COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING 1
 MODULE 2
PROGRAM LOGIC DESIGN
AND FORMULATION
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
• Write algorithmic solutions to problems
• Apply the different program logic design tools in solving
computing problems
• Design, read, understand and construct program
flowchart
• Express algorithms using pseudocode and flowcharts
ALGORITHM
STEP-BY-STEP METHOD OF
SOLVING A PROBLEM
• Algorithm is a procedure or formula
for solving a problem, based on
conducting a sequence of specified
actions.
• Algorithm can be expressed using
pseudocode or flowchart.
• Plan the algorithm that will transform the problem’s input into
its output.
• Write the algorithm in the Processing column of the Input-
Process-Output (IPO) chart.
• Each instruction in the algorithm will describe an action that
the computer needs to take.
• Thus, each instruction should start with a verb.
• Most algorithms begin with instruction to enter the input items
into the computer.
• Next, record instructions to process the input items to achieve
the problem’s output.
• The processing typically involves performing one or more
calculations using the input items.
• Most algorithms end with instruction to display, print, or store
the output items.
• Display, print, and store refer to the computer screen, printer,
and a file on a disk, respectively.
Example:

IPO chart
PSEUDOCODE
FALSE CODE
• Pseudocode is called false code because, it has no syntax like
any of the programming language and thus can’t be compiled
or interpreted by the computer.
• It is simply an implementation of an algorithm in the form of
annotations and informative text written in plain English.
• It is not standardized.
• Every programmer has his or her own version, but you will find
some similarities among other versions.
HOW TO WRITE A
PSEUDOCODE?
FALSE CODE
• In Pseudocode, keywords are used to indicate common input-
output and processing operations. They are written fully in
uppercase.
• It also used mathematical, relational and logical operators to
express arithmetic and logical operations.
• When writing pseudocode, we assume that the order of execution
of the statements is from top to bottom. This changes when
using control structures, functions and exception handling.
KEYWORDS:
• START: This is the start of your pseudocode.
• INPUT, ENTER, READ / GET : This is data retrieved from the
user through typing or through an input device.
• PRINT, OUTPUT, DISPLAY, SHOW: This will show your output to
a screen or the relevant output device.
KEYWORDS:
• COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE: This is used to calculate
the result of an expression.
• SET, INIT: To initialize values
• INCREMENT, BUMP: To increase the value of a variable
• DECREMENT: To reduce the value of a variable
COMMON OPERATORS:
• Assignment: ← or := • Comparison (Relational):
Example: =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥
c ← 2πr, c := 2πr Example:
• Arithmetic: +, −, ×, /, mod a = b, x ≠ y, m > n, s < t, n1 ≤ n2
Example: • Logical: and, or
a + b, x – y, m x n, Example:
s / t, num mod 2 m > n and s < t
m > n or s < t
KEYWORDS in CONDITIONAL:
During algorithm development, we need statements which evaluate
expressions and execute instructions depending on whether the
expression evaluated to True or False.
Here are some common conditions used in Pseudocode:
• IF — THEN – ENDIF
• IF – ELSE IF — ENDIF
• IF — ELSE IF — ELSE – ENDIF
• CASE – OTHERS – ENDCASE
KEYWORDS in CONDITIONAL:
Examples:
KEYWORDS in ITERATION/LOOPING:
To iterate is to repeat a set of instructions in order to generate a
sequence of outcomes.
WHILE condition FOR iteration bounds DO
sequence sequence sequence
ENDWHILE ENDFOR WHILE condition

Example: Example: Example:

num := 1 FOR num = 1 TO 10 num :=1
WHILE num<=10 PRINT num DO
PRINT num ENDFOR PRINT num
INCREMENT num INCREMENT num
ENDWHILE WHILE num<=10
PSEUDOCODE EXAMPLES
Problem Specification 1: Input Processing Output
Ms. Noreen wants a program TotalBill tip = TotalBill x tip
that will calculate and display TipPercentage TipPercentage
the amount she should tip a
waiter at a restaurant. Tip can Pseudocode
be computed by multiplying the ENTER TotalBill, TipPercentage
total bill and the tip (using a COMPUTE tip := TotalBill x TipPercentage
percentage). DISPLAY tip
 Input Processing Output
Problem Specification 2:
firstNumber firstNumber > highest number
Make a program that will secondNumber secondNumber and lowest number
display the lowest and highest
of two integers entered by the Pseudocode
user using if-else statement. ENTER firstNumber, secondNumber
IF firstNumber > secondNumber
THEN
DISPLAY firstNumber(highest),
secondNumber(lowest)
ELSE
DISPLAY secondNumber(highest),
firstNumber(lowest)
ENDIF
 Input Processing Output
Problem Specification 3:
Make a program that will ask letter input letter letter
the user to choose from letters matching interpretation
A to C then display the
Pseudocode
equivalent fruit starting from
the selected letter using case INPUT letter
statement.
CASE letter of
A or a: PRINT “A is for apple"
B or b: PRINT “B is for banana“
C or c: PRINT “C is for cranberry"
OTHERS
PRINT “Input a valid letter (A, B, C) “
ENDCASE
 Input Processing Output
Problem Specification 5:
Make a program that will number sum := sum + sum
display the sum of three input number
numbers using for loop
Pseudocode
statement
SET sum = 0

FOR numberCounter = 1 to 3
INPUT number
CALCULATE sum := sum + number
ENDFOR
PRINT sum
 Input Processing Output
Problem Specification 4:
Make a program that will number sum := sum + sum
display the sum of three input number
numbers using while loop
Pseudocode
statement
SET numberCounter = 0, sum = 0

WHILE numberCounter < 3

INPUT number
CALCULATE sum := sum + number
INCREMENT numberCounter
ENDWHILE
PRINT sum
Problem Specification 6: Input Processing Output
Make a program that will display number sum := sum + sum
the sum of three input numbers number
using do-while loop statement Pseudocode
SET numberCounter = 0, sum = 0

DO
INPUT number
CALCULATE sum := sum + number
INCREMENT numberCounter
WHILE numberCounter < 3
PRINT sum
FLOWCHART
Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an ordered, step-by-step solution to
a problem.

• Program Flowchart is a diagram that uses a set of standard graphic

symbols to represent the sequence of coded instructions fed into a
computer, enabling it to perform specified logical and arithmetical
operations.
SYMBOL MEANING SYMBOL MEANING

Initialization Input / Output

Decision Flow Lines

On-page
Terminal
Connector

Off-page
Process
Connector
Flowcharts can be used to express different structures:
• sequence
• selection/conditional
• loop.

Selection Loop

Sequence
 START

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

END
• In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in
logical order.
• The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be
any room for ambiguity in understanding the flowchart.
• The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or
top to bottom.
• Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
• Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines,
one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.
• Ensure that the flowchart has a
logical start and finish.
• If the flowchart becomes complex, it is
better to use connector symbols to
reduce the number of flow lines.
• Avoid the intersection of flow lines if
you want to make it more effective and
better way of communication.
FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
 START

Ms. Noreen wants a program that calculates and INPUT

display the amount she should tip a waiter at a TotalBill,
tipPercentage
restaurant. Tip can be computed by multiplying the
total bill and the tip (using a percentage).
tip = TotalBill x
Input Processing Output TipPercentage
TotalBill tip = TotalBill x tip
TipPercentage TipPercentage
OUTPUT
Pseudocode tip
ENTER TotalBill, TipPercentage
COMPUTE tip =: TotalBill x TipPercentage
DISPLAY tip END
 START

INPUT
Input Processing Output firstNumber,
secondNumber
firstNumber firstNumber > highest number
secondNumber secondNumber and lowest
number
FALSE
firstNumber >
OUTPUT
Pseudocode secondNumber? secondNumber
Make a program (highest)
firstNumber
that will display ENTER firstNumber, secondNumber (lowest)
IF firstNumber > secondNumber
the lowest and TRUE
THEN
highest of two DISPLAY firstNumber(highest), OUTPUT
integers entered firstNumber A
secondNumber(lowest) (highest)
by the user. ELSE secondNumber
(lowest)
DISPLAY
secondNumber(highest), A
firstNumber(lowest) END
ENDIF
 START
Make a program that will
determine and display whether
the input number is POSITIVE, INPUT
N
NEGATIVE or ZERO.

FALSE FALSE
OUTPUT
N>0? N<0? A
N “is
ZERO”

TRUE TRUE

OUTPUT OUTPUT
N “is N “is
POSITIVE” NEGATIVE”

A
A
END
 START

Make a program that will display the sum of

counter = 0, sum = 0
three input numbers using while loop statement

Input Processing Output FALSE

number sum := sum + sum counter
OUTPUT END
< 3?
number sum

TRUE
Pseudocode
INPUT
SET numberCounter = 0, sum = 0 number

WHILE numberCounter < 3

INPUT number sum = sum+number
CALCULATE sum := sum + number
INCREMENT numberCounter
ENDWHILE
PRINT sum counter = counter+1
 START

Make a program flowchart that m=1

will display numbers from 1 to
10 using looping structure FALSE
if END
m<=10

TRUE

Output
m

m = m+1
PSEUDOCODE, FLOWCHART
& SOURCE CODE
Make a program that will determine and display the average of two
input integers.
Pseudocode
Input Processing Output ENTER x, y
x, y average= (x + y ) / average COMPUTE average =: (x + y ) / 2
2 DISPLAY average
 FLOWCHART SOURCE CODE

START #include<iostream> Pre-processor

using namespace std;
int main() Main function
INPUT
x, y { Start
int x, y; Variable declarations
cout <<"Enter two integers: " ;
average = (x+y) / 2
cin >> x >> y; Input
average = (x + y) /2 ; Computation (Process)
OUTPUT cout <<"The average of "<<x<<“ and
average Output
“<<y<<“is”<<average;
system ("pause");

END
return 0;
} End
• Cadenhead, R et. Al. (2016). C++ in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself (6th
Edition). Sams Publishing
• McGrath, M. (2017). C++ programming in easy steps (5th ed.).
Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Easy Steps Limited
• Tale, T. (2016). C++: The Ultimate Beginners Guide to C++ Programing.
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
• Cadenhead, R et. Al. (2016). C++ in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself (6th
Edition).Sams Publishing
• McGrath, M. (2017). C++ Programming in Easy Steps (5th ed.).
Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Easy Steps Limited
• Deitel (2017), How to Program C++, 10th Edition