PE 4

BASKETBALL

Basketball is a team sport played by two teams of five players on a

rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46
cm) in diameter and mounted at a height of 10 feet (3.048 m) to backboards at
each end of the court.

Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made
specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony
Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators
alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use. Dribbling was not part
of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball
was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but
limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a major part of
the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ball shape.

HISTORY

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by the Canadian clergyman,

educator, and physician James Naismith.

Naismith introduced the game when he was an instructor at the Young Men’s
Christian Association Training School (now Springfield
College) in Springfield, Massachusetts.

 The game involved elements of American football, soccer, and hockey,

and the first ball used was a soccer ball.

 Teams had nine players, and the goals were wooden peach baskets
affixed to the walls.

 By 1897-1898, teams of five became standard.

 The game rapidly spread nationwide and to Canada and other parts of
the world, played by both women and men; it also became a popular
informal outdoor game. U.S. servicemen in World War II (1939-1945)
popularized the sport in many other countries.

A number of U.S. colleges adopted the game between about 1893 and 1895

 In 1934 the first college games were staged in New York City Madison
Square Garden, and college basketball began to attract heightened
interest.

 By the 1950s basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving
the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball.

The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to
protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game.
  One of the first and greatest pro teams was the Original Celtics,
organized about 1915 in New York City. They played as many as 150
games a season and dominated basketball until 1936.

 The Harlem Globetrotters, founded in 1927, a notable exhibition team,

specializes in amusing court antics and expert ball handling.

In 1949 two subsequent professional leagues, the National Basketball

League (formed in 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (1946) merged
to create the National Basketball Association (NBA).

 The Boston Celtics, led by their center Bill Russell, dominated the NBA
from the late 1950s through the 1960s. By the 1960s, pro teams from
coast to coast played before crowds of many millions annually. Wilt
Chamberlain, a center for the Los Angeles Lakers, was another leading
player during the era, and his battles with Russell were eagerly
anticipated.

 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, also a center, came to prominence during the

1970s. Jabbar perfected his famed “sky hook” shot while playing for the
Los Angeles Lakers and dominated the opposition.

UPDATED SKILLS AND RULES

Basketball skills can be broken down into 2 Primary Categories:

Offensive skills:

Shooting, Offensive Rebound, Passing and Dribbling

Defensive skills:

Blocking, Stealing, and Defensive Rebound

OFFENSIVE SKILLS:

Shooting
Shooting consists of launching the ball toward the basket in an
arcing motion with the purpose of it going in and scoring points. When
shooting, keep your eyes on the target, place the ball on your fingertips (not
the palm), place your feet shoulder width apart, place your elbow under the
ball, and then follow through and hold the finish.

Types of Shooting
  To make a Jump shot, basketball players use their legs to
jump straight up while raising the ball above their heads.
Jump shots are best for mid-range to long-range shots

 A free throw - is an unguarded scoring attempt made at the

free-throw line, a line on the basketball court located 15 ft.
from the net.

 Hook shot- This one-handed shot requires the player to

stand close to the hoop and swing their arm in a curved
motion to send the ball toward the hoop and score a field
goal.

 A layup - is a shot near the basket, usually off the

backboard. The ball handler dribbles the ball as they
approach the basket and raises it with one hand to bounce it
off the backboard and into the net. Once they stop dribbling
to aim, they can only take two steps or receive a violation for
traveling.

 Dunk- is an offensive shot attempt in which a player scores

a two-point field goal by jumping into the air and slamming
the ball into the net while touching the rim of the basket with
one or two hands.

 A floater - is a layup variation in which the ball handler

throws a high arc toward the net while jumping up on one or
two feet. It is a difficult shot to master, but a great shooter
can add this type of shot to their basketball skills with regular
basketball training.

 A pull-up- is a two-motion jump shot in which the player

drives to the net while dribbling, stops, and jumps up to take
the shot.

 Bank Shot - is when any shot made where the ball hits the
backboard before heading into the net.

 A Granny shot- or underhand shot, is a shooting style in

which the player holds the ball in two hands with arms
extended in front of their body. The shooter bends and
raises their knees while bringing the ball down their legs and
releases it on the upswing.

 A three-point shot- a three-point field goal or three-pointer

is an essential shot made outside the three-point line, the
arc situated twenty-two feet from

Offensive Rebound
 An offensive rebound is obtained when the team that just shot
the ball misses and then recaptures the ball again.

Passing
Passing happens when one player throws the ball to another player
with the purpose of setting up a play or taking a shot.

Types of Passing

 An air pass- is when a player passes the ball in the air to

one of their teammates.

 Using bounce pass- , the ball will travel from one

teammate, bounce on the floor and travel toward their other
teammate.

 An overhead pass- is when a player throw the ball from

over the top of their head.

 Using chest pass , a player passes the ball starting from

their chest, extends their arms out, and propels the ball
forward using both hands towards their teammate.

 An one-handed pass is when a player use only one hand

 A lob pass- is an elevated air pass that is intended for either

a long distances or setting up a Teammate for a slam dunk.

 A no-look pass- is when a player passes the ball to a

teammate while facing or looking in a different direction

Dribbling
is bouncing the ball up and down off the floor with one hand. It is illegal
to touch the ball with both hands simultaneously, a.k.a Double Dribbling.

DEFENSIVE SKILLS

Blocking
It occurs when the offensive player shoots and the defender
swats the ball away, blocking its trajectory to the basket and
preventing any points from being scored.

Defensive Rebound
An defensive rebound is obtained when one team misses a
shot and the opposing team grabs the ball.

Stealing
 Stealing is taking the ball away from an opposing player to
gain possession for your own team. It requires quick hands and great
timing. A player can steal a pass out of midair or from the other team
while someone is dribbling.

EQUIPMENTS

Basketball is a simple game that requires no more than a hoop, a

ball, and a flat court to play. Basketball can be played and enjoyed by two players.

Basketall backboard
An official NBA backboard is made up of transparent glass, but a
wooden or metal backboard will work as well. In the NBA, the backboard
measures:
 6 feet wide and 3.5 feet tall
Ball 

You’ll need a ball to play the game. Today, basketballs are made
with synthetic materials such as rubbers, polyester, and nylon in
combination with leather. In the NBA, the pressure of the ball must be
between:
 7.5 and 8.5 pounds per square inch. 
The sizes: 
 ADULT: measures 29.5 inches around in circumference. 

The Hoop

There are two types of game you can play. If you’re playing pickup
basketball, you can play half court with one hoop instead of full with two
hoops. Basketball hoops consists of  a backboard, rim, net, and metal post
that hold them up in the air. Basketball courts always have hoops on them,
otherwise, they wouldn’t be basketball court

Rings and Rims

The basket rim has a pressure release that allows it to bend when
players dunk and hold onto it. The rim is a metal ring with an:
 18 inch diameter. 
 The rim attached to the backboard 10 feet above the
ground. 
Two types: Single and Double Rims
 Single: are most popular on the indoor courts and are most
commonly used in almost organized leagues. 
Double: commonly found on outdoor courts are known to
require a bit more touch when shooting the basketball. 

Shot Clocks
A shot clock is a device that is used to keep track of the amount of
time the offense is allowed to have the ball. The shot clock lasts 24 seconds
in the NBA, and 30 seconds in college basketball. If the time runs out
without a shot being taken, it is  a shot clock violation. 

Whistle
If you’re a coach or referee, you’ll want a whistle. Referees may blow
their whistles to signal a dead ball, a foul, a violation or a player steps out of
bounds. In practice, it can be use to start or stop a drill, give command, or
just to gather the players.  

Court Design  
An indoor, rectangular basketball court with dimensions of 50 feet by
94 feet is a basic international basketball court. School courts may be
smaller. Each team has its own half of the court, which is divided into two
symmetrical halves. The court is painted with various marks. On either side
of the court, there is a circle in the center, free throw semi circles, restricted
zones, and three-point lines. Just below the basket is a semi-circular area
that is free of charge.

Clipboard
A clipboard is an essential piece of equipment’s for basketball
coaches. It is very useful in helping a coach remain organized during a
game. This also hold important information such as game plans, notes,
strategies, and scarp paper. During time out, a coach may review the game
plan or strategy with their team.

Other Equipment's:
 Net
 Basketball jerseys
 Finger tape
 Headbands
 Knee pads
 Shoes
 Wristbands 
 Teeth protector or mouth guards
BASIC RULES OF BASKETBALL

Rule 1
Basketball game- Basketball is played by 2 teams of 5 players
each. 
Basket: opponent’s/own- The basket that is attacked by a team is
the opponents' basket and the basket which is defended by a team is its
own basket.
Winner of the game- The team that has scored the greater number
of game points at the end of playing time shall be the winner.

Rule 2
Playing court- with a dimension of 28m length and 15m in width
measured from the inner edge of the boundary 
Backcourt- A team's backcourt consists of its team's own basket.
Front Court- A team's frontcourt consists of the opponents' basket. 
Lines- All lines shall be of the same color and drawn in white or
other contrasting color, 5 cm in width and clearly visible.
Boundary Line- The playing court shall be limited by the boundary
line, consisting of the end lines and the sidelines. These lines are not part of
the playing court. 
Centre Line- The centre line shall be marked parallel to the end lines
from the mid-point of the sidelines. It shall extend 0.15 m beyond each
sideline. The centre line is part of the backcourt.

Centre circle- The centre circle shall be marked in the centre of the
playing court and have a radius of 1.80 m measured to the outer edge of
the circumference. 
Free-throw semi-circles- The free-throw semi-circles shall be
marked on the playing court with a radius of 1.80 m measured to the outer
edge of the circumference and with their centres at the midpoint of the free-
throw lines.
Free-throw lines, restricted areas and free-throw rebound places
- It shall have its furthest edge 5.80 m from the inner edge of the end line
and shall be 3.60 m long. - their outer edges being 2.45 m from the mid-
point of the end lines and terminating at the outer edge of the extended
free-throw lines.

Rule 3
Teams- A team member is eligible to play when he has been
authorized to play for a team according to the regulations, including
regulations governing age limits, of the organizing body of the competition.
A team member is entitled to play when his name has been entered on the
score sheet before the beginning of the game and as long as he has neither
been disqualified nor committed 5 fouls.

Rules of a Team
Each team shall consist of: 
 No more than 12 team members entitled to play, including
a captain. 
 A head coach. 
 A maximum of 8 accompanying delegation members,
including a maximum of 2 assistant coaches who may sit
on the team bench. In case a team has assistant coaches,
the first assistant coach shall be entered on the
scoresheet 
- During playing time 5 team members from each team
shall be on the playing court and may be substituted. A
substitute becomes a player and a player becomes a
substitute when: 
 The referee beckons the substitute to enter the playing
court. 
 During a time-out or an interval of play, a substitute
requests the substitution to the timer.

Uniforms
The uniform of all team members shall consist of: 
 Shirts of the same dominant colour front and back as well
as the shorts. If shirts have sleeves they must end above
the elbow. Long sleeved shirts are not permitted. All
players must tuck their shirts into their playing shorts. 'All-
in-ones' are permitted. 
 T-shirts, regardless of the style, are not permitted to be
worn under the shirts. 
  Shorts of the same dominant colour front and back as the
shirts. The shorts must end above the knee. 
 Socks of the same dominant colour for all team members.
Socks need to be visible.
 Each team member shall wear a shirt numbered on the
front and back with plain numbers, of a colour contrasting
with the colour of the shirt. 
 Teams must have a minimum of 2 sets of shirts
Players shall not wear equipment (objects) that may cause injury to
other players. 

Rule 4- Playing Regulation

The game shall consist of 4 quarters of 10 minutes each. 
 There shall be an interval of play of 20 minutes before the
game is scheduled to begin. 
 There shall be the intervals of play of 2 minutes between
the first and second quarter (first half), between the third
and fourth quarter (second half) and before each
overtime. 
 There shall be a half-time interval of play of 15 minutes 
 If the score is tied at the end of the fourth quarter, the
game shall continue with as many overtimes of 5 minutes’
duration each as necessary to break the tie.
 If a foul is committed during an interval of play, any
eventual free throw(s) shall be administered before the
beginning of the following quarter or overtime.
 
How the ball is played?  
During the game, the ball is played with the hand(s) only and may be
passed, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled in any direction, subject to the
restrictions of these rules.
 
TIME-OUT 
A time-out is an interruption of the game requested by the head
coach or first assistant coach. Each time-out shall last 1 minute. A time-out
may be granted during a time-out opportunity. 

SUBSTITUTIONS
A substitution is an interruption of the game requested by the
substitute to become a player. 
  Game lost by forfeit 
Rule: A team shall lose the game by forfeit if:
 The team is not present or is unable to field 5 players
ready to play 15 minutes after the game is scheduled to
begin. 
 Its actions prevent the game from being played. 
 It refuses to play after being instructed to do so by the
crew chief.
 Game lost by default

Rule: A team shall lose a game by default if, during the game, the
team has fewer than 2 players on the playing court ready to play.

Rule 5- Violations
  A violation is an infraction of the rules. 
Penalty 
 The ball shall be awarded to the opponents for a throw-in
from the place nearest to the infraction, except directly
behind the backboard, unless otherwise stated in these
rules.
 TRAVELING is the illegal movement of one foot or both
feet beyond the limits outlined in this article, in any
direction, while holding a live ball on the playing court. 
  A pivot is the legal movement in which a player who is
holding a live ball on the playing court steps once or more
than once in any direction with the same foot, while the
other foot, called the pivot foot, is kept at its point of
contact with the floor.
 Three seconds rule 
 Eight seconds rule
 24 second rule

RULE 6 – FOULS 
A. DEFINITION
A foul is an infraction of the rules concerning illegal personal
contact with an opponent and/or unsportsmanlike behaviour.
CONTACT: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 
 The cylinder principle is defined as the space within an
imaginary cylinder occupied by a player on the floor. These
dimensions, and the distance between his feet, shall vary according
to the height and size of the player. It includes the space above the
player and is limited to the boundaries of the cylinder of the
defensive player or the offensive player without the ball which are: 
 The front by the palms of the hands, 
 The rear by the buttocks, and 
 The sides by the outer edge of the arms and legs
 
Charging is illegal personal contact, with or without the ball, by
pushing or moving into an opponent’s torso.

Blocking is illegal personal contact which impedes the progress of

an opponent with or without the ball. 
 Other fouls also include post play, illegal guarding from the
rear, holding, pushing, and fake being fouled found in the FIBA
official basketball rules.
PERSONAL FOUL – A personal foul is a player’s illegal contact with
an opponent, whether the ball is live or dead. 
 A double foul is a situation in which 2 opponents commit
personal or unsportsman-like/disqualifying fouls on each other
at approximately the same time.
 A technical foul is a player non-contact foul of a behavioural
nature including, but not limited to: 
 Disregarding warnings given by referees. 
 Disrespectfully dealing and/or communicating with the
referees, the commissioner, the table officials, the
opponents or persons permitted to sit on the team
benches. 
  Using language or gestures likely to offend or incite
the spectators. 
 Baiting and taunting an opponent. 
 Obstructing the vision of an opponent by
waving/placing his hand(s) near his eyes. 
 Excessive swinging of elbows
 An unsportsmanlike foul is a player contact which, in the
judgement of a referee is: 
 Contact with an opponent and not legitimately attempting
to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the
rules. 
 Excessive, hard contact 
 An unnecessary contact caused by the defensive player 
 A disqualifying foul is any flagrant unsportsmanlike action.
  Fighting is physical interaction between 2 or more opponents. 
 Substitutes, excluded players or accompanying delegation
members who leave the team bench area during a fight, or during
any situation which may lead to a fight, shall be disqualified. 

Rule 7-Provisions
 5 FOULS BY A PLAYER 
A player who has committed 5 fouls shall be informed by a referee
and must leave the game immediately. 

TEAM FOULS: PENALTY 

A team foul is a personal, technical, unsportsmanlike or disqualifying

foul committed by a player. A team is in the team foul penalty situation after
it has committed 4 team fouls in a quarter.
FREE THROWS
A free throw is an opportunity given to a player to score 1 point,
uncontested, from a position behind the free-throw line and inside the semi-
circle.

POSITIONS

 POINT GUARD 

The point guard is critical to the team's quickness and execution.

Because the point guard acts as an on-court coach by calling plays, he or
she must have a high basketball iq. In the best-case scenario, point guards
take the ball upcourt and make decisions that result in high-percentage
shots. Point guards must be able to handle the ball and pass it. As the
primary ball handler, point guards must be talkative. Point guard positions
must overcome distractions in order to establish a strategy. They should
also be capable of driving the zone on defense. They'll need a 3-pointer as
well as a decent jump shot. On defense, point guards must focus on
shielding the opposing team's best ball handler and penetrating the lane for
a turnover.

Playing point guard necessitates the following skills and qualities: 

 Passing.
 Communication.
 Quickness.
 Unselfishness.
 Composure.
SHOOTING GUARD
Shooting guards, as the name suggests, must be able to put the ball
in the basket. This position is typically filled by the team's best outside
shooters. The shooting guard or two-guard, on the other hand, requires
more than a good 3-point shot to be effective. They must also be able to
maneuver away from the goal, such as through open areas and screens.
While shooting guards may not require the same level of skill as point
guards, they must be capable of handling the ball. A shooting guard is
usually the backup ball handler. They can also shut off the dribble on their
own with this skill. Shooting guards must also be able to defend
themselves. The size of a shooting guard can vary. Some are the same
height as the point guard, while others are taller than the rest of the
forwards.
A good shooting guard necessitates the following skills and qualities: 
 Shooting
 Moving without the ball
 Ball handling
 Rebounding
 Playing strong defense

SMALL FORWARD
The job of the small forward is crucial. This position is one of three
on the basketball court and is likely the most versatile. Small forward
defense demands a mix of power forward and shooting guard skills. They
must be bold, aggressive, and athletic enough to avoid defenders, cut to the
rim, and make jump shots. On defense, he could stand out as a small
forward with a decent mid-range shot and drive to the basket. Strength and
quickness on the interior are both advantages when trying to play small
forward.
For height, many small forwards are in between power forwards and
shooting guards. Playing small forward necessitates the following qualities
and skills: 
 Ability to score from both outside and inside the box 
 Rebounding 
 Quickness in handling the ball 
 Protect multiple positions
POWER FORWARD

Things get more difficult as you go closer to the hoop. The power
forward, in other terms, pulls out baskets close to the rim. This position is also
known as "Stretch four." Strength and height are required for the task. A
power forward's ability to post up and box out opponents in the paint needs to
be improved. They'll also need to build up screens to help teammates open
up. To be effective on offense, power forwards must utilize a variety of shots.
With short jumpers, baseline fades, and put backs, a power forward can be a
potent offensive threat. They must also be able to shoot from the mid-range.

Playing power forward necessitates a variety of skills and qualities,

including:

 Size
 Scoring from midrange and in the paint
 Strength
 Shot blocking
 Rebounding

CENTER

A center, being the team's tallest player, protects the basket while also posing
a constant threat beneath it. While size is important in being a center, they must also
be agile. Centers must generate their shot in tight areas and grab rebounds from
teammates when attacking. Centers must be able to play with their backs to the
basket on offense. Footwork is key when it comes to scoring in the lane. On
defense, the center is usually the top shot rebounder and blocker, denying
opponents second chances.

The following skills and qualities are required to play center: 

 Size 
 Inside rebounding and scoring
 Strength 
 Shot deflection 

THE HYBRID POSITIONS

Basketball has improved with time. While the NBA has five conventional
positions, a player may not necessarily fit into one of them. They take on a hybrid or
unorthodox role instead. These athletes usually combine the skills needed to play
multiple positions. These hybrid positions usually begin in high school.

 Point forward: This position is typically a small forward who serves as a

point guard. They’ll need the ability to perform small forward, as well as
the duty of starting the attack.
 Combo guard: This player is capable of playing both point guard and
shooting guard. They’ll need to be able to handle the ball well and shoot
accurately.
 Swingman: This player can play shooting guard and small forward.
They’re not overmatched at any position since they are taller than a
standard shooting guard.
 Stretch 4: This position is a power forward who can shoot from outside
the 3-point line.