FPM-DU-1501-C.1 - Fire - and Gas - Analysis - and - Placement

Integrity Critical
FPM-DU-1501-C.1
Fire and Gas Detection Analysis and Sensor Placement
Operating Environment: Onshore, Topsides
This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and its affiliates. When made available
to any contractor providing services to Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its affiliates, the contractor’s use of this
document shall be governed by the confidentiality provisions of the applicable contract or bid package.
Without limiting the foregoing, neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed by the
contractor to any third party, other than an affiliate of the contractor that requires this information for
purposes of the contract with the Chevron entity, without the prior written consent of the Chevron entity
that has disclosed this document to the contractor. When requested by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its
disclosing affiliate, the contractor must return all copies of this document to the Chevron entity
requesting such return and delete any electronic copies from the contractor’s systems.
Any and all modifications (changes, amendments, etc.) to this document must follow approved
Chevron Engineering Standards governance processes.
Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

A 09/09 Major revision. J. James T. Blackford
B 12/12 General revision. B. Leong T. Blackford
Replaces ICM-DU-15.01-A and ICM-DU-15.05
C 12/16 Major revision. B. Leong E. Revilla
C.1 12/17 Technical modification: Removed references to M. Chen n/a
FPM-SU-1506.
December 2016 © 2005–2017 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Confidential – Restricted Access 1 of 40
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Fire and Gas Detection Analysis and Sensor Placement FPM-DU-1501-C.1
Summary of Changes
Revised technical content may be marked with change bars in the right margin as directed by Author.
The Author denotes the following technical changes to this revision as detailed below:
Author notations regarding this revision
1.0 Scope expanded.

4.0 Added performance targets.
4.3.1 Incorporated F&GS mapping methodology.
6.0 Incorporated F&GS mapping methodology
6.2 Supplemented all Subsections of 6.2 with additional requirements
Figure 1 Added Figure 1: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure - Prescriptive
Figure 2 Added Figure 2: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure – Performance-Based
Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below
n/a
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Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 5
2.3 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 6
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 7
4.0 Fire and Gas System Life Cycle ................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Phases .............................................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Prescriptive Method Life Cycle ......................................................................................... 10
4.3 Performance-Based (3D Mapping) Method Life Cycle ..................................................... 12
5.0 General Requirements ................................................................................................................. 16
5.1 Performance...................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Design Philosophy ............................................................................................................ 18
5.3 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................. 19
5.4 Electrical Area Classification ............................................................................................. 20
6.0 Fire and Gas System Detector Location and Mapping ............................................................ 20
6.1 General Strategy ............................................................................................................... 20
6.2 Location Specifications ..................................................................................................... 21
6.3 Hazard Categorization ...................................................................................................... 22
6.4 Prescriptive-Based Locations ........................................................................................... 24
6.5 Performance-Based Locations .......................................................................................... 30
6.6 Heat Detection .................................................................................................................. 31
6.7 Ultrasonic Leak Sensors ................................................................................................... 32
6.8 LNG Spill Detection ........................................................................................................... 32
6.9 Manual Alarm Callpoints ................................................................................................... 32
6.10 Horns and Strobes ............................................................................................................ 33
Appendix A Gas Sensor Coverage Sample Layouts ........................................................................ 34
Appendix B Baseline Fire and Gas System Locations (Prescriptive) ............................................ 38
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1.0 Scope
1. This specification describes the requirements for the location of fire and gas detection
devices for onshore and offshore topsides oil and gas facilities.
2. This specification applies to the following:
a. Fire and gas system (F&GS) installations on new facilities or projects.
b. Major revisions or modernizations of existing F&GS.
c. Upgrade of F&GS involving high risk scenarios.
3. This specification, while providing the basic design for the project, does not attempt to
cover every aspect of the F&GS design. Refer to ICM-DU-6036 for specific F&GS
requirements of the following:
a. Design aspects.
b. Lifecycle.
c. Validation/verification/roles & responsibilities.
4. This specification is intended to be used in conjunction with other specifications, applicable
codes, and referenced standards.
5. This specification does not include building fire detection and alarm systems, since they are
adequately addressed by nationally recognized standards such as NFPA 72.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Unless otherwise specified in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2, use the latest edition of the
referenced documents.
2.1 Owner Documents

FPM-DU-5093 Layout and Spacing
FPM-SU-5141 Design of Water Systems for Fire Protection
FPM-SU-5325 LNG Fire Protection
FPM-DU-6087 Electrical Area Classification for Class I Areas
ICM-DU-6036 Fire and Gas Systems
ICM-DU-6161 Public Address and General Alarm Systems
ICM-SU-6203 Fire & Gas Sensors
ICM-SU-4362 Process Analyzer Systems
SID-SU-5106 Safety in Designs
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2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute (API)
Publ 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing
Plants
RP 14C Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation, and Testing
of Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms
RP 14F Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical Systems for Fixed
and Floating Offshore Petroleum Facilities for Unclassified and
Class 1, Division 1 and Division 2 Locations
RP 14FZ Recommended Practice for Design, Installation, and Maintenance of
Electrical Systems for Fixed and Floating Offshore Petroleum
Facilities for Unclassified and Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2
Locations
RP 14G Recommended Practice for Fire Prevention and Control on Fixed
Open-type Offshore Production Platforms
RP 14J Recommended Practice for Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore
Production Facilities
RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical
Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Division 1
and Division 2
RP 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical
Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0,
Zone 1, and Zone 2
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
ASTM International
A269 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Tubing for General Service
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

60079-10-1 Explosive atmospheres—Part 10-1: Classification of areas—Explosive
gas atmospheres
International Society of Automation (ISA)

TR84.00.07 Guidance on the Evaluation of Fire, Combustible Gas and Toxic Gas
System Effectiveness
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

10418 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries—Offshore Production
Installations—Basic Surface Process Safety Systems
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National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection
30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
70 National Electrical Code
72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
496 Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical
Equipment
United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (UK HSE)
HSR 2002 002 Offshore Hydrocarbon Releases Statistics and Analysis, 2002
OTO 2001/055 OSD Hydrocarbon Release Reduction Campaign—Report on the

Hydrocarbon Release Incident Investigation Project -1/4/2000 to
31/3/2001
Other Documentation
Crook, J.C.A., Offshore Fire and Blast Risks, London: Financial Times Energy Publishing,
1997.
2.3 Conflict Resolution

Supplier shall submit any conflicts among the inquiry documents in writing to Owner for
resolution.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
1ooN One out of N
2ooN Two out of N
2D 2 Dimensional
3D 3 Dimensional
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction
AIT Auto Ignition Temperature
DCS Distributed Control System
F&GS Fire and Gas System
FACP Fire Alarm Control Panel
FEE Fire-Exposed Envelope
FEED Front End Engineering Design
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FHA Fire Hazard Analysis

GOM Gulf of Mexico
H&M Heat and Material
H2S Hydrogen Sulfide
HMI Human Machine Interface
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
ICC International Code Council
IR Infrared
LFL Lower Flammable Limit
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MAC Manual Alarm Callpoint
MCC Motor Control Center
MDS Manual Deluge Station
NEC National Electrical Code
P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
PFD Process Flow Diagram
QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment
RIE Remote Instrument Enclosure
RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
UV Ultraviolet
3.2 Definitions
Breathing Zone The area forward of the shoulders with a radius of
approximately ten inches.
Cold Flow Gradual dislodgement of the eutectic material at

temperatures below its melting point.
Coverage In this specification, coverage refers to the percent

of hazard area (regardless of category) at a specified
elevation where a gas of given concentration
(typically 20 percent lower flammable limit [LFL])
can be detected. See also Volumetric Coverage.
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Detector A device that monitors a specific area for the presence

of a particular hazard. Upon identifying the presence
of a hazard, a detector transmits either electrical or
pneumatic signals that initiate safety actions or
alarms. Detectors are typically comprised of a
sensor and a transmitter. Sometimes, the sensor may
be separated from the transmitter if the sensor is
located in an inaccessible location. In this
specification, detector and sensor are used
interchangeably.
Fire Zone A section of a facility geographically separated from

another by physical barriers (e.g., a fire wall,
bulkheads, or dikes) or by adequate spacing (e.g., a
road or primary aisle/egress for offshore platforms).
Facilities are typically segregated into fire zones in
accordance with FPM-SU-5141. For offshore, each
module is considered a fire zone (e.g., a helideck is
considered to be a fire zone). If a module is too big,
the fire zone may be further sub-divided.
Fire and Gas Area Similar to fire zone; a section of a facility where an
explosive atmosphere (combustible gas in air) may
occur in quantities that require special precautions to
protect the health and safety of workers. Fire or gas
areas can be as big as a fire zone. Fire and gas
hazard categories (i.e., A, B, or C) are assigned to
each area.
Fire and Gas System (F&GS) Life Cycle Necessary activities involved in the implementation
of the F&GS, which occur during a period of time
that starts at concept phase of a project and finishes
when the F&GS is decommissioned and the process
hazards are minimized. Refer to ICM-DU-6036.
Hazard Category Characterizes the hazard and risk of a process area

or zone that is monitored by an F&GS. Hazard
category is classified as Category A, B, or C and the
classification is based on parameters such as
inventory (quantity), pressure, temperature, material
composition, and equipment type, which are
indicative of the likelihood and severity of fire and
gas hazards. It specifies a performance target in
terms of sensor coverage and F&GS availability.
The hazard category is selected based on
prescriptive guidelines or a performance-based
hazard categorization process.
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Hazard Categorization A formal process using consequence analysis, plot

plans, material balances, and area classification to
assign hazard categories to fire areas based on the
equipment therein for the purpose of fire and gas
detector placement.
Hazardous Area Section of a facility where concentrations of

flammable gases, vapors, or dusts occur. Electrical
equipment that must be installed in such locations is
especially designed and tested to ensure it does not
initiate ignition due to arcing contacts or high
surface temperature of equipment.
Minor Release The smallest release that produces a gas cloud

which, once ignited (if flammable), will exceed the
defined threshold level of personnel injury/fatality
or structure/asset damage.
Open Path Gas Sensor (Detector) Open path gas detectors are comprised of an
infrared/laser beam source and a receiver (mounted
separately) that must be aligned to function
properly. The flammable vapor cloud when passing
through this beam will be measured. In this
specification, detector and sensor are used
interchangeably.
Sensor See Detector.
Volumetric Coverage The percent of hazard volume (regardless of

category) in which a gas of given concentration
(typically 20 percent LFL) can be detected.
Vote (Voting) The programming logic of associated control

equipment in which detectors are grouped together
and monitored for the number of devices in alarm
out of the total number of devices in the group
(e.g., two out of N [2ooN]). This is referred to as
voting logic.
4.0 Fire and Gas System Life Cycle

This specification provides requirements for a traditional prescriptive design as well as a
performance-based mapping design.
1. Prescriptive designs for fire and gas system (F&GS) sensor placement shall be used in early
project phases.
2. Performance-based 3-dimensional (3D) mapping shall be used during detailed engineering.
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4.1 Phases
1. The initial fire and gas system (F&GS) sensor placement shall be completed in the early
phase of the front end engineering design (FEED). Refer to ICM-DU-6036, Appendix A for
Owner F&GS life cycle.
a. Hazard categorization shall be documented in a schedule (Excel spreadsheet).
b. Sensor placement and hazard categorization shall be documented on layout (plot plan)
drawings.
2. Final F&GS sensor placement shall be completed during the detailed engineering phase,
project Phase 4.
a. F&GS sensor location shall be finalized and updated in the 3D models and then
extracted into 2-dimensional (2D) layouts for construction purposes.
b. The following shall be clearly shown on the construction drawings that have been
issued:
1) Sensor locations (coordinates if applicable), elevations, and tag numbers.
Note: A tabulation of sensor coordinates in three dimensions is preferred and may be

issued as a table on the layout drawings or as a separate report.
2) Angle of orientation and tilt for flame detectors.
3. The issued for construction drawings, or at least screen shots thereof, shall be provided to
the main automation Supplier for interfacing with the distributed control system (DCS) and
F&GS human machine interface (HMI).
4. Concerns with achieving detector location or orientation in the field according to the issued
construction drawings shall be reviewed by a qualified fire protection engineer. A fire
protection engineer should conduct a final walkthrough of the installed F&GS.
5. Each sub-phase shall be reviewed and verified in accordance with ICM-DU-6036.
4.2 Prescriptive Method Life Cycle

The F&GS work process during the FEED phase shall follow the procedures in Figure 1 and
those in ICM-DU-6036.
4.2.1 Prescriptive Method Prerequisites

The following documents, drawings, and data shall be referenced before executing the F&GS
sensor location:
1. This specification.
2. Equipment location plan drawing.
3. Project site conditions (meteorological data).
4. Project F&GS philosophy.
5. Process flow diagrams (PFDs).
6. Heat and material (H&M) balances with stream compositions.
7. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs).
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8. Electrical area classification drawings.

9. Fire-exposed envelope (FEE) drawings.
10. Equipment list with operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, volume and
inventory, flow rates, and dimensions).
11. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA), if available.
12. Fire hazard analysis (FHA), if available.
Figure 1: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure - Prescriptive
Area Classification,
1. Identify Leak
PFD, H&M
Sources
Balance, P&ID, etc.
2. Categorize
Leak Sources
Verify/
Review
3. Locate Leak
& Category
Sources on
Layout
Drawing
4. F&GS
Drawing
Sensor
Review
Placement
5. F&GS
Sensor
Placement in
3D Model
Model Review
Comments
6. 3D Model
Review
Issued for
Construction 2-D
Extraction from
3D Model
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4.2.2 Prescriptive Method Procedures

1. Equipment items that are potential leak sources of process fire, flammable gas, and toxic
gas hazard shall be identified.
2. Hazard categorization shall be conducted for each equipment item. Refer to Section 6.3.
3. Potential leak sources shall be identified based on the hazard categorization for each piece
of equipment on the equipment location plan.
4. Location of F&GS sensors shall be in accordance with Section 6.4, Section 6.6 through
Section 6.9, and Figure 1.
5. F&GS sensors shall be grouped to correspond with the fire zone.
6. The location of F&GS sensors in the 3D model shall be added or updated.
a. Sensor placement location information shall be included in a preliminary 3D model to
review obstacles and coverage performed once the 2D layout is defined.
b. Quantities of F&GS detection equipment may vary after the 3D model review.
7. An evaluation shall be performed at Step 6 (as shown in Figure 1) to verify F&GS detector
placement in process areas with an understanding that not all model elements are
incorporated in the design.
Note: This step may also occur in early detail engineering. 3D models are typically used
in late Phase 3 or in Phase 4.
4.3 Performance-Based (3D Mapping) Method Life Cycle

1. The F&GS work process during the FEED phase shall follow the procedures listed in
Figure 2 and those in ICM-DU-6036.
Note: Performance-based detector location (also referred to as 3D mapping) uses

software to semi-quantitatively define the level of fire and gas detector coverage.
Fundamentally, this is accomplished by categorizing equipment identified as
potential leak sources into hazard areas. Screening level dispersion models are
used to define the size of these areas. Each category of hazard area has target
detection coverage (percent area or percent volume, depending on software
design/capability). The mapping software calculates the coverage level of a
particular arrangement of detectors to allow engineers to quantitatively optimize
the design.
2. If companies have their own mapping software, the mapping procedure shall align with the
requirements in this specification.
Note: Many companies offer software packages that claim additional autonomy and a
greater level of statistical analysis.
3. The method outlined in this section is the baseline method that shall be used for fire and gas
detector mapping on Owner facilities.
4. Supplier shall submit the performance-based mapping approach procedures and
specifications to Owner for review and acceptance.
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Figure 2: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure – Performance-Based

Area Classification,
1. Identify Equipment with
PFD, H&M
Potential Leak Sources
Balance, P&ID, etc.
2. Categorize Identified
Equipment
3. Build Fire Zone Model

Review/Verify
in Mapping Tool
4. Develop Refined List of

Leak Sources for
Consequence Model
5. Develop and Run

Dispersion Models
6. Define Analysis Space

and Area/Volume of
Detection in Mapping Tool
7. Develop Preliminary
Detector Layouts
9. Review Coverage Model Review

and Modify Layouts Comments
8. Run Analysis in
Mapping Tool
10. 3D Model Review
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4.3.1 Performance-Based Method Prerequisites

The following documents, drawings, and data shall be referenced before performing the F&GS
sensor location mapping:
1. This specification.
2. Equipment location plan drawing.
3. Project site conditions (meteorological data).
4. Project F&GS philosophy.
5. Process flow diagrams (PFDs).
6. Heat and material (H&M) balances with stream compositions.
7. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs).
8. Electrical area classification drawings.
9. Fire-exposed envelope (FEE) drawings.
10. Equipment list with operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, volume and
inventory, flow rates, and dimensions).
11. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA), if available.
12. FHA, if available.
13. Facility/Unit 3D Model. (Example model file formats are .dwg, .dgn, .nwd, .rvm, and .vue).
4.3.2 Performance-Based Method Procedures

1. Equipment items that are potential leak sources of process fire, flammable gas, and toxic
gas hazard shall be identified.
2. Hazard categorization shall be performed for each equipment item. Refer to Section 6.3.
3. The 3D model shall be built into the mapping software using one of the following methods:
a. Import the facility/unit 3D model file into the mapping software.
Note: Software that can import 3D model files offer an advantage over software that
cannot, because equipment locations and sizes and general obstructions will be
more accurate. However, software that imports 3D model files will likely also
import inconsequential components (e.g., small bore piping and instrumentation)
that increase the file size but do not add value to the mapping assessment.
The process of importing is also significantly quicker than building models from
scratch. However, this type of software is typically more expensive and often
selective in the file types that are accepted.
b. Build geometric model blocks manually in the software in accordance with Supplier
provided software manual.
4. Potential leak sources shall be identified based on the hazard categorization for each piece
of equipment on the equipment location plan.
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5. If leak sources have been identified, the following shall occur:

a. Representative release scenarios shall be developed for each fire zone.
b. Screening consequence (dispersion and fire) models shall be run. Detector mapping
shall be based on the 20 percent lower flammable limit (LFL) contour as that is the
typical alarm set-point.
c. The preferred software for screening level consequence modeling is Canary; however,
PHAST is also acceptable. For additional software codes, the Owner accepted process
risk team shall be contacted.
1) The representative release scenarios shall be for the smallest release and/or ignition
event that the facility is designed to mitigate. These shall be the design cases for
fire and gas detector placement.
2) If the above information for consequence modeling is not available, the
representative releases shall be for a discharge rate of 0.22 lbs/sec (0.1 kg/s).
This is based on the UK HSE OTO 2001/055 guidance that defines minor leaks
as 0.22 lbs/sec (<0.1 kg/s) gas or 2-phase releases.
Note: If the leak rate information is available from the QRA based on the leak
size, then the QRA information may be used if it has a higher rate greater
than 0.22 lbs/sec (0.1 kg/s).
The UK HSE OTO 2001/055 document defines a minor leak as one with
potential to cause injury to personnel in the immediate vicinity without
escalation or multiple fatalities. Note that OTO 2001/055 is for offshore
facilities, where equipment is more congested. Onshore facilities may be
less congested and more spaced out.
Using gas detection for identification of large leaks provides limited value
because large gas clouds present a very significant hazard that may be
beyond the control of available mitigation measure (e.g., water spray).
3) The Owner accepted process risk team shall be contacted for guidance on
consequence modeling.
6. The model initialization in the mapping software shall be completed by defining the
analysis space (categorized area or volume) and gas detector area of detection (volume of
detectable space around each detector).
a. The analysis space is the area or volume around the categorized leak source, defined by
the length of the gas dispersion cloud, in which detection targets shall be achieved.
Note: The coverage area of detection is driven by the size of the gas dispersion cloud,
which drives the spacing of detectors.
b. The effects of wind speeds and directions shall also be considered when determining
the analysis space and area of detection.
7. A preliminary detector F&GS sensor arrangement shall be created (if not already
completed) based on the prescriptive methodology. Data for type and location of each
detector shall be entered.
8. F&GS sensors shall be grouped to correspond with the fire zone.
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9. Performance targets shall be determined in accordance with requirements in Section 6.5.

10. The mapping software shall be run to determine detector coverage in one of the following
manners:
a. In 3D (i.e., volumetric coverage), if possible.
b. At pertinent elevations (i.e., elevations where gas is likely to accumulate), if software is
limited to 2D analysis.
11. The detector arrangements shall be modified as necessary to achieve target coverage levels
for each categorized area.
12. The location of F&GS sensors in the 3D model shall be updated, and a 3D model review
shall be conducted.
a. Quantities may vary after 3D model review.
b. Sensor placement location information shall be included in a preliminary 3D model to
review obstacles and coverage once the 2D layout is defined.
13. An evaluation shall be performed at Step 7 (as shown in Figure 2) to verify F&GS detector
placement in process areas with an understanding that not all model elements are
incorporated in the design.
Note: This step may also occur in early detail engineering. 3D models are typically used
in late Phase 3 or in Phase 4.
5.0 General Requirements

5.1 Performance
1. General system functional requirements shall be in accordance with the requirements in
ICM-DU-6036.
2. F&GS sensor selection and layout shall be designed to reliably detect and warn of hazards
that are within the boundaries set by the project fire and gas detection basis of design (or
equivalent document).
Note: In practice, F&GS sensors cannot give warning for every possible hazardous
condition.
a. These hazard scenarios shall be identified, assessed, and documented as part of the
F&GS sensor selection.
b. The F&GS sensor selection and layout shall be designed to detect incipient-level
hazards. (Refer to Section 6.1, item 4 for the definition of minor releases.)
3. F&GS sensors shall perform their intended functions in accordance with local regulations,
industry standards, and this specification.
4. An assessment of the hazard/risk shall be used to determine hazard category for fire,
flammable gas, and toxic gas per Section 6.3.
5. Each equipment or process area shall be analyzed to determine hazard category.
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6. Hazard categories shall be used to determine the number and type of sensors required to
achieve the desired coverage.
7. F&GS detection basis of design document shall include the following:
a. Level of availability required.
b. Level of redundancy required to prevent a single point of failure or (if desirable)
common modes of failure that inhibit the safety function(s) initiation.
c. Level of redundancy required to reduce single points of failure or (if desirable)
common modes of failure that cause nuisance trips.
8. F&GS sensors shall meet the performance requirements defined in ICM-SU-6203.
9. The F&GS shall be designed so that periodic online sensor testing and calibration of the
F&GS safety function can be performed without isolating or by-passing the entire F&GS.
10. Open path gas detectors shall be as follows:
a. Supported from primary steel structures to minimize the effects of vibration.
b. Mounted such that the infrared (IR) source and receiver will remain aligned as they are
very sensitive to vibration. Refer to Figure 3.
Figure 3: Open Path Gas Detector Mounting
Preferably Sch 80
Pipe
Main Structure
Do Not Mount Prefer Mounting Mounting from Secondary

from Tertiary Steel from Primary Steel Steel May be Acceptable
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5.2 Design Philosophy
Note: Fire and gas releases are two separate hazards that require monitoring by different
technologies. Installation of one type of detection (fire or gas) does not preclude the
need to install the other.
1. The facility shall be segregated into fire zones. F&GS devices shall be grouped according
to the fire zone(s) where they are located.
2. F&GS and suppression systems interface shall consist of the following devices located in
zoned combinations: flame, heat, and smoke sensors; manual deluge stations (MDSs); and
manual alarm callpoints (MACs). Flame and smoke detectors shall be voted two out of N
(2ooN) in zoned areas.
3. Delineation and segregation of fire zones may be achieved as follows:
a. For offshore facilities, structural components (e.g., buildings, bulkheads, fire barriers,
main aisles/egress routes, and decks) that form fire breaks shall be used to segregate
and define fire zones.
b. For onshore facilities, structures such as plant roads, spacing, and dikes shall be used to
segregate and define fire zones.
Note: Segregation of fire zones is typically completed during the plot plan layout
phase and is not in the scope of this document. However, the grouping of
F&GS devices is determined by the fire zones, because typically the
determination of the maximum fire water demand is based on the fire zone with
the highest fire water demand plus its adjacent zone(s). Therefore, it is normal
for the F&GS devices (fusible plugs and flame sensors) within the fire zone to
activate the automatic fire suppression systems (water spray, foam, and remote
controlled monitors) in that fire zone.
To prevent any confusion, executive functions such as process shutdown or

depressurization are included in the respective ICM documents and are not
described in this document.
Isolation and blowdown should be considered when defining fire zones. Fire
zone boundaries should be consistent with isolation and blowdown sections to
facilitate containing fires to within a single zone. Refer to FPM-DU 5093 for
more information on segregation for onshore facilities.
4. The coverage requirement, as defined in Section 6.5, shall be based on one out of N (1ooN)
sensors detecting the hazard.
Note: The 2ooN coverage level will be less than that of 1ooN as achieving the same
coverage level would require duplicating the detector locations. The 2ooN design
requirement for executive action is intended to reduce probability of false alarm
trips (shutdown, extinguishing system discharge, etc.)
5. If practical, F&GS sensor cables shall be routed in opposite directions so that no more than
50 percent of the devices will be lost by a single event (i.e., fire or mechanical damage).
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6. Fusible plugs shall be constructed from SS 316. Temperature range shall be selected based
on site ambient temperature and conditions but shall not be more than 212°F (100°C) for
exposure protection and not more than 255°F (124°C) inside engine compartments.
a. Fusible plugs and associated instrument tubing shall be installed to avoid damage from
maintenance or operational activities.
b. Fusible plugs shall use double ferruled connections and shall be positioned to avoid
friction with vibrating equipment.
c. Some facilities (e.g., Gulf of Mexico [GOM]) have specific requirements for fusible
plugs that shall be followed in addition to the requirements in this specification.
d. Fusible plugs shall be inspected at least annually for signs of damage or cold flow.
Note: Cold flow is the gradual dislodgement of the eutectic material at temperatures
below its melting point.
1) Damaged plugs shall be repaired or replaced.
2) Plugs that have been affected by cold flow shall be replaced by plugs with higher
temperature ratings or locations shall be modified to eliminate the cause of the cold
flow while maintaining appropriate coverage.
Note: Fusible plugs should generally be replaced every 5 years as part of a

preventive maintenance program.
5.3 Environmental Conditions

1. F&GS devices shall be suitable for project site ambient temperatures and humidity
conditions.
2. Some point IR and open path gas sensors are not suitable for use in high ambient
temperatures and shall not be used in such services.
Note: Most manufacturers’ point IR sensors are affected by high temperatures that will
affect the gas concentration reading.
3. Flame sensors such as triple-IR and ultraviolet (UV)/IR may be affected by flares and flare
reflection, especially during blow down.
a. The locations and orientations of these devices shall be carefully reviewed in 3D model
reviews.
Note: If necessary, the reflection issue addressed above may be avoided by using an
alternative technology such as visual camera-type flame sensors.
b. Catalytic bead technology shall be considered for gas sensors that are installed inside
compressor or turbine enclosures, which are subject to high temperatures, as an
alternate, air-aspirating type gas detection can be installed. Refer to ICM-DU-6036 for
additional guidance.
Note: Compressors and turbine enclosures can be very hot and will affect point IR sensor
and the gas concentration reading. If provided, air aspirating-type gas sensors
may be located in a cabinet outside the enclosure, and a continuous air sample
should be drawn from the enclosure to the gas sensors.
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5.4 Electrical Area Classification

1. F&GS devices shall have electrical area classification (hazardous area classification) and
temperature ratings in accordance with the relevant project and site electrical area
classification drawings that shall comply with one of the following:
a. API 500, API 505, or both.
b. Equivalent international standards.
Note: Some countries adopt the IEC 60079-10-1 standard and some countries (such as
South Africa and Australia) have their own standards. FPM-DU-6087 also
provides guidance on electrical area classification.
2. Devices and equipment, except for those that are located in purged or pressurized
enclosures in accordance with NFPA 496 or in unclassified areas such as control rooms,
shall be certified, as a minimum, for use in any of the following:
a. National Electrical Code (NEC or NFPA 70) Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2),
Groups C and D (Group IIA), T3.
b. Equivalent classified areas.
6.0 Fire and Gas System Detector Location and Mapping

The fire and gas detection system philosophy and, if available, the FHA report shall be used as
the basis to support the location of fire and gas devices.
Note: Fire and gas detection system philosophy may be developed as a stand-alone document
or as a section of the fire protection philosophy document.
6.1 General Strategy

1. Combination F&GS devices shall be provided at strategic locations where flammable gases
are likely to accumulate or fires are likely to occur. For specific potential leak sources, this
shall include the use (or combination thereof) of the following sensors:
a. Point gas sensors.
b. Open path gas sensors for both perimeter and area monitoring of flammable gases.
c. Flame/heat sensors.
2. Numerous factors may affect the number and location of gas sensors. Some of the factors
that shall be considered include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Leak (hole) size, process pressures, and leak rate.
b. Type of facility protected with gas sensors (onshore, offshore, outdoor, or indoor).
c. Congestion of equipment, walls, or obstructions in and around the gas sensors.
d. Vapor density of gas in the process.
e. Type of gas hazard being detected (toxic or flammable).
f. Detector technology being installed (point, open path, ultrasonic, gas imaging
cameras).
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3. The two most significant factors used to determine the location and the number of gas
sensors to be installed shall be the location of potential leak sources and the minimum hole
size (i.e., leak rate) that is required to be detected.
a. Detection for open, well-ventilated areas shall be treated differently than that for
enclosed spaces such as buildings and labs.
b. The minimum hole size requiring detection shall be based on the design case(s) as
defined in Section 4.3.2, item 5c.
4. Once a leak rate from process piping and equipment is known, the size of a resulting
flammable vapor cloud shall be estimated using vapor dispersion software.
6.2 Location Specifications

1. Location and sensor type shall be determined based on the category of the hazard being
monitored. Several layout examples are located in Appendix A.
2. For offshore facilities, sensor locations shall be in accordance with this specification and
the following standards:
a. API 14C.
b. API 14F or API 14FZ.
c. API 14G.
d. API 14J
Note: Facilities located in the GOM should exercise caution when allocating open path
gas detectors. According to API 500, Section 6.5, gas detection must be provided
for inadequately ventilated areas that contain sources of flammable vapor. It
further clarifies that portable and open path type detectors are not suitable to meet
this requirement. Experience has shown that regulatory inspectors expect
ventilation studies to demonstrate the adequacy of ventilation in offshore facilities
to justify the types, quantities, and arrangement of gas detectors.
3. As a minimum, the following areas shall be monitored:
a. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) fresh air intakes to non-hazardous
areas. HVAC intakes serving non-hazardous manned areas and areas used for the
assembly of personnel (e.g., accommodation, muster stations) shall also include smoke
detection.
b. Gas turbine/compressor combustion air intake(s), unless the equipment is designed
with overspeed protection.
c. Inside gas turbine enclosure ventilation air extract.
d. Inside gas turbine enclosure ventilation air intake.
e. Door entrances (air locks) to the offshore accommodations module.
f. Entrances to safe areas housing equipment required to remain operational during
emergencies.
g. Within areas housing safety critical equipment that is required to be operational in
order to maintain and monitor the safety status of the facility during emergency.
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4. Fusible plugs shall monitor high and low elevations of pressure vessels for heat exposure.
a. Flame sensors shall not be used to monitor only pressure vessels since the vessels
themselves are not a typical source of fire.
b. Valves and manifolds associated with pressure vessels are typical release sources and
shall be monitored by flame detectors.
Note: API 14C, Table C-1 only requires one level of fusible plugs; however, it is
prudent to locate two levels because valves and controls to the pressure vessels
may also be located lower at the side of the vessel or on platforms.
Furthermore, if the deck is grated, then the lower decks may be the source of
fire and result in the bottom half of the vessel being exposed first. Further
information for fusible plug placement can be found in NFPA 15.
5. Toxic gas sensors shall be as follows:
a. Provided to monitor areas likely to give rise to toxic gas releases.
b. Located as low as possible and not higher than the breathing zone.
Note: In accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
glossary, “The breathing zone is within a 10-inch (254-mm) radius of the worker’s
nose and mouth. OSHA requires that worker exposure monitoring air samples be
collected in the breathing zone. Air sampling filters may be attached to the collar
or lapel.” Although this was written for the construction industry, it follows that
the maximum height of the toxic gas sensor is not to be exceeded since toxicity is
for human exposure protection. Other countries may have local codes and
standards.
6. Gas sensors located at high elevations or within HVAC intake ducts shall be provided with
a remote transmitter and test gas injection port assembly that are piped to a suitable
location 5 feet (1.5 m) above deck or grade level.
a. Piping shall be SS 316L tubing in accordance with ASTM A269. Fittings shall also be
SS 316.
b. Transmitter window shall be located at grade so that the gas reading and alarm
indications can be seen at eye level.
c. The one-man calibration port shall be located at this elevation for ease of calibration
and maintenance and should not require maintenance personnel to erect scaffolds to
perform the calibration unless SID-SU-5106 specifically allows for it.
6.3 Hazard Categorization

Equipment and hazards containing Class I, II, or III flammable liquids, gases, or both shall be
categorized as shown below.
6.3.1 Category A Hazards

Category A hazards shall include the following:
1. Rotating equipment that handles flammable liquids with a flow rate >500 gpm (1893 lpm)
or pressure >500 psig (34.5 barg).
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2. Process equipment that handles flammable liquids with an auto ignition temperature (AIT)
lower than the operating temperature of the equipment.
3. Pumps that have a history of bearing failure or seal leakage (where engineering revisions
have been unsuccessful at eliminating these as significant potential fuel sources), as
described in API Publ 2218.
4. Compressors, compressor seals, and related lube oil systems.
5. Fuel gas and oil export systems.
Note: This may include the stabilizers, where they are light ends (methane, ethane,
propane, butane), and where the heavier ends descend and pass through the heater
to cause additional vapor to flash off.
Note: Refer to API Publ 2218 and HSR 2002 002, Figure-7, which show gas
compression, export oil, fuel gas, and export condensate systems with the highest
system failure rates greater than 0.1 leaks/systems year. ISA TR84.00.07 provides
some guidelines on F&GS detection mapping based on reliability of different
pieces of equipment, and incorporates the availability of the F&GS detection
system.
6.3.2 Category B Hazards

Category B hazards shall include the following:
1. Rotating equipment with a flow rate between 100 and 500 gpm (378 and 1893 lpm), or
pressures between 100 and 500 psig (6.9 and 34.5 barg).
2. Manifolds that contain control valves and instrumentation connections, including the
manifolds around process vessels.
3. Air-cooled fin-fan exchangers that handle flammable liquids.
a. Because fin-fan coolers are typically located at high elevations, leaks may readily
disperse.
b. Supplier shall perform dispersion modeling to verify that a vapor cloud greater than the
target size will form.
Note: Process vessels such as heat exchangers or columns designed in accordance with
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) have welded nozzle connections
to vessels. However, leaks can occur in the control valve manifolds or
instrumentation connections. Location of the gas detection should be strategically
located at upwind and downwind directions of the control valve manifold. For
vertical vessels, although instrumentation connection is located in each platform
level, gas detection may not be required, because it is well ventilated. It is best to
locate the detectors at grade where congestion is higher and ventilation is lower.
6.3.3 Category C Hazards

Category C hazards shall include the following:
1. Equipment with a flow rate less than 100 gpm (378 lpm) or pressure less than 100 psig
(6.9 barg).
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2. Rotating equipment that handles Class II or Class III flammable liquids.

3. Heat exchanger flange leaks.
Note: If the leak is a flammable Class I leak; then the heat exchanger may need to be
considered as a Category B hazard.
6.3.4 Non-Classified Hazards

F&GS shall not be installed in unclassified open areas, unless otherwise required by the FHA,
QRA, or any similar risk studies.
6.4 Prescriptive-Based Locations

F&GS sensor location shall be in accordance with the matrix guidance and associated notes
provided in Appendix B, Figure 8 of this specification.
1. The matrix represents hazards that require some form of detection and shall be used as a
starting point for system design.
2. Because the matrix is not all-inclusive, it is expected that other areas of a facility may
require detection devices as a result of a project-specific FHA, other consequence
modeling, or local regulations.
6.4.1 Prescriptive Method Strategy

1. The confinement and congestion of the immediate area around the gas leak shall be
considered when determining the number and location of sensors.
Note: For example, a leak will disperse less easily in a highly congested area.
Confinement such as walls or enclosures around equipment will affect the ability of
a flammable vapor cloud to migrate out of the immediate vicinity of the leak.
2. If only enclosed areas (e.g., interior rooms) or HVAC ductwork require gas detection
equipment, then sensors shall be located in HVAC ductwork or near equipment with
historically higher leak frequencies (e.g., pumps or compressors with rotating seals).
Note: Flammable vapor clouds for a given leak rate and material are more easily
dispersed outdoors. Therefore, the number of sensors needed to detect flammable
gas leaks is usually less in an enclosed room versus a well-ventilated outdoor
process area of equivalent volume.
3. Vapor density of the flammable gas being released shall also influence the general location
of gas sensors.
a. Sensors for gases with vapor density less than air shall be located higher than the
potential leak source.
Note: Cryogenic liquids, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), will travel low during
a leak and rise as the vapor heats up.
b. Sensors for gases with vapor density greater than air shall be located below potential
leak sources.
Note: This is particularly true in enclosed areas where ventilation is expected to be
less than outdoor locations.
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4. Gas sensors used to detect toxic gases shall use one of the following technologies:
a. Electrochemical cell.
b. Solid state technology.
c. Open path hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection, laser technology.
d. Gas imaging cameras.
5. Acoustic leak detectors may be considered for supplemental coverage in locations where
relatively high pressure >100 psig (>7 barg) gases and vapors are handled.
Note: Ultrasonic leak sensors have limitations, but they also have specific strengths. They
are able to detect leaks over a large area and detect all types of gas. However, they
do not allow detection of a specific concentration of gas nor do they distinguish
between different types of gases (i.e. flammable vs. toxic). Nevertheless, ultrasonic
leak sensors are an ideal detection technology for some applications such as
normally unmanned offshore facilities, loading arms, and boarding valves.
Furthermore, acoustic leak sensors are intended to supplement traditional gas
sensors and should not be used on their own.
The above discussion on general application of gas sensors shows that the type and
location of gas sensors is a complex issue with many variables. There is not a “one
size fits all” approach for the application or location of gas sensors.
6.4.2 Flammable Gas Sensors

1. To support location of detector from the potential leak sources, Supplier shall perform
dispersion modeling to determine the anticipated dispersion cloud size for minor releases.
a. The maximum detector distance from the potential leak source shall not exceed
15 feet (4.57 m). Refer to Appendix A, Figure 4.
b. Refer to Section 4.3.2, item 5 for requirements on setting up and running dispersion
models for gas detector placement.
2. Gas sensors shall be used to monitor vapor clouds that are both heavier and lighter than air.
Note: For offshore facilities, ventilation varies throughout modules according to the level
of congestion. All modules should be well ventilated to prevent accumulation;
however, there are often “pockets” where stagnation is possible. Detectors should
be arranged to limit the amount of gas that can accumulate in these “pockets”.
Areas on the extremities and top deck of an offshore facility will typically be very
well ventilated, which allows gas clouds to disperse quicker.
Refer to “Offshore Fire and Blast Risks” by J.C.A. Crook, Section 8.4. Also, refer
to API 500 for more information.
a. Where the leaking flammable gas is heavier than air, the gas sensors shall be located
not more than 2 feet (0.61 m) above grade or deck level.
Note: The 2-foot (0.61-m) requirement is based on API 500, Figures 20 and 21 that
pertain to adequately ventilated process locations with heavier than air gases
for vapor sources located near grade and above grade respectively. For
offshore facilities, typically, the entire process module is classified and decks
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are mostly grated, so this is not an issue. It is more applicable for onshore
facilities or solid-decked offshore facilities. Furthermore, this generalization
applies gas dispersion after the momentum-jet phase, at which point buoyancy
effects influence the dispersion.
b. Where the leaking flammable gas is lighter than air, gas sensors shall be located no
lower than 7 feet (2.13 m) from grade or deck level.
Note: The minimum elevation of 7 feet (2.13 m) from grade or deck is based on
minimum head clearance in accordance with SID-SU-5106. This does not
apply to cryogenic liquids such as LNG. In the event of an LNG spill, the
vapors will be heavier than air until the vapors warm up and rise.
3. Depending on the hazard categorization, point gas sensors shall first be installed downwind
of the prevalent wind direction and upwind of the potential leak source, and then shall be
spaced out from this point.
a. The first sensor shall be located where it has the highest likelihood of detecting a leak.
The other sensors shall be located to meet the minimum necessary coverage/mapping.
b. If only point gas sensors are used, at least three, point-type gas sensors shall be located
in any one fire zone.
4. The spacing for open path area gas sensors shall be located as follows:
a. Be in parallel, based on dispersion model results (if available).
b. Not exceeding 30 feet (9.14 m) maximum from potential leak sources located in the
middle of this parallel zone.
5. Open path gas sensors shall adhere to the following location requirements:
a. If provided for area monitoring, there shall be at least two open path area gas sensors,
as a minimum, in any fire zone.
1) One open path gas sensor shall be downwind.
2) The other open path gas sensor shall be upwind.
Note: Refer to Appendix A, Figure 5.

b. The spacing of perimeter open path gas sensors shall be around the battery limits of the
fire zone to prevent flammable gases from migrating into non-hazardous locations or
into another fire zone.
Note: Refer to Appendix A, Figure 5.

c. The difference between using open path gas sensors for area monitoring and perimeter
monitoring shall be distinguished.
Note: Gas sensor manufacturers are able to provide open path gas sensors with varying
ranges.
• Area monitoring – Open path sensors for area monitoring typically have a
shorter range, because they are for a specific area within the fire zone. For
example, for area monitoring, if an open path sensor monitors a row of
Category A flammable liquids pumps has a range of 32.8 feet (10 m) and
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detects 25 percent LFL gas release, then the open path sensor will read
32.8 feet (10 m) X 25 percent = 2.5 LFL-M.
• Perimeter monitoring – Open path gas sensors for perimeter monitoring
typically have a longer range, because they are used for the entire fire zone in
case the vapor cloud is not picked up by the area gas sensors. The same type of
open path sensor described above, if used for perimeter monitoring for the
entire fire zone where the same row of pumps are located, may have a range of
65.6 feet (20 m). A 25-percent LFL gas release at this perimeter gas sensor will
read 20 m X 25 percent = 5 LFL-M. Therefore, by the time a 25-percent LFL gas
cloud from the potential leak source reaches the open path perimeter sensor and
activates the low alarm, the vapor cloud can be assumed to be quite large.
6.4.2.1 Category A Locations
1. In open (non-enclosed) offshore and onshore process areas, Category A coverage shall be
designed for detection in four directions from the potential leak source.
a. Sensors shall be located approximately 15 feet (4.57 m) from the leak source.
b. Refer to Appendix A, Figure 4.
Note: It may be argued that this is an overdesign; however, most potential leak sources
are normally grouped together (such as a row of pumps.) Therefore, four point
sensors may suffice for more than one potential leak release source. Sensor
locations should achieve 90-percent coverage.
2. Alternatively, two open path area gas sensors may be located in parallel with the IR beam
spaced not more than 30 feet (9.14 m) apart with all potential leak sources located between
these IR beams.
a. One beam shall be located upwind. One beam shall be located downwind.
b. Distance from the potential leak release source to the open path gas sensors
source/receiver device shall not be less than 15 feet (4.57 m).
3. Open path gas sensors IR beam lengths shall not exceed beyond the fire zone.
4. In addition to area monitoring coverage that uses point-type gas sensors or open path
sensors, perimeter monitoring using open path gas detectors should be considered based on
adjacent equipment, buildings, or other areas to each fire zone.
Note: Refer to Appendix A, Figure 4 and Figure 5 for typical arrangements.

5. For enclosed process areas, such as remote instrument enclosures (RIEs), analyzer houses,
and control rooms, the following shall apply:
a. A minimum of two flammable gas sensors shall be installed at the HVAC fresh air
intake.
1) If H2S concentration greater than or equal to 100 ppm is present in the process, then
H2S gas sensors shall also be provided. Refer to Section 6.4.3.
2) Oxygen monitors shall be provided inside onshore RIE. Refer to ICM-SU-4362.
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b. Compressor package units with enclosures shall be complete with flame, gas, and heat
sensors. Quantities shall be based on providing maximum coverage.
1) Compressor package manufacturers usually propose their standard F&GS, which
shall be reviewed and accepted by Owner.
2) The air intake shall also have a minimum of two flammable gas sensors at the
HVAC fresh air intake.
3) If H2S is present in the process unit, then H2S gas sensors shall also be provided.
4) Oxygen monitors shall be provided inside the RIE.
Note: Administration buildings that are governed by the local authority having
jurisdiction (AHJ) and the International Code Council (ICC) are excluded as an
“enclosed area”.
6.4.2.2 Category B Locations

1. Category B coverage shall be designed for detection in two directions from the potential
leak source with each point sensor located approximately 15 feet (4.57 m) from the leak
source.
a. One point sensor shall be located upwind and one shall be located downwind.
b. Sensor locations shall achieve at least 80-percent coverage.
2. Alternatively, two open path area gas sensors may be located in parallel with the IR beam
spaced not more than 30 feet (9.14 m) apart with multiple potential leak sources located
between these IR beams.
a. One beam shall be located upwind. One beam shall be located downwind.
b. Distance from the potential leak release source shall not be less than 15 feet (4.57 m).
3. Open path gas sensors IR beam range shall be restricted and shall not exceed beyond the
fire zone.
Note: In addition to area monitoring coverage that uses point-type gas sensors or open
path detectors, perimeter monitoring using open path gas sensors should be
considered for the entire fire zone. Refer to Appendix A, Figure 6 and Figure 7, for
typical arrangements.
6.4.2.3 Category C Locations

1. Category C coverage shall not require point sensors close to the potential leak sources
unless required by the FHA report. Open path perimeter gas sensors shall be provided.
2. Perimeter monitoring using open path gas detectors should be considered for entire fire zone.
Note: Typical locations where open path gas sensors should be provided for perimeter
monitoring are manifold, truck, and marine loading and unloading areas.
6.4.3 Toxic H2S Gas Sensor Locations

1. When process streams contain ≥ 100 ppm of H2S, point toxic gas sensors shall be installed
based on dispersion model results or FHA, if available.
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Note: If dispersion models for H2S are developed to aid in gas detector placement, they
should be run with concentration end points of 5 ppm, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm. The
10 ppm concentration contour is of particular interest as it is the high-high alarm
set point for fixed H2S detectors.
a. If provided, point toxic gas sensors shall be treated with a category coverage, but with
maximum 20 feet (6.1 m) instead of maximum 15 feet (4.57 m) distance from the leak
source(s).
b. Point toxic gas sensors shall be installed at an elevation between 12 and 36 inches
(30.5 and 91.5 cm) as recommended by API 14C, Appendix F.
2. If toxic gas detectors are required, at least three point-type toxic gas sensors shall be
provided in a fire zone.
Note: API 14C, Appendix F provides guidelines for installation of H2S gas sensors in
streams ≥ 100 ppm. It also allows the option of locating point H2S gas sensors
within 10 feet (3.05 m) from the potential leak source or in a 20-foot (6.1-m)
maximum sensor spacing in a gridded configuration. ISO 10418 recommends that
H2S sensors be mounted at least 3.9 feet (1.2 m) from grade level.
Currently, most sites require personnel within H2S areas to wear personal
H2S monitors.
6.4.4 Flame Sensor Locations

1. The type of flame sensors selected shall be suitable for the hazard being protected.
Note: In most cases, triple-IR type is the preferred flame sensor.

2. If provided with flame sensors, each potential leak source shall have an overlapping cone of
vision from at least two flame sensors.
a. The flame sensor shall be used at an effective cone of vision between 60 and 90 feet
(18.3 and 27.4 m), even though most flame sensors can detect at a further range.
b. The detection cone horizontal and vertical angles shall be as that listed on the
manufacturer’s data sheet (typically 120 and 90, respectively). The angles shall be
modified if a field-of-view-limiter will be installed on any flame detector.
Note: This is to ensure that the sensors’ cone of vision will be directed to potential leak
sources within the fire zone and not create nuisance alarms by detecting potential
leak sources in adjacent fire zones, external sources, or flare reflections.
6.4.4.1 Category A Coverage

Category A potential leak sources shall be monitored by flame sensors within the fire zone.
6.4.4.2 Category B Coverage

1. Category B potential leak sources shall be provided with flame sensors if required by the
FHA report.
2. Rotating equipment with a flow rate between 100 and 500 gpm (378 and 1893 lpm) or
pressures between 100 and 500 psig (6.9 and 34.5 barg) shall require flame detection
protection.
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6.4.4.3 Category C Coverage

If required by FHA, QRA, or equivalent project risk studies, Category C potential leak sources
may be provided with flame sensors or fusible plugs.
6.5 Performance-Based Locations
6.5.1 Flammable and Toxic (H2S) Gas Coverage Category

Category A hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥90 percent coverage from gas detectors.
1. Coverage target shall be achieved using 1ooN configuration.
2. If detectors are voted for executive actions (2ooN), a supplemental coverage target of
≥50 percent shall be met for the 2ooN configuration.

Category B hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥80 percent coverage from gas detectors.
2. If detectors are voted for executive actions (2ooN), a supplemental coverage target of
≥50 percent shall be met for the 2ooN configuration.

Category C hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥60 percent coverage from gas detectors.
2. If detectors are voted for executive actions (2ooN), a supplemental coverage target of ≥50
percent shall be met for the 2ooN configuration.
6.5.2 Flame Sensor Coverage Category

1. The type of flame sensors selected shall be suitable for the hazard being protected.
Note: In most cases, triple-IR type is the preferred flame sensor.

2. If provided with flame sensors, each potential leak source shall have an overlapping cone of
vision from at least two flame sensors. The flame sensor shall be used at an effective cone
of vision between 60 and 90 feet (18.3 and 27.4 m), even though most flame sensors can
detect at a further range.
Note: This ensures that the sensors’ cone of vision will be directed to the potential leak
sources within the fire zone and not detect potential leak sources in adjacent fire
zones, external sources, or flare reflections that may create nuisance alarms.

Category A hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥90 percent coverage from flame detectors.
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Category B hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥80 percent coverage from flame detectors.

Category C hazard areas and volumes shall have ≥60 percent coverage from flame detectors.
6.6 Heat Detection
6.6.1 Fusible Plugs

1. Heat sensors, in the form of fusible plugs, shall be used to operate deluge water spray
systems or to shutdown small normally unmanned platforms that have minimal fire
protection.
Note: The above requirement does not apply to building interiors (e.g., warehouses and
labs). Refer to FPM-SU-5141.
a. As a minimum, at least two fusible plugs shall be provided for any hazard that is being
protected. All fusible plugs shall be installed approximately 2 feet (0.6 m) from the
hazard they are intended to monitor.
b. For offshore applications, refer to API 14C, Table C-1 for guidance on the spacing of
fusible plugs.
2. Based on information from the FHA report, heat sensors shall be provided for equipment
that handles combustible liquids. As a minimum, at least two heat sensors shall be provided
for any hazard being protected.
6.6.2 Electronic Thermal and Heat Sensors

1. Heat sensors shall be suitable for the intended area classification and be one of the
following types:
a. Rate-compensated.
b. Rate-of-rise.
c. Fixed temperature.
2. Rate-compensated heat sensors shall be located in areas with normal ambient temperatures
such as workshops, laundries, paint stores, and welding areas.
3. Rate-compensated high-temperature heat sensors shall be located in areas with high
ambient temperatures such as diesel-driven pump rooms, generators, and gas turbine skids.
4. Fixed-temperature heat sensors shall be used in the following areas where smoke detectors
are not suitable due to environmental conditions that may cause false alarms:
a. Equipment rooms.
b. Engine rooms.
c. Battery rooms.
d. Gas turbine/compressor enclosures.
e. Storerooms.
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5. Other areas that require thermal and heat sensors shall include (but are not limited to) the
following:
a. Kitchens.
b. Mechanical rooms.
c. Machinery and pump rooms.
d. Laboratory rooms.
e. Laundry rooms.
6. Installation and spacing of thermal and heat sensors shall be in accordance with NFPA 72
requirements.
6.6.3 Digital Linear Heat Detection

If provided, digital linear heat detection shall be installed following the same prescriptive
guidance used for heat detectors in NFPA 72.
6.7 Ultrasonic Leak Sensors

1. Ultrasonic leak sensors should be considered for use in areas where combustible gases or
vapors are handled at pressures greater than 100 psig (7 barg).
2. The location of ultrasound leak sensors shall be as follows:
a. Based on manufacturer recommendations.
b. Used to complement (but not replace) F&GS sensors.
3. Ultrasound leak sensors shall be located within 40 feet (12.2 m) from the potential leak
source and shall detect minor 0.22 lbs/s (0.1 kg/s) gas leaks.
6.8 LNG Spill Detection

1. Low-temperature resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) shall be located in LNG spill
containment troughs, sumps, curbs, and around key potential leak sources (i.e., under pump
flanges, loading arms, and transfer lines) where significant quantities of LNG could collect
should a spill occur.
Note: Spill detection may activate high expansion foam system and initiate an alarm.
2. In the event that the spill ignites, the high expansion foam system shall be capable of
extinguishing the fire and controlling the rate of LNG evaporation. Refer to FPM-SU-5325.
6.9 Manual Alarm Callpoints

MACs shall be provided so that the maximum horizontal travel distance shall not exceed
200 feet (60 m).
1. MACs shall be located at every primary and secondary egress exit point.
2. For offshore facilities, MACs and emergency push buttons shall also be provided at stair
egress points.
Integrity Critica
3. For buildings and living quarters, locations of MACs shall be in accordance with NFPA 72
requirements.
6.10 Horns and Strobes

1. Horns and strobes shall be provided in accordance with ICM-DU-6161.
2. Notification appliances for building fire protection systems shall comply with NFPA 72.
Integrity Critica
Appendix A Gas Sensor Coverage Sample Layouts

Figure 4: Sample Layout 1—Gas Detector Coverage
PERIMETER MONITORING
NG 15'-0"
I LI
A
R EV IND
P W
EQUIPMENT IN
THIS MODULE
B
NOT SHOWN B
FOR CLARITY
A A
R 15'-0"
EQUIPMENT IN
EQUIPMENT IN
THIS MODULE
THIS MODULE
NOT SHOWN
NOT SHOWN
FOR CLARITY
FOR CLARITY
POTENTIAL LEAK SOURCE

POINT GAS DETECTOR
OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR - RECEIVER

OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR - SOURCE
Integrity Critica
15'-0"
(Min. from last leak source)
NG
I LI
E VA ND
I AREA MONITORING
PR W
30'-0" (Approx or less)
EQUIPMENT IN
THIS MODULE
B
NOT SHOWN B
FOR CLARITY
A A
AREA MONITORING R 15'-0"
EQUIPMENT IN
EQUIPMENT IN
THIS MODULE
THIS MODULE
NOT SHOWN
NOT SHOWN
FOR CLARITY
FOR CLARITY
POTENTIAL LEAK SOURCE

POINT GAS DETECTOR
OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR - RECEIVER

OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR - SOURCE
Integrity Critica
G
L IN
I
E VA ND
I
PR W
C C
C C
R 15'-0"
5'-0"
A PERIMETER MONITORING
B
B
B
R15'-0"
LOC
C
R15'-0"
COMP-A COMP-B
A A
Integrity Critica
G
L IN
I
E VA ND
I
PR W
C C
C C
15'0" (MIN)
R 15'-0"
A
AREA MONITORING
AREA MONITORING
A
B
15'-0" (MIN)
B
B
15'0" (MIN)
AREA MONITORING
LOC R15'-0"
C
R15'-0"
COMP-A COMP-B
A A
AREA MONITORING
Integrity Critica
Appendix B Baseline Fire and Gas System Locations (Prescriptive)

Figure 8: Minimum F&GS Sensor Locations and Information for Prescriptive-Based Approach
Air-Aspirating Smoke Detection

Gas Sensor – Catalytic Bead (3)
Smoke Sensor – Photoelectric

Gas Sensor – Open Path Gas
Smoke Sensor – Ionization

Heat Sensor – Rate of Rise
Heat Sensor – Fixed Temp

Gas Sensor – H2S/Toxic (5)
Gas Sensor – Point IR
Flame Sensor (2)
Fusible Plug (1)
Sensors IR (4)
Sensor Type
LOCATION
Wellhead (6)    
Mud Mixing (7)   
Production/Processing Facilities (8)     
Produces Water Treating 
Injection Water Treating    
Venting Facilities (except equipment vents) 
Fuel Gas Glycol Regeneration    
Manifolds and Headers (9)    
Vessels (10) 
Heat Exchangers (11)    
Process Pumps (12)    
Pig Traps (11)    
Pig Launchers/Receivers (11)    
Provers (11)    
Fired Heaters (12)    
Turbine Enclosures (13)   
Turbine Enclosure Combustion Air Intake( 13)   
Gas Compressors(13)   
Gas Compressor Enclosure Combustion Air   
Intake (13)
Engine-Driven Generator Enclosure (14)   

Motor Control Center (MCC)/Switchgear   
Buildings (15)
Sub-Stations 
Integrity Critica
Air-Aspirating Smoke Detection

Gas Sensor – Catalytic Bead (3)
Smoke Sensor – Photoelectric

Gas Sensor – Open Path Gas
Smoke Sensor – Ionization

Heat Sensor – Rate of Rise
Heat Sensor – Fixed Temp

Gas Sensor – H2S/Toxic (5)
Gas Sensor – Point IR
Flame Sensor (2)
Fusible Plug (1)
Sensors IR (4)
Sensor Type
LOCATION
Battery Room (16)    
Metering Stations/Skids (11)  
Marine Loading/Unloading Terminals    
Loading/Unloading Racks   
Corridor 
Offices 
Building Outside Air Intakes (15)   
Control Room Sub-floor  
Telecommunications Room  
Dining/Recreation  
Storage Buildings and Rooms (17)    
Warehouse(17)    
Work Shops  
Kitchen/Galley  
Galley Hood(18) 
Laundry Rooms 
Building Utilities Room  
Bedrooms 
Notes:
1. Fusible plugs are used for automatic detection to activate water spray systems. In normally unmanned
facilities, (small minor platforms like jackets, wellheads etc.,) where fire protection is minimal, fusible plugs
may be installed to shut-down the facility in the event of a fire.
2. The preferred flame sensor is triple-IR. If hydrogen fire is expected, the flame sensor should be capable of
detecting invisible hydrogen fires.
3. Catalytic bead gas sensors should be used where hydrogen gas is predominant and where there are high
temperatures (such as inside compressor enclosure and in areas where high ambient conditions are
expected).
4. Open path gas sensors may be used for area coverage (in lieu of point sensors) and for perimeter coverage.
Integrity Critica
5. Point H2S gas sensors are most commonly used. Where other types of toxic gases are present, the
appropriate gas sensor should be considered. Consideration should also be given to laser-type open path H2S
detection technology.
6. In accordance with API 14C Table C-1, flame sensors may be proposed in lieu of fusible plugs. Where flame
sensors are considered, they should provide at least the same coverage as fusible plugs. In addition, each
wellhead should be viewed by at least two flame sensors’ cone of coverage. Open path gas sensors may be
provided in lieu of point gas sensors.
7. Gas sensors installed in mud mixing units may be point IR type or open path gas sensors.
8. Gas sensors installed in production/processing facilities may be a combination of point IR type and open path
gas sensors. Point IR gas sensors may be used for area monitoring and open path gas sensors used for
perimeter monitoring. Alternatively, open path gas sensors may be used for area monitoring and perimeter
monitoring where gas sensor mapping allows for increased coverage. Where there is a possibility of hydrogen
leaks, catalytic bead detectors may be installed in these areas.
9. Manifolds/headers are typically close to other potential leak source. Therefore, area gas monitoring may be
applied to detect other potential leak sources.
10. Fusible plugs installed around vessels typically detect heat exposures to activate fixed water spray systems.
Fusible plug maximum spacing should be in accordance with API 14C Table C-1. In many cases, they may
need to be closer due to appurtenances off the vessel.
11. Flame is considered for area coverage, and gas detection is only considered for perimeter monitoring for the
fire zone not specific to this equipment.
12. Process pumps are considered Category A potential leak sources, with four point IR OR two open path gas
sensors in parallel. Flame sensors are provided for area monitoring of the fire zone. If fusible plugs are
provided, they should be located over the electric motors and seals.
13. Flame, gas, and heat sensors inside enclosure air intake should be provided by the package manufacturer
and interfaced with the enclosure extinguishing system. The F&GS components are typically interfaced with
the dedicated packaged F&GS system.
14. Flame, gas, and heat sensors inside enclosure, combustion and ventilation air intake, or both should be
provided by the package manufacturer and interfaced with the enclosure extinguishing system. Gas detection
in ventilation air intakes may not be required if the intake supply is in an unclassified area where flammable
vapors will not be present for any credible leak scenarios.
15. Gas sensors should be provided in the fresh air intake if the building is located close to process units. Smoke
detection system (photoelectric or air aspirating type) should be provided and monitored by its dedicated fire
alarm control panel (FACP).
16. Battery rooms should be provided with hydrogen gas sensors to ensure that the concentration does not
exceed 25 percent LFL. In addition, point IR gas sensors should be provided in the fresh air intake if the
building is located close to any process units. Smoke detectors are typically provided in battery rooms,
whereas heat detection is typically provided for battery enclosures (which are not air-conditioned and may
experience higher ambient temperatures than buildings).
17. Type of detection is dependent on the type of material being stored. Refer to NFPA 30 for warehouse storage
of flammable liquids.
18. Galley hood heat sensor is typically a fusible link heat sensor connected to a fixed wet chemical system.

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Integrity Critical

Operating Environment: Onshore, Topsides

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

Author notations regarding this revision

1.0 Scope expanded.

Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below

2.1 Owner Documents

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

International Society of Automation (ISA)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (UK HSE)

OTO 2001/055 OSD Hydrocarbon Release Reduction Campaign—Report on the

2.3 Conflict Resolution

FHA Fire Hazard Analysis

Cold Flow Gradual dislodgement of the eutectic material at

Coverage In this specification, coverage refers to the percent

Detector A device that monitors a specific area for the presence

Fire Zone A section of a facility geographically separated from

Hazard Category Characterizes the hazard and risk of a process area

Hazard Categorization A formal process using consequence analysis, plot

Hazardous Area Section of a facility where concentrations of

Minor Release The smallest release that produces a gas cloud

Sensor See Detector.

Volumetric Coverage The percent of hazard volume (regardless of

Vote (Voting) The programming logic of associated control

4.0 Fire and Gas System Life Cycle

Note: A tabulation of sensor coordinates in three dimensions is preferred and may be

4.2 Prescriptive Method Life Cycle

4.2.1 Prescriptive Method Prerequisites

8. Electrical area classification drawings.

Figure 1: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure - Prescriptive

4.2.2 Prescriptive Method Procedures

4.3 Performance-Based (3D Mapping) Method Life Cycle

Note: Performance-based detector location (also referred to as 3D mapping) uses

Figure 2: F&GS Sensor Location Procedure – Performance-Based

3. Build Fire Zone Model

4. Develop Refined List of

5. Develop and Run

6. Define Analysis Space

9. Review Coverage Model Review

10. 3D Model Review

4.3.1 Performance-Based Method Prerequisites

4.3.2 Performance-Based Method Procedures

5. If leak sources have been identified, the following shall occur:

9. Performance targets shall be determined in accordance with requirements in Section 6.5.

5.0 General Requirements

Figure 3: Open Path Gas Detector Mounting

Do Not Mount Prefer Mounting Mounting from Secondary

5.2 Design Philosophy

To prevent any confusion, executive functions such as process shutdown or

Note: Fusible plugs should generally be replaced every 5 years as part of a

5.3 Environmental Conditions

5.4 Electrical Area Classification

6.0 Fire and Gas System Detector Location and Mapping