *3x; then 32X+2 = d 3x+3 = 27y. The given
equation now,becomes
9y2 (9y 1)(y 3) 0.
has the s and y.= q. Hence the onginal
equation has ex:ac lutions, namely x -= -1 and x =
2. '
 SOLIJTIO :'1,9 82 EXAMINATION 171,

18. (D) Without loss of general.

ity, let HF = 1 in the
adjoining figure. -The;
BH =2, BF = = DG rah
B
GH, and DH = {6-.
Since DC = NC =
LDCB iHCB and
DB HB = 2. Since- 3
o DBH is isosceles,

cos 0 = 6 o

9: (B) When 2 4.< x f(4.=== (x 7 2) (x 4) + (2x 6)

4' + 2X. Similar algebra shows that when 3 <ix 4, f(x)
t. = 8 2x; and when 4 .< x < 8, f(x)'----e 0. The graph of
f(x) in the adjoin--
ing, figure showS
that ,the maxiMum
and minimum of,
(x) are 2 and 0, '
a. rekPectively.
... .Since
Note': ,
'h :'.linear '
-1'
Aunction
. reacheS its extreme Vaiues at the, endpoints of an 7

interval, and since the given function is hn y in each subin-

4'

teeval, it suffices to calculate../(2)-4Y. 0, f 2 ;if(4) =/01)

4,
\
20. (D) since i
2 + 3

iy ( X

Therefore, if ic.is an integer ,

-V+ .16. . .then there
. .
y sattsfytrw,-. x2 + y2
Her ' there are infinitely.many sollnions

214 (E) Since the Medians'of a triangle intersect at a point two thirds'
thE diStarie from the vertex and one third the distance frorn'1,
4,the side to .which they are drawn, we can let DN and,
 2x = BD. Right triangles BCN and BDC are similar, so
= BD. Right triangles BCN and BDC are similar, so
s = 2x ''' C
3x
Thus s2 = 6x2, or x =
1,6-

and. BN =

2. (E) In the adjoining figure RX is

perpendicular to QB at X.
Since .,e0R =- 60°, ARPQ is
`equilaterals and RQ = a. Als
KARP QRX = 15°.
Therefore, ARXQ ARAP.
.Thus w =,1r.

OR
w = AP + PB = a cos 75° + a cos 45°.
From theidentity
A + B. _A B
cos A + cos = 2'cos ;Os
it follows that
45°. L
,W = a2 cos CO
2
= a2 cos 60? cos 15° = a cos 158' = a sin 75°

23. (A) In the adjoiniag figure, n denotes the length of the shortest
side, and B. denotes the measure of the smallest angle Uging
the law of sines and writing 2 sing cos.0 for sin 20 , we obtain'. .

sing. / 2 sin O cos

n+2
cog,0
2n
 SOLUTIONS 1982 EXAMINATIO: 173

the law of cosines yields

n+2 (n + 1) + (n +2)2
2n 2(n + 1)(n 1- 2)
+ 1)(n -i- n+5
2(n + 1)(n + 2) 12(n + 2).
4+2 3
Thus it = 4 and cos 0 =
4(2)
24. (A) In the adjoining figure, let
AH y, BD = a, DE := x and
EC = b. We are given AG = 2, .

CF =--13, HJ --= 7. and FC' = 1.

Thus the length of the side of the
equilateral triangle is 16. Also, .
using the theorem about sec- 1
ants drawly- to '.a circle from
an external point, we 'have bC
y(y + 7)= 2(2 4- 13), or
0 y2 + 7y -- 30 = (y 3)(y + 10). ,-
y'= 3 and ,BJ 6. _Using the same theorem we have
b(b +,x) = 1(1,± 13) =- 14 and a(a + x) = 6(6 + 7) = 78.
-Also,.*cP"Ii- b + 16.
waysiqf solving the system;

(2) b2 + bx = 14,
a + b + x = 16.
The one given below allows us to:find x without first having
to find a and:b.
Subtract the secOitil equatiori. from the first, factor out
b), and, use (3): A

+ h b)(a b x)
=(a b)16 78 14= Yr,

efore /. §.

b=4
Adding t itit6
s- -(3) we qbtain 2a x , whence
a = 10 (x/2).
174 TtfE.MAA PROBLEM BOOK I
,

This; substituted into (1), yields

X
_(10 I)[10 + xi = ('10 1

--= j00 = 78;

X = x = 2V22

L
25. (D) The probability that the IL
student passes through
L
C is the sum from i = 0
to 3 of the probabilities
that he enters intersec-
tion Ci in the adjoining
figure and, goes east. The
tnumber of paths from A 1
4416 --,(2 .4" 1), .be;
-;.cause each such path has
2 eastward" block ,,,seg-
merits add,fitheydzSi oc-
cur in any order. The
i
ty of taking any
probability 3
....

one of these paths to C and then going east is (1) + 1 be-

cause there are a + i intersections 41.tmg the way (including"'
A a' nd,,Ci) where- an independent.cltoice with probability i
is made. So the answer is
3
(2+ 3 6 10 21
k 2 k 4 32

J.

ay.construct.gt=tree-diagram of th e reSpeetiveprobabil-
itr btaininglhi,vnlues steii-by-step a S shOWn in toe 'scheme
right (the,. final 1
alsb'Serves as a cheCIc on
the computations).
It Is important 0.-re
cognize that not '411
twenty . of the thirty dive
paths leading from A to
;,B through Care
equally hence
answer incorrect!
.".

1
A.-
 SOLUTIONS ', :1982 EXAMINATION 175

(B) If tr2 (ab3c)8,' let. n- Then n2' = (8d A- e)2 =

64d2 -4- 8(2de) Al. e2. Thus, the 3 in ab3c is the firk *digit (in
base 8) of the sum of the eights digit of e2 (in tiaSe 8) and the
units digit of (2de) (in`base 8). The latter'-is even, so the'
former is odd. The entire table, of basec.8 representations of
squares of base 8 digits appears below'. . !

e5

11 20 31 61
9
The eights digit' of e2 is odd only if e is 3 or 5; in either case
*c, which is 'the.. units ditt:;of,-e2,... s.: 1. (In fetf there. are :
three, choices,-sfOr n: (148':.aic:`.(45)8, ffhe,,s4pares are
(1331)8, (6631)8 and (2531)8;`'fOrieCtiyely.)",,%?':'""'

We are given.
in: ..:
(ab3 83a + 82b + 8 . 3 + c
If n is :even, n is visible by , and its remaind upon
division by .8 is.'1) or 4. If n is &I, say n --- 2k + 1, then
n2, ---- 4(k2 + k) + 1 , and since 2 + lc = k(k + 1) is al-
ways even, n2 has remainder 1 14;on division by 8: 'Thus; in
all cases, the only possible values if c are 0, 1 or 4. If c = 0,
then n2 8(8K + 3), an impo (sibility since 8 is not a square.
If c = 4, then n2 = 4(8L + 7) another inipOssibility since no
odd squares have the form 8L + 7 Thtis c =- 1
. .
m...i.,...,,,,..:-.., ,.....:_ ,... --./' .
:(C) We 'recall the theorenMat-Oomplex roots ot polyno als With
real coefficients come in conjugate not a .plica-
ble.. to the give QI .a , that'_the6rem is proved by a
teeChniq w 'ch we can use to work this problem too. Namely,
conjugate both sides of -theofiginal equation a .

That + ib is alio ,a solution of the original

equation;. (One, may check, by example that neither 7' a bi
nor a bi nor b + ai need boa solntion.) For instance, con-.
sider the equation z4 iz3 = 0 and the solution z =1 Here
a = 0, b 1. Neither i nor 1 is a solution. [Alternatively,
the. substitution z iw, into the given equation, makks the
coefficients real and the above quoted theoremp.pplicabk.]
176 THE MAA -PROBLEM BOOK, n't
28. (B) Let n be the last number an the boar.d... Now the largest
average possible is attained if 1 is erased; the average is then
(n + 1)n
1' ;:
2 3+ +n 2 = n+2
n n I 2
The smallest average possible, is attained' when n is era ed;,
the average: is then
n('n 7 1)..=
2(n I)
Thus
n 7 n+2
3517 2 '
14 4
n 70i-r7 9
4.
1- 4-
8 n
17 7
17.

Hence n4.--= 69 or 70. Sing 351; is ,7th e average of (n

integers,V517)(n 1),must be art integer and n is 69. If x
is the number erased then

2 (69)(70) x
68 1

.-
69 35 x'=-- (35Y068,
/ 35 68' + 28,.

/ 35 x.=--
x=
28,
7.4
'
,

29. (A) Let m = xoozo be the minimum value, and.label the num-
bers so that.xo yo <.zo. In fact zo = 2x0, fpr if zo < 2x0,
theh by decreasing xo, slightly, increasing zo by the. same
amount, and: keeping yo fixed, we would get riew values
Muth still meet ;;the'. constraints but which. have a smaller
product--contiadiption! To show this'contradiction forinally,
let' xi = X6-77.1h:affit-zi = zo+ h, where > 0 is so small
that zi < 2x1'- `also Then xi, yo, zi also meet all 'the original
constraints, and'
xiyozi =`('xo )yo(zo + h)
o Yozo yo [h(x0 -; yozo.
 SOLUTI.ONS: 19,82, EXAMINATION
0,-_- Zo:`." ?ao, Yo 1 7-- X

P/1"1=1 2X(2)(1 s3x0).

Also, xo 5,,1 3x0 2x0,'o ecittivalentlY, I o<
mtThus m may be viewed as a v ue.izpf the fungtiOn .;;.,

2x2 7 3x)
on, the domain D (:el f.. <, x In fact, m is the Small-
es't value Of f on D; because minimizing f on -D, is, just a
- restricted version of the original problem: for each x e D,
setting 'y =1-1 3x and z = 2x gives x,, y, z meeting the
original constraints, and makes f(x) = xyz.
'To minimize f on D, first
sketch f for all real x. (See Fig-
,ure.) Since f has a relative
minimum at x = 0 (f(x) has
the same sign as x2. for x <
and cubics have at most one- rela-
tive minimum, the minimum of f
on D must be atone of the end-
points. In fact,
I (i) =

30. (D) Let + a and d 2 = a lb- where a = 15 and b

= 220. Then using the binomial theorem, we may obtain
4 = .2[a" + ( n2 ) n -2b ( n4 ) n

where a' is any positive integer. Sinceiraotional powers of b

have been eliminated in this way, and since a and b are
both divisible by 5, we may conclude that d; + 4 is divisi
ble by 101.
apply the, above result twice, taking n = 19 and
In this way We obtain.
dI 9 + d2 10k I and d82 +.d82 2 = 10k, I

vl re k1 and k2 are positive integers. Adding and rearrang-.t

ing these results gives
d,194 d82= 10k (d
wlsere k
1
15 = < .
15 +, V220 3

Tlferefore" d29 d8 2 < 1. It lollows that the units digit of.

2
10k.-- (419 +
 thgse problems is not a simple task; theii: content is soy'
varied and their .solution-possibilities so divelie that it is difficult to
.pigeonhole them into -a few categories. Moreover, no matter v3hieh
headings are selected, there, are borderline cases that need 'cross-index-
ing. NevertheleSs, the following may be helpful to the .reader who
wishes to select a particular category of problems.
The number preceding the semicolon refers to the last two digits of
the examination year, and the numbers follovying the semicolon refer
to the problems in that exathination. F example, '82; 5 means
Problem 5 in the 1982 eXamination.

Algebra
Ab e Value " 73:;22 74; 11, 15;27 75; 7
77; 8 78; 9 79; 13 82;;J9
Additi on of Signed Numbers 78;' 4, 79;* 4
Binary Operations 73;_5 74;, 6 82; 7
.

Binomial Expansions 74;t 3' '75; 5 76; 23 77;710

(coefficients)' 82; 8, 30
Cohiplex Numbers 74;-10, 17 76; 2 77;16, 21
r-80; 17 821 27
179
'Co

192.
180 THE MAA PROBLEM BOO IV

ppMoivre's Theorem 81; 24

Equations
Cubic 75 ;=.12,1 81 28
Exponential 79; 19 82;17'
Fractional - 74; 1. ,%79; 11 80;3, 8 81; 6
Functional (see functions
Integer \ 73 ;'31 77;14 79; 11 82; 20
Linear . 7306 74; 7.
Quadratic- 73./ 34 74; 2, '10 75; 12, 20
76; 6 77; 21, 23 '78; 1, 13
86; 8' 81;,29
Systems of
Linear /
73; 10, 14, 24 75; 2 77; 1
Non-lihear 76; ,30 77; 21 78; 6
80; 19, 29 .81; 18
Trigonometric 73;: 17 -431; 18;24
xponent-s 73; 19 74; 8 75:10 76; 20,21
79; 19 . 81; 13, 15 82; 3; 30
Factoring 75; ;9 78; 1,.4
Frac lions' 78; 2, 20 79; 29 3, 8
Identities 74; 1, 30 77; 6 78; 3, 20
79; 2
Inequalities 73,'22, 30 '74; 14, 271.75; 3.
77; '29 '78; 18 79; 13 80; 6
81; 12, 13; 28 82; 141 28
Logarithms '73; 28 74; 18 75; 18,. 19
76; 20. 77; 18 79; 18
SQ; 18 81; 13,.15 8203
Optimization/ 73; 3, 20 74; 22 76; 12;28
77; 25,..29 80; 22 81; 13, 28
82; 19, 29
Polynomis 74; 2, 3, 4 75, 5, -13, 27
76; 6, 19,17 77; 10, 21, 23, 28
78; 13 79; 19 80; 2, 28- 81; 30
Progrchsions
Apithmetic , 73; 7, 26 74; 29 - 75; 9 76; 14
77; 17 78; 8 79; 16 80; brl
, 81; 11
 61,ASSI1 ICATION OF PROBLEMS s_181

Geometric 73;'28' 74; 21, 28 75; 16

76; 4 77; 13 78; 24 80; 13
o. .8P;.14
ProportiOhs 733 8, 12, 29 74; 30. 0;.10:
-82; 5
Radicals .75i 29 74; 29 79; 9 80; 27
844429 82; 30 .

Reciprocals 760 784 .81). 8

Remainder Theorem 74; 4 77; 28, 79; 25
80; 24, p 82; 1
Sequences (also see 75; 15 79; 1\4, 7'
.Progressions)
Word Problems
Age Problems 76; 29 77; 12
pistance, Rate, Time ' 73; 27, 34
General 7504, 17, 25 76; 13 .78;.30
r 80; 9 81; 4 '82; 2
Mixture 73; 33 79; 15
Money 77; 3 78; 5
111

."" Arithmetic

Approximation 75; 29 /6; 21 78; 18 79; 1

Arithmetic Mean 73; -2 A

Fractions 73; 13 75; '1 77; 24 79; 6

80; 1
Percent 73;33 74; 7 81; 1203.
Rationalization 74;.20 77;-7

Geometry

AnalyticGepthetry .

Circles -73; 11, 30 7e11, 7 ,

81; 27 82;4
Lines 75; 1, 2 80; 12,2t 81; 10
82; 9

rs
 1' 2..
182' i T.HE MAA. PROBLEM BOOK Iv
,
.Spheres 77; 27
-
Angles 73; 9, 16 74; 5 77; 4 78; 12
79; 12. 80; 4 81, 20i 25.
',Area 73; 44 9, 25, 30 74; 19, 25
e " 75; 4 , ' 3 .76; 9, 16, 24 77 26-
78; 1, 2, 23, 29 79; 1, 8, 21, 30
Circles 73; 1, 11, 15, 25, 35 `745,'16, 23
75; 14 76; 18, 24 771.15
78; 2, 10, 11, 26 79.,-12, 21, 28
81; 23 82; 24
Erxtefnal Tangents 76; 261 78; 26
ISecallt.from External Point 77; 9_ 82; 24
CongrUent'Trihligles 73; 4 76; 16 79; 30 81; 19
);
CoOrtfinate Geometry 73; 11,30 74; 1,1h 75; 23 76;,31
78; 25 79; 8 81; 22 82i 9
Ja

Inequalities 73; II, 2r 79; 17

Locus; 76; 22. 77; 5 :.78; 10
Medians 82; 21 2'

Menelaus' Theorem ,.. 75;°28

Parallel Lines 733 35 75; 26..82 10'
,Polygons,
Convex 73; 16 767 14 82; 6
Hexagops, 78;-7 79;.;10
Nonagons' 77; 30 .
Parallelograms' 74'25
Quadrilaterals ,4 75; 4" 76;3 77; 19, 78; 29
79; 24
Ii.ectangles 79; 1
Squares 73; 11 75;.23 78; 13 79; 311

Prtiportion y) 73; 9, 35 74, 23 i5; 26"

78; 26 .79; 30 82, f4
Pythagorean Theorem .73; 1, 20 75, 20 76, 3, 24
6 79..28 80; 17 19 81. 2 9 41
82; 14
Similarity (see'Proportion)_
Sohn Geoihetry
Cubes (and rectangular solids) 73; 2 80; 16 81; 2; 16, 18.
(. pyramids 73;
 -CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS 183

Spheres 77; 27 80;, 26

Tetrahedrons 79; 23 80.; .16, 26
Volumes 7J; 32 a.

Triangles
General 75; 20 78,; 121 80;-21 .81; 19
82; 21
Equilateral 73; 23 74; 19 76; 22 77; 2,15.
78; 23, 28 79 ;.3,'30. 81; ,

82; 22, 24 ,
Isosceles 74 ;.16 .75 ;24 81; 5, 27N 82; 18
Right- 74; 23 79; 21 80; 23
300-600-90°- 73; 25 77; 15° 80; 5 81;
45°450-90° 75; 2, 24
O

TrigonoTetry
Basics 73; 15 79; 24
pouble Angle Cosine 17 75; 30
'-
1
Double Angle Sine 76; 17
Identities. 74; 22' 76; 17 78; 15
Inverse TrigonOmetric Functions 79; 20
Law of Cosines .81; 21, 25 82; 2
Law of Sines 75;
Radians

Miscellanenus

Combinatorics -76; 28 77; 20 78; J6 80; 20

82; .11, 25
Functions
Ab lute Value (see Absolute'Value) 4.
CoMposite 711.12 76; 10 78; 17
_Greatest Integer Function', /, ; 30. 77; 11 80; 25 82; 14
functional Equation-/ 75; 21 77; 22 78; 17 79; 26
80; °

Logic 74; 13 75; 8 76; 11 78;'22

t-
", ft. *),
 " v:,
,THEnS/IAA PRO 1.Em

Numbei Theory, a'

`..plophantine. /78; 30
thvisibility. ' , 73; 18, 31 74; 8; 9, 26 ,76;,15,'
724'27 80; 15, 29 81; 7 ;,' ,..
76; 23
...ractorial Expressions
Greatest Integer Function
s- , (sce functions)
C '
73; 19
\,.' .
,,..,
' ,

Least Common Multiple 78; 27 81; 7 ' .

-Number Bases 73; 6 75; 0 76; 5. ,78; '14 79; 5
481*; 16 '82;
Perfect Squares 79; 7, 80; 30
Iiiime Factorization '77; 25, ' ., .
. Prime Numbers ;'73; 3, 18 74; A, 26 75; 22
, ;Recursive Definition?' 76; 25 "80; 25'
Sums: of Integers 73; 21. 75;6'
,- 74; 24 75; 18 76; 8
Probability - .73; 23
77; 17 , 7t; 19 79; 27 80; 20
.81; 26 *82; 25

-..00 bee,
 -- .: .:. : ';"
, , .:, 1 . . ,. .,

. . The, Annual 'High School" 'Mathetn cs Ettinii

natIon.::(4f4SME). began as ti:,',Iotat Contest in
rk..,Citi lif.1956.!!BY 060;i15Q, ,

h thellinited,States:and'Cahi0 a t
AH E. el 982-,Eittahlnatigniiikradmini
to 418,000 participants; ln the ';,Untted; Stat
',Canada and Aii.go;opotudebt0;11),Varloueglu
tries of othei', continent.'" In the, Lietted,'Ptatep/ n
nada; '.' one-use .OtAHSME :Is.,td:.:seleCt= tip
thatekr.;;'Oha ;, hundred partiCipanteMy:
'MathematiCal'OlyMplad,1" andle..01ymplad
used In the selection:La a stOttbht4eaR.tri
sentthePnitedStatee.ln the International, It
matical Olyrnplae Since the clifficuitY.Of pro
appearing:in the"AliSME yaheiOr a wide
they are a ValUableleaching'aid for all high
students interested In mathematics : :' . .!
_ ., ..' This'volumeContains the,1973-1982.Exa p
. bons, and, :solutions...:ThelP504960,e1961 1
and .19661972;ExiiiiinatiOni7end '1616tlaii' :,iiii
published in : NML VOlUnieS: 5,17;,.irna..,2 .
problems and solutions, are prepared liYI . Com-
mittee:On; High School Contestg; anMAA CO mit
tee whose inemberS'ere iepreientatiiii oft elr
organliationaihafjointly spcintOilheAHS E:th
Mathenta' tical sAssodiatiorf of America, Saciatfaf
Actubries, Mu Alphe.Thetal; .Casualty;. Ac uariaL!
SocietY,, and National Cifuncil of Teach s*fr./.'
Mathematics. . ! ', . .

The questions ,for, tni' 197-1082 AN ME in ,

this volume were:Compiled by' ProfesSor R.A. ..'
Artino, A; . M. ' Gaglione and N. Shell Who -167'
chaired the Conanitteelfroni 1973,to1977i.'
Shell served as dhainnati korn 19771.1984 PrOfes-
sor S: B. Maurer (Corritnittee:ChairManshice'l
and R. R.A. Artino, A. M. Gaglione and riSliell worked
jointly with the !editors. otthe' New' thernaticalV
'library series' in the preparation Of .thii.volurne:
They made change in Iheaxiginally pub-
lished sa lutions aniEadded 'some alternate sOlu-
bons And some explanatory notea.'

NEW. MATHEMATICALIIBRAY Front cover calligraphy by Nancy Fold).