Volume: 9, Issue: 1

Page: 25-35
International Journal of Science and Business
2022
Journal homepage: ijsab.com/ijsb

5G and Next Generation Wireless

Network in Bangladesh: Trends,
Opportunities, and Challenges
Refat Noor Swarna

Abstract
As a consequence of tremendous traffic demands for modern networks and
to fulfill these expectations, cellular systems are placed within a wireless
Local Area Networks (WLAN) system. Bangladesh has entered very recently
a new era of wireless connectivity with the launch of fifth-generation (5G)
mobile internet connectivity by mobile phone operator Teletalk. According
to the UN's Least Developed Countries (LDC) list, Bangladesh is a developing
country with a large rural population and Bangladesh's Internet connectivity
rate is only 28.8%. This research paper represents the actual user data of IJSB
existing 3rd & 4th generation networks in Bangladesh and the possible Accepted 14 February 2022
Published 17 February 2022
opportunities and challenges in Bangladesh for implementing the 5G model DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6122550
and next-generation networks based on those findings in Bangladesh. The
primary goal of this research paper is to identify the maximum benefits of
cellular communications, wireless optical technologies, integrated sensing
and communication, and other technologies in Bangladesh that can support
the proposed launched 5G architecture. Due to the lack of sufficient network
connections in major rural areas in Bangladesh, the result data is from only a
small network-covered area. This paper illustrates that the mean 4G network
coverage of four major mobile operator companies is 52% only. For this
experiment, the network coverages of all operators are measured in mobile
phones in different areas in Bangladesh. This experimental result indicates
that the existing connections need to be implied and developed for all areas
in Bangladesh before implementing the 5G architecture.

Keywords: 5G, 6G, Wireless Network, Next Generation Network, Network support in
Bangladesh.

About Author (s)

Refat Noor Swarna, Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of
Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

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1.0. Introduction:
Revolutionary advancements in wireless communication technology have made huge waves
around the world in recent years. The 5G is more than traditional cellular networks which are
mostly to the rapid expansion of the internet of things (IoT), machine-type communications
wireless optical technologies, and other sectors in modern society. It thrives to achieve a 1000x
boost in capacity compared to 4G networks, delivering gigabits per second against megabits
per second in 4G, among a few other key performance indicators (Andrews et al., 2014). We
are evolving towards a civilization of totally automated remote management systems due to
enormous improvements in communication systems. The covid 19 epidemic has shown that
we can only cope with it through automated remote management systems from late 2019 until
now. To support this condition, a high data transmitting and receiving rate with dependable
connectivity is required. 5G wireless networks have been started to use practically in some
regions of the world by 2020.

Despite the enormous gains of the 5G communication system over present fields, the
expectations of future emerging intelligent and automation systems will not be fully met after
ten years (Giordani et al., 2020). In 5G networks, multiple new techniques are introduced, such
as new frequency bands with millimeter-wave (mmWave) and optical spectra, enhanced the
practice and management of spectrum, and it can combine approved and abandoned bands
(Giordani et al., 2020). Furthermore, with 5G reaching its limits in 2030, designers are already
looking for design goals for the next phase. As a result, researchers all over the world are
starting to think about 6G in ten years. 5G has launched in Bangladesh very recently. We're still
having trouble getting complete coverage on 3G and 4G networks. Bangladesh's government is
working on a Tk 200 crore initiative to launch a limited-scale 5G mobile network in the capital
Dhaka by the end of 2021(The Daily Star, 2021). Existing 5G's architecture is cutting-edge, and
its network parts and various terminals have all been changed to accommodate a new
circumstance. Similarly, service companies can simply incorporate value-added services using
advanced technology. This paper's purpose is to provide a perspective on the most popular 5G
network support in Bangladesh during this urgent pandemic emergency. The rest of this paper
is organized as follows. Section 2.0. describes the few recent 5 G-related works and section 3.0.
represents 5G network and next-generation networks. Spectrum & network support in
Bangladesh are described in section 4.0. Section 5.0. & 6.0. present trends & opportunities and
challenges based on research data. Finally, the conclusion of this article is in Section 7.0.

2.0. Related Works:

The recent advances and related works of 5G and next-generation networks are in massive
multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive MIMO), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA),
millimeter wave, IoT, and related technology are mentioned in this part. To address the
difficulties with conventional MIMO, a variety of techniques have been proposed. Mae et al.
(2020) proposed the MIMO multi-rate, feed-forward controller. Unlike traditional MIMO,
which provides oscillated control inputs, the suggested approach generates smooth control
inputs in the simulation. In terms of error rate, it also exceeded. However, for greater results, a
combination of both multi-rate and single rates might be employed. Panzner et al. (2014)
studied the performance of separate MIMO, disseminated MIMO with and without corporation
MIMO. In addition, a concept for large-scale integration into 5G technology was given. Different
MIMO setups are investigated in the experimental analysis.

For next-generation wireless communications, NOMA is a key radio access technology. NOMA
has several advantages over preceding orthogonal multiple access techniques, including high-
speed massive connectivity, great efficiency of the spectrum, and low rate of latency with high

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dependability. Code-domain NOMA, which improves the overall connectivity in 5G wireless

communication, may improve the spectral efficiency of MIMO. Some of the more code-domain
NOMA techniques include code division multiple access, lattice-partition multiple access,
multi-user shared access, and pattern-division multiple access (Shental et al.,2017). Because it
works well with a variety of wireless communication techniques, such as massive MIMO,
beamforming, space-time coding access, network coding, full-duplex, and cooperative
communication, power-domain NOMA is widely employed in 5G wireless networks (Islam et
al., 2016). The authors (Islam et al., 2016) investigated a power-domain NOMA that uses
superposition coding (SC) along with sequential interference cancellation (SIC) at both the
transmitter and receiver ends. Abundant investigations have shown that NOMA is capable of
meeting user data rate demands as well as network-level 5G technology. The study provided
an in-depth look at current advances in the 5G NOMA system. It contained, among other things,
a comparison of allocation procedures, user fairness, cutting-edge efficiency evaluation, and
user pairing patterns. The behavior of NOMA is also investigated when combined with other
wireless communication techniques such as beamforming, massive MIMO, cooperative
network connections, space-time coding access, and so on. Millimeter wave is a very high-
frequency band suitable for 5G wireless networks.

The user frequency of millimeter wave is between 30 GHz to 300 GHz for transmission. This
frequency spectrum range is known as mmWave because the wavelengths of these waves. The
authors (Niu et al., 2015) gave a study of mmWave communications for 5G. mmWave
communications have the advantage of adaptability, which implies that architecture and
protocol changes for integrated circuits, systems, and other components are possible. The
authors examined the available options and ranked them according to their efficacy,
performance, and complexity. They also looked at open research issues in mmWave
communications in 5G, such as network architecture of software-defined, network information,
efficient regulation of devices, and the mixed system. The authors (Wei et al., 2014) discuss the
design challenges and requirements of mmWave 5G antennas for all cellular devices, as well as
contemporary 5G research. They then developed a 60 GHz array of antenna modules with tiny
and low-profile 3D planer mesh-grid type antenna elements. Forthcoming antenna
components will be utilized to run cellular handsets on mmWave 5G smartphones, according
to a framework being developed. They also double-checked for any potential hardware
difficulties with the mesh-grid array of antennas with the polarized beam. To tackle IoT
difficulties, a variety of approaches have been developed (Khurpade et al., 2018). Akpakwu et
al. (2017) focused on 5G mobile systems, which led to exponential traffic increases in IoT, due
to rising trends and evolving technologies. The author looked at the issues and requirements
that arise during the deployment of large-scale IoT systems, focusing on mobile networking in
particular. Basic IoT infrastructure was reviewed, as well as cellular-based technology, low-
power wide-area types of machinery like eMTC and extended coverage (EC)-GSM-IoT, as well
as noncellular, low-power wide-area technologies like SigFox and LoRa. The authors
(Khurpade et al., 2018) have demonstrated how 5G technology can alleviate today's IoT issues.
It provides a rapid overview of present and future 5G network architectures. The report
emphasizes the importance of a 5G network based on the IoT-related ecosystem. IoT and 5G
may easily be coupled with the enhanced implementation of wireless technologies to form a
unified ecosystem capable of meeting current IoT device requirements. 5G can revolutionize
the world, and it will help IoT devices develop. As the 5G process progresses, global
associations will uncover fundamentals for developing a cross-industry involvement in
defining and expanding the 5G system.

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3.0. 5G and Next Generation Network System:

Many innovative ideas have been established and explored in recent years to make 5G and
beyond networks a reality. Millimeter waves of networks, small cells technology, beamforming,
device-centric architecture, full-duplex technology, massive MIMO, Terahertz wave, and visible
light spectrum are some of the major essential enabling technologies that have been studied as
the major elements for 5G and further generation systems, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure1: Essential Enabling Technologies for 5G and Beyond

With the use of 5G networks, improvements in data transmission speed, latency of system,
network resilience, and power consumption rate (Yunfeng et al., 2019) will have a huge impact
on the technology world. The ability to transmit and receive data in millimeter-wavelength is
a fundamental characteristic of 5G, which will increase speed by 1000 times over 4G. The size
of the transmitting and receiving antennas can be reduced, providing technical assistance for
the installation of large-scale antenna systems (Yunfeng et al., 2019). Many potential
technologies for wireless communication are being investigated in the 5G network (Larsson et
al., 2014). The primary obstacles and constraints faced by the 5G network, according to
international demand for communication, are faster and lower power consumption. Shannon's
formula ignores improving communication speed rate and lowering power usage,
𝑆
𝐶 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(1 + 𝑁) ……………… (1)
In equation (1), B is channel bandwidth (Hz),
S is signal power (W),
N is noise power (W), and
C is the maximum transmission rate (bit/ S).
According to the formula, channel transmission rate C is proportional to channel bandwidth B,
hence increasing channel bandwidth B is required to improve maximum transmission rate C.
The major 5G option is the Cloud - Radio Access Network, which is a flat design with a combined
base station and base station controller.

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The next generation of wireless networks, also known as 6G, will meet the demands of a fully
connected world by delivering ubiquitous wireless connectivity to everyone. The number of
smart gadgets and innovative technologies is expected to rise as a result of transformative
solutions. 6G networks are largely based on 5G design, surpassing the benefits of 5G, according
to the history of mobile networks (P. Yang and et.,2019).
Several new technologies will need to be included in the implementation of 6G and next-
generation networks, while several 5G technologies will need to be upgraded in 6G. The
following elements may be required for the sixth-generation (6G) system:
(i) The improvement human-machine interfaces technology,
(ii) The development of the computing system among local devices and the cloud,
(iii) The multisensory data synthesis to create multi-verse maps and different mixed-
reality experiences, and
(iv) The improved network with high-security maintenance.
To achieve the 6G target and overcome the limitations of 5G, it will be critical to developing
B5G wireless systems with enticing new qualities to solve new difficulties. By introducing new
synthesis of future ambient intelligence sensor systems and new human-human and human-
machine interaction technologies, a pervasive introduction of artificial intelligence, and the
addition of new technologies like terahertz (THz) frequency networks, 3-dimensional (3D)
networking technology, quantum communications, holographic beamforming devices,
backscatter communication, intelligent reflecting surface, and proactive caching, the lagging of
5G and further generation networking devices will be supported through 6G (Strinati et al.,
2019). Nevertheless, the most significant requirement for 6G networks will be the ability to
handle large amounts of data and very high-data-rate connectivity per device (Mumtaz et al.,
2017). Table 1 below provides an overview of the 4G, 5G, and 6G networks.

Table 1: Overview of the 4G, 5G, and 6G networks:

Description 4G Network 5G Network 6G Network

Peak Data Rate per 1 Gbps 10 Gbps 1 Tbps
Device
End to End Latency of 100 ms 10 ms 1 ms
Network
Maximum Spectral 15 bps/Hz 30 bps/Hz 100 bps/Hz
Efficiency
Mobility Supporting Up to 350 Km/hr Up to 500 Km/hr Up to 1000 Km/hr
System
Video VR, AR Tactile
Services
MIMO Massive MIMO Intelligent Surface
Architecture of System
Maximum Networking 6 GHz 90 GHz 10 THz
Frequency

4.0. Spectrum & Network Support in Bangladesh:

In Bangladesh, according to the government, the announced project for 5G, at the primary
stage, 5G services capable of delivering data transfer internet speed rate up to 50 times faster
than 4G networks and serve as critical usable infrastructure for various industries, will be
installed in the country's capital, Dhaka. Formerly, the 5G network will be expanded to
divisional cities and district levels after the capital. According to govt., the main pursuit of the
project is to set up 500 private base transceiver stations (BTS) and 2,500 shared towers,
upgrade the capacity of the existing 2,000 BTS, install 200 mobile BTS, and enhance the existing
1,000 2G and 3G BTS to 4G (The daily star, 2021).

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4.1. Existing 3G & 4G in Bangladesh:

According to the ITU Radio Regulation and Bangladesh National Frequency Allocation Plan, the
frequency bands 698–806 MHz, 2500–2690 MHz, and 1920–1980 / 2110-2170 MHz are
earmarked for 3G/ 4G/ LTE services in Bangladesh. Along with the cell station, 3G/4G systems
rely on phase-shift keying and high order quadrature amplitude modulation for weak signal
areas near the cell edges. Even though this results in poorer data bandwidth and spectral
efficiency at the cell's edge, a constant bit error rate must be maintained in the face of noise.
The peak on average power report is also a downside of these schemes. Another featured
option in 5G is amplitude and phase shift modulation, which is based on maximum amplitude
and phase changes for dynamic selection under specific noise situations. The network's
spectrum efficiency is improved by combining several modulation methods. The 9 kHz to 1000
GHz frequency band has been set aside for a variety of services. In 2013, the country offered its
first 3G services, and in 2018, it launched its first 4G services. Users in Bangladesh can obtain
4G coverage of 52% only. Table 2 compares the expected and actual performance of the present
4G network.

Table 2: The expected and actual performance of the present 4G network:

Description 4G Network 4G Network

(As expected) (Avg. experience)
Peak Data Rate per Device 1 Gbps 7 Mbps
End to End Latency of Network 100 ms 72.5 ms
Maximum Spectral Efficiency 15 bps/Hz 1.24 bps/Hz
Mobility Support System 350km/hr 20 km/hr
Services Video Video
Maximum Frequency 6 GHz 2100 MHz

4.1.1. Experimental Data:

The experiments were the measurements of network coverage of mobiles in different places in
Bangladesh using different mobile operators. Here, the results of user data of the mobile
network experiences of the four main mobile operators in Bangladesh — Airtel, Banglalink,
Grameenphone, and Robi are shown in the following tables 3, 4, 5, & 6 accordingly:

Table 3: Airtel Network Coverage:

Description 4G Network (Airtel)

Peak Data Rate/ Device 6.8 Mbps
End to End Latency 46 ms
Maximum Spectral Efficiency 1.36 bps/Hz
Network coverage 58%
Service level (upload) 5.7 Mbps
Maximum Frequency 2100 MHz

Table 4: Banglalink Network Coverage:

Description 4G Network (Banglalink)

Peak Data Rate/ Device 4.0 Mbps
End to End Latency 72 ms
Maximum Spectral Efficiency 0.67 bps/Hz
Network coverage 31%
27.0 Mbps
Service level (upload)
Maximum Frequency 2100 MHz

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Table 5: Grameenphone Network Coverage:

Description 4G Network
(Grameenphone)
Peak Data Rate/ Device 15.0 Mbps
End to End Latency 74 ms
Maximum Spectral Efficiency 2.5 bps/Hz
Network coverage 61%
11 Mbps
Service level (upload)
Maximum Frequency 2100 MHz

Table 6: Robi Network Coverage:

Description 4G Network (Robi)

Peak Data Rate/ Device 2.1Mbps
End to End Latency 98 ms
Maximum Spectral Efficiency 0.42 bps/Hz
Network coverage 58%
1.5 Mbps
Service level (upload)
Maximum Frequency 2100 MHz

This data is taken using the device: iPhone 12, IOS 14.7, and frequency 4G LTE B3(1800 MHz)
This study shows the actual picture of 4G network experiences in Bangladesh. It is important
to develop the existing network coverage in Bangladesh. According to table 2, the maximum
frequency needs to be 6GHz but in Bangladesh, it is only 2100 MHz. In this paper’s experiments,
the frequency was 1800 MHz only.

4.2. Proposed 5G Network in Bangladesh:

Bangladesh has started the first journey of 5G in 2021. The country's first commercial 5G
network launched only a few weeks ago. Teletalk Bangladesh Limited is rolling out 5G with
Huawei's technical support, which will speed up Bangladesh's digital transformation and make
a wide range of innovative technologies available to everyone. During the initial deployment
phase, Nokia which is a 5G provider company will provide equipment from its latest ReefShark
System on Chip-powered AirScale equipment range, including its 5G AirScale Digital baseband
unit with a plugin capability to expand capability where it is needed. The 5G network, according
to Huawei, is cloud-native based. In the 5G future technology, a single network design can
accommodate a multitude of service requirements. A Cloud-Native E2E network architecture
has the following characteristics which are implemented in Bangladesh: The system
theoretically independent network slicing technology on a single network infrastructure that
meets a variety of service requirements, as well as DC-based cloud architecture, supports a
variety of application scenarios. The cloud-based system, CloudRAN is used to reconstruct
radio access networks (RAN) to provide large connections for different standards and to
implement the on-demand deployment of RAN functionalities for 5G. The Separation of the
control and user planes along with component-based functionality, and centralized database
management simplifies basic network architecture to enable network operations configuration
on demand. The whole technology is the implementation of automatic network slicing service
generation, maintenance, and termination for a variety of services using agile network O&M to
save operational costs.
The key technology of the proposed 5G in Bangladesh is depicted in the diagram below:

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Figure 2: Key Technology of 5G in Bangladesh (Huawei Technology, 2016)

5.0. Trends & Opportunities in Bangladesh:

Since the introduction of the first analog communication system in the 1980s, nearly every 10
years a new generation of communication systems has been developed. The quality of metrics
is improved when moving from one generation to the next, which includes new services and
capabilities. According to BTRC, the total number of internet subscribers at the end of March
2021 was 116.14 million. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
percentage of Bangladeshi users has increased over time:

Using Internet In Bangladesh

20.00%

15.00%

10.00% Using Internet (% of

5.00% Population)

0.00%
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

Figure 3: Population Percentage of Internet Users in Bangladesh

According to the graph, the data shows that after 2015, the use rate is growing rapidly. The
opportunities are increasing along with the user rate. The following opportunities may come
with 5G and the next-generation network in Bangladesh.

High-speed Networking System:

5G is a significant advancement over previous mobile network technology, allowing for
extraordinarily fast download speeds of up to 20 Gbps. A fiber optic internet connection works
in the same way as a 5G wireless network. 5G is unique among mobile transmission
technologies in that it efficiently delivers both voice and high-speed data. With a latency of less
than a millisecond, 5G connectivity is suitable for autonomous driving and mission-critical
applications.

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Smart City Application:

The smart city concept mainly stands for the concept of improving quality of life. IoT is capable
of making us realize the smart city concept, and it is one of the main 5G intentions to make a
smart city a reality.

Updated technologies in Industry and Agriculture:

Introducing 5G can open the door to new technologies in industries. Our garments industries
have great roles to impact on the economy in Bangladesh. 5G and the next-generation network
can change the plot here. We are suffering from using new technologies in our agricultural area
too. The opportunities here are also massive.

Medical Sector:
From 2019 to the present, we are going through a covid 19 pandemic. We are facing challenges
in the medical sector. 5G and the next generation can bring light here. We can observe the
network unavailability from getting the helpline to registering the covid vaccine.

Working from Home:

The world is suddenly turning into a remote mode for a pandemic. We need to keep the wheel
of the economy rolling and recovering. ‘Work from Home’ is the new solution. Online classes
for the academic area are now the only solution to keep lives safe. Massive improvements in
the network are now urgent in Bangladesh.

Satellite Internet:
Because ground-based stations are few in many rural locations, 5G will be important in
bringing connection to these places. Satellite systems would be used to deliver connectivity in
both urban and rural locations across Bangladesh as part of the 5G network. The satellite
system will provide connection in both urban and rural regions by utilizing a constellation of
multiple tiny satellites.

Figure 4: Opportunities of Next Generation Network

6.0. Challenges in Bangladesh:

Implementing 5G technology corresponds with many issues such as bandwidth, latency, energy
efficiency, implementation costs, reliability, hardware complexity, etc. The challenges are
discussed below:

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Networking:
According to table 1,2, 3, 4, 5, & 6, it is clear that our network supporting system is still poor.
The peak data rate should be 1Gbps but we experience only 7Mbps per device in Bangladesh.
5G is a new type of network and it is cloud-based. For data transfer, bands need to overcome
several complexities and challenges for Bangladesh.

Structural Support:
We need towers and new infrastructures to deploy 5G and next-generation networks. Here, the
cost can be huge. Considering the low user rate of the internet in Bangladesh, the cost of
deploying a new networking system also can be less effective.

Security Issue:
We can face major security issues here. Any kind of new network system has its authentic
security system. Here, the problem is that the implementation can be complex and for
Bangladesh, it can be a huge challenge.

7.0. Conclusion:
This review paper covers all the possibilities and challenges for 5G and next-generation
networks implementation in Bangladesh regarding the existing network’s survey. In the
communication field, each generation is introducing exciting new features. In Bangladesh, we
are not privileged to enjoy all still. In our basics, we need great networking existing systems.
This paper represents the experimental outcome of the existing network coverage which is
only 52% overall. Here, denser layout, increasing the number of base stations or small
terminals per unit area, improving spectrum support can help us to experience better 3G and
4G networking in Bangladesh. 5G is great news for us and we should create wider opportunities
to support the structure of 5G networks in different sectors. For future research works, new
technology needs to be implemented to reduce the challenges in Bangladesh. After overcoming
the challenges, it can ease our lives and introduce us to a new era.

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Cite this article:

Refat Noor Swarna (2022). 5G and Next Generation Wireless Network in Bangladesh: Trends,
Opportunities, and Challenges. International Journal of Science and Business, 9(1), 25-35. doi:
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6122550

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