Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area of unit strength.

It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in 2 N/mm or MPa.

Strength of Materials 4th Edition by Pytel and Singer Problem 105 page 12 Given: Weight of bar = 800 kg Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 90 MPa Maximum allowable stress for steel = 120 MPa Required: Smallest area of bronze and steel cables Solution 105

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load. Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress. Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to lengthen the member. Problem 104 A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside 2 diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m . Solution 104

By symmetry:

For bronze cable:

answer For steel cable:

answer Strength of Materials 4th Edition by Pytel and Singer Problem 106 page 12 Given: Diameter of cable = 0.6 inch Weight of bar = 6000 lb Required: Stress in the cable where: Solution 106

thus,

answer

For bronze: answer Problem 107 page 12 For aluminum: Given: Axial load P = 3000 lb Cross-sectional area of the rod = 0.5 in2 Required: Stress in steel, aluminum, and bronze sections Solution 107 For safe , use answer For Steel:

Problem 109 page 13 Given: Maximum allowable stress of the wire = 30 ksi Cross-sectional area of wire AB = 0.4 in2 Cross-sectional area of wire AC = 0.5 in2 Required: Largest weight W For steel: Solution 109 answer For aluminum:

answer For bronze:

answer Problem 108 page 12 Given: Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 90 MPa Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 100 MPa Required: Maximum safe value of axial load P Solution 108 For wire AB: By sine law (from the force polygon):

For wire AC:

Given: 2 Cross-sectional area of each member = 1.8 in Safe load Problem 110 page 13 Given: Size of steel bearing plate = 12-inches square Size of concrete footing = 12-inches square Size of wooden post = 8-inches diameter Maximum allowable stress for wood = 1800 psi Maximum allowable stress for concrete = 650 psi Required: Maximum safe value of load P Solution 110 For wood: Required: Stresses in members CE, DE, and DF answer Solution 111 From the FBD of the truss:

From FBD of Wood: At joint F:

For concrete:

At joint D: (by symmetry) From FBD of Concrete:

Safe load

answer At joint E:

Problem 111 page 14

Solution 112

Stresses: Stress = Force/Area answer answer

answer Check: Problem 112 page 14 Given: Maximum allowable stress in tension = 20 ksi Maximum allowable stress in compression = 14 ksi Required: Cross-sectional areas of members AG, BC, and CE For member AG (At joint A): (OK!)

At joint E: answer For member BC (At section through MN):

Compression

Compression answer

Problem 113 page 15 answer Given: Cross sectional area of each member = 1600 mm2. Required: Stresses in members BC, BD, and CF For member CE (At joint D): Solution 113

For member BD: (See FBD 01)

Tension

answer For member CF: (See FBD 01)

Compression

answer For member BC: (See FBD 02)

Based on cable AB:

Based on cable at C:

Safe weight Compression answer answer Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

Problem 114 page 15 Given: Maximum allowable stress in each cable = 100 MPa Area of cable AB = 250 mm2 2 Area of cable at C = 300 mm Required: Mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported Solution 114

where is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area being sheared.

Problem 118 page 17 Given: Diameter of pulley = 200 mm Diameter of shaft = 60 mm Length of key = 70 mm Applied torque to the shaft = 2.5 kNm Allowable shearing stress in the key = 60 MPa Required: Width b of the key Solution 118

Length, Weight,

Equation (1)

For member BC:

Where:

answer

Problem 120 page 17 Given: Unit weight of each member = 200 lb/ft Maximum shearing stress for pin at A = 5 000 psi Required: The smallest diameter pin that can be used at A Solution 120 For member AB: Length, Weight,

Equation (2) Add equations (1) and (2)

From equation (1):

From the FBD of member AB

From Equation (1),

Equation (2) shear force of pin at A Based on tension of rod (equation 1):

answer

Based on shear of rivet (equation 2):

Problem 121 page 18 Given: Allowable shearing stress in the pin at B = 4000 psi Allowable axial stress in the control rod at C = 5000 psi Diameter of the pin = 0.25 inch Diameter of control rod = 0.5 inch Pin at B is at single shear Required: The maximum force P that can be applied by the operator Solution 121 Safe load answer

Problem 122 page 18 Given: Width of wood = Thickness of wood = Angle of Inclination of glued joint = Cross sectional area =

Required: Show that shearing stress on glued joint

Solution 122

Equation (1)

From Equation (1), Shear area, Shear area, Shear area, Shear force,

(ok!)

Singer Problem 123 page 18 Given: Cross-section of wood = 50 mm by 100 mm Maximum 2 allowable compressive stress in wood = 20 MN/m Maximum allowable shear stress parallel to the grain in wood = 5 2 MN/m Inclination of the grain from the horizontal = 20 degree Required: The axial force P that can be safely applied Problem 125 In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates. to the block Solution 123 Based on maximum compressive stress: Normal force: $N = P \cos 20^{\circ}$ Normal area: $A_N = 50 (100 \sec 20^\circ)$ $A_N = 5320.89 \, \text{mm}^2$ $N = \sigma A_N$ $P \cos 20^\circ = 20 (5320.89)$ $P = 113\,247 \, \text{N}$ $P = 133.25 \, \text{kN}$ Based on maximum shearing stress: Shear force: $V = P \sin 20^\circ$ Shear area: $A_V = A_N$ $A_V = 5320.89 \, \text{mm}^2$ $V = \tau A_V$ $P \sin 20^\circ = 5 (5320.89)$ $P = 77\,786 \, \text{N}$ $P = 77.79 \, \text{kN}$ For safe compressive force, use $P = 77.79 \, \text{kN} \, \to$ answer

Bearing stress Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

Solution 125 Part (a): From shearing of rivet:

From bearing of plate material:

answer

Part (b): Largest average tensile stress in the plate:

The figure below: answer

Problem 126 page 21 Given: Diameter of each rivet = 3/4 inch Maximum allowable shear stress of rivet = 14 ksi Maximum allowable bearing stress of plate = 18 ksi The figure below:

Required: Minimum bolt diameter and minimum thickness of each yoke Solution 127 Required: The maximum safe value of P that can be applied Solution 126 Based on shearing of rivets:

Based on bearing of plates:

For shearing of rivets (double shear) Safe load Problem 127 page 21 Given: Load P = 14 kips Maximum shearing stress = 12 ksi Maximum bearing stress = 20 ksi For bearing of yoke: answer diameter of bolt answer

thickness of yoke answer Problem 128 page 21 Given: Shape of beam = W18 86 Shape of girder = W24 117 Shape of angles = 4 3- 3/8 Diameter of rivets = 7/8 inch Allowable shear stress = 15 ksi Allowable bearing stress = 32 ksi Required: Allowable load on the connection

Shearing stress in threads of the bolt Outside diameter of the washer Solution 129

Solution 128 Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Wide-Flange Sections (W shapes): U.S. Customary Units Designation Web thickness W18 86 0.480 in W24 117 0.550 in Shearing strength of rivets: There are 8 single-shear rivets in the girder and 4 doubleshear (equivalent to 8 single-shear) in the beam, thus, the shear strength of rivets in girder and beam are equal. Tensile force on the bolt:

Bearing strength on the girder: The thickness of girder W24 117 is 0.550 inch while that of the angle clip is critical in bearing is the clip. or 0.375 inch, thus, the

Shearing stress in the head of the bolt:

answer Shearing stress in the threads: Bearing strength on the beam: The thickness of beam W18 86 is 0.480 inch while that of the clip angle is 2 0.375 = 0.75 inch (clip angles are on both sides of the beam), thus, the critical in bearing is the beam.

answer Outside diameter of washer:

answer The allowable load on the connection is answer Problem 129 page 21 Given: Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 inch Inside diameter of washer = 9/8 inch Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi Bearing stress = 800 psi Required: Shearing stress in the head of the bolt

Problem 130 page 22 Given: Allowable shear stress = 70 MPa Allowable bearing stress = 140 MPa Diameter of rivets = 19 mm

The truss below: say 5 rivets Based on bearing of member: Where Ab = diameter of rivet thickness of BC number of rivets, n say 7 rivets use 7 rivets for member BC answer For member BE: Based on shearing of rivets: Required: Number of rivets to fasten member BC to the gusset plate Number of rivets to fasten member BE to the gusset plate Largest average tensile or compressive stress in members BC and BE Solution 130 At Joint C: Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n say 5 rivets Based on bearing of member: Where Ab = diameter of rivet thickness of BE number of rivets, n say 3 rivets use 5 rivets for member BE answer Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Equal Angle Sections: SI Units Designation Area 2 L75 75 6 864 mm 2 L75 75 13 1780 mm (Tension) Consider the section through member BD, BE, and CE:

Tensile stress of member BC (L75 75 6):

answer (Compression) For Member BC: Based on shearing of rivets: Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n Compressive stress of member BE (L75 75 13):

answer

Problem 131 Repeat Problem 130 if the rivet diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain unchanged.

Compressive stress:

answer Solution 131 For member BC: (Tension)

Based on shearing of rivets:

say 4 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

say 6 rivets

Use 6 rivets for member BC answer

Tensile stress:

answer

For member BE: (Compression)

Based on shearing of rivets:

say 4 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

say 2 rivets

use 4 rivets for member BE answer