Zoology Curriculum 2015 Organized Final

Department of Zoology
GC University, Faisalabad
CURRICULUM 2015
UNDERGRADUTAE/GRADUATE/POSTGRADUATE
BS/MSc/MS/MPhil/PhD
BS Zoology (4-Years/8 Semesters)
Semester I
ZOL-301 Zoology – I 4(3-1)
BOT-301 Botany-I/subsidiary (Core) 4(3-1)
CHM-321 Chemistry-I/subsidiary 4(3-1)
ENG-321 English-I(English for Academic Purpose)(EPA) 3(3-0)
ISL-321 Islamic Studies 2(2-0)
Total 17
Semester II
ZOL-302 Zoology-II 4(3-1)
BOT-302 Botany-II/subsidiary (Core) 4(3-1)
CHM-322 Chemistry-II/subsidiary (Core) 4(3-1)
ENG-322 English-II (Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening) 3(3-0)
PST-322 Pak Studies 2(2-0)
Total 17
Semester III
ZOL-401 Zoology-III 4(3-1)
ZOL-403 Zoology-IV 4(3-1)
BOT-401 Botany-III/subsidiary (Core) 4(3-1)
CHM-421 Chemistry-III/subsidiary (Core) 4(3-1)
ENG-421 English-III (Communication Skills) 3(3-0)
Total 19
Semester IV
ZOL-402 Zoology-V 4(3-1)
ZOL-404 Zoology-VI 4(3-1)
PSY-422 Psychology / or any other elective outside of major 3(3-0)
CSI-422 Computer Application 2(2-0)
ENG-422 Communication Skills 2(2-0)
MTH-422 Math 3(3-0)
Total 18
Semester V
ZOL-501 Cell and Molecular Biology 4(3-1)
BCH- Biochemistry– I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules) 3(2-1)
ZOL-505 Animal Physiology – I 4(3-1)
ZOL-507 Animal Behaviour 2(2-0)
ZOL-509 General and Molecular Genetics 4(3-1)
Total 17
Semester VI
STA-502 Biostatistics 3(3-0)
ZOL-504 Developmental Biology 4(3-1)
ZOL-506 Ecology 3(3-0)
ZOL-508 Principles of Zoogeography 3(2-1)
ZOL-510 Biochemistry – II (Metabolism) 3(2-1)
ZOL-512 Physiology – II 4(3-1)
Total 20
Semester VII
ZOL-601 Evolution and Principals of Systematics 4(3-1)
ZOL-605 Fisheries 3(2-1)
ZOL-607 Research Methodology 1(1-0)
ZOL-609 Principles of Paleontology 3(3-0)
ZOL-611 Fundamentals of Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-613 Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)
Total 17
Semester VIII
BNB-422 Basic Bioinformatics 3(2-1)
ZOL-606 Wildlife of Pakistan 3(2-1)
ZOL-608 Bioremediation and Bio-processing 3(2-1)
ZOL-630 Thesis 6(6-0)
To be offered *Special paper 1 (in lieu of thesis) 3(2-1)
Total 15
Grand Total 140
M.Sc. Zoology (2 Years/4 Semesters)
Semester I
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ZOL-551 Biochemistry – I (Structure and Functions of Macro molecules) 3(2-1)
ZOL-553 Developmental Biology 4(3-1)
ZOL-555 Advanced Environmental Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-557 Animal Physiology 4(3-1)
ZOL-559 Advanced Cell Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-561 Research Methodology 1(1-0)
Total 18
Semester II
ZOL-552 Biochemistry – II (Metabolism) 3(2-1)
ZOL-554 Physiology of Coordination and Animal Behavior 4(3-1)
ZOL-556 Evolution and Principles of Systematics 3(2-1)
ZOL-558 General and Molecular Genetics 4(3-1)
ZOL-560 Principles of Zoogeography 3(2-1)
ZOL-562 Fundamentals of Microbiology 3(2-1)
Total 20
Semester III
ZOL-651 Principles of Paleontology 3(2-1)
ZOL-653 Biodiversity 3(2-1)
ZOL-655 Biostatistics 3(3-0)
ZOL-657 Fish Culture 3(2-1)
ZOL-661 Introduction to Biotechnology 4(3-1)
ZOL-663 Biological and Chemical Control of Pests 3(2-1)
Total 19
Semester IV
ZOL-652 Wildlife of Pakistan 2(1-1)
ZOL-654 Bioremediation and Bio-processing 3(2-1)
ZOL-656 Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)
ZOL-658 Basic Bioinformatics 3(2-1)
Total 17
Grand Total 74
*Two courses Special Subject/ Optional will be opted in lieu of research for BS and M.Sc.
ZOL-660 Fundamentals of Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-662 Endocrinology – A 3(2-1)
ZOL-664 Ornithology 2(1-1)
ZOL-665 Mammology 2(1-1)
ZOL-666 Aqua Culture Health Management 3(2-1)
ZOL-667 Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management 2(1-1)
ZOL-668 Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan 3(2-1)
ZOL-669 Proto-Zoology 2(1-1)
ZOL-670 Fundamentals of Limnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-671 Applied Limnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-672 Applied Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-673 Endocrinology – B 3(2-1)
ZOL-674 Applied Microbiology 3(2-1)
ZOL-675 Fish Physiology and Breeding 3(2-1)
ZOL-676 Aquatic Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-677 Integrated Aqua Culture 3(2-1)
ZOL-678 Sea Food Technology 3(2-1)
ZOL-679 Seminar 3(2-1)
ZOL-681 Project 3(2-1)
ZOL-682 Internship 3(2-1)
ZOL-683 Principles of Fish Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-684 Immunology and Hematology 3(2-1)
ZOL-685 Vector Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-686 Aquatic Environmental Management 3(2-1)
ZOL-687 Molecular Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-688 Fish Ecology 3(2-1)
ZOL-689 Ichthyology 3(2-1)
ZOL-690 Bio-Physical Methods in Life Sciences 3(2-1)
ZOL-691 Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 3(2-1)
* Due to various research groups in department; many courses cannot be accommodated in the limit of 652-698 codes.
Therefore, the department will follow its own course codes for opted courses.
LIST OF COURSES FOR MS/MPhil/PhD DEGREE PROGRAMMES
No. Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
1 ZOL – 701 Quantitative Zoology 3(2-1)
2 ZOL – 702 Advances in Biodiversity 3(2-1)
3 ZOL – 703 Immunology 3(2-1)
4 ZOL – 704 Advances in Recombinant DNA Technology 3(2-1)
5 ZOL – 705 Biotechnology 3(2-1)
6 ZOL – 706 Reproductive Physiology 3(2-1)
7 ZOL – 707 Population Genetics 3(2-1)
8 ZOL – 708 Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology 3(2-1)
9 ZOL – 709 Biostatistics 3(3-0)
10 ZOL – 710 Biochemistry of Drug Action 3(2-1)
11 ZOL – 711 Helminthology 3(2-1)
12 ZOL – 712 Human Genetics 3(2-1)
13 ZOL – 713 Human Embryology and Teratology 3(2-1)
14 ZOL – 714 Molecular Biology 3(2-1)
15 ZOL – 715 Molecular Physiology 3(2-1)
16 ZOL – 716 Environmental Biotechnology 3(2-1)
17 ZOL – 717 Advances in Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)
18 ZOL – 718 Medical Microbiology 3(2-1)
19 ZOL – 719 Behavioural Ecology 3(2-1)
20 ZOL – 720 Principles of Toxicology 3(2-1)
21 ZOL – 721 Chalk Talk/Assignment Presentation 2(2-0)
22 ZOL – 722 Limnology 3(2-1)
23 ZOL – 723 Special Problem 1(1-0)
24 ZOL – 724 Term Paper (Review Article, Special problem) 3(3-0)
25 ZOL – 725 Advances in Aquaculture – I 3(2-1)
26 ZOL – 726 Journal Club 2(2-0)
27 ZOL – 727 Applied Fisheries 3(2-1)
28 ZOL – 731 Advances in Aquaculture – II 3(2-1)
29 ZOL – 732 Advances in Fish Genetics 3(2-1)
30 ZOL – 733 Biotechnology in Aquaculture 3(2-1)
31 ZOL – 734 Fish Biology 3(2-1)
32 ZOL – 735 Fish Ecology 3(2-1)
33 ZOL – 736 Fish Bioenergetics 3(2-1)
34 ZOL – 737 Fisheries Management 3(2-1)
35 ZOL – 738 Environmental Biology of Fishes 3(2-1)
36 ZOL – 739 Chemical Biology of Fishes 3(2-1)
37 ZOL – 740 Techniques in Fisheries Management 3(2-1)
38 ZOL – 741 Fisheries resources and development 2(2-0)
39 ZOL – 742 Nutrients requirement and metabolism in fish 4(3-1)
40 ZOL – 743 Bio-economics of fisheries resources 2(2-0)
41 ZOL – 744 Fish biotechnology/Aquaculture biology 3(2-1)
42 ZOL – 745 Fish Hatchery Management 3(2-1)
43 ZOL – 746 Molecular Entomology 3(2-1)
44 ZOL – 747 Medical Entomology 3(2-1)
45 ZOL – 748 Economic Entomology 3(2-1)
46 ZOL – 749 Environmental Entomology 3(2-1)
47 ZOL – 750 Animal Pest and disease producing organisms 3(2-1)
48 ZOL – 751 Advanced integrated pest management-I 3(2-1)
49 ZOL – 752 Advanced integrated pest management-II 3(2-1)
50 ZOL – 753 Insects and Wildlife-I 3(2-1)
51 ZOL – 754 Insects and Wildlife-II 3(2-1)
52 ZOL – 755 Biology and Control of Vertebrate Pests 3(2-1)
53 ZOL – 756 Vector Biology 3(2-1)
54 ZOL – 757 Mammalogy 3(2-1)
55 ZOL – 761 Applied Population Ecology 3(3-0)
56 ZOL – 762 Geographical Information System in Wildlife Management 3(3-0)
57 ZOL – 763 Wildlife Conservation Biology 3(3-0)
58 ZOL – 764 Wildlife Diseases and their Management 3(2-1)
59 ZOL – 765 Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals 3(2-1)
60 ZOL – 766 Wildlife Management-I (Wetlands) 3(2-1)
61 ZOL – 767 Wildlife Management-II (Terrestrial) 3(2-1)
62 ZOL – 768 Wildlife Food and Foraging 3(3-0)
63 ZOL – 769 Wild Fish Fauna of Pakistan 3(3-0)
64 ZOL – 770 Eco-Tourism Planning and Management 3(3-0)
65 ZOL – 771 Range Management 3(2-1)
66 ZOL – 772 Park Management 2(2-0)
67 ZOL – 773 Protected Areas and their Management 3(3-0)
68 ZOL – 774 Advances in Ichthyology 3(2-1)
69 ZOL – 775 Fish Nutrition-I 3(3-0)
70 ZOL – 776 Fish Nutrition-II 3(2-1)
71 ZOL – 777 Andrology 3(2-1)
72 ZOL – 778 Fishing Gear Technology 3(2-1)
73 ZOL – 779 Ornithology 3(2-1)
74 ZOL – 780 Herpetology 3(2-1)
75 ZOL – 781 Wildlife Damage Management 3(3-0)
Other Mandatory Courses for MS/MPhil

1 STA-795 Statistics for Research 3(2-1)
2 ZOL-728 Seminar (General) 1(1-0)
3 ZOL-729 Seminar (Research) 1(1-0)
4 ZOL-730 Thesis 6(0-6)
Other Mandatory Courses for PhD
1 STA-797 Experimental and Inferential statistics for Research 3(2-1)
2 ZOL-758 Seminar (General) 1(1-0)
3 ZOL-759 Seminar (Research) 1(1-0)
4 ZOL-760 Thesis 6(0-6)
BS Courses: (Semester-wise)
Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – I

Course Code ZOL-301
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course aims to impart knowledge and understanding of:
a. The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.
b. The common processes of life through its chemistry, biochemical and
molecular processes.
c. The structure and function of cell organellae and how common animal cell
diversified in various tissues, organs and organ systems.
d. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.
e. Animals and their relationship with their environment.
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Course Contents
1. Place of Zoology in Science
A one-world view: genetic unity, the fundamental unit of life, evolutionary
oneness and the diversity of life, environment and world resources; what is
Zoology? The classification of animals; the scientific method.
2. The Chemical Basis of Animal Life
Atoms and elements: building blocks of all matter; compounds and molecules:
aggregates of atoms; acids, bases, and buffers; the molecules of animals: fractional
account of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids based on their
structural aspects.
3. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals Structure and
functions of cell membranes; various movements across membranes;
cytoplasm, organelles, and cellular components: functional account of
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria,
cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, centrioles and microtubules, and vacuoles
based on their structural aspects. The nucleus: nuclear envelope, chromosomes
and nucleolus. Tissues: diversity in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle
tissue and nervous tissue to perform various functions. Structural integrations
for functions in organs and organ systems.
4. Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces Energy and the
laws of energy transformation; activation energy; enzymes: structure, function
and factors affecting their activity; cofactors and coenzymes; ATP: how cells
convert energy? An overview.
5. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients: Glycolysis: the first
phase of nutrient metabolism; fermentation: “life without oxygen”; aerobic
respiration: the major source of ATP; metabolism of fats and proteins; control
of metabolism; the metabolic pool.
6. Ecology I: Individuals and Populations Animals and their abiotic
environment; populations; interspecific interactions.
7. Ecology II: Communities and Ecosystems Community structure and
diversity; ecosystems; ecosystems of the earth; ecological problems; human
population growth, pollution, resource depletion and biodiversity.
Practicals
1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Note: Emphasis on the concept that tests materials have been ultimately
obtained from living organisms and constituted their body.
2. Study of the prepared slides of epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal,
columnar), connective tissue (adipose, cartilage, bone, blood), nervous tissue
and muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth and cardiac).
Note: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM
computer projections must be used.
3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood.
4. Protein digestion by pepsin.
5. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.
6. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a
terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem study).
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES
OF ZOOLOGY, 12th Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 6th Edition (International), 2005.
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 5th Edition
(International), 2000. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF
VERTEBRATES, 2001. New York: McGraw Hill.
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
6. Miller, S.A. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5 th
Edition (International), 2002. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
7. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., LABORATORY STUDIES IN
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
8. Molles, M.C. ECOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS. 6 th
Edition. 2005. McGraw Hill, New York, USA.
9. Odum, E. P. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY. 3 rd Edition. 1994. W.B.
Saunders.Philadelphia.
10. Slingby, D. and Cook, C., PRACTICAL ECOLOGY. 1986. McMillan
Education Ltd. UK.
Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – II

Course Code ZOL-302
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course imparts knowledge and understanding of:
a. cell division and its significance in cell cycle.
b. concepts and mechanisms of inheritance pattern, chromosome and gene
linkage and molecular basics of genetics.
c. animal behaviour and communication.
d. theories of evolution, gene flow and mechanism of evolution with reference
to animals and diversity.
Learning Outcomes
1. Cell Division
Mitosis, cytokinesis, and the cell cycle: an overview; control of the cell cycle;
meiosis: the basis of sexual reproduction; gamete formation.
2. Inheritance Patterns
The birth of modern genetics; Mendelian inheritance patterns; other
inheritance patterns; environmental effects and gene expression.
3. Chromosomes and Gene Linkage
Eukaryotic chromosomes; linkage relationships; changes in chromosome
number and structure.
4. Molecular Genetics: Ultimate Cellular Control
DNA: the genetic material; DNA replication in eukaryotes; genes in action;
control of gene expression in eukaryotes; mutations; applications of genetic
technologies; recombinant DNA.
5. Animal Behaviour
Four approaches to animal behaviour; proximate and ultimate causes;
anthropomorphism; development of behavior; learning; control of behavior;
communication; behavioral ecology; social behavior.
6. Evolution: A Historical Perspective
Pre-Darwinian theories of change; Lamarck: an early proponent of evolution;
early development of Darwin’s ideas of evolution and evidences; the theory of
evolution by natural selection; evolutionary thought after Darwin;
biogeography.
7. Evolution and Gene Frequencies
The modern synthesis: a closer look; the Hardy-Weinberg theorem;
evolutionary mechanisms: population size, genetic drift, natural selection, gene
flow, mutation, and balanced polymorphism; species and speciation; rates of
evolution; molecular evolution; mosaic evolution.
Books Recommended
Hill.
VERTEBRATES. 2000. New York: McGraw Hill.
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6th Edition. Menlo Park, California: 2002.
Practicals 1. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.
2. Study of meiosis in grasshopper testis (students should prepare the slide).
Note for 1-2: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM
computer projections must be used).
3. Problem based study of Mendelian ratio in animals.
4. Multiple alleles study in blood groups.
5. Survey study of a genetic factor in population and its frequency.
6. Study of karyotypes of Drosophila, mosquito.
7. Study of cytochemical detection of DNA in protozoa and avian blood cell.
8. Study to demonstrate nervous or endocrine basis of behaviour (conditioned
reflex or aggression or parental behavior).
9. Study to demonstrate social behaviour (documentary film be shown, honey
bee, monkey group in a zoo).
Books Recommended
2. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L. LABORATORY STUDIES IN
McGraw Hill.
Course Title Animal Diversity -1 (Invertebrates Diversity)

Course Code ZOL – 401
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Diversity -1 (Vertebrates)
Category BS (Hons)
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to make comparison from simple unicellular to
complex multicellular organization along with phylogenetic relationship
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of the course
Syllabus in Brief Theory
1. Introduction
Classification of organisms; evolutionary relationships and tree diagrams; patterns of
organization.
2. Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa
Evolutionary perspective; life within a single plasma membrane; symbiotic life-styles.
Protozoan taxonomy: (up to phyla, subphyla and super classes, wherever
applicable). Pseudopodia and amoeboid locomotion; cilia and other pellicular
structures; nutrition; genetic control and reproduction; symbiotic ciliates;
further phylogenetic considerations.
3. Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization
Evolutionary perspective: origins of multicellularity; animal origins. Phylum porifera:
cell types, body wall, and skeletons; water currents and body forms;
maintenance functions; reproduction. Phylum cnidaria (coelenterata) the body
wall and nematocysts; alternation of generations; maintenance functions;
reproduction and classification up to class. Phylum ctenophora; further
phylogenetic considerations.
4. Triploblastics and Acoelomate Body Plan
Evolutionary perspective; phylum platyhelminthes: classification up to class; the free-
living flatworms and the tapeworms; phylum nemertea; phylum gastrotricha;
further phylogenetic considerations.
5. Pseudocoelomate Body Plan: Aschelminths
Evolutionary perspective; general characteristics; classification up to phyla with
external features; feeding and the digestive system; other organ systems;
reproduction and development of phylum rotifera and phylum nematoda;
phylum kinorhyncha. Some important nematode parasites of humans; further
6. Molluscan Success
Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; origin of the coelom;
molluscan characteristics; classification up to class. The characteristics of shell
and associated structures, feeding, digestion, gas exchange, locomotion,
reproduction and development, other maintenance functions and diversity in
gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods; further phylogenetic considerations.
7. Annelida: The Metameric Body Form
Evolutionary perspective: relationship to other animals, metamerism and
tagmatization; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,
feeding and the digestive system, gas exchange and circulation, nervous and
sensory functions, excretion, regeneration, reproduction and development, in
polychaeta, oligochaeta and hirudinea; further phylogenetic considerations.
8. Arthropods: Blueprint for Success
Evolutionary perspective: classification and relationships to other animals;
metamerism and tagmatization; the exoskeleton; metamorphosis; classification
up to class; further phylogenetic considerations.
9. Hexapods and Myriapods: Terrestrial Triumphs
Evolutionary perspective; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,
nutrition and the digestive system, gas exchange, circulation and temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion, chemical regulation,
reproduction and development in hexapoda; insect behavior; insects and
humans; further phylogenetic considerations.
Practicals
1.Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma,
Paramecium as representative of animal like protists. (Prepared slides and
from fresh water).
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms (prepared slides).
3. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Cnidaria.
4. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representative of phylum Rotifera, phylum Nematoda.
6. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda.
9. Brief notes on medical/economic importance of the following:
Plasmodium, Entamoebahistolitica, Leishmania, Liverfluke, Tapeworm,
Earthworm, Silkworm, Citrus butterfly.
10. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following: Obelia, Daphnia,
Cestode, Parapodia of Nereis.
Reference Books
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED
PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11thEdition (International), 2004. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 9 thEdition (International),
2009. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4thEdition
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
5. Miller, S.A., GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL.
5thEdition (International), 2002. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
Course Title ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II

(CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION)
Course Code ZOL-403
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course provides knowledge and understanding about the different animal
groups, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships.
Learning Outcomes
1. Echinoderms
Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; echinoderm
characteristics; classification up to class. Maintenance functions, regeneration,
reproduction, and development in asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea,
holothuroidea and crinoidea; further phylogenetic considerations; some lesser-
known invertebrates: the lophophorates, entoprocts, cycliophores, and
chaetognaths.
2. Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates
Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationships; Classification up to
subphylum or class where applicable; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.
3. Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of super class
agnatha and gnathostomata; evolutionary pressures: adaptations in locomotion,
nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, nervous and
sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and
development; further phylogenetic considerations.
4. Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of order caudata,
gymnophiona, and anura. Evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external
structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas
exchange, temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion
and osmoregulation, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis; further
5. Reptiles: The First Amniotes
Evolutionary perspective: cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage;
survey of order testudines or chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, and
crocodilia; evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external structure and
locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and
temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and
osmoregulation, reproduction and development; further phylogenetic
considerations.
6. Birds: Feathers, Flight, and Endothermy
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; ancient birds and the
evolution of flight; diversity of modern birds; evolutionary pressures:
adaptation in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and regulation, nervous and sensory
systems, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development;
migration and navigation.
7. Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and Viviparity
Evolutionary perspective: diversity of mammals; evolutionary pressures:
adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and
sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, behavior, reproduction and
development.
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED
PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11th Edition (International), 2004.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 5th Edition (International)
2002. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4 th Edition
Practicals
1. Study of a representative of Hemichordate and Invertebrate Chordate.
2. Study of representative groups of class Fishes.
3. Study of representative groups of class Amphibia.
4. Study of representative groups of class Reptilia.
5. Study of representative groups of class Aves.
6. Study of representative groups of class Mammalia.
7. Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem.
Note: Preserved specimen and/or colored projection slide and/or CD ROM
projection of computer must be used.
Books Recommended
McGraw Hill.
Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-II
(A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE)
Course Code ZOL-402
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course deals with the:
a. Basis of structure and functions of animal nutrition, digestion, homeostasis
and temperature regulation.
b. It introduces the basic concepts in reproduction and development in animal
kingdom.
c. Provides knowledge about the development of chordate body plan and fate
of germinal layers.
Learning Outcomes
1. Nutrition and Digestion
Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs;
digestion; animal strategies for getting and using food, diversity in digestive
structures of invertebrates and vertebrates; the mammalian digestive system:
gastrointestinal motility and its control, oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus,
stomach, small intestine: main site of digestion; large intestine; role of the
pancreas in digestion; and role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on
Animal Life; Heat Gains and Losses; Some Solutions to Temperature
Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; Heat Production in Birds and Mammals;
Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion); Invertebrate
and Vertebrate Excretory Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation;
Vertebrate Kidney Variations; Mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions.
3. Reproduction and Development
Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of
asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and
disadvantages of sexual reproduction; sexual reproduction in vertebrates;
reproductive strategies; examples of reproduction among various vertebrate
classes; the human male reproductive system: spermatogenesis, transport and
hormonal control, reproductive function; the human female reproductive
system: folliculogenesis, transport and hormonal control, reproductive
function; hormonal regulation in gestation; prenatal development and birth: the
placenta; milk production and lactation.
4. Descriptive Embryology
Fertilization; embryonic development: cleavage, and egg types; the primary
germ layers and their derivatives; echinoderm embryology; vertebrate
embryology: the chordate body plan, amphibian embryology, development in
terrestrial environments, avian embryology, the fate of mesoderm.
Books Recommended
Hill.
Practicals
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Model).
2. Study of nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection).
3. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate
representative (Dissection).
4. Study of female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate
representative (Dissection).
5. Study of hormonal influence of a reproductive function (Model).
6. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development
for amniotic membranes and placenta (Model).
7. Study of stages in the development of an Echinoderm.
8. Study of early stages in the development of a frog, chick and a mammal.
Note for 9-10: Prepared slides and preserved specimen and/or projection
slides and/or CD ROM computer projections may be used.
Books Recommended
McGraw Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL.
Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-I

(A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE)
Course Code ZOL-404
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course aims to teach the students about:
a. Animals diversity adapted in different ways for their functions through
modifications in body parts.
b. The diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory,
endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, nutritive, excretory, osmoregulatory and
reproductive systems according to strategies to survive in their specific
conditions.
c. Organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the
animal’s body.
d. The basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.
Learning Outcomes
1. Protection, Support, and Movement
Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates;
movement and support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates;
movement: non-muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the
muscular system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
2. Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts
of resting membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and
transmission of the action potential between cells; invertebrate and vertebrate
nervous systems: the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the brain, cranial nerves and
the autonomic nervous system.
3. Communication II: Senses
Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors,
hygroreceptors, phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile
receptors, and thermoreceptors of invertebrates; lateral-line system and
electrical sensing, lateral-line system and mechanoreception, hearing and
equilibrium in air, hearing and equilibrium in water, skin sensors of damaging
stimuli, skin sensors of heat and cold, skin sensors of mechanical stimuli,
sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.
4. Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers
Chemical messengers: hormones chemistry; and their feedback systems;
mechanisms of hormone action; some hormones of porifera, cnidarians,
platyhelminthes, nemerteans, nematodes, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and
echinoderms invertebrates; an overview of the vertebrate endocrine system;
endocrine systems of vertebrates, endocrine systems of birds and mammals.
5. Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange
Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of
invertebrate coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells; transport systems in
vertebrates; characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the
hearts and circulatory systems of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals; the human heart: blood pressure and the lymphatic system;
immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response; gas exchange:
respiratory surfaces; invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems: cutaneous
exchange, gills, lungs, and lung ventilation; human respiratory system: gas
transport.
Books recommended
Hill.
Practicals
1. Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers
and mammalian skin.
2. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and
rabbit.
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must
be done.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla catla or
Labeo or any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits are
representative animals for study in dissections.
4. Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on
adaptations.
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit.
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate
(dissection of representative fish/mammals).
9. Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate
representative (Model).
Books Recommended
McGraw Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL.
Course Title Cell and Molecular Biology

Course Code ZOL-501
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Not Applicable
Category BS Zoology, 04-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course is designed to impart knowledge about the animal cell and its
complex organization of architecture and the unified role it plays for the ultimate
sustainability of the organisms. In this course, the students will be able to learn
about the ultra-structural, molecular and functional aspects of the cell.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of this course.
Overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Structure, chemical composition
and functions of Plasma Membrane (including Permeability, Active Transport,
Endocytosis), Mitochondria (including its role in respiration and its status as
semi-autonomous organelle), Golgi Apparatus (including glycosylation),
Endoplasmic Reticulum (including role in protein synthesis and drug
metabolism), Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, Cytoplasm,
cytoskeleton. Nucleus: Chromatin, heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromosome
structure with reference to coiling and nucleosome during different phases of
cell cycle.
Significance of genetic material. Structure of DNA –A, B and Z forms. DNA
replication mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA polymerases and
other enzymes and DNA binding proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA
repair mechanisms. Cell Cycle and its regulation. Central dogma: Transcription,
RNA polymerases, transcriptional control in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Post-
transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Genetic Code (point
mutations), genetic code in mitochondrial DNA, Translation: Protein synthesis,
post-translational processing of proteins. Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac
Operon, Trp Operon. Recombinant DNA technology: Cloning vectors,
restriction endonucleases, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, western blotting,
DNA sequencing, Site directed mutagenesis.
Practicals
1. Culturing and staining of bacteria and yeast.
2. Counting of bacterial cells and preparation of growth curves.
3. Counting of blood cell types by haemocytometer.
4. Detection (in protozoan culture and blood cells) and quantitative
determination of chromosomal DNA and RNA.
5. Isolation and plasmid DNA from bacterium and demonstration on agarose
gel.
6. Isolation and fractionation of proteins from blood sera by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis.
Books Recommended
1. Darnell Jr., J., Lodisch, H. and Baltimore D., 1990. Molecular Cell Biology.
Scientific American, New York.
2. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P., 2002.
Molecular Biology of Cell. Garland Science, New York.
3. DeRobertis, E.D.P. and DeRobertis Jr. E.N.F., 1987. Cell and Molecular
Biology. Lea and Febiger, New York.
4. Karp, G., 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts & Experiments. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Stryer, L., 1995. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman, New York.
Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Code ZOL-503
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-II (Metabolism)
Category
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding structural / storage components of basic unit
of life at molecular level also. It will also enable the students to understand
Biochemistry of major food stuffs.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to study the working of life processes at
molecular level.
Syllabus in Brief Amino acids: Peptides and Proteins: Standard Amino acids their structure,
Classification, Acid/Base properties and Titration curves. Amino acid
sequencing of proteins and its significance. Macromolecular separation
techniques in Biochemistry: Ion exchange chromatography; Polyacrylamide
gel Electrophoresis (PAGE); Isoelectric Focusing.
Enzymes: How enzymes work. Enzyme rate of reaction and substrate
concentration. How pH and temperature effect enzyme activity. Kinetics of
Bisubstrate and Multisubstrate reactions. Enzyme inhibition, Irreversible and
Reversible Regulatory Enzymes.
Carbohydrates: Classification of Carbohydrates. History of Developments
in Structure of Glucose. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides their types structure
and properties. Polysaccharides: Storage and Structural types; Structure and
major functions of Glycogen, Chitin, Peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall.
Lipids: Fatty acids, their types. Storage Lipids: Acylglycerols; Structural
Lipids of membranes: Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids their role and
degradation. Sterols, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estiadiole. Major functions of
Lipids. Lipoproteins, their types and major functions. Lipid analysis: GLC as
an example.
Vitamins as Cofactors: Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical function of
Riboflavin.
Nucleic acids: Types and structure.
Books Recommended
1. David I., Nelson, and Michael M, Cox. 2000, Lehninger Principles of
Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Worth Pubslihers, New York.
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000.
Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of
Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
3. Zubay. G., 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers Inc.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman &
Company, New York.
Practicals
1. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in acidic medium.
2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline medium.
3. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
4. Tests to demonstrate relative instability of glycosidic linkage in
carbohydrates.
5. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
6. Preparation of standard curve of glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.
7. Estimation of glucose from blood serum or any other fluid using ortho-
Toluidine technique.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acid groups.
9. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by Biuret method.
10. Estimation of Blood serum proteins using Biuret technique.
11. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
12. Various Qualitative Tests for detection of Lipids.
13. Determination of Acid value of Fats.
Books Recommended
1. Plummer, David T., 1990. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4 th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, London.
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of Techniques,
4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Animal Physiology-I

Course Code ZOL-505
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up None
Category Physiology of Coordination and Animal Behaviour
Aims and Objectives One is able to understand mechanisms and adaptations of physiological systems
in animals.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the working of various systems of
organisms.
Syllabus in Brief Central themes in Physiology: Structure-Function Relationship.
Adaptations, Homeostasis. Conformity and Regulation.
Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the
lungs) and body cells. Regulation of lungs respiration: Gas transfer in water
(gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as
hypoxia: Hypercapula in air breathing divers.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terresterial
environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological
anatomy. Glomerular filtration. Tubular absorption and secretion: Nitrogenous
waste products: Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development.
Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions: Physiological anatomy of digestive
tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity,
Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Kymography: Hemodynamics, Blood flow,
pressures and resistance and their interrelationships. Control of cardiac activity
(cardiac output) and peripheral circulation.
Books Recommended
1. Randall. D.. Burggren. W.. French. K. and Fernald. R.. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and
Company. New York.
2. Bullock. J.. Boyle. And Wang. M.B.. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition.
Lippincott. Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia.
3. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N.. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3 rd
edition. St. Lions. Mosby.
4. Guyton and hall 2000 Text book of Medical Physiology 10th. Edition.
5. Withers1992 Comparative Animal Physiology.
6. Sdhmidt- Nelsen. K., 1997AnimalPhysiology.Adaptation and environment
5th. Edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
Practicals
Cardiovascular Activity: Normal cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect of
drug, heart block, tetanization of heart, Measurement of blood pressure.
Respiration and Exercise: Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of temperature
(by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse). Oxygen
consumption (by respirometer), heart rate, blood pressure glycemia altered by
exercise.
Book Recommended
1. Tharp. G. and Woodman. D. 2002. Experiments in Physiology. 8 th Edition.
Prentice Hall London.
Course Title Animal Behavior

Course Code ZOL-507
Credit Hours 3(3-0)
Theory 3
Practical 0
Aims and Objectives To understand the basic principles to study animal behavior and its application
in modern world.
Learning Outcomes To be able to design animal behavior explorative assignments, independently,

and interpret outcomes effectively.
Syllabus in Brief 1. Introduction to the animal behavior: definition of animal behavior and historical
background, Fundamental research approaches, mechanistic, vitalistic and
ethological, conventionally used in field of animal behavior,
2. Tinbergen’s four questions: Importance of Niko Tinbergen presented
proximate/causal and ultimate/ functional based questions to study the animal
behavior,
3. Behavior as adaptation: Influence of types of selections (directional, stabilize and
disruptive) on animal behavior, animal welfare and conservation aspects in animal
behavior, Case studies of animal welfare to elaborate the problems in repertoire of
animal behavior and importance of its study,
4. Basic components of animals behavior: nature and nurture, Mechanism of behavior;
5. Neuronal control of behavior: types of sensory receptors, sensory coordination and
somesthetic systems, vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system, general anatomy
and function in repertoire of behavior,
6. Endocrine control of behavior in vertebrates: explanation of milk-ejaculation reflex
(MER) in goats,
7. Sensory judgments: including sensation and perception difference, difference in
uncertainty interval and difference threshold, Weber fraction, Fechner’s Law, signal-
detection theory and yes-no criterion, explanation through payoff matrix,
hypothetical effects of different decision criteria in signal detection theory,
8. Stimulus filtering and sign stimulus: innate releasing mechanism (IRM),
discrimination learning of animal, experimentation on complex stimuli, examples of
herring gull and eggs shape, size and color, law of heterogeneous summation,
9. Visual recognition of prey and predators: Classical conditioning, stimulus
substitution theory and stimulus-response theory, types of responses and importance
of reinforcement,
10. Fundamental aspects of habituation and extinctions: including phenomenon of
external inhibition and disinhibition of conditional responses, Instrumental learning
and law of effect,
11. Fundamental difference between classical conditioning and instrumental
learning: types of reinforcement and its fundamental aspects.
Text Books:
1. Graham Scott (2010) Essential Animal Behavior. Blackwell Publishing.
2. David McFarland (1985) Animal Behaviour: Psychobiology, Ethology and
Evolution. Longman House, Burnt Mill, England.
3. Roland J. Siiter (1999) Introduction to Animal Behavior. Cole Publishing
Company, CA, USA.
4. John Alcock (2001) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. 7th Ed.
Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
5. David Randall, WarreBurggren and Kathleen French (2002) Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. W.H. Freeman and Company,
New York, USA.
Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Code ZOL-509
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Biotechnology
Category BS. Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ MSc ,02-years
Aims and Objectives This course covers general genetic principles, DNA tools for genetic analysis,
the molecular basis of genetic diseases, animal models, Molecular methods of
analysis are emphasized. Prerequisites: All four core courses
Learning Outcomes In this course students learn to use the tools of modern genomics to
elucidate phenotypic variation within populations.
Introduction: classical genetics, molecular genetics, Reverse and forward
genetics, The basic principles of Inheritance (Mendelism): Monohybrid and
Dihybrid crosses. Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood system. Genetics of Rh factor
and Erythroblastosis Foetalis. Gene Interaction: Epistasis, Lethality and
Pleiotropism. Sex Linked gene in human beings. Sex Chromosome and Sex
determination in human beings, Drosophila and other animals. Variation in
chromosome number and structure: Polyploidy, Aneupolidy and rearrangement
of chromosome structure. Genetics of Bacteria: Transformation, conjugation and
Transduction. Techniques of molecular genetics: Basic techniques used to clone
genes, construction and screening of DNA libraries, manipulation of cloned
DNA sequences, molecular analysis of DNA, RNA and protein. Analysis of
human pedigrees. Gene therapy. DNA Fingerprints: Paternity tests and Forensic
applications. Inborn errors of Metabolism: Amino acid metabolism
(Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria and Oculocutaneous albinism); Carbohydrate
metabolism (Galactosaemia); Lipid Metabolism , Tay-Sachs; Purine/pyrimidine
metabolism (Lech – Nyhan disease).
Practicals
1. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis.
2. Preparation of Drosophila culture.
3. Study of morphology and karyotype.
4. Study of Monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, sex-linked inheritance.
5. Pedigree Analysis
6. Detection of Blood Groups in humans.
7. Problem relating to theory.
Books Recommended
1. Hartl, D. L. and E. W. Jones. 2009 Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes.
Seventh (7th) Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. USA.
2. Snustard, D.P. and Simmon, M.J., 2003. Principles of Genetics. 3rd Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Muller, R.F. and Young, I.D., 2002. Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics.
11th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Science, Limited, UK.
4. Tammarin, R.M. 1999. Principles of Genetics. 6th Edition, WCB, McGraw
Hill, New York.
5. Klug, Cummings et al., 2012, Concepts of Genetics 10th) edition, Pearson
Publisher. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York.
6. Strickberger, M.W. 1999. Genetics. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India
Private Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Herskowiez, I.H., 1985. Genetics. Little Brown, Boston, USA.
8. Lewin, B. 2003. Gene VII. Oxford, UK.
Course Title Biostatistics

Course Code ZOL-502
Credit Hours 3(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 0
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course will provide knowledge about the importance and use of statistics
in life sciences. It will help the students to understand the methods to analyze
data pertaining to their research work and to assess the significance of their
experimental designs.
Learning Outcomes After this course students will be able to apply basic statistical procedures for analysis
of data for practical and research.
Introduction and scope, use of statistics in biology. Population and sample. Stages of
research, types of data and methods of data collection. Data arrangement and
presentation, formation of tables and charts. Measures of central tendency
computation of mean, median and mode from grouped and ungrouped data. Measures
of dispersion, computation of variance, standard deviation, standard error and their
coefficients. Probability rules. Binomial, poissons and normal distributions.
Hypothesis testing, Student ‘t’ test, Chi square test, Analysis of variance and LSD.
Correlation and regression. Experimental designing, planning of an experiment,
replication and randomization.
Books Recommended
1. Geoffery, R. Norman, David L. Streiner BIOSTATISTICS: THE BARE
ESSENTIALS. 2000. B.C. Decke Inc.
2. Gerry, P. Quinn, Michael J. Keough, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND
DATA ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGISTS. 2002. Cambridge University
Press.
3. Campbell, R. C. STATISTICS FOR BIOLOGISTS. 1989. Cambridge
University Press.
Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-504
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category B.S. Zoology, 04-Years Program/ M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to understand and compare basic principles of
embryology through understanding the developmental patterns with help of
morphology and anatomy of embryos of different vertebrates.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply the basic principles of development to further
research.
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus:Theory
Mitosis, Meiosis. Principle features of development; developmental patterns,
mechanism of teratogenesis Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Fertilization;
Recognition of sperm and egg, fusion of gametes. rearrangement of egg
cytoplasm, Cleavage; patterns of embryonic cleavage, mechanism of cleavage.
Gastrulation; Fate maps, gastrulation in birds, mammals. Early vertebrate
development, Neurulation; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm formation.
Cellular basis of morphogenesis; Establishments of body axis. Organogenesis, a
brief account of origin and migration of germ cells in vertebrates, Factors
controlling growth, Oncogenesis. Regeneration in vertebrates.
Practical:
Study of mitosis and meiosis with the slides.
Study of structure of gametes of fowl. Study of cleavage and subsequent
development with the help of prepared slides and Whole mounts of chick
embryo.
Preparation and study of serial sections of different tissues.
Preparation and staining of histological slides.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
Books Recommended
1. An introduction to embryology 2013 by Balinsky .B.I. and Saunders
2. Developmental biology, 2000. by Gilbert, S. F.
3. Human Embryology and Developmental biology, By Carlson, B. M.
4. Introduction to Embryonic Developments by Oppenheimar, SS and Allen
and Bacon
5. Developmental Biology by Saunders W.B.
6. Modern Embryology 1968 by Bodemer C.W
7. Mechanism of development 1980. by Ham.R.G., and Veomett, M. J.
8. The developing human 1982 by Moore K.L.
9. Medical Embryology 1981 by Largman, J. Clinical Embryology 1983 by
Snell, R.S.,
Course Title Ecology

Course Code ZOL-506
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Applied Ecology+Molecular Ecology
Category BS. Zoology 4 year Programme
M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will provide awareness regarding the environmental changes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to study the Applied ecology and Molecular ecology.
Syllabus in Brief Theory:
Nature of Ecology, The earth’s life support system, Ecosystem concepts and
components, Energy flow in Ecosystem, Primary productivity of ecosystems, Matter
cycling in ecosystem (Biogeochemical cycles). Ecological Niche, Major ecosystem of
world: Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater, Tundra, Forest, Grassland and Desert. Population
Ecology: Population structure, Factors affecting population growth, Factors controlling
population growth. Community Ecology: Size and structure of community. Ecological
succession: Communities in transition, Role and interaction of species in the ecosystem,
Food chains and food webs, Impact of human intervention on the global ecosystem and
its effects on man. Molecular aspects of the ecosystem, food chains and community
interactions.
Practicals:
Food chain, food web & ecological notes
Methods and analysis of population dynamics
Quadrate method
Determining frequency of different species
Determining density of species in habitat
Measurement of pollutants levels
In atmosphere (NO2, SO2, O3 and comparison with rural air)
In soil (toxic chemical, fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides)
Analysis of polluted and freshwater for
Various pollutant; heavy metals,-CO3, -HCO3,NO3, BOD, COD, pH, EC, total soluble
solids.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended (Latest Edition)
1. E.P. Odum ,G. W. Barrett. Fundamentals of Ecology.(2004), 5th Edition
2. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the environment: Principles, Connections and
Solutions. 12th Edition. Thomson Learning, Australia.
3. M.L. McKinney Enviromental Sciense: System and Solution (1999) Jones & Bartlett
Publication, Boston.
4. M.C. Molles Ecology: Concepts and application (1999) WCB/McGraw Hill, New
York.
5. Smith Ecology and Field Biology (1988) National Book Foundation
Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Code ZOL-508
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS 04 Years/M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programmee
Aims and Objectives This course provides information on the distribution of animals and their association in
different zoological regions of world
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to recognize extant fauna of world
distributed in different climatic regions.
Introduction and history of Zoogeography, Branches of Zoogeography. Barriers to
distribution and means of dispersal in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial environment.
Division of world into various zoogeographical regions. Geographical limits, Physical,
climatic features and faunas of Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic), Oriental, Ethiopian,
Australian, and Neotropical regions. Insular fauna [continental islands {Recent (British
Isles, Borneo, Java, Japan, Formosa and Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)}, {Ancient
(New Zealand and Madagascar Island)}]. [Oceanic Islands, (Azores, Bermuda,
Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Island)], Wallace’s line, Weber’s line and
Wallacea. Continental drift theory and discontinuous distribution of animals.
Practicals:
Identification and classification of various invertebrates and vertebrates of
Zoogeographical importance.
TextBook:
1. Darlington, Zoogeography, John Wiely, 1963.
2. S.S. Ali, 1999. Palaeontology, Zoogeography and Wildlife Management.
RecommendedBooks:
1. Hesse, Ecological Animal Geography, John Wiely, 1963.
2. DeBeaufort, Zoogeography of the Land Inland Waters, Sidgwick and Jackson.
1951.
3. Ekman, Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson. 1953.
4. Lillies, Introduction to Zoogeography, London, 1974.
5. Muller, Aspects of Zoogeography, Hague, 1974.
6. Jafri, Land Zoogeography of World, 1977.
Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Code ZOL-510
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functioning of Macromolecules)
Category Not Applicable
Aims and Objectives M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Learning Outcomes To provide knowledge regarding molecular interpretation of problems and processes of
life.
Syllabus in Brief This course will enable the students to comprehend all the current related courses in
Zoology.
Bioenergetics: Concept of Free Energy and Standard Free Energy change. Energy rich
compounds: Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; Acyl phosphates; Enol phosphates
and Thioesters.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulation and Anabolic role of Glycolysis. Fate of
Pyruvate under Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions. Gluconeogenesis, its regulation.
Feeder Pathways in Glycolysis i.e. Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Glucose 1-phosphate,
Glyceraldehyde and Glycerol. Phosphorolysis of Glycogen. Biosyntehsis of Glycogen.
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism. Pentose phosphate pathway of Glucose oxidation
and its major role in the animal tissues.
Anabolic role of citric acid cycle intermediates; Regulation of Citric acid cycle.
Lipid metabolism: Digestion, mobilization and transport of Fats. Biosynthesis and
Utilization of Triacylglycerol. Activation of Fatty acids and their transportation to
mitochondria. Beta-Oxidation and its Bioenergetics. Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty
acid. Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acid: As an example palmitic acid synthesis; Fatty
acid synthetase (FAS) Models of FAS system in Bacteria, vertebrate tissue.
Biosynthesis of unsaturated Fatty acids, Aerobic and Anaerobic pathways. Ketone
bodies their Biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissue. Cholesterol regulation.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Metabolic fate of standard amino acids. Catabolism of Amino
acids: Decarboxylation; Deamination and Transamination. Amino acid degradation
showing entery points in citric acid cycle. Nitrogen Excretion and Urea cycle with
Regulation. Incorporation of Ammonia in Glutamate and Glutamine. Sources of various
atoms in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis.
Books Recommended
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000. Harper’s
Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,
John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 2001. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
Practicals
1. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
2. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration
curves.
3. Estimation of Free Amino Acids in Biological samples colorimetrically.
4. Separation and identification of various amino acids by Paper chromatography /
PAGE.
5. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
6. Preparation of standard curve of proteins using Lowry’s technique.
7. Estimation of tissue (liver) proteins using Lowry’s technique.
8. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of proteins by ultraviolet (UV)
spectrophotometry.
9. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of DNA by colorimetric analysis
using Diphenylamine method.
10. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of total RNA by colorimetric
analysis using Bial’s Orcinol method.
11. Quantitative analysis of Diastase activity on starch.
12. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction.
Books Recommended
1. Plummer, David T., 1990. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London.
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of
Techniques, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Physiology – II

Course Code ZOL-512
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Physiology
Category Not Applicable
Aims and Objectives M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Learning Outcomes To understand basic mechanism and adaptations of various physiological processes in
different animals.
Syllabus in Brief The students will be able to understand different phenomena in animal physiology.
Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Code ZOL-601
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ M.Sc Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will provide informations about origin, classification and evolution
of fauna
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand classification, philosophy of
nomenclature, species concepts, phylogenetic inference and evolutionary
perspectives of biodiversity.
Syllabus in Brief Theory:Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward
classification, upward classification, impact of origin of species and their delimitation,
population systematics, current trends); Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic
categories; species category, infraspecies category, higher categories; species concepts
(Typological concept; nominalistic concept, Biological concept, evolutionary concept).
Species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional species concept; Multidimensional
species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the application of biological
species; ploytypic species, subspecies, superspecies, sibling species; study of major type
of variation within a single population, Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of Synonym,
Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and
application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of
code; concept of availability, type method formation of specific names,
cladistics,Taxonomic characters and their kinds and weightage, Importance and
application of biosystematics in biological studies.The nature and origin to life,
Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain the diversity to life – Lamarckism,
Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of these theories, Modern synthetic
theory.
Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing gene
frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure and immigration, genetic drift. Role
of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes, (macro-evolution)
Heterochrony, allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns, laboratory
and field examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regressin and extinction, Batesian mimicry,
Mullerian mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s
handicap theory. Trend and rates in evolution.
Practicals:
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
2. Collection, Preservation and identification of common species with the help of
keys.
3. Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations.
4. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.
Text Books:
1. Ridley, M. 1993. Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Mayer, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill York.
3. Simpson, G.G., 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press,
N.Y.
Recommended Books:
1. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw
Hill York.
2. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
3. Huxley, E., 1940. New Systematics, Oxford University Press.
4. Scheuk and McMaster, 1959. Procedure in Taxonomy, Stanford University Press.
5. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw
Hill York.
6. Ross, H.H., 1974. Biological Systematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading,
Massachusetts.
7. Heywood, V.H., 1975. Taxonomy and Ecology, Aeademic Press, London.
8. Whili, M.J.D., 1978. Modes of Speciation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
9. Howard, R. and Moore, A., 1984. A complete Check-list of the Birds of the World,
Macmillan, London.
10. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L., and Valentine, J.W., 1973. Evolution,
W.H. Freeman and Company.
11. Dobzhansky, T., 1970. Genetics of the Evolution process, Columbia University
Press, New York.
12. Sheppard, P.M., 1985. Natural Selection and Heredity, Hutchson University Library,
London.
13. Dobzhansky, T., Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press,
New York.
14. Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
15. Moody, P.A., 1989, Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Polishers, New
York.
16. Cain, A.J., Animal species and their Evolution, Hutchson University Library,
London.
17. Westoll, T.S., The Evolution of Living Things.
18. Ross, H.H., Understanding Evolution.
19. Simpson, G.G., Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.
20. Dodson, E.O., 1960. Evolution: Process and product, Chapman and Hall Ltd.
21. Wilson, E.O., 1999: The diversity of life, 17th edition W.W. Northern & Co.
22. Samiullah, K., 2014. An approach to evolution.
Course Title Fisheries

Course Code ZOL-605
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Culturing of fishes to meet the needs of protein of the country.
Learning Outcomes Introduction to fish fauna, its culture and field application.
Aims and evolution of Fish Culture, Requisite conditions for fish suitable
for Fish Culture; Construction and layout of ponds; natural food and growth of
cultivated fishes; Techniques and methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and
cultivation of cyprinids, biological means of increasing production; Maintenance
and improvement of ponds; Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of
fish; Harvesting the fish.
Practicals:
1. Study of various aquatic culture systems (fish farm, hatcheries and
nurseries).
2. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in
fish spp.
3. Induced spawning.
4. Fish diseases, symptoms and treatment.
Books Recommended:
1. Huet, M., 1986. Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book Ltd. England.
2. Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.M.A., 1976. Advances in Aquaculture. Published
by Fishing News Books, Ltd., England.
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and Fisheries of India. 2 nd Edition. Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Pillay, T.V.R. 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and practices. Fishing News
Books, London.
Course Title Principles of Paleontology

Course Code ZOl-609
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS (Hons) Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ MSc 02 years
Aims and Objectives This course will help to learn about the evolutionary history of major groups of animals,
origin and diversification and extinction. This course also provides understanding of the
history of fossil life on earth, major crises about individuals of remote past.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to understand evolutionary history of
fossil record, processes of evolution, stratigraphic and environmental of contexts.
The history of life; Earth, Shells of earth (Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
lithosphere); Development of life on earth; Rock, types of rocks (lgneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks); Introduction to Paleontology; Fossil, types and Significance of
fossils, Nature of fossils, Fossilization and Processes of fossilization (Study of process
of dying and what processes occur to animals after their death, Geological concepts of
fossilization); Geological time scale; Pre-Cambrian life, Post-Cambrian life (Paleozoic
life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life); A brief history of the Siwaliks; Dating the rocks,
Radio-activity methods (Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, Fission track dating
and palaeomagnetism); Evolutionary histories of camel, horse, elephant and man.
Practicals:
1. General survey of Paleontological lab.
2. Study of various kinds of Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks).
3. Study of various kinds of fossils (Petrified, pseudomorphs, mold, casts, Imprints,
foot prints and Coprolites etc.).
4. Identification and classification invertebrate fossils like foraminifers, coelenterates,
Brachiopodes, arthropods (Trilobites), Molluscs and Echinoderms.
5. Study of vertebrate fossils of evolutionary importance e.g. Horses, Elephants,
Primates and Camels etc.
TextBooks:
1. Brouwer, A., 1977. General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyed, London.
2. Samiullah, K 2014. A hand book of Paleontology
RecommendedBooks:
2. Young J.Z., 1950. (3rd edition & 7th edition). Life of vertebrates. London, Oxford
Univ. Press.
3. Dunbar C.o., 1969. Historical Geology, John willey and sons Inc. New York.
4. Gilbert, Colbert, E.H., 1980. Evolution of vertebrates. John Willey and Sons Inc.
New York.
5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, G.C., Fisher, A.G., 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
6. Steven M. Stanley, 2008. Earth system History3rd addition.
7. Abu Bakr, 1981. Palaeontology.
Course Title Fundamentals of Entomology

Course Code ZOL-611
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category BS Zoology 04years /M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To let students learn basic structure functions and adjustment of insects with the
environment.
To understand and apply the fundamental principles of entomology.
Syllabus in Brief General characteristics of insects, Relationship with other Arthropod’s, Reasons for
success of the insects in diverse environment, General segmentation, Tagmatosis and
organization; Detailed structure of cuticle and its biochemistry, Epidermal layer, its
structure and function, basement membrane; cuticular outgrowths and appendages;
sclerotization, Head sclerites, Antennae, Different modes of ingestion, Different parts
and types of mouth parts; Sclerites of neck, Thorax sclerites, legs, its modifications and
functions; Wings: origin, different regions, development, basal attachments, main veins
and their branches, wing coupling; Secondary appendages and external genitalia,
Structure and function of Muscular, Digestive, excretory, respiratory; Incubatory and
nervous system, Reproductive organs, different types of reproduction in insects; Egg
fertilization and maturation. Embryology up to dorsal closure; Different types of
metamorphosis, insect communication.
Practical: Preparation of permanent slides, all the hard parts (terminal
segments, wings, and antennae. Legs, mouth parts and genitalia). Different
systems, especially digestive, reproductive of the following insects. American
cockroach, Ak grasshopper, Housefly, Butterfly, Mosquito, Red cotton bug,
Wasp and honey bee. Mouth-parts of Red cotton bug and Honey bee.
Books Recommended
Text Books: Entomology and Pest management by Pidego,I, 1991.
Suggested Reading
1. The Insects, an outline of Entomology by Penny J. Gullan and Peter S.
Cranston, 2010.
2. The Principles of Insect Physiology, 1977, by Wigglesworth
Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Course Code ZOL-613
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc/MPhil Zoology, 02 Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The major objectives of this course are to introduce students to the diverse array of
toxic chemicals that are currently found in aquatic environment effecting aquatic life.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide hands-on experience with the techniques used in toxicological
studies
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to aquatic toxicology, Major classes of aquatic pollutants, Routs by which
pollutants enter the aquatic ecosystem, Determination of toxicity; toxicity testing, trial
and tribulation, Toxicity assessment; end points in toxicity (acute vs chronic, lethal vs
physiological), Behavioral responses to toxicants, Physiological responses to toxicants,
Biochemical responses to toxicants, Cellular and Molecular responses to toxicants,
Molecular mechanism of interaction of Inorganics (Metallothioneins), Molecular
mechanism of interaction of Organics (Cytochrome P-450), Endocrine disrupters,
Genotoxicity, Immunotoxicity, Ecotoxicity.
Practical:
Effects of toxicants on erythrocytes and leukocytes counts and ratio in fish, Effects of
toxicants on hemoglobin and glucose in the blood of fish, Effects of toxicants on liver
and kidney functions, Effects of toxicants on food intake in fishes, Effects of toxicants
on growth (length & weight) in fish, Effects of toxicants on gonadal development in
fish, Effects of toxicants on endocrine disruption in fish
Text Books
Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspective Donald, C.
Malins and Gary, K. 1993, Lewis Publishers USA, 520 pp ISBN 0-87371-545-4
Suggested Reading:
1. Taylor and Francis: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental
Fate and Risk Assessment. 2nd Edition, Philadelphia, London
2. Landis W G and Yu M H. 1999. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology; Impact
of chemicals upon ecological system. 2nd Ed. Lewis Publisher Boston, London
3. Hyes A W. 1994. Principles and Method of Toxicology. 3 rd Ed. Raven Press New
York
4. Crosby D G. 1980. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, New York
Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Course Code ZOl-606
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To know what type of wildlife exist in Pakistan and what are the threats it is facing,
moreover, how wildlife is being secured in Pakistan
Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Wildlife, Wild life of Pakistan ( Province wise), identification, distribution,
status, conservation and management of reptiles, birds and mammals of major
importance in Pakistan. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation.
Biodiversity and sustainability of wildlife. Endangered species of wildlife in Pakistan.
Wildlife rules and regulations in Pakistan. National and International organizations
involved in conservation and management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserve and
National Parks in Pakistan. Wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.
Practical:
Study of distribution description, biology, food, predators and status of wild animals of
a zoo or Zoological park of Pakistan. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food
and environment, Food chain of local birds in various seasons. Construction of food
chain and food webs of wild animals.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
1.Wildlife of Pakistan, 2002. Published by Punjab Wildlife Department, Lahore.
2.Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solution.
12th Edition. Thomson Learning Inc., Australia.
3 Roberts, T.J., 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
4. Roberts, T.J., 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
5. Roberts, T.J., 1998. Mammals of Pakistan, Ernest Benon Ltd. London.
6. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G., 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management,
McMillan, Cambridge.
7.http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com
Course Title Bio-remediation and Bioprocessing

Course Code ZOL-608
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category BS Zoology, 04-years Program /M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives Bioremediation is to control of environmental pollution and to address other problems
by using living organisms. This keeps the environment free of natural and manmade
pollutants by using living or dead organisms, their metabolites, biochemicals and
processes.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop techniques to tackle with the environmental pollution by
biological means.
Concept of bioremediation; Ex situ and In-situ Bioremediation.
Degradation of natural substances; Biodegradation of xenobiotics; Industrial effluents,
Dyes, Hazardous chemicals, TNT wastes, Introduction to different Bacterial and Fungal
spec used in Bioremediation.
Biosorption: Use of Bacteria, Algae and Fungi for it.
Phytoremediation.
Biotechnology for Air Pollution:
Bioscrubbers, Trickling Filters etc.
Use of enzymes.
Muncipal and Industrial Waste Water Treatment: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Sewage Treatment including disinfection. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal.
Biohydrometallargy: for extraction of Precious metals from their ores (Iron, Gold,
Copper, Silver)
Biofuel generation; Use of Algae, Alcohol etc for production of Biofuels.
Practicals
Isolation and studies of heavy metals tolerant/resistant microorganisms; Studies on
bacterial capable of degrading xenobiotics; production of alchohol from decaying fruits.
Books Recommended
Practical Environmental Bioremediation the field guide, 1997. R. Barry King,
Gilbert M. Long, John K. Sheldon, Lewis publishers.
Books:
General Microbiology, 1995. Schlegel, H.G., Cambridge University Press.
Biotechnology, 1996. Smith, J.F., Cambridge University Press.
Environmental Biotechnology Principals and applications, 2000. Pruce, R.
Hmana, Parry McCarty, McGraw Hill.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 1999. Martin Alexender academic press Inc.
M.Sc. Courses:
Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Code ZOL-551
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding structural / storage components of basic unit of
life at molecular level also. It will also enable the students to understand
Biochemistry of major food stuffs.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to study the working of life processes at
molecular level.
Syllabus in Brief Amino acids: Peptides and Proteins: Standard Amino acids their structure,
Classification, Acid/Base properties and Titration curves. Amino acid
sequencing of proteins and its significance. Macromolecular separation
techniques in Biochemistry: Ion exchange chromatography; Polyacrylamide gel
Electrophoresis (PAGE); Isoelectric Focusing.
Enzymes: How enzymes work. Enzyme rate of reaction and substrate
concentration. How pH and temperature effect enzyme activity. Kinetics of
Bisubstrate and Multisubstrate reactions. Enzyme inhibition, Irreversible and
Reversible Regulatory Enzymes.
Carbohydrates: Classification of Carbohydrates. History of Developments in
Structure of Glucose. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides their types structure and
properties. Polysaccharides: Storage and Structural types; Structure and major
functions of Glycogen, Chitin, Peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall.
Lipids: Fatty acids, their types. Storage Lipids: Acylglycerols; Structural
Lipids of membranes: Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids their role and
degradation. Sterols, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estiadiole. Major functions of
Lipids. Lipoproteins, their types and major functions. Lipid analysis: GLC as an
example.
Vitamins as Cofactors: Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical function of
Riboflavin.
Nucleic acids: Types and structure.
Books Recommended
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000.
Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,
John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
Practicals
1. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in acidic medium.
2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline medium.
3. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
4. Tests to demonstrate relative instability of glycosidic linkage in
carbohydrates.
5. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
6. Preparation of standard curve of glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.
7. Estimation of glucose from blood serum or any other fluid using ortho-
Toluidine technique.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acid groups.
9. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by Biuret method.
10. Estimation of Blood serum proteins using Biuret technique.
11. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
12. Various Qualitative Tests for detection of Lipids.
13. Determination of Acid value of Fats.
Books Recommended
Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-553
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to understand basic principles through the
understanding morphology and anatomy of embryos.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply the basic principles of development to further
research.
Principle features of development, developmental patterns. Spermatogenesis,
oogenesis, fertilization, Recognition of sperm and egg, Fusion of gemetes.
Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm, cleavage, patterns of embryonic cleavage,
mechanism of cleavage, gastrulation, Fate maps, Gastrulation in birds,
mammals. Early vertebrate development, Neurulation, ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm. Cellular basis of morphogenesis, Establishments of body axis and
mechanism of teratogenesis; organogenesis, a brief account of origin and
migration of germ cells in vertebrates, factors controlling growth and
oncogenesis. Regeneration in vertebrates.
Practicals
Study of structure of gametes of fowl. Study of cleavage and subsequent
development with the help of prepared slides or whole mounts of chick embryo.
Preparation and study of serial sections of different tissues. Preparation and
staining of histological slides.
Books Recommended
6. Developmental biology, 2000. by Gilbert, S. F.
7. Human Embryology and Developmental biology, By Carlson, B. M.
8. Introduction to Embryonic Developments by Oppenheimar, SS and Allen
and Bacon
9. An introduction to embryology 1985 by Balinsky .B.I. and Saunders
10. Developmental Biology by Saunders W.B.
11. Modern Embryology 1968 by Bodemer C.W
12. Mechanism of development 1980. by Ham.R.G., and Veomett, M. J.
13. Development 1978 by Barril N.J and Karp G.
14. The developing human 1982 by Moore K.L.
15. Medical Embryology 1981 by Largman, J.
Clinical Embryology 1983 by Snell, R.S.,
Course Title Advanced Environmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-555
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology + Botany
Aims and Objectives This course will provide awareness regarding the environmental changes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to study the applied ecology.
Nature of Ecology, The earth’s life support system, Ecosystem concepts and
components, Food chains and food webs, Energy flow in Ecosystem, Primary
productivity of ecosystems, Matter cycling in ecosystem (Biogeochemical
cycles). Ecological Niche, Major ecosystem of world: Marine, Estuarine,
Freshwater, Tundra, Forest, Grassland and Desert. Population Ecology:
Population structure, Factors affecting population growth, Factors controlling
population growth. Community Ecology: Size and structure of community.
Ecological succession: Communities in transition, Role and interaction of
species in the ecosystem, Man and Environment, Impact of human population
growth: Air pollution: Atmosphere, Outdoor air pollution, Photochemical and
industrial smog, Acid deposition, Global warming, Ozone depletion in the
stratosphere, Types and sources of water pollution, Noise pollution.
Practicals
Food chain, food web & ecological notes
Methods and analysis of population dynamics
Quadrate method
Determining frequency of different species
Determining density of species in habitat
Measurement of pollutants levels
In atmosphere (NO2, SO2, O3 and comparison with rural air)
In soil (toxic chemical, fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides)
Analysis of polluted and freshwater for
Various pollutant; heavy metals,-CO3, -HCO3,NO3, BOD, COD, pH,
EC, total soluble solids.
Books Recommended (Latest Edition)
1. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the environment: Principles, Connections and
Solutions. 12th Edition. Thomson Learning, Australia.
2. M.L. McKinney Enviromental Sciense: System and Solution (1999) Jones
& Bartlett Publication, Boston.
3. M.C. Molles Ecology: Concepts and application (1999) WCB/McGraw
Hill, New York.
5. Smith Ecology and Field Biology (1988) National Book Foundation
6. E.P. Odum Fundamentals of Ecology. Latest Edition.
Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Code ZOL-557
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS(H) 4 years/ M. Sc 2 years
Aims and Objectives One is able to understand mechanisms and adaptations of physiological systems
in animals.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the working of various systems of
organisms.
Syllabus in Brief Central themes in Physiology: Structure-Function Relationship. Adaptations,
Homeostasis. Conformity and Regulation.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms:Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity,
Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Mechnical activity of heart: Cardiac output,
stroke volume and heart rate, Hemodynamics: Blood flow, pressures and
resistance and their interrelationships and peripheral circulation.
Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the
lungs) and body cells. Regulation of respiration: Gas transfer in lung, air and
water (gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as
hypoxia, hypercapnia and diving by air breathing divers.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial
environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological
anatomy. Glomerular filtration. Tubular absorption and secretion: Nitrogenous
waste products: Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development.
Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions: Physiological anatomy of
digestive tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients.
Movements and Muscles: Structural basis of muscle contraction: molecular structures
of contractile components and their interaction, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium and
membrane.
Temperature Relations:
Temperature based classifications of animals, Temperature relations of
ectotherms: Ectotherms in different environments, cost & benefits of
ectothermy, temperature relations of heterotherms and endotherms: Dormancy:
Sleep, Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation.
Practicals:
Cardiovascular Activity:Normal cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect of
drug, heart block, tetanization of heart by Kymography, Measurement of blood
pressure.
Respiration and Exercise:Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of temperature
(by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse). Heart rate, blood
pressure and glycemic alterations by exercise.
Books Recommended:
1. Randall. D. Burggren. W. French. K. and Fernald. R. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and
Company. New York.
2. Seeley. Rod. R., Stephens.D. Trent and Tate Philip. 2008. Anatomy &
Physiology, 8th Edition. The McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
3. Bullock. J. Boyle. And Wang. M.B. 2001. Physiology. 4 th edition.
Lippincott. Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia.
4. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd
Edition. St. Lions. Mosby.
5. Guyton, Arthur C. and John E. Hall. 2000 Text book of Medical Physiology
10th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company.
6. Withers. 1992. Comparative Animal Physiology.
7. Sdhmidt- Nelsen. K., 1997. Animal Physiology.Adaptation and
environment 5th Edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
8. Tharp. G. and Woodman. D. 2002.
Experiments in Physiology. 8th
Edition.Prentice Hall London
Course Title Advanced Cell Biology

Course Code ZOL-559
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives In this course, the students will be able to learn about the ultra-structural,
molecular and functional aspects of the cell.
Syllabus in Brief Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Significance of genetic material.
Structure of DNA –A, B and Z forms. DNA replication: mechanisms in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA polymerases and other enzymes and DNA
binding proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair mechanisms. Cell
Cycle and its regulation. Transcription: RNA polymerases, transcriptional
control in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Post-transcriptional processing of RNA,
Structure and function of ribosomes. Genetic Code, point mutations, genetic
code, DNA sequencing. Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac
Operon, Recombinant DNA technology: Cloning vectors, restriction
endonucleases, Brief introduction on Southern blotting, Northern blotting,
western blotting.
Structure, chemical composition and functions of Plasma Membrane
(Permeability, Active Transport, Endocytosis), Mitochondria (its role in
respiration and its status as semi-autonomous organelle), Golgi Apparatus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes,
Cytoskeleton.
Practical:
1. Culturing and staining of bacteria and yeast.
2. Counting of bacterial cells and preparation of growth curves.
3. Counting of blood cell types by haemocytometer.
4. DNA extraction and demonstration on agarose gel.
5. Detection (in protozoan culture and blood cells) and quantitative
determination of chromosomal DNA and RNA.
6. Isolation and fractionation of proteins from blood sera by polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis.
Text Books:
1. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P., 2002.
Molecular Biology of Cell. Garland Science, New York.Lodish, H., Berk, A.,
Kaiser, C.A., Krieger, M., Scott, M.P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H and Matsudaira, P.
Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition. Freeman & Comp. New York.
2. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P. 2002.
Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science, New York.
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edition. Garland Science, New York.
4. Karp, G. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts & Experiments. John Wiley
& Sons, New York.
Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Code ZOL-552
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functioning of Macromolecules)
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding molecular interpretation of problems and processes of
life.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to comprehend all the current related courses in
Zoology.
Syllabus in Brief Bioenergetics: Concept of Free Energy and Standard Free Energy change. Energy rich
compounds: Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; Acyl phosphates; Enol phosphates
and Thioesters.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulation and Anabolic role of Glycolysis. Fate of
Pyruvate under Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions. Gluconeogenesis, its regulation.
Feeder Pathways in Glycolysis i.e. Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Glucose 1-phosphate,
Glyceraldehyde and Glycerol. Phosphorolysis of Glycogen. Biosyntehsis of Glycogen.
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism. Pentose phosphate pathway of Glucose oxidation
and its major role in the animal tissues.
Anabolic role of citric acid cycle intermediates; Regulation of Citric acid cycle.
Lipid metabolism: Digestion, mobilization and transport of Fats. Biosynthesis and
Utilization of Triacylglycerol. Activation of Fatty acids and their transportation to
mitochondria. Beta-Oxidation and its Bioenergetics. Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty
acid. Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acid: As an example palmitic acid synthesis; Fatty
acid synthetase (FAS) Models of FAS system in Bacteria, vertebrate tissue.
Biosynthesis of unsaturated Fatty acids, Aerobic and Anaerobic pathways. Ketone
bodies their Biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissue. Cholesterol regulation.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Metabolic fate of standard amino acids. Catabolism of Amino
acids: Decarboxylation; Deamination and Transamination. Amino acid degradation
showing entery points in citric acid cycle. Nitrogen Excretion and Urea cycle with
Regulation. Incorporation of Ammonia in Glutamate and Glutamine. Sources of various
atoms in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis.
Books Recommended
2. Additional Reading
3. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000. Harper’s
Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
4. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Oxford, England.
6. Lubert Stryer, 2001. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company, New
York.
Practicals
1. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
2. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
3. Estimation of Free Amino Acids in Biological samples colorimetrically.
4. Separation and identification of various amino acids by Paper chromatography /
PAGE.
5. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
6. Preparation of standard curve of proteins using Lowry’s technique.
7. Estimation of tissue (liver) proteins using Lowry’s technique.
8. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of proteins by ultraviolet (UV)
spectrophotometry.
9. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of DNA by colorimetric analysis
using Diphenylamine method.
10. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of total RNA by colorimetric
analysis using Bial’s Orcinol method.
11. Quantitative analysis of Diastase activity on starch.
12. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction.
Books Recommended
Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Code ZOL-554
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Physiology
Category BS (H) 04-Years/ M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To understand the physiology of coordination and animal behaviour
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand different phenomena responsible for
coordinated animal behaviour
Syllabus in Brief Physiological basis of Neuronal Function: Mechanisms in Resting Membrane
Potentials: Electrogenic ion pump. Donnan equilbrium. Ionic mechanisms in action
potentials: Roles of ion channels. Properties of action potential. Propagation of Action
Potential: Synaptic transmission: Structure and function of electrical synapse
&chemical synapse: Neurotransmitters: Synaptic receptors: Excitatory postsynaptic
potentials: Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials: Presynaptic inhibitions: Integration at
synapses: Facilitation. Posttetanic Potentiation.
Photoreception: Ultrastructure of photoreceptors. Photochemistry, Phototransduction
and physiological basis of color vision: Physiological mechanisms in electroreception.
Chemical Messenger and Regulators/Endocrine Physiology: An overview of
invertebrate endocrine structures, their hormones and physiological roles. An overview
of hormones, their chemistry and physiological roles of Hypothalamus. Pituitary,
Thyroid, Parathyroid and associated structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic
system, Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and
Placenta. Endocrine functions of kidneys & heart and pineal gland. A generalized
model account of hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model
and steroid hormones). General account of hormonal regulations, hormonal turnover,
recognition: Mechanisms of hormonal interactions involving metabolic, developmental,
membrane receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression:
The study of Animal Behaviour: Introduction. History of animal Behaviour.
Approaches and Methods. Mechanisms of Behavior: The Nervous System and
Behaviour. Hormones and Behaviour and Learning Behaviour. Finding Food and
Shelter: Migration. Orientation and Navigation.
Practicals
Muscle and Neuromuscular Activity: Nerve muscle preparation. Muscle twitch,
Comparision of muscle and nerve irritability, effect of stimulus strength, effect of
stimulus frequency (tetany), effect of load or stretch, effect of prolonged activity
(fatigue), stimulation of motor points in human.
Excitability, Sensation and Behaviour: Recording of action potential by oscilloscope
and demonstration of its various features. Experiments to demonstrate characteristic of
reflex arc, Experiment in human (students themselves) to demonstrate some aspect of
sensory physiology.
Endocrine and Reproductive Mechanisms: Effect of insulin on glycemia, study of
stages in estrous cycle, mechanisms in regulations of contraction.Study of hibernation
and biological rhythms.
Books Recommended
1. Randall. D.Burggren. W.. French. K. and Fernald. R.. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New
York.
2. Seeley. Rod. R., Stephens, D. Trent and Tate Philip. 2008. Anatomy &
Physiology, 8th Edition. The McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
3. Bullock. J.. Boyle. And Wang. M.B.. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition. Lippincott.
Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia.
4. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N.. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd
edition. St. Lions. Mosby.
5. Guyton and hall 2000 Text book of Medical Physiology 10th. Edition.
6. Sdhmidt- Nelsen. K., 1997AnimalPhysiology.Adaptation and environment
5th. Edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
7. Drickamer, L.C., Vessey, S.H., and Jacob, E., 2002. Animal Behviour:
Mechanism, Ecology, Evolution. 5th Edition.
8. Manning, A. and Daekins, M.S., 1997. An introduction to animal
behviour, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. Tharp. G. and Woodman. D. 2002. Experiments in Physiology. 8th Edition.
Prentice Hall London.
Course Title Principles of Taxonomy and Evolution

Course Code ZOL-556
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology + Botany
Aims and Objectives To classify fauna of the Universe and their origin.
Learning Outcomes Application of knowledge to elaborate the different research techniques and apply it to
explain the results.
Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward classification,
upward classification, impact of origin of species, population systematics, current
trends); Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories; species category,
infraspecies category, higher categories; species concepts (Typological concept;
nominalistic concept, Biological concept, evolutionary concept). Species mate
recognition concept; non-dimensional species concept; Multidimensional species
concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the application of biological species;
ploytypic species, subspecies, superspecies, sibling species; study of major type of
variation within a single population, Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of Synonym,
Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and
application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of
code; concept of availability, type method formation of specific names.
The nature and origin to life, Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain the diversity
to life – Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of these
theories, Modern synthetic theory.
Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing gene
frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration and croobreeding,
genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes
(macro-evolution) – allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns, laboratory
and field examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regressin and extinction, Batesian mimicry,
Mullerian mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s
handicap theory. Trend and rates in evolution.
Practicals
Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
Collection. Preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations. Preparation of keys for the
identification of specimens.
Books Recommended
Mayer, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill York.
Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
Huxley, E., 1940. New Systematics, Oxford University Press.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
Scheuk and McMaster, 1959. Procedure in Taxonomy, Stanford University Press.
Simpson, G.G., 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press,
N.Y.
10. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
11. Ross, H.H., 1974. Biological Systematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading,
Massachusetts.
12. Heywood, V.H., 1975. Taxonomy and Ecology, Aeademic Press, London.
13. Whili, M.J.D., 1978. Modes of Speciation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
14. Howard, R. and Moore, A., 1984. A complete Check-list of the Birds of the World,
Macmillan, London.
12. Ridley, M. 1993. Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications
13. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L., and Valentine, J.W., 1973. Evolution,
W.H. Freeman and Company.
14. Dobzhansky, T., 1970. Genetics of the Evolution process, Columbia University Press,
New York.
15. Sheppard, P.M., 1985. Natural Selection and Heredity, Hutchson University Library,
London.
16. Dobzhansky, T., Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press, New
York.
17. Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
18. Moody, P.A., 1989, Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Polishers, New York.
19. Cain, A.J., Animal species and their Evolution, Hutchson University Library, London.
20. Westoll, T.S., The Evolution of Living Things.
21. Ross, H.H., Understanding Evolution.
22. Simpson, G.G., Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.
Dodson, E.O., 1960. Evolution: Process and product, Chapman and Hall Ltd.
Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Code ZOL-558
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Biotechnology
Aims and Objectives This course covers general genetic principles, DNA tools for genetic analysis,
the molecular basis of genetic diseases, animal models, Molecular methods of
analysis are emphasized. Prerequisites: All four core courses
Learning Outcomes In this course students learn to use the tools of modern genomics to elucidate
phenotypic variation within populations.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction: classical genetics, molecular genetics, Reverse and forward genetics, basic
principles of Inheritance (Mendelism): Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses. Model
organism used for genetic studies, Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood system. Genetics of Rh
factor and Erythroblastosis Foetalis. Gene Interaction: Epistasis, Lethality and
Pleiotropism. Sex Linked gene in human beings. Sex Chromosome and Sex
determination in human beings, Drosophila and other animals. recombination and
chromosome mapping in eukaryotes, Variation in chromosome number and structure:
Polyploidy, Aneupolidy and rearrangement of chromosome structure. Genetics of
Bacteria: Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction. Techniques of molecular
genetics: Basic techniques used to Gene cloning, construction and screening of DNA
libraries, cDNA Library, molecular analysis of DNA, RNA and protein through blotting
techniques. Analysis of human pedigrees. Gene therapy. DNA Fingerprints: Paternity
tests and Forensic applications. Inborn errors of Metabolism: Amino acid metabolism
(Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria and Oculocutaneous albinism); Carbohydrate
metabolism (Galactosaemia); Lipid Metabolism (Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Tay-
Sachs disease); Purine/pyrimidine metabolism (Lech – Nyhan disease).
Practical:
8. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis.
9. Preparation of Drosophila culture.
10. Study of morphology and karyotype.
11. Study of Monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, sex-linked inheritance.
12. Pedigree Analysis
13. Detection of Blood Groups in humans.
14. Problem relating to theory.
Books:
10. Snustad, D.P. and Simmon, M.J., 2003. Principles of Genetics. 3rd Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11. Muller, R.F. and Young, I.D., 2002. Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics.
11th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Science, Limited, UK.
12. Tammarin, R.M. 1999. Principles of Genetics. 6th Edition, WCB, McGraw
Hill, New York.
13. Klug, Cummings et al., 2012, Concepts of Genetics 10th edition, Pearson
Publisher. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York.
14. Strickberger, M.W. 1999. Genetics. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India
Private Ltd., New Delhi.
15. Lewin, B. 2003. Gene VII. Oxford, UK.
Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Code ZOL-560
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programmee
Aims and Objectives This course provides information on the distribution of animals and their association in
different zoological regions of world.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to recognize extant fauna of world
distributed in different climatic regions.
Introduction and history of Zoogeography, Branches of Zoogeography. Barriers to
distribution and means of dispersal in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial environment.
Division of world into various zoogeographical regions. Geographical limits, Physical,
climatic features and faunas of Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic), Oriental, Ethiopian,
Australian, and Neotropical regions. Insular fauna [continental islands {Recent (British
Isles, Borneo, Java, Japan, Formosa and Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)}, {Ancient
(New Zealand and Madagascar Island)}]. [Oceanic Islands, (Azores, Bermuda,
Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Island)], Wallace’s line, Weber’s line and
Wallacea. Continental drift theory and discontinuous distribution of animals.
Practicals:
Identification and classification of various invertebrates and vertebrates of
Zoogeographical importance.
TextBook:
3. Darlington, Zoogeography, John Wiely, 1963.
RecommendedBooks:
7. Hesse, Ecological Animal Geography, John Wiely, 1963.
8. DeBeaufort, Zoogeography of the Land Inland Waters, Sidgwick and Jackson.
1951.
9. Ekman, Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson. 1953.
10. Lillies, Introduction to Zoogeography, London, 1974.
11. Muller, Aspects of Zoogeography, Hague, 1974.
12. Jafri, Land Zoogeography of World, 1977.
Course Title Fundamentals of Microbiology

Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Applied Microbiology
Aims and Objectives In this course, the students will be able to learn the basic microbial knowledge about
structure, function; culturing techniques, and its applications in various industries
making the foundations for the further future research.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply basic information in order to achieve the aims and
objectives of the course.
The history and scope of Microbiology. Microbial structure. Taxonomy and
characterization of Microorganisms. Nutritional requirements and microbiological
Media. Growth kinetics of microorganisms. Control of microorganisms by physical and
chemical agents. Microbial metabolism; microbes and genetic engineering,
microbiology of soil, water and atmosphere. Viruses, Morphology, Characteristics and
Replications. Major groups and Taxonomy, Microorganisms as components of
Ecosystems. Industrial applications of Microbiology.
Practicals:
Simple staining, Negative staining, Smear preparation, Capsular staining, Gram
staining, Culture Media preparation, Study of bacteria in Stale Milk, Study of Protozoa,
Algae and Cyanobacteria (from fresh water as well).
Reference Books
1. Pommerville, J. C. 2014. Fundamentals of Micrbiology. 9th edition, Published
by Jones & Bartlett, USA
2. Batzing, B.L. 2001. Microbiology: An Introduction. Books / Cole Thomson
Learning, USA.
3. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L., 2001. Microbiology: An
Introduction. 7th edition. Benjamin Cummins, New York.
4. Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N. and Nester,
M.T., 2004. Microbiology: A human perspective. McGraw Hill, Higher
Education, New York.
5. Benson, H.J., 1998. Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in
General Microbiology. 7th edition. WCB McGraw Hill.
6. Stanier, Y. Roger, John L. Ingrahm, Mark L. Wheelis and Page R. Painter.
2003.General Microbiology. V Ed. MacMillan Press Ltd. New Jersey.
Course Title Principles of Palaeontology

Course Code ZOl-651
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives This course will help to learn about the evolutionary history of major groups of animals,
origin and diversification and extinction. This course also provides understanding of the
history of fossil life on earth, major crises about individuals of remote past.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to understand evolutionary history of
fossil record, processes of evolution, stratigraphic and environmental of contexts.
The history of life; Earth, Shells of earth (Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
lithosphere); Development of life on earth; Rock, types of rocks (lgneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks); Introduction to Paleontology; Fossil, types and Significance of
fossils, Nature of fossils, Fossilization and Processes of fossilization (Study of process
of dying and what processes occur to animals after their death, Geological concepts of
fossilization); Geological time scale; Pre-Cambrian life, Post-Cambrian life (Paleozoic
life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life); A brief history of the Siwaliks; Dating the rocks,
Radio-activity methods (Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, Fission track dating
and palaeomagnetism); Evolutionary histories of camel, horse, elephant and man.
Practicals:
1. General survey of Paleontological lab.
2. Study of various kinds of Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks).
3. Study of various kinds of fossils (Petrified, pseudomorphs, mold, casts, Imprints,
foot prints and Coprolites etc.).
4. Identification and classification invertebrate fossils like foraminifers, coelenterates,
Brachiopodes, arthropods (Trilobites), Molluscs and Echinoderms.
5. Study of vertebrate fossils of evolutionary importance e.g. Horses, Elephants,
Primates and Camels etc.
TextBooks:
1. Brouwer, A., 1977. General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyed, London.
2. Samiullah, K 2014. A hand book of Paleontology
RecommendedBooks:
2. Young J.Z., 1950. (3rd edition & 7th edition). Life of vertebrates. London, Oxford
Univ. Press.
3. Dunbar C.o., 1969. Historical Geology, John willey and sons Inc. New York.
4. Gilbert, Colbert, E.H., 1980. Evolution of vertebrates. John Willey and Sons Inc.
New York.
5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, G.C., Fisher, A.G., 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
6. Steven M. Stanley, 2008. Earth system History3rd addition.
7. Abu Bakr, 1981. Palaeontology.
Course Title Biodiversity

Course Code ZOL-653
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Study regarding the richness and evenness in animal kingdom.
Syllabus in Brief Definition; Types; Levels; Status of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity.
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
 Ecological aspects of Biodiversity
 Impacts on Biodiversity
 Loss of Biodiversity
 Protection / Conservation of Biodiversity.
Practicals
1. Critical account (phylogenetic controversies) of some important museums
speciments with the help of literature.
2. Procedures for studying species richness, Simpson Index, Shannon and
Weiner Function.
3. Population of some local subterranean animals.
Books Recommended
1. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation by Kumar & Asija, 2000.
2. The Diversity of Life by C. Mary Jenking and Ann Boyce, 1987.
Course Title Biostatistics

Course Code ZOL-655
Credit Hours 1
Theory 0
Practical 1
Follow up None
Aims and Objectives To aware the students about the application of statistics in the field of life sciences.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply statistical formulae to analyze the research data.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction and scope, use of statistics in biology. Population and sample, Stages of
research, types of data and methods of data collection. Data arrangement and
presentation, formation of tables and charts. Measures of central tendency computation
of mean, median and mode from grouped and ungrouped data. Measures of dispersion,
computation of variance, standard deviation, standard error and their coefficients.
Probability rules and distribution. Binomial, poisson and normal distributions.
Hypothesis testing, student’s ‘t’ test. Chi-square test. Analysis of variance and LSD.
Correlation and regression. Experimental designing, planning of an experiment
replication and randomization.
Books Recommended
1. Simpson, G.G., Roe, A. and Lewontin R.C. 1960. Quantitative Zoology,
Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. New York.
2. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie,J.H.,1980. Principels and procedures of statistics.
McGraw Hill International Editions.
3. Fowler, J., Cohen, L. and Jarris, P., 1998. Practical statistics for field
biology. John Wiley and Sons.
4. Zar, 1998. Biostatistics Analysis.
5. Campbell, R.C. Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.
6. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J., 1973. An Intriduction to Biostatistics, Troppan.
7. Bailey,N.T.J., 1981. Statistics Methods in Biology, English University
Press.
8. Mead, R., Currow, R.N. and Hastod, A.M., 1993. Statistics methods in
agriculture and experimental biology, 2th edition. Chapman & Hall.
Course Title Fish Culture

Course Code ZOL-657
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Culturing of fishes to meet the needs of protein of the country.
Learning Outcomes Introduction to fish fauna, its culture and field application.
Aims and evolution of Fish Culture, Requisite conditions for fish suitable for Fish
Culture; Construction and layout of ponds; natural food and growth of cultivated fishes;
Techniques and methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and cultivation of cyprinids,
biological means of increasing production; Maintenance and improvement of ponds;
Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of fish; Harvesting the fish.
Practicals:
nurseries).
2. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in
fish spp.
3. Induced spawning.
Books Recommended:
1. Huet, M., 1986. Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book Ltd. England.
2. Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.M.A., 1976. Advances in Aquaculture. Published
by Fishing News Books, Ltd., England.
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and Fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
4. Pillay, T.V.R. 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and practices. Fishing News
Books, London.
Course Title Introduction to Biotechnology

Course Code ZOL-661
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
BS Zoology, 04-years Program
Aims and Objectives Biotechnology aims at integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering
sciences in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of
microorganisms, cultured tissue, cells and plants thereof. Its main objective is the
application of biochemistry, microbiology and chemical engineering to industrial
process and products for the benefit of mankind in the fields of environment, Health,
Agricultures and Industry.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop the understanding of Biotechnology. And learners will develop
technical know how to deal with environmental problems, Health care, Agriculture and
Industrial applications. After learning students can have basic knowledge of
Biotechnology so that they can opt as special subject in the future.
Introduction to Biotechnology, Different products of Biotechnology in the Health,
Agriculture, Industrial and Environmental Sector, Emergence of Biotechnology, Up
Stream Down Stream Processes. Biological systems E coli, Saccharomyces etc.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Cloning Vectors, Transformation Techniques,
Selection and Expression.
Large Scale Production of Biotechnological Products: Batch, Fed Batch, Continuous
Fermentation System, Maximizing efficiency, Bioreactors, Product Harvesting,
Purification and Ultra Purification.
Molecular-Biotechnology for Health care: Insulin hormone, human growth hormone
(somatotropin), somatostatin and human interferon, Vaccines, Antibodies.
Fermentation Biotechnology: Cultures of microorganisms, production of organic
compounds by microbial fermentation (ethanol, acetone, butanol, amino acids, cheese,
wine, beer, cider, and vinegar) and their improvement using Molecular Biotechnology.
Single Cell Protein (SCP): Microorganisms, nutritional value of SCP, production of
algal biomass and production of yeast biomass.
Transgenic plants: Insect resistant transgenic plants, virus resistance.
Biotechnology of Nitrogen Fixation: Understanding Nitrogen Fixation, Genetic
Engineering in Nitrogenase gene.
Enzyme Biotechnology: Methods of enzyme production, immobilization of enzymes
and uses of enzymes.
Practicals
Screening of enzymes of industrial significance.
Enzyme immobilization
Screening and selection of microorganisms of Industrial significance from local
environment.
Development and preservation of pure cultures of the microorganisms of
industrial significance.
Development of typical microbial growth curve using different substrate
systems.
Books Recommended
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology. Third Edition. ASM
Press, Washington D.C., USA.
Philopose, P.M. 2004. A Textbook of Biotechnology. First Edition. Dominant
Publishers and Distributors. New Delhi, India.
Chirikjian, J.G. 1999. Biotechnology-Theory and Techniques. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Inc., USA.
Course Title Biological and Chemical Control of Insects

Course Code ZOL-663
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge about various biological and chemical methods to control insect
pest for better production of food.
Learning Outcomes The course will provide the execution of biological and chemical methods to handle
insect pest.
Historical development of biological control, Steps in establishing biological
control programme, Concept and significance of natural control. Attributes of an
effective natural enemy. Superparasitism and multiple parasitism. Importance of
systematics of biological control. Methods of colonization, recovery and
evaluation of natural enemies.
Importance of chemical control: Classification of insecticides, stomach poison,
control poison, fumigants. Biology, life histories and control measures of insects
attacking paddy, sugar cane, cotton, apple and some forest, trees. Integrated pest
management.
Practicals
Collection and identification of insect pests of agricultural crops and forest trees.
Demonstration of effects of some insecticides on the survival of insect pests in the
Laboratory.
Books Recommended (Latest Editions)
De bach, P., (1964). Biological control of insect pests and Weeds. Chapman and Hall,
London.
Pedigo, L.P., 1991. Entomology and Pest Management. MaxMillan.
Metcalf, C.L. and Flint. Destructive and Useful Insects, McGraw hill Co., N Y.
Martin, H. Insecticide and Fungicide, Handbook for Corp Protectin, Blackwell, Oxford.
Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Course Code ZOl-652
Credit Hours 2
Theory 1
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives To know what type of wildlife exist in Pakistan and what are the threats it is facing,
moreover, how wildlife is being secured in Pakistan
Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Wildlife, Wild life of Pakistan ( Province wise), identification, distribution,
status, conservation and management of reptiles, birds and mammals of major
importance in Pakistan. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation.
Biodiversity and sustainability of wildlife. Endangered species of wildlife in Pakistan.
Wildlife rules and regulations in Pakistan. National and International organizations
involved in conservation and management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserve and
National Parks in Pakistan. Wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.
Practical:
Study of distribution description, biology, food, predators and status of wild animals of
a zoo or Zoological park of Pakistan. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food
and environment, Food chain of local birds in various seasons. Construction of food
chain and food webs of wild animals.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
1.Wildlife of Pakistan, 2002. Published by Punjab Wildlife Department, Lahore.
2.Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solution.
12th Edition. Thomson Learning Inc., Australia.
3 Roberts, T.J., 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
4. Roberts, T.J., 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
5. Roberts, T.J., 1998. Mammals of Pakistan, Ernest Benon Ltd. London.
6. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G., 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management,
McMillan, Cambridge.
7.http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com
Course Title Bioremediation and Bioprocessing

Course Code ZOL-654
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category BS Zoology, 04-years Program /M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives Bioremediation is to control of environmental pollution and to address other problems
by using living organisms. This keeps the environment free of natural and manmade
pollutants by using living or dead organisms, their metabolites, biochemicals and
processes.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop techniques to tackle with the environmental pollution by
biological means.
Concept of bioremediation; Ex situ and In-situ Bioremediation.
Degradation of natural substances; Biodegradation of xenobiotics; Industrial effluents,
Dyes, Hazardous chemicals, TNT wastes, Introduction to different Bacterial and Fungal
spec used in Bioremediation.
Biosorption: Use of Bacteria, Algae and Fungi for it.
Phytoremediation.
Biotechnology for Air Pollution:
Bioscrubbers, Trickling Filters etc.
Use of enzymes.
Muncipal and Industrial Waste Water Treatment: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Sewage Treatment including disinfection. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal.
Biohydrometallargy: for extraction of Precious metals from their ores (Iron, Gold,
Copper, Silver)
Biofuel generation; Use of Algae, Alcohol etc for production of Biofuels.
Practicals
Isolation and studies of heavy metals tolerant/resistant microorganisms; Studies on
bacterial capable of degrading xenobiotics; production of alchohol from decaying fruits.
Books Recommended
Practical Environmental Bioremediation the field guide, 1997. R. Barry King,
Gilbert M. Long, John K. Sheldon, Lewis publishers.
Books:
General Microbiology, 1995. Schlegel, H.G., Cambridge University Press.
Biotechnology, 1996. Smith, J.F., Cambridge University Press.
10. Environmental Biotechnology Principals and applications, 2000. Pruce, R.
Hmana, Parry McCarty, McGraw Hill.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 1999. Martin Alexender academic press Inc.
Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Course Code ZOL-656
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc/MPhil Zoology, 02 Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The major objectives of this course are to introduce students to the diverse array
of toxic chemicals that are currently found in aquatic environment effecting
aquatic life.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide hands-on experience with the techniques used in
toxicological studies
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to aquatic toxicology, Major classes of aquatic pollutants, Routs by
which pollutants enter the aquatic ecosystem, Determination of toxicity; toxicity
testing, trial and tribulation, Toxicity assessment; end points in toxicity (acute vs
chronic, lethal vs physiological), Behavioral responses to toxicants,
Physiological responses to toxicants, Biochemical responses to toxicants,
Cellular and Molecular responses to toxicants, Molecular mechanism of
interaction of Inorganics (Metallothioneins), Molecular mechanism of
interaction of Organics (Cytochrome P-450), Endocrine disrupters,
Genotoxicity, Immunotoxicity, Ecotoxicity.
Practical:
Effects of toxicants on erythrocytes and leukocytes counts and ratio in fish,
Effects of toxicants on hemoglobin and glucose in the blood of fish, Effects of
toxicants on liver and kidney functions, Effects of toxicants on food intake in
fishes, Effects of toxicants on growth (length & weight) in fish, Effects of
toxicants on gonadal development in fish, Effects of toxicants on endocrine
disruption in fish
Text Books
Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspective Donald,
C. Malins and Gary, K. 1993, Lewis Publishers USA, 520 pp ISBN 0-87371-
545-4
Suggested Reading:
1. Taylor and Francis: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects,
Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment. 2nd Edition, Philadelphia, London
2. Landis W G and Yu M H. 1999. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology;
Impact of chemicals upon ecological system. 2nd Ed. Lewis Publisher Boston,
London
3. Hyes A W. 1994. Principles and Method of Toxicology. 3rd Ed. Raven Press
New York
4. Crosby D G. 1980. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Oxford
University Press, New York
Optional Courses for M.Sc
Course Title Fundamentals of Entomology

Course Code ZOL-660
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To let students learn basic structure functions and adjustment of insects with the
environment.
To understand and apply the fundamental principles of entomology.
Syllabus in Brief General characteristics of insects, Relationship with other Arthropod’s, Reasons for
success of the insects in diverse environment, General segmentation, Tagmatosis and
organization; Detailed structure of cuticle and its biochemistry, Epidermal layer, its
structure and function, basement membrane; cuticular outgrowths and appendages;
sclerotization, Head sclerites, Antennae, Different modes of ingestion, Different parts
and types of mouth parts; Sclerites of neck, Thorax sclerites, legs, its modifications and
functions; Wings: origin, different regions, development, basal attachments, main veins
and their branches, wing coupling; Secondary appendages and external genitalia,
Structure and function of Muscular, Digestive, excretory, respiratory; Incubatory and
nervous system, Reproductive organs, different types of reproduction in insects; Egg
fertilization and maturation. Embryology up to dorsal closure; Different types of
metamorphosis, insect communication.
Practical: Preparation of permanent slides, all the hard parts (terminal
segments, wings, and antennae. Legs, mouth parts and genitalia). Different
systems, especially digestive, reproductive of the following insects. American
cockroach, Ak grasshopper, Housefly, Butterfly, Mosquito, Red cotton bug,
Wasp and honey bee. Mouth-parts of Red cotton bug and Honey bee.
Books Recommended
Text Books: Entomology and Pest management by Pidego,I, 1991.
Suggested Reading
1. The Insects, an outline of Entomology by Penny J. Gullan and Peter S.
Cranston, 2010.
Course Title Endocrinology-A

Course Code Zol-662
Credit Hours 4(3+1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Endocrinology-B
Category MSc Course
Aims and Objectives To overview the general scheme of endocrinology
Learning Outcomes Awareness about importance of endocrine system in normal body functions
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus:
1. An overview of general concepts and principles of endocrinology: types of
hormones; endocrine and nervous system relationship; general principles in
function, interaction, synthesis, secretion and transport of hormones; general
concept of feedback; genetic control of peptide hormones; pathology and
assessment of endocrine function; evolution of endocrine system.
2. Neuroendocrinology: neural control of glandular secretion, Hypothalamic-pituitary
unit, hypophysiotropic neuronal system, hypophysiotropic hormones and
neuroendocrine axis. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing
hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormones, somatostatin, prolactin-regulating
factor, GnRH.
3. Pituitary hormones: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis hormones and their
chemistry, synthesis and release.
4. Thyroid gland: Anatomy and histology of gland, formulation and secretion of
thyroid hormones, thyroid hormone in peripheral tissues, regulation and factors
affecting thyroid hormones.
5. Calcitotrophic and mineral metabolism hormones: chemistry, physiological actions
and metabolism of parathyroid hormones, calcitonin and calciferols, homeostasis of
calcium, phosphate and magnesium.
6. Adrenal medulla and cortex: Chromaffin cell and organization, structure of adrenal
medulla and cortex, biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism, adrenergic
receptors. regulation and metabolism of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and
adrenal sex steroids.
7. Reproductive endocrinology: Testicular and ovarian structure and function,
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and control of germ cells production.
8. Endocrinology of pregnancy: Hormones in conception and implantation, growth
factors in implantation, hormonal action and adaptation in pregnancy and
parturition.
9. Endocrinology of lactation: hormones in lactation
10. Overview of endocrine mechanisms in invertebrates
Practical:
Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in mouse/ rat
dissection.
Histological and immunohistochemical procedures to study the endocrine
glands, experiments to demonstrates physiological role of hormones from
different endocrine glands
Study the regulation of hormones,
Experiments to demonstrate the functional diversity of hormones in different
vertebrates, experiments on endocrine mechanism in vertebrates, Hormone
assessment techniques including RIA and ELISA with standard curve
preparation.
Text Books:
Larsen PR, Konenberg HM, Melmed S and Polonsky KS. 2012. Williams
Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Pennsylvania.
Jameson JL and De Groot LJ 2010 Endocrinology, 2-Volume Set, 6th Edition
Nussey S and Whitehead S. 2001 Endocrinology: An Integrated
Approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers; Oxford.
Norris & Carr 2013 Vertebrate Endocrinology, 5th Edition. Academic Press.
US
Course Title Ornithology

Course Code ZOL-664
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To impart knowledge about the diversity, origin, evolution, threats and possible
conservation strategies of the birds.
Syllabus in Brief Origin and evolution of birds: The evolutionary origins and evolution of
flight, Taxonomy and systematic (species and evolution).
Adaptations for flight: Anatomy and morphology, Feathers (kinds, molt,
color), Skeletons, musculature and flight, advantages of flight.
Adaptations for various environments: Foraging, Physiology, Senses,
Migration, Navigation and musculature.
Ethology: Behaviour, innate vs. learning, Communication, Territory, Flocking,
Songs, Courtship, Mating systems, Nest building, Incubation and egg laying.
Ecology of birds: Predation, Seed dispersal, Pollination, Relations to habitat.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Threats to biodiversity, Causes and patterns of
extinction, Human efforts to conserve biodiversity.
Practical:
Gross anatomy, bird watching tour in Pakistan, field techniques and specimen
preparation, and systematic study of avian groups using the collections of the Museum
specimens.
Books:
Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney. 2004.
Hand book of Bird Biology. 2nd Edition Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ISBN-
093802762X, 9780938027621.
Gill, F.B. 2007.
Ornithology; New York: W.H. Freeman & CompanyB. Peterson, R.T. 1998.
Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America:
Peterson’s Field Guide Series;
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Course Title Mammalogy

Course Code ZOL-665
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. (2 year programme)
Aims and Objectives This course provides basic information about the Biodiversity of mammals.
Learning Outcomes It will create awareness about the mammals, origin, classification and
information about different orders of class Mammalia.
Introduction, Origins, evolution, biogeography of Mammals; Mammalian
Characteristics;Prototheria, Matatheria and Eutheria; Trophic Ecology of mammals;
Mammal Conservation, Population regulation, different types of mammals,
Insectivores, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Primates, Ungulates, Rodentia Cetaceans,
Lagomorpha and Chiroptera.
Practicals:
1. General survey and classification up to species of Mammals of Pakistan
2. Skeleton and skull of Cat and Rabbit.
3. The vertebral column and appendicular skeleton.
TextBooks:
1. Davis, D., 1963. Principles in Mammalogy. Reinhold Publishers
Corporation, New York.
2. Gelder, 1969. Biology of mammals. Reinhold Publishers Corporation, New
York.
Recommended Books:
1. Miller and Harly, 2005. Zoology (6th Edition). McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Hickman, Roberts, and Larsen, 2005 & 2008. Integrated principles of Zoology
(13th&14th Editions). McGraw Hill, New York.
3. George C. Kent and Robert K. Carr, 2001. Comparative Anatomy of the
Vertebrates. (9th Edition.) Boston: McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Vauchan, T.A., Ryan, J.M., Czaplenski, N.J., 2011. Mammalogy. 5th Edition, Johns
and Bartlett publisher USA.
Course Title Aquaculture Health Management

Course Code ZOL –666
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Not applicable
Category MSc 02 years Programme)
Aims and Objectives To teach students the fish culturing practices in Pakistan and problems associated
with it
Learning Outcomes The students will have the practical approached regarding fish farming on
commercial scale in Pakistan and their common diseases
Discusses the relevance of bacteria to disease outbreaks and as a cause of disease.
Classification and causes of disease. Introduction to immunology. Methodology of
fish diagnosis. Host responses to disease. Stress and predisposing factors of
disease. Common disease conditions in fish. Anthropogenic activities and their
impact of fishery, protection against hazards, improvement of habitat, age and
growth. The use of antibiotics and probiotics.
Practicals:
1. Visit to Government and Private fish Farms.
2. Fish diseases, their identification and control measures.
Books Recommended:
1. Templeton, R.G. 1995. Freshwater Fisheries Management (2nd Ed.)
Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, USA.
2. Jacques, A. 1999. Management of freshwater Fisheries. Technique et
Documentation, Lavoisier, Paris.
3. Rounsefell, G.A. and Everhart, W.H. 1963. Fishery Science its methods
and application. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
4. Arrignon, J. 1999. Management of Freshwater Fisheries. Oxford & IBH
Pu
Course Title Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management

Course Code ZOL-667
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives An introduction to management of insect pests; to impart knowledge on
concepts of integrated pest management using a combination of cultural,
physical, mechanical, genetic, biological, and chemical control methods
Learning Outcomes To let students to assess new approaches and to apply IPM techniques for better
Integrated Pest Management in Pakistan.
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Introduction to insect pest management:Pest Management Theories;
Surveillance and sampling; general and new concepts of insect pest
management; The utilization and integration of insect pest control methods
(cultural methods, biological control, chemical, host resistance) for management
of insects, Integrated Pest; Chemical control and its safe use with other
techniques; Management of major insect pests of crops, fruits, and vegetables;
Economic Thresholds- Concepts, Development and Application; Insecticide
Resistance Management as a Component of IPM; Integration of GM Crops in
IPM Programs;
Practical:
Collection, Mounting, Identification of different insect pests; Insect collection-
box; data record of the life history of major insect pests of main crops, sampling,
scouting and methods to detect their threshold levels; Lab and filed visits.
Text Books:
1.Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th Edition.
Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
2.Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (2010) Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and
Insect Borne Diseases (1st edition). Springer., London, UK.
3.Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD, Cancelado RE (2009) Integrated Pest Management:
Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies (1st edition); Cambridge University
Press., New York, USA.
4.Louis M, Schoonhoven, van Loon JJA, Marcel D (2006) Insect-Plant Biology (2nd
edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
5.Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Arora. 2003. Principles of insect pest management. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
6.Norris, R.F., E.P. Caswell-Chen and M. Kogan. 2002. Concepts in integrated pest
management. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited New Delhi, India.
7.M. R. Binns, J.P. Nyoop and W. Van der Werf, 2000. Sampling and monitoring in
crop protection CABI Publisher
Suggested Reading:
1. Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th
Edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Course Title Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan

Course Code ZOL-668
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To impart knowledge about the biology of the birds and mammals of Pakistan.
Syllabus in Brief Fossil record and theories for avian origins, taxonomy of birds, Anatomy and
physiology, Adaptations and the physics of flight, Nesting and courtship behavior,
Vocalizations, Mating systems and sexual selection, Cooperative breeding,
Demography and conservation of birds of Pakistan.
Classification, distribution, life history, evolution, distribution, ecology,
behavior, anatomy, and classification of mammals, with emphasis on
mammalian species of Pakistan.
Practical:
Gross anatomy, bird and mammals watching tour in Pakistan, field techniques and
specimen preparation, and systematic study of avian and mammalian groups using the
collections of the Museum specimens.
Books
Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney. 2004. Hand book of Bird
Biology. 2nd Edition Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ISBN-093802762X,
9780938027621.
Vaughan, T. A., J. M. Ryan, and N. J. Czaplewski. 2014. Mammalogy. 6h
edition Jones and Bartlett; ISBN-13: 9781284032093.
Course Title Applied Entomology 3(2-1)

Course Code ZOL-672
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to identify different insects. They will understand and
apply the basic principles of Taxonomy along with the applied side of
Entomology.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the basic principles of Taxonomy and
applications of Entomology in the field.
Syllabus in Brief General account on classification, Insect classification; Classification and
characteristics of insect orders: Collembola, Orthroptera, Dictyoptera, Isoptera,
Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleopter. Only diagnostic
features of the remaining insect orders. Insects of economic importance;
Biological control of Insects; Chemical control of Insects; Concept of IPM;
Methods of IPM; Sampling techniques in insect pests
Practical: Collection,
Text Books:
Entomology and Pest management, 1991 by Pidego,I.
Suggested Reading
1. The Insects, an outline of Entomology, 2010 by Penny J. Gullan and Peter S.
Cranston
Course Title Endocrinology-B

Course Code Zol-673
Credit Hours 4(3+1)
Theory 3 hrs/ week
Practical 2 hrs/ week
Follow up Endocrinology-A
Category MSc Course
Aims and Objectives To overview the therapeutic approach of general scheme of endocrinology
Learning Outcomes Awareness about importance of endocrine system in normal and abnormal body
functions
1. General Mechanism in Molecular endocrinology: general mechanism of cellular
secretion, genetic control of peptide hormone formation, recombinant DNA
technology and molecular genetics in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases.
2. Mechanism of action of hormones: Hormones acting on the nuclear receptors,
Nuclear receptor signaling mechanism, Nuclear localization, Hormone binding,
Target gene recognition, receptor dimerization and receptor regulation of gene
transcription, Hormones acting on cell surface, Receptor tyrosine kinases, receptors
that signal through associated tyrosine kinases and protein-coupled receptors
3. Functional pathology in endocrine glands: thyrotoxicosis, hyperthyroidism, non
toxic goiter, adrenal cortex and hypertension, sexual dysfunction in men and women,
Puberty disorders, disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
4. Poly endocrine disorders
5. Endocrine responsive cancer
Practical:
Studies on recognition and response of receptors,
Studies of disorders of pituitary by observing anatomical and histological
features,
Studies of thyroid status in deficient and excess hormone functions,
Studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, epidemiology of the types in
population,
Studies of management of the type 2 diabetes,
Model studies of disorder of ovarian and testicular disorders,
Model studies of obesity and aneroxia,
Studies of hormonal status in puberty and aging.
Text Books:
Larsen PR, Konenberg HM, Melmed S and Polonsky KS. 2012. Williams
Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Pennsylvania.
Jameson JL and De Groot LJ 2010 Endocrinology, 2-Volume Set, 6th Edition
Nussey S and Whitehead S. 2001 Endocrinology: An Integrated
Approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers; Oxford.
Norris & Carr 2013 Vertebrate Endocrinology, 5th Edition. Academic Press.
US
Course Title Applied Microbiology

Course Code ZOL -674
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category M. Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To learn about the harmful and beneficial microbes for living beings and their
applications in different fields of life
Learning Outcomes The students will be able how to prevent and control pathogenic diseases and their
applications in different industries
Microorganisms and diseases. Control of Microorganisms, antibiotics and other
chemotherapeutic agents, Host-microbial interactions, Resistance and Immunity, food
and water-borne human infections. Human contact diseases. Infectious diseases of
animals, sick building syndrome, Control of Diseases. Microarrays technology,
Microbiology of domestic water and sewage. Microbiology of food, milk and milk
products.
Industrial Microbiology: Scope of industrial microbiology in food production, Metals in
yeast fermentation processes, control of insects, human therapy, petroleum, mining and
bioremediation, Biotechnology and its role in modern human comforts, Biotechnology
and leather industry.
Practicles
Bacteriological examination of fresh ponds, canal, domestic water
Isolation and identification of coliform bacteria
Isolation of pathogens
Normal throat microflora and its reaction with blood agar
Enumeration and identification wounds microorganisms
Enumeration and identification of common carp skin microbes
Eradication of microbes through physical agents
Eradication of microbes through chemical agents
Inhibitory zone formation(Bacterial sensitivity tests)
Survey of industries based on microbial activities
Reference Books
1. Durieux, A and J-P. Simon. 2001. Applied Microbiology. Boston : Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Database: WorldCat
2. Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N. and Nester, M.T.,
2004. Microbiology: A human perspective. McGraw Hill, Higher Education,
New York.
3. Kale, V. V. 2007. Applied Microbiology. Publisher: Mumbai : Himalaya Pub. House,
Database: WorldCat
4. Hans G. Schlegel. 2002. General Microbiology. VII Ed. Cambridge University Press.
UK.
5. James. G. Cappucino. And Natabe Sherman, (2004). Microbiology – A Laboratory
Manual, VI Ed., (I Indian Reprint). Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., India.
Course Title Aquatic Biology

Course Code ZOL-676
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To study aquatic life under the influence of various abiotic and biotic factors of
environment.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide knowledge / techniques for improvements of aquatic
habitat for life.
Syllabus in Brief Diversity of life. Five kingdoms. Approaches used to study aquatic organisms.
Introduction to aquatic ecosystems, Aquatic environments. Sedimentation
processes. Ocean environments, waves, weather influences, currents and
upwelling. Populations, communities and ecosystems. Structural organizations
of aquatic animals. External and internal anatomy of commercially important
aquatic invertebrates and fishes. Marine organisms and their distributions, biotic
features of the oceans, organism-habitat and relationships and general ecological
concepts influencing marine populations and communities.
Practical:
Study of temperature, DO, conductivity of pond water. Collect and identify
specimen from pond water. Survey the structure, adaptations, and life styles of
organisms found over the range of habitats in the pond, lakes and rivers.
Text Books:
1: McShaffrey, D. 1992. Comparative functional morphology of larval
Stenacron interpunctatum and Rhithrogena pellucida (Ephemeroptera:
Heptageniidae) and Ephemerella needhami (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)
with applications in mayfly taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings of the VII
International Conference on Ephemeroptera.
Suggested Reading:
1: McShaffrey, D. and W.P. McCafferty. 1987. The behavior and form of
Psephenus herricki (DeKay) (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) in relation to water flow.
Freshwater Biology. 18:319-324.
2: Kemp, JL, DM Harper, GA Crosa. 1999. Use of 'functional habitats' to link
ecology with morphology and hydrology in river rehabilitation. Aquatic
Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9:159-178.
Course Title Sea Food Technology

Course Code ZOL-678
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MPhil. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course deals with techniques involved to handle harvesting fish and
shellfish and their processing and preservation of food products. It will teach
quality effecting parameters.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to provide techniques to process and preserve the sea
food for human consumption.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to post harvest handling of fish and shellfish. Processes of spoilage
of seafood products and methods of arresting them. The sensory properties of
seafood and their importance in determining food methods of arresting them.
Methods of quality evaluation. Preservation methods. Public health aspects of
fish products. Biochemical techniques in fish analysis. Technology of fish
freezing and fish storage. Thermal processing fish products.
Practical:
1: Evaluation of fish / fishery products for organoleptic, chemical and microbial
quality.
2: Methods for analysis for bacterial quality parameters, chemical parameters
and filth.
3: Evaluation of sanitary conditions in fish processing units.
4:Analysis of typical hazards. Study of correction and corrective action.
Text Books:
1: Advances in Fish processing Technology, Sen D. P., Pub. Allied Publishers
Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi (2005).
Suggested Reading:
1: Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality. (2003) Free
aminoacids Technical Paper No. 444.
2: Fish Processing Technology (1992) G. M. Hull. (Ed), Blackie Academic and
Professional, London.
3: Food borne Disease Handbook. IInd Edn. (2001) Vol.4:Seafood and
Environmental Toxins, Marcel Dekker Inc New York.
Course Title Ichthyology

Course Code ZOL-689
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will expose the major disciplines that make up the diverse science of
Ichthyology including the evolution and adaptation, anatomy, taxonomy,
behavior and ecology of fishes.
Learning Outcomes Course will improve students understanding of the basic physiological and
behavioral adaptations that fishes use to carry out their life cycle.
Morphology, skeletal, integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
urinogenital reproductive, nervous system and sense organs of Bony fish.
Osmoregulation in fishes. Swimming and locomotion Breeding habits and
parental care in fishes, types of eggs, Fish migration, Behaviour and
communication. Feeding, digestion and nutrition.
Practical:
1: Study of external features of a bony fish
2: Dissection of fish to study various systems.
3:Study of scales.
4:Study of prepared slides.
5: Study of museum.
Text Books:
1: Lagler, KF. Ichthyology 1984.
Suggested Reading:
1 Norman J.R. & Greenwood P.H. A history of fishes 1975.
2: Ashely and Chiassion. Laboratory
Anatomy of Shark and Perch.
3: Nikol’skii, Special Ichthyology,1991.
4: B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, and Brian W. Bowen 2008. 2nd Edition
ISBN-10: 1405124946
Course Title Bio-Physical Methods in Life Sciences

Course Code ZOL-690
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To know about biomacromolecules and transport activities of cell membranes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to know about the functional status of cell membrane.
Biological macromolecules, excitable cell membranes and ion channel activities,
molecular structure, cell structure. Macromolecular complex formation, protein
folding, stability, interactions and enzymatic mechanisms. Spectroscopy.
Microscopy and Single Molecules
Practical:
1: Biomolecular interaction analysis
2:Chromatography techniques
3: Use of spectroscopy technique in lab.
Text Books:
1: Mary.L.2013.Membrane Structural Biology. Cambridge University Press
Suggested Reading:
1: Tapan K. Das. 2014.Biophysical Methods for Biotherapeutics: Discovery and
Development Applications.1st Edt. Wiley-Blackwell.
MS/MPhil/PhD Courses:
Course Title Quantitative Zoology

Course Code ZOL-701
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MS/PhD Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to techniques used for obtaining quantitative information on
morphological, anatomical, ecological and ethological variates of animal
populations, handling and interpretation of numerical data, application of
statistical techniques used in current ZOLogical research.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Simpson, G. G., J. Roe and R.C. Lowenting, 1960. Quantitative Zoology.
Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
2. Magurran, A.E.,1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. New
Fetter Lane, London.
3. Southwood, T.R.E.,1987. Ecological Methods (2nd Ed.). Croon Helm,
New Fetter Lane, London.
Course Title Advances in Biodiversity

Course Code ZOL-702
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Biodiversity science: Definition, scope and constraints.
Genetic diversity: Introduction, Nature and origin of genetic variations,
measurement of genetic diversity, genetic diversity verses transgenic organisms.
Species diversity: Introduction, species inventory, history and origin of species
diversity, diversity indices based on species, future of species diversity studies.
Ecosystem diversity: Introduction, Classification, major ecosystem types of
World.
Values and uses of biodiversity: Introduction, biodiversity values, ethical and
aesthetic values, precautionary principle, methods for valuation of biodiversity,
uses of plants, uses of microbes.
Loss of biodiversity: Introduction, loss of genetic, species and ecosystem
diversity, related factors and processes that cause the loss,
Conservation of biodiversity: Why conservation and conservation biology,
current practices in conservation, conservation of genetic species and ecosystem
diversity, top-down and bottom-up protocols for conservation, In-situ and ex-
situ conservation, social approaches to conservation, role of Universities and
other educational institutions in biodiversity conservation, sustainable
development.
Agrobiodiversity and cultivated taxa: Introduction, origin and evolution of
cultivated species diversity, diversity in domesticated species, feral plants,
domesticated microbes.
Management of biodiversity: Introduction, organizations associated with
biodiversity management, biodiversity Legislation and Conventions.
Biodiversity and biotechnology: Introduction, biotechnology and its role in
assessment of biodiversity and bioresources, adverse impacts of biotechnology
on biodiversity.
Practicals:
Critical account of some important museum specimens, Procedures to determine
the species richness, Review of diversity indices (Simpson’s index Shannon and
Wiener function), Procedures to determine the subterranean animal population,
Population estimation procedures.
Text Books:
1. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation by Kumar and Asija, 2000.
2. The Diversity of Life by C. Mary Jenking and Ann Boyce, 1987.
3. An Advanced textbook on Biodiversity, Principles and Practices by K.V.
Krishnamurthy, 2007.
Course Title Immunology

Course Code ZOL-703
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Overview of the immune system Historical perspective, innate and acquired
immunity. Cells and organs of immune systems Heamatopocisis, lymphatic
cells, Mononulcear cells Dendritic cells, primary lymphatic organs, leakucyte
reccredations. Antigenes: immunelogic properties of Antigens factors affecting
antigenicity, epitopes, Heptend, and study of antigenicity, ucral and bacterial
antigens, milogens, Immunoglobulius structure and function basics structure,
requencing studies, fine structure, receptor complex, Antigenci determinations,
Isotype and super family, Antigen antibody intractions strength, corss reactivity,
precipitent, agglutination reaction RIA and ELISA, western blotting, immuno-
flourescence. Organization and expression of immunogloblin genes genetic
modle compatible with immunoglobulin structure. Multigene organization of Ig
genes variable region rearrangement, regulation of Ig gene transcription,
generation of Ab diversity, class switching among constant region genes.
Expression of Ig genes, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). General
organization and inheretance of MHC. Class I MHC molecules and genes,
Polymorphism of class I and II MHC genes, class III MHC molecules, mapping
of MHC and its expression. Antigen processing and presentation: self MHC
restriction of T-cells roll of Ag presenting cells, receptor complex, T-cell
receptor Organization and rearrangement of TCR genes T-cell receptor complex,
TCR (i) 3 T-cell accessor membrane molecules TCR-MHC-Antigen interaction.
Cytokines: General properties discoverage and purification, structure and
function, receptors, antagonists, recreation and Biological activity of TH-1 and
TH-2 subsets. Generation of humoral immune responses, Kinetics, experimental
systems, identification of cells required for induction of humoral immunity, Cell
mediated immunity, Direct and delayed type cytotoxic and hypersensitivity
responses. Transplantation immunology graft reflection. Immunodeficiency
diseases. Classification, phagocytic humoral, cell mediated and combined
humoral and cell mediated deficiencies, complement mediated deficiencies.
PRACTICALS
Detection of Ab, Primary immune response, Secondary immune
response, Demonstration of Ab specificity, Estimation of antibodies, Separation
of various types of immunoglobulins, Microscopic study of various organs of
immune system, Immune responses in stress, Estimation of globulins,
Demonstration of enzyme linked immunosorbent essay, Demonstration of
radioimmuno assays.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. KUBY’S IMMUNOLOGY, 2000. 4th ed. Richard, A., Goldsby, Thomas,
J. Kindt and Barbara, A. Osborn, W.H. Freeman & Company, New
York.
2. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, 1994, 2th ed.
Abbas Lichtman &Pober, W.B. Saunders Co.
Biotechnology. ASM, Washington DC, USA.
Course Title Advances in Recombinant DNA Technology

Course Code ZOL-704
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MPhil Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The course will provide to:
1. Study the advanced applications of molecular biology.
2. Study the role of the genes, enzymes, proteins and their modifications by
genetic engineering techniques.
3. Construct the transgenic plants and animals for research, diagnosis, medicine
and health for the advanced applications of recombinant DNA technology in
industry, Food, agriculture and environment.
Learning Outcomes On completion of this course student will have improved ability:-
1. To know the importance of recombinant DNA technology to understand the
mechanism of construction the genes to understand the regulation and function of
biomolecules.
2. To gain the knowledge in modification of genes and their function by
constructing the transgenic plants and animals for research, Health and medicine.
3. To know the significance of recombinant DNA technology and its wide
applications in various fields-- industry, Food, agriculture and environment.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to Recombinant DNA technology: Introduction and importance
of recombinant DNA technology. Vectors: Structure and function of cloning and
expression vectors. Regulatory sequences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes.
Different host systems for cloning and expression. Transformation techniques:
physical, chemical and biological.
Important enzymes used in the recombinant DNA technology: nucleases,
restriction endonucleases, RNases, DNA and RNA polymerases, ligases,DNA
methylases, phosphatases, kinases, topoisomerases. Construction and screening
of genomic and cDNA libraries.
Advanced techniques used in recombinant DNA technology: Isolation of
DNA and RNA. Estimation of purity and quantity of nucleic acids, Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), Autoradiography, DNA sequencing. Detection of DNA,
RNA and proteins by Southern blotting, Northern blotting, western blotting and
in situ hybridization techniques. Site specific mutagenesis, Gene mapping and
Microarrays.
Applications of recombinant DNA technology in Medicine and Heath
Genetically modified microbes and animals (Recombinant bacteria for the
production of commercial scale production of proteins and pharmaceuticals,
antibiotics, enzymes, insulin, growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies).
Applications of rDNA in diagnosis of pathogens and abnormal genes.
Genetically modified insect cells for the production of commercially important
bioproducts.
Applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture, industry and
environment: Industrial production of specialty chemicals and proteins: organic
molecules and commercially important proteins. Biosafety regulations and
evaluation of genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs) and animals.
Practicals
1) Introduction to recombinant DNA technology tools.
2) Cell distruption
3) Isolation of plasmid and chromosomal DNA from bacteria and yeast.
4) Protein precipitation by NH4SO4 by solvent methods and its recovery
5) Protein purification by chromatography.
6) Cloning: transfer a gene into plasmid vector and transformation into bacteria.
7) Screening and characterization of transformed cells.
8) Estimation and Isolation of total DNA from tissues/cells
9) Characterization of DNA by AGE/Southern blot
10) Detection of recombinant proteins by Western blotting
11) Amplification of target DNA by PCR
12) Isolation and quantification of RNA
Recommended Books:
1. Russell, David W, Sambrook, Joseph (2001). Molecular cloning: a laboratory
manual. volumes I - III. Cold Spring Harbor laboratory Press, USA.
2. Channarayappa (2006) Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Practices.
Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. Worldwide publishing: CRC Press, Taylor
and Francis.
3. David S Latchman (1994) From Genetics to Gene Therapy – the molecular
pathology of human disease by, BIOS scientific publishers, sixth edition.
4. Old RW and Primrose SB (1993) Principles of gene manipulation, an
introduction to genetic engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
5. Benjamin Lewis (2008) Genes VIII. Oxford University & Cell Press
6. Channarayappa (2010) Cell Biology. Universities Press (India) Private
Limited.
7.Setlow J.K., Genetic Engineering; Principles and Methods. Kluwer Academic
Publishers. 2000.
8. Nicholl D.S.T., An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge
University Press, 2002.
Course Title Biotechnology

Course Code ZOL-705
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Application of biotechnology in industry; biotechnology of raw ore processing
(bioleaching of sulphides, carbonates, silicates etc.), accumulation of metals by
microbial cells, biopulping, biofeuls, microbial enhanced oil recovery;
application in agriculture, food and livestock products; biofertilization, crop
improvement, biocontrol of noxious plants and animals, production of cheese,
probiotics, bread, single cell protein, citric acid, amino acid, acetic acid,
production if drinks; application related to environmental concerns: various
types of environmental pollutants, waste management and bioremediation;
microbial enzymes in industry, enzyme immobilization, application of
recombinant DNA technology with comprehensive theoretical Know-how
macromolecules of desired characters for transgenic.
PRACTICALS
Experimental design, Techniques in biotechnology:cell lysate prepration,
gradient and zonal centrifugation, gel-electrophoresis, HPLC, Southern,
Northern anf Western blotting, PCR technology; screening of enzymes of
industrial significance, enzyme immobilization; Case studies: production of
cheese, yogurt, citric acid, amino acid, acetic acid.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Rehm, J.J., 1988. Biotechnology Fundamentals, VCH Publishers, N. Y.
2. Lee, B.H., 1996. Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, VCH
Publishers, N. Y.
3. Pirt, J.B., 1975. Microbes and Cell Cultivation, Blackwell scientific
Publishers, London.
4. Bailey, J.E., and Ollis, D.F., 1986. Biochemical Engineering
Fundamentals, McGraw Hills.
5. Watson, J.D., Tooze, J. and Kurtz, D.T., 1983. Recombinent DNA- A
short course, Scientific American Books, New York.
6. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B., 1989. Principles of gene manipulation. 4th
edition, Blackwell scientific Publishers, London.
7. Molecular cloning, 1989. A Laboratory manual, 2th edition, Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory.
8. Higgins, I.J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J., 1988. Biotechnology Principles and
Applications. Blackwell scientific Publishers, London.
9. Rehm, J.J., 1988. Biotechnology: Special Microbial Process, Vol. 6b,
VCH Publishers, N. Y.
10. Demain, A.L. and Solomon, N.A., 1986. Manual of Industrial
Microbiology and
Course Title Reproductive Physiology

Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Developmental Biology
Category Mphil/phD
Aims and Objectives  To develop the knowledge of general morphological aspects of male and
female reproductive systems
 To develop the insight on molecular basis of development of male and female
reproductive machinery including spermatogenesis and oogenesis
 To understand the endocrine control of reproductive systems
 To develop the ability to assess the abnormal reproductive systems
 To polish the intellectual and comprehension skills to address the human or
animal reproduction related problems and modern trends to secure fertility
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief 1. Introduction
Course outline with its current trends and anticipated out comes
2. Gentetic and cellular differentiation basis of two sexes

Genetic and development of internal and external genitalia
Pre- and postnatal growth of testis and ovary
3. Testicular and ovarian structures and functional organization
Cytodifferentiation of spermatozoa
Stages in Spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, spermatogenic cycle and wave
Initiation of follicular growth, preovulatory growth, ovulation
Corpus luteum formation, maintenance and luteolysis
Overview of ovarian cycle
4. Endocrine regulation of gonadal function
Hypothalamic-Hypophysical axis
Testosterone regulation and pituitary-Leydig cell axis
Regulation of Follicular and luteal phases in menstrual cycle
5. Fertilization, implantation and placenta establishment
Transport of spermatozoa in female tract
Capacitation and activation
Diploidy establishment and development initiation
Types and molecular basis of embryo implantation
Development of fetus and fetal membranes
6. Maternal endocrine support of pregnancy
Role of progesterone, oestrogens and hCG
7. Lactation
Ductular systems in mammary glands of mammals
Somatosensory pathways in suckling-induced reflex release of prolactin and
oxytocin
Practical:
 Demonstration of male and female reproductive systems in mice or rat through
dissection
 Fundamental approaches for histology and staining of cross sections
 Cellular dissection of testicular cross sections
 Recognition of spermatogenic stages on the basis of cellular architecture in
seminiferous tubule
 Determination of estrus cycle’s stages by vaginal smear technique
 Primodial, preantral, antral and preovulatory follicles
 identification in ovarian cross section of adult mice
 Introduction to assisted reproductive techniques (ART) for male with infertility
problems
 Fundamental parameters of semen analysis in Andrology lab
 Sperm morphology criteria and indices of multiple sperm defects
 Sperm preparation techniques for IUI, IVF and ICSI
 General techniques of sperm function tests such as reactive oxygen species and
infertility
 Assessment of acrosome reaction
.Text Books:
1. Knobil, E. and Neill, J.D., et al., 1994. The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol.
1&2; 2nd Edition, Raven Press, New York.
2. Wilson, J.D., Foster, D.W., Kronenberg, H.M. and Larsen, P.R., 1998.
William’s Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th Edition, W.B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia
3. Johnson, M.H. and Everitt, B.J. 2000. Essential Reproduction, 5 th Edition.
Blackwell Sciences Inc., Oxford.
4. World Health Organization 1999. WHO Laboratory Manual for the
examination of human semen and sperm –cervical mucus interaction. 4th
Edition, Cambridge University Press, UK.
5. Grinnell A. and Barber A.A. 1976. Laboratory Experiments in Physiology, 9th
edition, CV Mosby company USA
6. Nieschlag, E., Behre, H.M., and Nieschlag, S. 2010. Andrology: Male
Reproductive Health and Dysfunction, 3rd Edition. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, Germany.
Course Title Population Genetics

Course Code ZOL-707
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category M.Phil Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To acquaint the students to the principles of genetics and statistics that’s
relevant to population studies, and to the forces affecting genetic variation from
the molecular to the organismic level. Further it deals with evolutionary forces
of mutation, migration, natural selection in all its varieties, and genetic drift.
Quantitative genetics is covered from the standpoint of genetic variance and
covariance components.
Introduction to Population Genetics; Scope and Premises of Population
Genetics; Types of population genetics;
Population Structure: Basic concepts of population genetics; Definitions
(population Genetics, Phenotype and phenotypic variation, Gene and allele,
Allele frequencies; Genotype and genotypic variation, Polymorphism,
Ecological and genetical differentiation of Population, Population structure-
levels of population structure-individual population, subpopulation and total
population); The Hardy-Weinberg principle and linkage equilibrium; Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium for multiple alleles and loci; Demonstration of Hardy-
Weinberg Equlibrium in laboratory population and natural populations.
Assumption and expectation; calculating allele frequencies ; Forces shaping
genetic diversity – Mutation, Migration, Recombination, Selection, Drift,
Effective population size, decreasing population and its consequences;
Reproduction and mating systems: outbreeding, inbreeding, random and non-
random mating-classified and inbreeding; Calculation of inbreeding coefficients,
Inbreeding depression, mating system evolution
Phenotypes and Genotypes: Quantitative Genetics -Population means, average
effects, breeding value, dominance deviation, interaction deviation. Genotypic
components of variance; Genetic variation in space and time; Environmental
variance; Natural variation in population; Measuring genetic variance, Types of
genetic variance; The unmeasured Genotype Approach-familial aggregation,
relative risk, family studies, twin studies, adoption studies,
Practicals:
 Problems on changes in gene frequencies under migration, mutation, selection
and genetic drift.
 Demonstration of Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium in laboratory population and
natural populations.
 Estimation of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variances.
 Partitioning of genetic variance into additive, dominance and epistatic
components, and estimation of heritability in broad and narrow sense.
 Calculation of inbreeding coefficients through pedigrees
 Estimations of genetic covariance through pedigrees.
Recommended Books:
 Hartl D.L., and Andrew G. Clark (1997). Principles of Population Genetics,
Sinauer Assoc; 1997
 Lynch M. and Walsh, B. (2002). Evolution and Selection of Quantitative
Traits, Sinauer Associates.
 Kang M.S. (2002). Quantitative Genetics, Genomics, and Plant Breeding,
CABI Publishing, CAB International.
 Falconer D. S. and Trudy MacKay, F. C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative
Genetics, 4th edition, Addison-Wesley Pub Co.
 Kearsey M.J. and Pooni, H. S. (1996). Genetical Analysis of Quantitative
Traits, Stanley Thornes Pub Ltd.
 Weir B. (2002) Genetic Data Analysis III, Sinauer Assoc.
 Hedrick P.W. (2000). Genetics of Populations, Jones and Bartlett Pub.
Course Title Comparative vertebrate endocrinology

Course Code ZOL-708
Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Endocrinology A &B
Aims and Objectives To understand the evolutionary aspects of endocrine gland and their secretions
in vertebrates
Learning Outcomes To nurture the students knowledge of endocrine systems and their significance
in normal body function
Syllabus in Brief 1. Introduction: neural versus humoral coordination, what is comparative
endocrinology?, Occurrence of vertebrate hormones in other organism, diversity of
vertebrate hormones
2. Comparative morphology of endocrine tissue: comparative morphology of the
pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid and ultimobranchial bodies, adrenals,
hormones of gut and gonads putative endocrine glands
3. Life history of hormones:
Synthesis, release of hormones, concentration of hormones in circulation, transport of
hormones, mechanism of action of hormones
4. Structural and functional Heterogeneity and evolution in hormones: Function of
Pituitary secreting hormones, Hormonal stimulation and inhibition of the pituitary
via hormones of the endocrine hypothalamus (TRH, SRIH, GHRH, GnRH, CRH),
origin and evolution of hormones and hormone receptors
5. Role of thyroid hormones in development and metabolism,
6. Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis: parathyroid hormone, cholecalciferol
derivatives, calcitonin, stanniocalcin
Hormones of the adrenal medulla (catecholamines) and the adrenal cortex
(glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids)
7. Hormones involved in reproductive physiology and sex differentiation (androgens,
oestrogens, progestagens, AMH, inhibins/activins)
8. Endocrinology of Pregnancy:Hormones in conception and implantation; Hormonal
actions and adaptation in pregnancy and parturition.
9. Endocrinology of Lectation: Hormones in lactation.
10. Other hormonal systems (renine-angiotensine-system, natriuretic peptides,
hormones of the urofysis, melatonin)
Interaction between hormones and pheromones in endocrine processes
Practical:
Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in mouse/ rat
dissection.
Histological and immunohistochemical procedures to study the endocrine
glands, Perform experiments on animals or on animal tissues to investigate the
function of a specific hormone. Examples are the effect of insulin on circulating
glucose levels and the effect of oxytocin on uterus contractions and the way this
is influenced by neurotransmitters.
Hormone assessment techniques including RIA and ELISA with standard curve
preparation.
Text Books:
Comparative Endocrinology" by A. Gorbman et al. (1983) Vertebrate
Endocrinology by D. O. Norris (2007, 4th Edition),
Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology" by P.J. Bentley (1988, 3rd Edition)
Hadley, M.E. and Levine J.E. 2007. Endocrinology, 6th
Edition. Pearson Prentice-Hall, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey.
Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th Edition, W.D. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia.
Course Title Biochemistry of Drug Action

Course Code ZOL-710
Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction: Drug sources, drug and active principle, drug develo
Principles of drug action: drug receptor binding, types of binding forces, agonist
and antagonist, dose response curve, affinity, intrinsic activity, efficacy and
potency of a drug, concept of receptor reserve. Drug administration, absorption
and distribution: routes of drug administration, intestinal mucosa and blood
barriers, bioavailability of a drug, first pass metabolism, drug distribution, blood
tissue barriers, binding of drug to plasma proteins. Biotransformation of drugs,
drug elimination, cellular and metabolic tolerance to a drug. Drugs acting on the
sympathetic nervous system: Structure and function of sympathetic nervous
system, adrenoceptor subtypes and catecholamine actions, direct and indirect
sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, drugs used in hypertension, angina,
cardiac arrhythmlas and heart failure. Drugs acting on parasympathetic and
motor nervous system: Structure and function of parasympathetic and motor
nervous system, cholinergic synapse, neuromuscular blocking agents,
neuromuscular stimulants, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics. Drugs
used in hyperlipoproteinemias: lipoprotein metabolism, hyperlipoproteinemias,
drug treatment. Drugs acting on the central nervous system: neutransmission in
the brain, dopaminergic and scotongergic synapse. CNS stimulants, CNS
depressants, anxiolytics, neuroleptics, antidepressants, opiates, addiction,
Hallucinogens, antiparkinsonians, antiepileptics. Antihistammergic drugs:
Allergens, lgF, histamine, histamine receptors, asthma, hay fever and
anaphylaxis, peptic ulcer, drugs for the treatment. Analgesics and antipyretic
analgesics: pain mechanism and pathways, thermoregulation and antipyretics,
drugs used for analgesic anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Diuretics:
NaCl reabsorption in the kidney, osmotic diuretics, diuretics of the
sulphonamide type, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazide
diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics. Antibacterial drugs: Bacterial infection,
bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, bacterial resistance, inhibitors of cell wall
synthesis, inhibitors of tetrahydrofolate synthesis, inhibitors of DNA function,
inhibitors of protein synthesis.
PRACTICALS
To estimate salicylate in the blood of sodium salicylate injected rabbits and in an
aspirin tablet. To determine half life and AUC of a drug. To study the effect of
time on biological response of a drug. To determine biological response of a
drug at various doses and plot dose response curve. Determination of ED50 and
efficacy of a drug. To study the effect of an antagonist on agonist-induced
biological response. To monitor stimulatory effects of a CAN stimulant in rats.
To monitor sedative effects of a CNS depressant in rats.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Hardman, J.G., Limberd, L.E., Molinoff, P.B., Ruddon, R.W., Goodman,
L.S. and Gilman, A., 1996. Goodman & Gillman’s The Pharmacological
basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed. The McGraw Hill Companies.
2. Smith, C.M. and Reynard, A.M., 1995. Essentials of Pharmacology. WB
Saunders Company.
3. Lullmann, H., Mohr, K., Ziegler, A. and Bieger, D., 1993. Pocket Atlas
of Pharmacology. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. New York.
4. Haleem, D.J., 1994. Neurochemistry of Drug Action. BCC & T Press
Karachi Univ.
5. Walker, R., 1994. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Longman
Singapore Publishers.
6. Eadie, M.J., 1992. Drug Therapy in Neurology. Longman Group UK
Limited.
7. Rose, K.M., Rosenfeld, G.C. and Loose-Mitchell, D.S., 1991.
Pharmacology, William and Wilkings, New York.
8. Rayall, R.W., 1989. Mechanism of drug action on the central nervous
system. Cambridge University Press.
9. Neal, M.J.,1997. Medical Pharmacology at a glance. Blackwell Scientific
Publication, Oxford, Londong.
10. Katzung, B.G., 1995. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Lange Medical
Publications, California.
11. Harvey, R.A. and Champe, P.C., 2000. Pharmacology (Lippincott Illustated
Reviews). J.P. Lippincott and Company.
Course Title Helminthology

Course Code ZOL-711
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to the phylum platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Aspidohothria,
Trematoda, Form, Function, Life cycle and Classification of digeneans,
Digenians, strigeiformes, Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mansoni
(Schistosomiasis); Digeneans Echinostomiformes; Fasciola hepatica, F
gigantiea, Paramphistomum cervi.
Course Title Human Genetics

Course Code ZOL-712
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category M.Phil Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course attempts to walk the students through classical genetics and
molecular genetics with a cautionary endnote on range of ethical, legal and
social issues which are also the logical consequences of such unparalleled
scientific progress.
Learning Outcomes To impart the full command over the subject starting with application of a
variety of conventional and modern tools limitations of genetic methodology
when applied to humans would be discussed. Application of mapping tools and
current knowledge on genetic variations in health and disease across populations
and their clinical/diagnostic implications would be dealt subsequently
Syllabus in Brief Theory: Introduction to Human Genetics: History; Early perception,
development and documentation; Genome organization; Genetic variation in
health and disease: Chromosome structure, function and implications for
disease. Study tools in Human Genetics: Pedigree analysis- Mendelian
inheritance and exceptions; Chromosomal analysis (in vitro, in vivo),
Biochemical analysis; Somatic cell genetics (somatic cell hybrids,
monochromosome hybrid panels), gene mapping: deletion mapping and
duplication mapping,Genetical basis of cancer, Eugenics, Twin studies. Human
genetic diversity:Tracing human migrations with autosomal, Y-chromosomal
and mitochondrial markers. Ethical, legal and social issues in Human genetics:
PRACTICALS
1. Study of different qualitative and quantitative traits.
2. Pedigree analysis (Screening of metabolic and other disorders).
3. Analysis of sex chromosomes in Inter-phase nuclei.
4. Karyotyping of normal and abnormal human chromosomes.
5. Dermatology of normal and mentally retarted individuals.
6. Problems solving on genetic counselling.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
 Falconer, D.S.,(1989). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Longman,
London.
 Li., C.C. (1963). Population Genetics, University of Chicago Press.
 Crow, J.F., and Kimura (1970). An Introduction to Population Genetics
Theory, Harper & Row, New York.
 Strachan, T. and Andrew P. (1999). Human Molecular Genetics, 2nd Edition,
Wiley-Liss
 Ehrilch P.R. (2002). Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human
Prospect, 1st Edition, Penguin USA Paper,
 Relethford J.H.(2001). Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins,
Wiley-Liss.
 Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics (2001) (Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol 2, Annual Reviews.
 Dennis C., Gallagher, R. and Watson, J. (2002). The Human Genome, 1st
Edition, Palgrave.
Suggested readings:
 TVogel F. and. Motulsky A. GT, (1997). Human Genetics: Problems and
Approaches. Springer Verlag
 Pasternak J . (1999). An Introduction to Human Molecular Genetics:
Mechanism of Inherited Diseases. Fitzgerald Science Press
 Bickmore W. A.(2006) Chromosome Structural analysis: A Practical
Approach (Ed.) 3rd edition. Oxford University Press
 Barch MJ, Knutsen T and Spurbeck JL (eds) (1997) The AGT. Cytogenetics
Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed. Raven publications.
 Rooney D. E. Human Cytogenetics: Constitutional analysis (Ed) . Oxford
University Press
Course Title Human Embryology and Teratology

Course Code ZOL-713
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Formation of normal and abnormal gametes and their relation to age,
gastrulation and implantation. Formation of basic organ rudiments. Development of
fetal membranes and formation of the placenta. Embryonic and fetal growth. Brief
description of development of various body systems. Congenital malformations and
their causes.
PRACTICALS
Study of mammalian gonads and gametes. Study of whole mounts and
sections of various mammalian embryos. Experimental manipulation of live
embryos.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (LATEST EDITIONS)
1. Moore, K.L., 1982. The Developing Human, Saunders.
2. Largman, J., 1981. Medical Embryology, William and Wilkins.
3. Snell, R.S., 1983. Clinical Embryology, Little Brown.
Course Title Molecular Biology

Course Code ZOL-714
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MS/PhD
Aims and Objectives To impart knowledge about the molecular biology of animal cell and the unified role of
macromolecules for the ultimate sustainability of the organisms
Syllabus in Brief Prokaryotic and eukaryotic structure and classification particularly with
reference to DNA. Nucleus: Chromatin, heterochromatin, euchromatin, DNA,
RNA physical and chemical structure, DNA replication (mechanism, DNA
replication in prokaryotes specially with reference to variety of DNA
polymerases and other proteins involved, DNA replication in Eukaryotes with
special reference to DNA polymerases, DNA repair, Transcription,
posttranscriptional processing of RNA, Genetic code, point mutations,
Translation (with reference to the specific role of Ribosomes, various factors,
and posttranslational processing), Regulation of Gene Expression, role of
promoter and operator, Lac operon, Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes; role of
promoter and diverse transcription factors involved, Recombinant DNA
technology, molecular tools involved: vectors, enzymes, expression system;
DNA sequencing, PCR techniques, Molecular biology of DNA and RNA viruses
and yeast. Molecular immunology, Cell cycle regulation, Oncogenes and cancer.
Practical:
1. Quantitative estimation of various macromolecules (DNA, RNA, Protein).
2. Demonstration of properties of these macromolecules.
3. Methods of bacterial culture.
Text Books:
1. Allison, L.A. 2007. Fundamental Molecular Biology. Blackwell Pub. Comp.
2. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A., Krieger, M., Scott, M.P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H
and Matsudaira, P. 2008. Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition. Freeman & Comp.
New York.
Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science, New York.
5. Karp, G. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts & Experiments. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
Course Title Molecular Physiology

Course Code ZOL-715
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Overview of resting membrane, action potential and synaptic
transmission; Structure and mechanisms in ion channels; Biosynthesis of
neurotransmitters; Neurotransmitters actions at synaptic receptors.
Neurosecretions and neurotransmitters in higher nervous system activity.
Molecular mechanisms in transduction of sensory stimuli into impulse;
photochemistry and transduction of photoreceptor; Color vision.
Overview of endocrine glands, their hormones and roles; Chemistry and
biosynthesis of hormones of adenohypophysis, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine
pancreas, adrenal medulla and steriodogenic tissues; Metabolism of thyroid and
steriodogenic tissues; Structure of hormone receptors; Mechanisms of action of a
protein/peptide, a steroid and thyroid hormone; Hormonal regulation of
metabolism; Molecular basis of muscular contraction; Molecular interaction at
neuromuscular level; Molecular structure of cilia and flagella and mechanisms in
movements.
Automicity and rythmicity of myogenic heart; Regulation of cardiac
activity; Humoral regulation of circulation: Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Exchange of respiratory gases; Chemical regulation of respiration. Nature and
formation of various nitrogenous waste product; Glomerular filteration,
reabsorption and secretion mechanisms; Concentration of urine. Regulation of
digestive secretions; Digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Molecular mechanisms in adaptation to temperature extremes.
PRACTICALS
Study of post synaptic receptor mechanisms in neuromuscular
preparation of frogs; Experiments to study molecular responses to hormones.
Study of hormones receptors in differing hormonal circulation levels; Ultra-
structure study of muscle structure for muscle contraction. Effect of chemicals
and drugs on cardiac activity of prepared frogs; Study of drugs on reflexes and
local circulation models. Respiratory function and oxygen consumption in
acidosis and alkalosis in mouse. Study of nature of nitrogenous wastes of
animals inhabiting different environment. Urine analysis in different
physiological states. Absorption of glucose in inverted intestinal sac, effect of
drugs on intestinal movements. Muscular responses to Pyrexia.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Randall, D., Burggren, W., French, K. and Femald, R., 2002. Eckert
Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations, 6th ed.W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
2. Berne, R.M. and Levy, M.N., 2000. Principles of Physiology, 3 rd Edition.
St. Lious, Mosby.
3. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E., 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10 th
Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
4. Withers, P.C., 1992. Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders College
Publishing, Philadelphia.
5. Schmidt-Nelsen, K., 1997. Animal Physiology, Adaptation and
Environment, 5th Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
6. Tharp, G. and Woodman, D., 2002. Experiments in Physiology, 8th
Edition, Prentice Hall, London.
Course Title Environmental Biotechnology

Course Code ZOL-716
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To learn and asses the environmental problems and monitor the environmental factors
to make sustainable and suitable one for living beings and receive benefits through their
applications in different fields of life
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the importance of biotechnology in order to
resolve environmental problems and play an innovative roles for the further research
History and use in daily life. Role of Biotechnology for a better Environment.
Environmental Pollutants: Heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cd, Bi, Co, etc.).
Aromatic hydrocarbons (mononuclear and polynuclear), pesticides, solvent and
gases. Hazardous and toxic effects of pollutants. Health problems.
Biotechnology for pollution monitoring Biosensors, development and use for
monitoring. Biotechnological processes involved in reducing pollution.
1. Biosorpiton, bioaccumulation, bioprecipitation, bioreduction and
solubilization of heavy meatals. Mechanisms involved.
2. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and solvents path
way and genes involved.
3. Biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkaonates, gums, polysaccharides etc.,
process involved.
Bt, nitrogen fixers and use of plant growth promoting bacteria. Immobilization and
biofilm formation support systems (economical aspects) and efficiency of
biofilm. Bioreactors: types, construction flow rate and performance, Economic
feasibility. GEMS; construction and their use in cleaning, Release of GEMs in
the environment guide lines and risk assessment. Case studies of use of
biotechnology for environmental cleaning. Commercial aspects of biotech
products for having cleaner environment.
PRACTICALS
Environment for bacteria involved in the Sulfur Cycle using a Winogradsky column.
Isolation of Bioluminescent bacteriafrom soil samples.
Isolation of Magnetotactic bacteria. Mutualism between Algae and Cyanobacteria.
The Symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and Leguminous plants (Field study).
Biodegradation of wastes and pollutants: a) Ceelulose decomposition, b) The
biodegradation of petroleum. Bioleaching.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Peacock, K. W. 2010. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. An imprint of
Infobase Publishing. 132 West 31st Street, New York.
2. Evans, G. G. and J. Furlong. 2011. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and
Application. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. USA.
3. Baveye, Ph., Block, J.C. and Goncharuk, V.V., 1999. Bioavailability of Organic
Xenbiotics in the Environment – Practical Consequences for the Environment.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
4. Sayler, G.S., Sanseverino, J. and Davis, K.L., 1997. Biotechnology in the
Sustainable Environment. Plenum Press, New York.
5. Verstreet, W., Debeer, D., Pena, M., Lettinga, G. and Lens, P., 1996. Anaerobic
Bioprecessing of organic wastes. World J. Microbial. Biotechnol., 12:221-238.
Course Title Advances in Aquatic Toxicology

Course Code ZOL-717
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category MS/MPhil Zoology, 02 Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The major objectives of this course are to introduce students to the diverse array
of stressors and toxicants in aquatic environment effecting aquatic life at
molecular, physiological and genetic level.
Learning Outcomes By the end of the semester students will be able to apply their acquired
knowledge to better understand the interactions between toxicants and the
environment. They will be able to distinguish between different classes of
toxicants and their general and specific effects on aquatic life at physiological
and molecular levels. They will be able to demonstrate knowledge of aquatic
toxicology principles, laboratory procedures and interpret data pertaining to the
behavior of the individual organism in its natural environment; to the structure
and function of populations, communities, and ecosystems; and to human
impacts on these systems and the environment.
Syllabus in Brief Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress: Introduction and Overview.
Biochemical Responses as Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Health: Biochemical
Markers of Exposure Cytochrome P450 1A, Phase II Enzymes, Oxidative Stress,
Metallothioneins, Porphyrins, Cholinesterases.
Molecular Biomarkers in Aquatic Organisms: DNA Damage, Micronucleus
Analysis, Flow Cytometry, Gene Expression Assays, Northern, Slot and Dot
Blots, Ribonuclease Protection Assay, Expression of multixenobiotic Defense
mechanism, Vitellogenin Expression, Microarray Hybridizations: Gene Chips.
Physiological and Condition-Related Indicators of Environmental Stress in Fish:
Physiological Stress Indicators, Condition-Based Stress Indicators, Measuring
and Interpreting Stress Responses.
Genetic Responses as Population-Level Biomarkers of Stress in Aquatic
Ecosystems: Factors Influencing Genetic Diversity in Populations, Approaches
to quantify Genetic Diversity
Biomarkers and Bioindicators in Monitoring and Assessment
Practical:
Introduction, Basic Water Quality Parameters, Analytical Equipments ; Serial
Dilutions, Standard Curves, Data Manipulation; 10 – 48-hour Acute Toxicity
Test – Oreochromis mossambicus; 24 - hour Acute Toxicity Test, Data Analysis;
03 – 48-h Unknown Toxicity Test; Toxicity Amelioration, Short-term Chronic
Toxicity Test - Oreochromis mossambicus, Data Analysis - Short-term Chronic
Toxicity Toxicity Identification, Evaluation, Sediment Toxicity Assessment .
Text Books
1. An Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology, 1st Edition. M Nikinmaa, 2014.
ISBN: 9780124115743. Academic Press.
2. Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress, Adam, S.M., 2002.
American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
3. Aquatic Toxicology Research Focus. Elias P. Svensson, 2008. Nova
Publishers.
Suggested Reading:
1. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology:Effects, Envionmental Fate and Risk
Assessment, 3rd Edition, Gary M. Rand, 2008 by CRC Publishers.
2. Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspective
Donald, C. Malins and Gary K. Ostrander. 1994. CRC Press
3. Landis W G and Yu M H. 1999. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology;
Impact of chemicals upon ecological system. 2nd Ed. Lewis Publisher Boston,
London.
Course Title Medical Microbiology

Course Code ZOL-718
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives In this course, the students will be able to learn about pathogens and their
interactions with hosts, making the foundations for the further future research.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply basic information in order to achieve the aims
and objectives of the course.
Microbiology and Medicine, antimicrobial agents, mode of action. Bacterial
pathogenicity, sources and spread of infection in the community, Immunological
principles: antigens, antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactions.
Bacterial pathogens and associated diseases. Staphylococcus, skin and wound
infections. Streptococcus, sore throat, scarlet fever, glomerulo-nephritis.
Pneumococcus, respiratory infections. Cornyebacterium. Erysipelothrix: Listerial,
Diphtheria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: pulmonary and other tuberculosis infections.
Actinomyces. Neisseria: Meningitis, Gonorrhoea. Salmonella, Shigella. Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia. Anthrax bacillus. Clostridium tetani. Poxviruses.
Herpes virsus. Herpes simplex. Cytomega-lovirus infections. Adenoviruses. Influenza
viruses. Miscellaneous viruses: Rubella, Corona, Arena viruses. Hepatitis viruses.
Arboviruses. Rickettsia. Pathogenic Fungi. Protozoa. Infective syndromes and
diagnostic procedures. Strategy of antimicrobial therapy. Prophylactic immunization.
PRACTICALS
Basic techniques. Widal test. Labortory diagnosis and control of infections:
Streptococcus, Cornyebacterium, Erysipelothrix Listeria, and Mycobacterium.
The Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella, Shigella. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus
and other Enterbacteria. Clostridium I. Clostridium II. Protozoa. Blood tests:
TLC, DLC, RBC.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Kayser, F. H., K. A. Bienz., J. Eckert and R. M. Zinkernagel. (2011). Thieme
333 Seventh Avenue, New Yark NY 10001, USA
2. Cruickshank, R., Duguid, J.P., Hermion, B.P. and Swain, R.H.A., (1975).
Medical Microbiology, (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2), Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.
3. Turk, D.C. and Poster, I.A., (1978). A Short Textbook of Medical
Microbiology, Hodder and Stoughton.
4. Vollum, R.L., Jamison, and Cummins C.S. (1970). Fairbrother’s Textbook of
Bacteriology, William Heinemann, London.Collin’s C.H. and Lyne P.M.
Microbiology Methods.
Course Title Behavioral Ecology

Course Code ZOL-719
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Prey-predator relations, sharing of food and space between species,
temporal, ecological and behavioral diversification, acquired and learned
behavior, building of constraints, action of acquired constraints, the role of
territoriality and communication in foraging, defence and search for mates.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Kerbs, J.R. and N.B. Davies, 1981. An Introduction to Behavioural
Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publicatiuons, London.
2. Lehner, P. 1978. The Hand Book of Ethological Methods. Garland STP
Press, New York.
3. Hansell, M. H. and J.J. atiken, 1979. Experimental Animal Behaviour.
Blackies& Sons.
4. Hazlett, B. A. 1977. Quantitative Methods in the study of Animal
Behaviour. Academic Press, London.
Course Title Principles of Toxicology

Course Code ZOL-720
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category M.Phil. Zoology, 02-Years Program, PhD Zoology.
Aims and Objectives Enabling the students to learn about mechanisms and scope of Toxicity, effects of
Toxicity on the Physiology and different techniques for its calculation and Estimation.
Learning Outcomes Students will understand Toxicity and will be able to perform Basic Toxicity Tests.
Defination: Early development, Recent Development and Challenges. Absorption,
distribution and Excretion of Toxicants
Biotransformation of Toxicants, Phase 1 and Phase II reactions. Effect of Toxicity:
Spectrum of Toxic effects, Target organs, Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets
including proteins and Co-enzymes.
Modifying factors of Toxic effects: Host factors, Environmental effects, Chemical
Interactions, Toxicity Studies: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies, Experimental
Designs. Developmental Toxicity.
Mutagenesis: Mechanisms, Introduction to In vivo and In vitro tests utilizing Bacteria,
yeast, Insects and Mammals.
Carcinogenesis: Mode of Action; Bioactivation, Interaction with other molecules.
Categories; Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic carcinogens, Introduction to some human
carcinogens. Introduction to different tests for carcinogenicity.
Detoxification: Host and Environmental factors, Introduction to antidots and its
mechanisms
Practicals
1. Determination of LD50 values of some pesticide against any insect pest.
2. Determination of LD50 of any toxic compound in mammalian system.
3. Effect of any toxicant on body weight in mice.
4. Toxicity of some toxic compound on relative organ weight in mice.
5. Effect of toxicant on food consumption in mice.
6. Study of toxicity of any chemical on total leukocytes count.
7. Effect of toxicant on total erythrocytic count in blood of mice.
8. Effect of any toxicant on heamoglobin level in mice.
9. Study of inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme activity by organophasphate
insecticides in mice.
10. Mutagenecity tests using Ames Test.
11. Genotoxicity Testing using any genotoxicity assay
Books Recommended
1. KLAASSEN, CURTIS D., (1996). Casarell and Doull’s Toxicology;
The Basicscience of Poisons; 5th Edition (International). McGraw-Hill,
Health Professions Division, New York.
2. Timbrel, J.A., 1995. Introduction to Toxicology, 2th Edition. Taylor and
Francis Ltd., London.
Course Title Limnology

Course Code ZOL-722
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction, Inland Water Bodies, Origin of Lakes, Organism in lotic series and lentic
series; plants, animals, bacteria, other fungal and non-plankton algae, higher acquatic
plants and their limnological importance, Physical Features of Water bodies, Dissolved
gases and solids, pH, Thermal Stratification, Plankton Nekton. Adaptation of organisms
in relation to various physical features of water and water bodies, Biological
productivity and their influence on biota.
PRACTICALS
Collection and study of rooted and submerged and free floating plants of
various approachable water bodies; Collection and study of animal life both
Plankton and Nekton. Study of aquatic adaptations in both plants and animals.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (LATEST EDITIONS)
1. Welch, P.S., 1948. Limnology, McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Ward & Whipple. Fresh Water Biology.
3. Stewart, E.A. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials, Scientific
Publishers, London.
4. Goldman, C.R. and Horne, A.J., 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill,
International Books Company, Japan.
5. Welch, P.C., 1968. Limnology. 4th Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York.
6. Allen S.E., 1990. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Scientific
Publishers, London.
Course Title Advances in Aquaculture – I

Course Code ZOL-725
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Physical problems in fish farm construction, hydrometrology in pond fish
culture, application of lime and fertilizers in fish farm management, warm water
fish seed production, enhancing production of carp fingerlings by the use of
growth promoting substances, intensive and semi-intensive culture of major
carps, polyculture v/s monoculture, flavour problem in fish culture, fish diseases
and their control in aquaculture.
PRACTICALS
1. Submission of report after study the following farming systems:
(i) Extensive fish farming
(ii) Semi extensive farming
(iii) Intensive farming of carps
(iv) Ponds, reservoirs and raceway
(v) Integrated fish farming
2. Fish diseases, symptoms and treatment.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Meade, J. W. 1998, Aquaculture Management. Chapman & Hall Inc. N.
York.
2. Pillay, T. V. R., 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and Practices. Fishing
News Books, London.
3. Parker, R. 1994. Aquaculture Science. Delmar Publishers, N. York.
4. Deborah, A. T. 1989. Aquaculture , Mansell, N. York.
5. Agrawal, V.v P. 1999. Recent Trends in Aquaculture. Society of
Biosciences. India.
6. Reddy, M. S. and K.R.S. SambasivaRao. 1999. Atext book of Aquaculture.
Discovery Publishing House, N. Delhi
Course Title Applied Fisheries

Course Code ZOL-727
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Basic Principles of fish culture: Extensive fishn culture, Semi-intensive fish
culture, Intensive fish culture. Construction and management of fish farm:
Ponds for fingerlings, Ponds for yearlings, Rearing ponds, Nursery ponds,
Fattening ponds, Stocking ponds, Farm for large-scale fish culture.
Construction and maintenance of fish seed hatchery: Hatchery for Salmonids,
Hatchery for cyprinids, Hatchery for Catfishes. Natural food and feeding:
Phytoplankton, Zooplanktons, Crustaceans (cladocera), Arthropoda larvae,
Annelids, Molluscs.
Artificial feed and feeding: Of plant origin, Of animal origin, Feed for
Salmonids, Feed for Cyprinids, Feed pelleting. Adaptation of fish on pelleted
feed Breeding and cultivation of Salmonids (rainbow trout & brown trout):
Natural breeding, Artificial breeding, induced spawning, Hormonal induced
spawning. Breeding and cultivation of Cyprinids (major carps &Chinese carps):
Natural breeding, Artificial breeding, induced spawning, Hormonal induced
spawning. Fish diseases and their control: Viral disease, Bacterial disease,
Fungal disease, Parasitic (protozoon, helminthes, crustaceans, leeches, Argulus
etc). Fish enemies and their control: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals,
Chemicals and fertilizers. Fish harvesting and marketing: Netting,
Transportation, Maintenance of flesh quality and price control.
PRACTICALS
 Morphological identification of important culturable fish species
 Study of gut contents of culturable fish species
 Diagnosis of important bacterial diseases in cyprinids
 Study of important parasites of fish
 Stripping of mature fish and artificial fertilization of eggs and sperms
 Study of early development stages
 Visit to various fish seed hatcheries during breeding season
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Kestin Farmed Fish Quality (2001) Multiline Books
2. Ruth Freshwater Aquacuture(2000) Multiline Books
3. Bromage Broodstock Management and
Egg &Larval Quality (1995) Pak Book Corp
4. Woo Fish Diseases and Disorder: Protozoan
and Metazoan infections (1995) Pak Books Corp
5. Brenabe Aquaculture Vol. I& II (1992) Fishing News Books
Ltd. England
6. C. Maseke Fish Aquaculture (1987) Pergamon Press.
Oxford
7. M.Huet Text Book of Fish Culture:
Breeding and Cultivation (1986)Fishing News Books ltd. England.
Course Title Advances in Aquaculture - II

Course Code ZOL-731
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to advanced Aquaculture. Culture of freshwater prawn
shrimps and Oyster culture. Aquaculture in raceways, cages, enclosures and
ponds with particulars. Advances in fish seed production technology. Fish flesh
composition, Aquatic weeds
PRACTICALS
nurseries).
2. Study of various installations and their functions. Submission of report.
3. Study of spawning in freshwater fish.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Meade, J. W. 1998, Aquaculture Management. Chapman & Hall Inc. N.
York.
2. Pillay, T. V. R., 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and Practices. Fishing
News Books, London.
3. Parker, R. 1994. Aquaculture Science. Delmar Publishers, N. York.
4. Deborah, A. T. 1989. Aquaculture , Mansell, N. York.
5. Agrawal, V.v P. 1999. Recent Trends in Aquaculture. Society of
Biosciences. India.
6. Reddy, M. S. and K.R.S. SambasivaRao. 1999. Atext book of
Aquaculture. Discovery Publishing House, N. Delhi.
Course Title Biotechnology in Aquaculture

Course Code ZOL-733
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction and history of aquaculture. Role of biotechnology in
aquaculture, use of effective microorganisms in technology; paucity of fish
geneticists, fish as an experimental animal, technical details and possibilities.
Use of hormones for sex manipulation and growth promotion in cultivable
fishes: hormonal manipulation of sex, gonadal sex manipulation,
masculinization and sterilization by androgens, femisnization by estrogens,
duration and timing and method of administration of steroid hormones.
Hormonal enhancement of growth. Genetic in enhancing productivity;
phenotypic sex reversal, heterospecific in semination long-term preservation of
gametes, selection of high directional growth rate, production of polyploids.
PRACTICALS
Study of chromosomes and DNA. Quantitative analyses of sex
hormones. Aritificial fecundity and induced breeding of cultivable fish. E.M.
Techniques.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Sinha, C.R.P. and Srivastava, 1991. Biotechnology and Aquaculture
Engineering. Session Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd., New
Delhi.
2. Pimtani, M., 1992. Aquaculture Research Needs for 2000 A.D. Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Gall, G.A. and Chen, H., 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman and Hall,
London.
4. Schreck, C.B. and Moyle, P.B., 1990. Methods for fish Biology,
American Fisheries Soc. Bethesda Maryland, USA.
5. Matty, A.J., 1985. Fish Endocrinology. Timber Press, USA.
6. Pakin, J. and Lensen, E.B. [eds], 1993. Fish Ecophysiology. Chapman
and Hall, London.
Course Title Fish Biology

Course Code ZOL-734
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic environment of fish, recruitment
natality and mortality, population dynamics, food and feeding behaviour,
reproduction, fecundity and reproductive behaviour. Fundamental links in the
life cycles of the fishes and their migration. Fishery statistics: Standard error,
standard deviation, variance, analysis of variance, probability, correlation,
regression, chi-square test and t-test.
PRACTICALS
Analysis of gut contents of fish. Population estimation, determination of
fecundity.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Gulland, J.A., Fish Population Dynamics, 1988.
2. Lagler, K.F. Ichthyology, 1984. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
3. Ali, S.S. Freshwater Fisher Biology, 1999. Naseem Book Depot,
Hyderabad.
4. Schereck, C.B. and B.B. Moyle, Methods of Fish Biology, American
Fisheries Society, 1990.
5. Nikol’s kii, Special Ichthyology, 1991.
6. Yadev, B.N., Fish and Fisheries, 1990.
7. Bome, Q., Biology of fishes. 1982.
8. Gulland, J.A., Fish Population Dynamics, 1988.
Course Title Fish Ecology

Course Code ZOL-735
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Inter-relationships between fishes and their abiotic and biotc
environment; density and pressure of the water, salinity of the water,
temperature of the water, salt contents of the water, gases in solution, light,
bottom deposits and particles suspended in water, biotic inter-relationships
among fishes and other animals, fundamental links in the life cycles of fishes
and migration of fishes.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Moss, B. 1998. Ecology of Freshwaters: Man and Medium, Past to Future
(3rd Ed.). Blackwell Science, USA.
2. Jeffries, M. and D. Mills. 1992. Freshwater Ecology: Principles and
Applications. CBS Publishers and Distributors, N. Delhi.
3. Kaul, B.L. 1999. Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology.
Daya Publishing House, N. Delhi.
Course Title Fish Bioenergetics

Course Code ZOL-736
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to energetics and energy budgets . Fish feds and their
nutritional value. Metabolism and growth. Energy of waste products. Ecosystem
energetics. Energy and food production. Energetics of Locomotion.
PRACTICALS
Energy budget. Qualitative assessment of fish feed. Oxygen
consumption. Analysis of faeces.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Jobling, M., 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman and Hall, London.
2. Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J., and Brett, J.R., 1979. Fish Physiology, Vol.
VIII. Academic Press, New York.
3. Brafield, A.E. and Llewellyn, M.J., 1982. Animal Energetics.
Blackie&Sons, Glasgow.
4. Tytler, P. and callow, P., 1985. Fish Energetics. New Perspectives.
Croom Helm, Beckenham.
5. Pandian, T.J. and vernberg, F.J., 1987. Animal Energetics, Vol. I & II.
6. Weatherley, A.H. and Gill, H.S., 1987. The biology of Fish Growth.
Academics Press, London.
7. Rankin, J.C. and Jensen, F.B., 1993. Fish Ecophysiology. Chapman and
Hall, London. Publishing Co. N. Dehli.
Course Title Fisheries Management

Course Code ZOL-737
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Road to management, natural populations, protection against hazards,
improvement of habitat, age and growth, managing natural populations, the
significance of fishes in the life of mankind and biological basis of natural
fishery.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Templeton, R.G. 1995. Freshwater Fisheries Management (2nd Ed.)
Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, USA.
2. Jacques, A. 1999. Management of freshwater Fisheries. Technique et
Documentation, Lavoisier, Paris.
3. Rounsefell, G.A. and Everhart, W.H. 1963. Fishery Science its methods
and application. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
4. Arrignon, J. 1999. Management of Freshwater Fisheries. Oxford & IBH
Pu
Course Title Environmental Biology of Fishes

Course Code ZOL-738
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Fish and their Environments. Feeding and Nutrition. Environmental
Biology of Fish Growth. Osmoregulation and lon Balance. Environmental
Biology of Reproduction. Behaviour. Water Pollution. Waste management.
Sustainability and environmental Issues.
PRACTICALS
Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environments.
Gut contents of dofferent fish species. Effect of temperature on fish growth.
Effect of salinity on fish growth. Induce spawning. Effect of different pollutants
on survival of fish. Assignment.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Weatherley, A.H.,1972. Growth and Ecology of Fish Poplations.
2. Wootton, R.J., 1990. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman nd Hall,
London.
3. Wootton, R.J.,1998. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. 2nd Edition, Kluwer.
4. Jobling, M., 1995. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall,
U.K.
5. Weatherley, A.H. and Gill, H.S.,1987. The Biology of Fish Growth.
Chapman & Hall, U.K.
6. Evans, D.H.,1998. The Physiology of Fishes , 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, New York.
7. Boyd. C.E. and Tucker , C.S., 1998. and Pond Aquaculture Water
Quality management, Boston, Kluwer.
Course Title Chemical Biology of Fishes

Course Code ZOL-739
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Proximate Body Composition – Protein, Lipid, Ash and Caloric
Contents. Proximate Body Composition – Reaction and Adaptations to
Environment. Proximate Body Composition – Major carps, Chinese carps and
Salmonids in Pakistan.
PRACTICALS
Determination of Moisture contents, lipid content. Protein content, ash
content, dry weight of culturable fish species. Effect of ad-lib feeding on body
composition of fish.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Grodzinski, W.,Kelkowski, R.Z. and Duncan, A. (Ed.), 1975. Methods
for Ecological Bioenergetics. Blackwell, Oxford.
2. Love, R.M., 1970. The Chemical Biology of Fishes, Vol. 1. Academic
Press, London.
3. Love, R.M., 1980. The Chemical Biology of Fishes, Vol.2. Academic
Press, London.
Weratherley, A.H. and Gill, H.S., 1987. The Biology of Fish Growth. Academic
Press, London.
Course Title Techniques in Fisheries Management

Course Code ZOL-740
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
The literature of fish and fisheries, a method of compiling bibliography,
literature sources, general bibliography on fish, forms for recording data I
fishery surveys, recording, length, weight, sex and age determination,
preparation of impressions, photographs and slides of scales, scale reading, types
of tags and information sought, techniques of tagging and recovery, fishery
statistics.
PRACTICALS
Survey of literature, recording data, preparing and reading scales, tagging
and population estimation.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Sinha, V.R.P. and Srivastava, H.C. 1991. Aquaculture Productivity,
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. N. Delhi.
2. Sheri, A.N. 1974. Selected Bibliography of Fishes and Fisheries of
Pakistan (1864-1966). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
3. Ricker, W.E. 1958. Hand Book of Computation for Biological Statistics
of Fish Population. Fish Res. Bd. Of Canada. Bull. No. 119.
Course Title Molecular Entomology

Course Code ZOL-746
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MS/MPhil/PhD. Zoology
Aims and Objectives 1. To know different molecular approaches and research activities in Entomology
2. To explain the use of different insects as model organisms with reference to
human diseases.
3. To assess the advance molecular approaches towards forensic sciences and
criminology.
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Insects as a model for molecular study; Drosophila, Red flour beetle, Mosquitoes, Army
worm; DNA, Genes and Gene Structure in model insects; Genomics, Transcriptomics
and Proteomics; Genome Browsers and Blast; Gene homology in insects with reference
to the invertebrates; Role of barcoding and its application (Advantages and
disadvantages); Study of different types of genetic variations in insects; Genetic
identification of species and biotypes in insects. DNA and protein Alignments,
DNA/RNA Isolation in insects; cDNA Synthesis, Primer Design and PCR; Use of
molecular markers in insects; RAPD, SSR, RFLP, AFLP, Microsatellites, MLST;
Southern blotting, Northern blotting, western blotting; Cloning with reference to
insects; Genome Sequencing; Insect Transgenesis; Use of Transgenesis in
Entomological Applications; RNA Interference technique and gene silencing, Use of
insects for disease cure, i.e. Cancer, Tumor, Alzheimer, mental disorders, etc.
Importance of molecular markers in forensic science; Any new developing technique.
Practical: Isolation of genomic DNA from insects for DNA fingerprinting by various
methods; Comparison of different DNA extraction methods and use of different
Molecular markers; Gel electrophoresis of insect DNA; DNA study from model and
forensically important insects; Use of molecular information data base available for
insects (homology, alignment, etc)
Recommeded Books:
1. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A., Krieger, M., Scott, M.P., Bretscher, A.,
Ploegh, H and Matsudaira, P. 2008 Molecular Cell Biology, 6 th Edition.
Freeman and Comp. New York.
3. Genomes. 2nd edition. Brown TA. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002.
4. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B., 1989. Principles of gene manipulation. 4 th edition,
Blackwell scientific Publishers, London.
5. Marjorie, A.H. 2003. Insect Molecular Genetics. Academic Press, USA.
6. Blackman, R.L., G.M. Hemitt and M. Ashburner. 1980. Insect
Cytogenetics. Black-Well Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
7. Gray, J. Blomquit, Richard. 2003. Insect pheromone biochemistry and
molecular biology, (Elsevier Academic).
8. Dnyansayer, V.R. 1992. Cytology and Genetics. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. New Delhi.
9. John, C.A. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution. 2 nd
Ed., Sinauer associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Course Title Medical Entomology

Course Code ZOL-747
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives 1. To define and compare the insects of medical importance and also provide the
management solutions
2. To discuss the principles of vector-borne epidemiology
3. To explain the reasons underlying the major diseases outbreaks in human history
and;
4. To relate why these outbreaks occasionally occur in today’s modern world
To assess the new approaches in solving vector-borne pathogen challenges
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Introduction of medical entomology; Historical and global impact of insect-borne
diseases; Epidemiology. Identification, Biology and Control of insects and other
arthropods of medical importance. Insects and some other arthropod transmitted
diseases, their symptoms and diagnosis; Morphological adaptations of parasitic insects;
Envenomization and Allergens; Collembola, Blattaria, Coleoptera, Medical importance
of Hemiptera (Psychodidae, Cimicidae); Sand fly (Leishmaniasis); Black flies
(Onchocerciasis); Biting and sucking lice (Epidemic typhus); The biting flies; blood
feeders and vectors; Mosquitooes: Biology, Mosquitoes as vectors (host-parasite
interactions) (Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis); Horse flies, Deer flies and their relatives
Muscoid blood feeders; Tsetse flies (African sleeping sickness), Non blood-feeding
muscoid flies, Myiasis fleas, Plague (Bubonic, Septicemic, Pneumonic, Pharyngeal
plague); Ticks and mites; DNA fingerprinting and criminal identification using insects;
Use of insects in forensic science (Flies, Ants, Cockroaches, Mosquito, etc.)
Practical: Collection, mounting and identification of medically important insects
(particularly Dipteran); Mouthpart morphology and blood feeding of hemaphagous
insects; Review of Specimens (Cockroaches, Beetles, Lice, Bugs and others) in relation
to diseases. Forensic Entomology field trips.
Recommended Books:
1. Service, M.W. 1996. Medical Entomology
2. Metcalf, G.L. and W. P. Flint. 1980. Destructive and useful insects. Mc Graw
Hill, New York.
3. Metheson, R. 2003. Medical Entomology. Comstock Publishing Associates, New
York.
4. World Health Organization. 1984. Chemical methods for the control of
Arthropod Vectors and pests of Public Health Importance Geneva..
5. Walker, A. 1994. Arthropods of human and domestic animals. A Guide to
Preliminary Identification. Chapman and Hall.
6. Scevice, M.W., 1980. A Guide to Medical Entomology. The MacMillan
Company, New York.
7. Herms, W.B. and James, M.T. 1960. Medical entomology. The MacMillan
Company, New York.
8. Busvine, J. R. 1980. Insects and Hygiene, 3rd Ed. Chapman and Hall,
London.
9. Harwood, R. F. and M. T. James. 1979. Entomology in Human and
Animal Health, 7th Edition. Mcmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
10. Service, M. W. 1996. Medical Entomology for Students. Chapman and
Hall, London
11. Aldridge, B. 2004. Medical Entomology: Text Book of Public Health and
Veterinary. Chapman and Hall, London.
12. Lehane, S. 2005. Biology of Blood Sucking Insects, Printice, U.S.A.
Course Title Economic Entomology

Course Code ZOL-748
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives This course will elaborate the key insects of economically-important groups; and also
what kind of benefits the insects can provide to man. Moreover, the course will ensure
what are their major identification features and damages they cause in the form of
economic losses.
Learning Outcomes To provide a solid foundation in traditional economic entomology, emphasizing insect
pest population dynamics, economic decision levels and aspects of management with
reference to the expenditures
Syllabus in Brief Cottage Industry; Beekeeping, Lac culture, Sericulture. Insects of Aesthetic value,
Insect as food commodity (source of income as an export), Insect as commercial
commodity in industry (colors, textile, etc.). Major insects of economic importance;
Insect pests of Rice Wheat, Cotton and Sugarcane crops, their losses, identification, life
histories, distribution and control. Major stored-grain insect pests and their losses.
Comparison of the economic impact of insect pests in agricultural crops and forests
with the social and economic value of insects.
Practical: Collection, Mounting, Identification of beneficial insects, Stored-grain and
crop insect pests; Insect collection-box; Field visit.
Books:
1. Pedigo, L.P. and M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th
2. Pedigo, L.P. 2002. Economic Decision Levels for Pest Populations in
Entomology and Pest Management. 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, NJ.
3. Ashfaq, M. and W. Akram. 1999. A Manual of Sericulture. Univ. of Agri.,
Faisalabad.
Course Title Environmental Entomology

Course Code ZOL-749
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives Insect pest of urban areas, landscape, household, urban environments; diversity of
insects in different ecosystems; Insects and the role of Society; industrial entomology;
insects in aquatic habitats as bio indicator; use of insects as food in aquatic habitats;
effect of pollution on insect population in a given environment; use of insects for a
cleaner environment; Insects and related arthropods in residential and industrial
buildings, nature of damage, and their control. Recognition, biology, behavior,
economic importance, and management of insects in a given environment
(Cockroaches, Crickets, Silverfish and Firebrats, Carpenter Ants, Fleas, Earwigs, Fabric
Pests, Cluster Flies, House Flies, Mosquitoes, Human Lice, Stinging Insect Control,
Mining Bees, Carpenter Bees); Insects important in management of forest resources
including timber, wildlife, and recreation
Learning Outcomes Studies of Insect pest of urban and industrial along with diversified environmental arena
having impact on society.
Insects in residential and industrial buildings, nature of damage and their control.
Recognition, biology, behavior, economic importance, and management of insects in a
given environment
Syllabus in Brief Insect pest of urban areas, landscape, household, urban environments; diversity
of insects in different ecosystems; Insects and the role of Society; industrial
entomology; insects in aquatic habitats as bio indicator; use of insects as food in
aquatic habitats; effect of pollution on insect population in a given environment;
use of insects for a cleaner environment; Insects and related arthropods in
residential and industrial buildings, nature of damage, and their control.
Recognition, biology, behavior, economic importance, and management of
insects in a given environment (Cockroaches, Crickets, Silverfish and Firebrats,
Carpenter Ants, Fleas, Earwigs, Fabric Pests, Cluster Flies, House Flies,
Mosquitoes, Human Lice, Stinging Insect Control, Mining Bees, Carpenter
Bees); Insects important in management of forest resources including timber,
wildlife, and recreation.
Practical: Collection, mounting and the Identification; data record of the life
history of the different urban insect pest species, methods to detect their
presence, and management strategies. Field trips during the semester to different
sites (landscape area, industrial area, aquatic/canal area and sanctuaries etc.).
Recommended Books:
1. Pedigo, L.P. and M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th
Edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, N.J.
2. Ahmad, M. 1990. Agricultural Entomology of Pakistan. Nalt. Long Auth,
Islamabad.
3. Choudhry, G.U., 1970. Survey of Insect fauna of forests of Pakistan.Vol II,
CABI Direct.
4. Ghani, M.A. and Cheema, M.A., 1973. Biology, Ecology and Behavior of
Principal Natural Enemies of major Insects Pests of Forests of Pakistan. CABI,
England.
5. Perry, A.S. 1998. Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment:
Retrospect’s and Prospects. Eslvier, New York.
6. Huffaker, C.B 1999, Ecological Entomology. John Wiley Sons.
7. Saleem. M.A. and M. Ashfaq. 2004. Environmental pollution. Pak Book
Empire, Lahore.
Course Title Animal Pest and disease producing organisms

Course Code ZOL-750
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Nature and mechanism of damages caused by animals pest injuries to
cash crops, vegetables and fruit plants, stored grains and forest plants, with brief
description of their biology, ecology and control. Role of insects, helminthes,
nematodes, protozoans and other pathogens in disease transmission and myiasis,.
Insects and mites of medical and veterinary importance in Pakistan. Study of
important birds and mammals causing injuries to corps. Biology and ecology of
common avian and mammalian pests of Pakistan.
PRACTICALS
Collection, mounting studying and identification of important animal
pests.Endo and ecto-parasite of various animals. Mounting of slides after
processing the parasites.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Ahmad, M., 1990. Agricultural Entomology of Pakistan. Nalt. Long
Auth, Islamabad.
2. Choudhry, G.U., 1970. Survey of Insect fauna of forests of Pakistan.
3. Ghani, M.A. and Cheema, M.A., 1973. Biology, ecology and behaviour
of principal natural enemies of major insects pests of forests of Pakistan.
4. USDA, 1956. Year Book of Agriculture, Insects.
Course Title Advanced Integrated Pest Management-I 3(2-1)

Course Code ZOL-751
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives 1. To know about the concept of Integrated Pest Management and let students
to apply IPM techniques in Pakistan.
2. To assess the new approaches towards better management practices in IPM
program.
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Course Introduction and Management of Arthropods in Agricultural Systems:
Pest Management Theories; Surveillance and sampling; Background, general
and new concepts of integration; The utilization and integration of pest control
tactics (cultural methods, biological control, chemical, host resistance) for
management of insects, Study of pheromones and its applications; Integrated
Pest Management of major pests of crops, fruits, and vegetables; Impact of
Pesticide Residue/Food Safety Issues on Pest Management; Economic
Thresholds- Concepts, Development and Application; Insecticide Resistance
Management as a Component of IPM; Integration of GM Crops in IPM
Programs; Environment safe and un-safe methods of IPM.
Practical: Collection, Mounting, Identification of different insect pests; Insect
collection-box; data record of the life history of major insect pests of main crops,
sampling, scouting and methods to detect their threshold levels; Lab and filed
visits.
Books:
8. Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th
9. Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (2010) Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and
Insect Borne Diseases (1st edition). Springer., London, UK.
10. Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD, Cancelado RE (2009) Integrated Pest
Management: Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies (1 st edition);
Cambridge University Press., New York, USA.
11. Louis M, Schoonhoven, van Loon JJA, Marcel D (2006) Insect-Plant Biology
(2nd edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
12. Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Arora. 2003. Principles of insect pest management.
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.
13. Norris, R.F., E.P. Caswell-Chen and M. Kogan. 2002. Concepts in integrated
pest management. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited New Delhi, India.
14. M. R. Binns, J.P. Nyoop and W. Van der Werf, 2000. Sampling and monitoring
in crop protection CABI Publisher.
Course Title Advanced Integrated Pest Management-II 3(2-1)

Course Code ZOL-752
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives 1. To discuss the use of advanced methodologies and management strategies in
IPM.
2. To assess the advanced and scientific approaches to minimize the use of
pesticides and make wards better use of available methodologies for IPM
program.
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Concepts of Development of sustainable integrated pest management
programme; Concepts of integration and development of different IPM
techniques; Ecoomic decisions and risks in IPM; Crop diversification and pest
regulation; Chemical control and its safe use with other techniques; Role of
Wolbachia, Sterile Insect Techniques (SIT), Incompatible Insect Techniques
(IIT), Remote sensing of insect pests in expediency of Pest management;
Eradication of key pests- insect pests management in cotton, tobacco, soybean,
tomato, corn crops; Biology, Ecology and Management; IPM for the future,
sustainable agriculture and organic crop.
Practical: Collection, Mounting, Identification of different insect pests; Lab
visits to demonstrate the use of different spraying equipments and latest facilities
to detect pesticide residues in crops through HPLC; Field trips during the
semester to different cropping areas. Pest scouting, survey and monitoring;
damage assessment, methods of insect records of major pests, stages of insects
and plants; identification of alternate hosts, data collection and economic
threshold levels); Selection of pesticides and their application (on the basis of
mode of insect damage, group of insecticide, selection of application equipments
on the basis of crop); Augmentation of bio-control agents (different methods,
precautions and synchronization for releasing bio-control agents and follow up
evaluations).Integration of different methods of IPM (cultural, physical,
mechanical, biological, molecular, genetic and chemical methods)
Recommended Books:
1. Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th Edition.
Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
2. Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (2010) Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and
Insect BorneDiseases (1st edition). Springer., London, UK.
3. Gilbert LI, Gill SS (2010) Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents.
Academic Press., New York, USA.
4. Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD, Cancelado RE (2009) Integrated Pest Management:
Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies (1 st edition); Cambridge University
Press., New York, USA.
5. Louis M, Schoonhoven, van Loon JJA, Marcel D (2006) Insect-Plant Biology
(2nd edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
6. Mayer, C.D. 2004. Biotechnological Approach for the Integrated Management.
Wiley Intersciences, London.
7. Opender, Koul, L.S. Dhaliwal, 2004. Transgenic crop protection, Oxford and IBH
publisher.
8. Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Arora. 2003. Principles of insect pest management. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
9. Norris, R.F., E.P. Caswell-Chen and M. Kogan. 2002. Concepts in integrated pest
management. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited New Delhi, India.
10. Dhaliwal, G.S., R. Singh and B.S. Chhillar. 2006. Essentials of agricultural
entomology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.
11. Metcalf, P.I. (Ed.) 1990 -Todate. Advances in Pest Control Research, Vols. I-
todate. Inter-sciences Publishers, N.Y.
12. M. R. Binns, J.P. Nyoop and W. Van der Werf, 2000. Sampling and monitoring in
crop protection CABI Publisher.
13. Gray, J. Blomquit, Richard. 2003. Insect pheromone biochemistry and molecular
biology, (Elsevier Academic).
Course Title Biology and Control of Vertebrate Pests

Course Code ZOL-755
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Definition and general characteristics of pests with special reference to
Pakistan. Identification and biology of important vertebrate pests. Methods of studying
pests population. Methods of damage survey and damage assessment. Diseases carries
and public health importance. Control: Habitat manipulation and ecologically based
integrated management, biological control, non-chemical/physical controls. Chemical
Control; laboratory and field evolution of pesticides and materials, field application of
pesticides baits. Evolution of control. Justification and ecological consideration.
PRACTICALS
1. Study of important taxonomic characteristics of different species of
vertebrate pests (live animals/study skins)
2. Identification of damage to crops by different vegetable pests i.e. rats,
porcupines, wild boar and birds.
3. Contamination and damage to stored products by commensalrodents.
4. Methods of damage assessments.
5. Selection and preparation of different bait materials for rats, porcupine,
and wild boar.
6. Field application of pesticides baits for control of rats, porcupine and
wild boar.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Singelton,G.R., Hinds, L.A., Levis, H. and Zhang, Z. 1990. Ecologically-
based management of rodents pests. Australisn Centre for International
Agricultural Research, Canberra.
2. Buckle, A.P. and Smith, R.H. 1994. Rodent pests and their control.CAB
International, UK.
3. Books,J. E., Ahmad, E., Hussain, L., Munir, s., and khan, A.A. 1990.A
training manual on vertebrate pest Management. A
GOP/USAID/DWRC Vertebrate pest control project, NARC,
Islamaabad.
4. Chitty, D. and N.H. Southeren, 1964. The Control of Rats and Mice. Voi.
I, II, III. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
5. Murton, R.K. and E. N. Wright, 1968. The Problems of Birds as Pests.
Academic Press, N. York.
6. Dermott, W., 1982. Mammals and Birds Pests. Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food. Agricultural Science Service, London.
Course Title Vector Biology

Course Code ZOL-756
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Details studies of systematic, Biology and Ecology of some vectors of
medical importance (order Diptera)
Mosquitoes: Anopheles mosquitoes, culicine mosquitoes, Black flies,
sand flies, bitinfg midgs, horse flies, deer flies, and clegs, tsetse flies, house
flies,myiasia producing flies, (blow flies, blue botties, green bottles, flesh flies,
warable flies and bot flies).
The study will cover following aspects: Morphology, anatomy,
distribution, breeding habits, life-cycle,pathologensis and seasonal prevalence of
the species. Brief account of diseases spread by these vectors, methods of
control, modern trends in their biological and chemical control.
PRACTICALS
Methods of identification; Dissection of selected vectors i.e. mosquito,
house flies, blue botties, green bottles, and bot flies. Study of prepared slides of
parasites. Epidemiological studies of Vector bourne diseases (one e.g. malaria)
including field studies of control methods and parasite evaluation.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. William A. Riley. Medical Entomology. McGraw Hill book Co., Inc.
London.
2. McDonald, G. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, London
Oxford Press.
3. World Health Organization. Vector Control series, Training and
information guide. The House fly.
4. World Health Organization. Chemical methods for the control of
Arthropod Vectors and pests of Public Health Importance Geneva,
WHO, 1984.
5. Walker, A. 1994. Arthropods of human and domestic animals. A guide to
preliminary identification. Chapman & Hall.
6. Scevice, M.W., 1980. A guide to medical entomology. The MacMillan
Company, New York.
7. Herms, W.B. and James, M.T. 1960. Medical entomology. The
MacMillan Company, New York.
Course Title Wildlife Management – I
Course Code ZOL-766
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Origin and processes of formation of wetlands. Functions and values of
wetlands, Regulatory processes affecting wetlands: physical, chemical and
biological processes. Common flora of wetlands and the vicinity and their
importance for wildlife. Wetland flora and fauna, socio-economic linkages. Man
and wildlife conflicts at wetlands and their management. Macro-invertebrates of
wetlands and their eco-linkages. Problems associated with the conservation of
wildlife in wetland environments. Factors governing the distribution, abundance,
and diversity of freshwater organisms.
Overview of coastal ecosystems, physical and biological elements and processes,
and coastal zone dynamics, including sandy, rocky and muddy shorelines,
estuaries, dunes, and coastal watersheds.
Wetland systems and associated wildlife in Pakistan. Planning and
Management of wetland systems for wildlife and other human needs, improving
conservation through awareness and effective wetland policies & legislation.
Practical
Measurement of pollutants levels in soil (toxic chemical, fertilizer,
insecticides, herbicides) nearby wetlands
Analysis of various pollutant; heavy metals,-CO3, -HCO3,NO3, BOD,
COD, pH, EC, total soluble solids of the wetlands.
Notes on threats to wtlands
Books Recommended
1. Dungan, P. J. 1990. Wetland Conservation: A Review of Current Issues
and Required Action. The World Conservation Union (IUCN).
2. Maitland, P. S. 1997. Conservation Management of Freshwater Habitats:
Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands. Published by Springer.
3. Weller, M. W. 1999. Wetland Birds: habitat resources and conservation
implications. Cambridge University Press.
Wong, M. H. 2004. Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia: Function and Management
Published by Elsevier.
Course Title Wildlife Management – II

Course Code ZOL-767
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to terrestrial ecosystems and associated wildlife in Pakistan:
mountains, rangelands, foothill forests, deserts, agro-ecosystems. Status and
threats to wildlife in these ecosystems. Wildlife and farmlands (Farm crops as
wildlife food, erosion, sedimentation and wildlife, agricultural chemicals and
wildlife). Wildlife and rangelands (management of range vegetation, livestock
grazing and wildlife, range fires and wildlife, fencing, game ranching). Forest
management and wildlife (basics of forest management, clear cutting and
wildlife, snags, deadwood and fuel wood, forest fire and wildlife). Urban
wildlife (urban wildlife resources, urban monoculture, multiple use management
in the city, urban wildlife as pest). Exotic wildlife (exotic species, concerns,
guidelines and policies) Wildlife and water (ecological influences on wildlife,
populations, physiological and behavioral responses, reservoir effect and
management, water and raw sewage, water developments and wildlife). Wildlife
and soils (relationship of soil & wildlife, fertilization).
Wildlife Management Planning. Management efforts by public sector
agencies and departments, NGO’s and Community organizations, major projects
of wildlife conservation; concept of community based wildlife management,
wildlife and ecotourism.
Practical
Visits of National Parks, wildlife Sanctuaries, Safari Parks to note the
biology of wild animals
Notes on endangered and threatened wild animals of Pakistan and World
Books Recommended
1. Bailey, J.A. 1984. Principals of Wildlife Management. John Wiley
London.
2. Bolen, E. G. and W. L. Robinson. 1995. Wildlife ecology and
management. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Inc, New Jersey, USA. 620pp.
3. Khan, M. S. 2006. Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger
Publishing
Company. 311pp.
4. Peine, John D. 1999. Ecosystem Management for Sustainability: Principles
and Practices Illustrated by a Regional. CRC Press.
5. Roberts, T. J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
525pp.
6. Roberts. T. J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. I& II). Oxford
University Press. 598, 617pp.
7. Teague, Richard. D. A. Manual of wildlife conservation, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado. The Wildlife Society Washington
D.C.
8. Tiwaei, P.C. and Bhagwati, J. 1997. Wildlife in the Himalayan Foothills:
Conservation and Management. 376 pp.
Course Title Advances in Ichthyology

Course Code ZOL-774
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives The objectives of the course is the study of the anatomy, morphology,
physiology, age and growth, reproduction, and to provide the students with
identification and curatorial skills necessary for working with fishes
Learning Outcomes Familiarity with external morphology measurements, analysis of morphometric
data, sample construction for age identification and calculation of fish fecundity,
application of statistical and other methods for estimating growth parameters
during practical skills.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to Ichthyology, Morphology and Anatomy: Form and function of
external/internal structures and basic physiology of a generalized fish including
body shape and size; Skin; coloration, fins, spines, and scales, respiration,
circulation, Digestion, skeletal, urinogenital, nervous and endocrine systems and
reproduction, reproductive strategies of fish and their relative success,
fecundity, osmoregulation, buoyancy and thermal regulation, Migrations. Sense
organs, Evolutionary Perspectives: Agnathans and ancestor, parasitic sea
Lampreys; Jaw; Evolutionary Innovation, Chondrichthyes-an evolutionary
solution, Elasmobranchs; an overview, ostichthyes-a different solution,
Teleosts-making sense of diversity, Ostariophysians; Success stories of
freshwater Physiological mechanisms used by different fish to survive in aquatic
habitats, important ecological and evolutionary processes that affect fish
distribution and abundance today. Ichthyology-application and implications,
conservation and managements.
Practical:
1. Collection and Identification of common fishes of Punjab/ Pakistan
2. Study of external features of a bony fish and its dissection to study major
anatomical features (digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive
system and excretory system)
3. key features for six (6) basic fish body shapes
4. Study of fish scales, Age and growth, length-weight relationships &
growth parameters.
5. Survey the major groups of fishes in the Pakistan, their distributions, and
their defining characters and traits.
6. Study of prepared fish tissues
Suggested Reading
1. PAULY D., R. FROESE & M.L. PALOMARES & Κ.Ι. STERGIOU. 2009.
Fish On Line: A guide to learning and teaching ichthyology 2. FishBase
Publications. www.fishbase.org.
2. Collette, B., Douglas E. Facey, and Brian W. Bowen 2008. 2 nd Edition ISBN-
10: 1405124946
3. Pillay, T.V.R. 1993. Aquaculture, Principles & Practices. Fishing News
Books, Oxford.
4. Jobling, M. 1995. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall,
London.
5. Evans, D.H. 1997. The Physiology of Fishes, 2nd ed. CRC Press, N.Y.
6. Wootton, R.J. 1990
Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London.
7. Gene S. Helfman, Bruce B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, and Brian W.
Bowen. 2009. The Diversity of Fishes, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell,
Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
8. Nelson, Joseph S. 2006. Fishes of the World, 4th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.

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Department of Zoology

Other Mandatory Courses for MS/MPhil

Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – I

Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – II

Course Title Animal Diversity -1 (Invertebrates Diversity)

Course Title ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II

Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-I

Course Title Cell and Molecular Biology

Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Title Animal Physiology-I

Course Title Animal Behavior

Learning Outcomes To be able to design animal behavior explorative assignments, independently,

Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Title Biostatistics

Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Title Ecology

Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Title Physiology – II

Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Title Fisheries

Course Title Principles of Paleontology

Course Title Fundamentals of Entomology

Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Course Title Bio-remediation and Bioprocessing

Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Title Advanced Environmental Biology

Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Title Advanced Cell Biology

Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Title Principles of Taxonomy and Evolution

Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Title Fundamentals of Microbiology

Course Title Principles of Palaeontology

Course Title Biodiversity

Course Title Biostatistics

Course Title Fish Culture

Course Title Introduction to Biotechnology

Course Title Biological and Chemical Control of Insects

Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Course Title Bioremediation and Bioprocessing

Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Optional Courses for M.Sc

Course Title Fundamentals of Entomology

Course Title Endocrinology-A

Course Title Ornithology

Course Title Mammalogy

Course Title Aquaculture Health Management

Course Title Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management

Course Title Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan

Course Title Applied Entomology 3(2-1)

Course Title Endocrinology-B

Course Title Applied Microbiology