Shubham Pathak

NET Qualified Masters from Delhi

School of Social Work

2+ years Teaching experience

Taught 15,000 + Students

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Social Science & Biology Expert

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LIFELINES OF
NATIONAL
ECONOMY
 Pipelines

Used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products &

natural gas etc.

Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when

converted into slurry.

Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running

costs are minimal.

Rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.

 From oil field in
upper Assam to
Kanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), via
Guwahati,
Barauni &
Allahabad.

Important
networks of From Salaya in
Gas pipeline pipelines in Gujarat to
from Hazira in India Jalandhar in
Gujarat connects Punjab, via
Jagdishpur in Viramgam,
Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, Delhi
via Vijaipur in and Sonipat.
Madhya Pradesh.
Ques.

Mention any two inland waterways of

India. Write three characteristics of
each.

CBSE 2017, 2014

WATERWAYS
● Cheapest means of transport.

● Most suitable- for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

● Fuel-efficient & environment friendly mode of transport.

● India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in

length.

● Out of these only 5685 km are navigable by mechanised

vessels.
 The Ganga river
between Allahabad
and Haldia (1620
km)-N.W. No.1

Specified stretches The Brahmaputra river

of river Brahmani between Sadiya &
long with Matai Dhubri (891 km)-N.W.
river, delta channels No.2
of Mahanadi & Waterways
Brahmani rivers and declared
East Coast Canal as National
(588 km) – N.W. Waterways
The West-Coast
No.5 by Govt.
Canal in Kerala
(Kottapurma-Koll
am,
Specified stretches of Udyogamandal
Godavari & Krishna and
rivers along with Champakkara
Kakinada Puducherry canals-205 km) –
stretch of canals (1078 N.W. No.3
km) – N.W. No.4
 Other inland waterways on which
substantial transportation takes place

Mandavi

4 2

Barak & Zuari and

backwaters of Cumberjua
Kerala

Sunderbans
India’s tradewithforeign countries is carried
from the ports located along the coast.

95% of the country’s trade volume (68 per

cent in terms of value) is moved by sea.
 Major Sea Ports
India has a coastline of 7,516.6 km, with 12 major and
200 notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports.

95% of India’s foreign trade handled by the major ports.

First port developed after independence- Kandla in

Kachchh.

To ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai

port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to
Pakistan after the Partition.
 Kandla Port

Kandla Port also known as Deendayal Port is a tidal port.

It provides for export and import of highly productive

granary and industrial Belt.

The belt stretch across the state of Jammu and Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and
Gujarat.
 Mumbai Port

Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and

well-sheltered harbour.

The Jawaharlal Nehru port- planned with a view to

decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for
this region.
 Mormugao Port

Mormugao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting

port of the country.

Accounts for about 50% of India’s iron ore export.

 New Mangalore Port
Located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore
concentrates from Kudremukh mines.

Kochchi Port
Kochchi is the extreme south-western port, located at
the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
 Tuticorin Port
Extreme south-eastern port in Tamil Nadu.

This port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland.

Hence, has a flourishing trade handling of a large

variety of cargoes to ur neighbouring countries like Sri
Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India.
 Chennai Port

Oldest artificial ports of the country.

Ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of
trade and cargo.

Visakhapatnam Port

Deepest landlocked and well-protected port.

Originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore

exports.

Paradwip Port
Located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron
ore.
 Kolkata Port
Inland riverine port, serves a very large and rich
hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.

Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of

Hoogly.

Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in

order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata
port.
 Which one of the following ports
is the deepest land-locked and
well- protected port along the east
coast?

A. Chennai

B. Tuticorin

C. Paradwip

D. Visakhapatnam
AIRWAYS
● Fastest, most comfortable & prestigious mode of
transport.

● Can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains,

dreary deserts, dense forests & also long oceanic
stretches with great ease.

● The air transport was nationalised in 1953.

● Air India provides domestic and international air

services.
 Why is air
travel preferred
in the north-
eastern states?

North-eastern part
marked with the presence
of big rivers, dissected
relief, dense forests &
frequent floods &
international frontiers,
etc. in the absence of air
transport.
Air travel has made
access easier.
● Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services
to Oil & Natural Gas Corporation in its offshore
operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains
like.

● Air travel is not within the reach of the common people.

● It is only in the north-eastern states that special

provisions are made to extend the services to the
common people.
Ques.

Classify communication services into

two categories. Explain main features
of each.

CBSE 2016
COMMUNICATION
● Major means of communication in the country- Personal
communication and mass communication including
television, radio, press, films, etc.

● The Indian postal network is the largest in the world.

Handles- parcels as well as personal written
communications.

● First-class mail- Includes cards & envelopes. They are

airlifted between stations covering both land and air.

● Second-class mail- Includes book packets, registered

newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface
mail, covering land and water transport.
6 mail channels have been introduced- To facilitate
quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities.

Rajdhani Periodical
Channel Channel

Metro Bulk-Mail
Channel Channel

Green Business
Channel Channel
 Digital India is an umbrella
programme to prepare India
for a knowledge based
transformation. The focus of
Digital India Programme is on
being transformative to realise
– IT (Indian Talent) + IT
(Information Technology)=IT
(India Tomorrow) and is on
making technology central to
enabling change
 Telecom
India has largest telecom networks in Asia.

More than two-thirds of the villages in India have already

been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone
facility.
To strengthen the flow of information from the grassroot to
the higher level, the government has made special provision
to extend 24 hours STD facility to every village in the
country.

Uniform rate of STD facility all over India.

Made possible- integrating the development in space

technology with communication technology.
 Mass Communication
Provides entertainment & creates awareness among people
about various national programmes and policies.

Includes- radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books

and films.

All India Radio (Akashwani)

Broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional

and local languages for various categories of people,
spread over different parts of the country.
 Doordarshan

National television channel of India- one of the largest

terrestrial networks in the world.

It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment,

educational to sports, etc. for people of different age
groups.
 Newspaper & Periodicals

India publishes large number.

They are of different types depending upon their

periodicity.

Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and

dialects.

The largest number of newspapers published in the country

are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu
 Feature films

India largest producer in the world.

It produces short films; video feature films and video short

films.

Certifying authority- The Central Board of Film Certification.

INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
● Trade- The exchange of goods among people,
states and countries.

● Market- The place where such exchanges take

place.

● International Trade- Trade between two countries.

● It may take place through sea, air or land routes.

● While local trade is carried in cities, towns &
villages, state level trade is carried between two or
more states.

● Advancement of international trade of a country is

an index to its economic prosperity.

● Considered as economic barometer for a country.

 No country can survive without international trade.

Components of trade- Export & Import.

Balance of trade- the difference between its export and

import.

Favourable balance- When the value of export exceeds the

value of imports.

Unfavourable balance- If the value of imports exceeds the

value of exports.
India has trade relations with all the major trading blocs &
all geographical regions of the world.

The commodities exported- include gems and jewellery,

chemicals and related products, agriculture & allied
products, etc.

The commodities imported- include petroleum crude &

products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related
products, base metals, electronic items

India has emerged as a software giant at the international

level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the
export of information technology.
Ques.

Give reasons for which foreign

tourists visit India.

CBSE 2014
TOURISM AS A TRADE
● Tourism substantially grown in India over last 3
decades.

● Promotes- national integration, provides support

to local handicrafts & cultural pursuits.

● Helps- Development of international

understanding about our culture and heritage.
● Why foreign tourists visit India?
Heritage tourism, eco tourism adventure tourism,
cultural tourism, medical tourism and business
tourism.

● There is a vast potential for development of tourism

in all parts of the country.

● Efforts are being made to promote different types of

tourism for this upcoming industry.
 Which one of the following
terms is used to describe trade
between two or more
countries?

A. Internal trade

B. External trade

C. International trade

D. Local trade
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