8

ENGLISH
Quarter 3: Module 6
Week 6
THE USE OF PARALLEL STRUCTURES

1
About the Module
This module consists of the following:
Pre-Test
Lesson 1: Structure of Parallel Words
Lesson 2: Structure of Parallel Phrases
Lesson 3: Structure of Parallel Clauses
Post-Test

General Directions: In answering the activities in this

module, use a separate sheet of paper.

What I Need to Know

Before you begin to turn the pages in this module, let me commend you
for your hard work and for your continued quest for knowledge despite the
adversities. Always remember that you are not alone, especially that this
subject requires a lot of writing to manifest your learning. Apparently, this
module is a learning packet which gives you knowledge to improve your
writing and to prepare you in dealing with academic papers in the future.

After going through this module, you are expected

to:
❖ recognize the words which have the same
grammatical structure;
❖ identify sentences with faulty parallelism;
❖ construct sentences with parallel structures;
and
❖ design a travelogue which has parallelism in
sentences.

2
 DAY 1

Pre-Test
Directions: Read each item carefully and write only the letter of your chosen answer.

For items number 1-5, one word in each group is not parallel to the others. Write the letter
of your choice.
1. A. swimming B. biking C. paddle D. running
2. A. blue B. banana C. red D. purple
3. A. watched B. ate C. slept D. drive
4. A. reading carefully B. biking slowly C. jumping quickly D. to stand
5. A. to play B. studying C. to sleep D. to help

6. To err is human, __________ is divine.

A. forgive B. to forgive C. forgiving D. forgiveness
7. Wen gets her exercise by ______ her dog, going for a bike ride, and cleaning her house.
A. walked B. walking C. wake D. walk
8. The difference between rural and country living is the height of the buildings and ________.
A. the population C. the size of the population
B. the pollution D. to experience the traffic everyday
9. Stress makes it difficult to maintain regular exercise, _______________, and healthy diet.
A. relationships C. keep relationships
B. stable relationships D. making relationships
10. To teach, to inspire, and ________ are my greatest goals as a teacher.
A. influencing C. influential
B. be influenced D. to influence

For items number 11-14, choose the sentence which shows parallelism.
11. A. Samantha likes running, jumping, and playing with her friend Jorge.
B. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and played with her friend Jorge.
C. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and to play with her friend Jorge.
D. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and to played with her friend Jorge.
12. A. Grandpa walked carefully, very slow, and halting.
B. Grandpa walked carefully, slowly, and haltingly.
C. Grandpa walked very careful, in a slow way, and halts.
D. Grandpa walked very careful, in a slow way, and halted a lot.
13. A. My favorite activities are baseball, riding my bike, and playing piano.
B. The plaintiff’s attorneys were bombastic, uncivil, and lacked competence.
C. Her chores were to polish the furniture, to sweep the floor, and to water the garden.
D. The doctor advised his patient to take the medicine regularly and eating the right
kind and amount of food.
14 A. Whining and to complain are not solutions to the problem.
B. The plaintiff was wasting the court’s time and prejudicing my client.
C. Derek is not only a great fielding shortstop and he is also a superb hitter.
D. To legally register to vote, a person must be 18 years old, be a Filipino citizen, and
committed no felony.

3
15. Which of the following sentences has faulty parallelism?
A. Benefits of coaching include knowing each player, helping that player improve, and
seeing that player succeed in life.
B. The English teacher had an unpleasant, nasal tone, but conveyed the information
clearly and humorously.
C. My friend waited for a year before her luggage was returned and got delivered.
D. To my horror, my dress looked stained, torn and it had wrinkles.

DAY 2

Lesson Structure of Parallel Words

1

What I Need to Know

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the words which have the same grammatical structure;
2. construct sentences with parallel structures;
3. write a reflection on the lesson learned.

What's In

Consider the images above.

❖ The band, cupcakes, and cottages are lined up in parallel rows.
❖ They also show uniformity in form and structure.

4
 to dance carefully swimming sightseeing studied
forgiveness to sing acceptance eating walked
to watch playing respect treats sleeps
gracefully smiles jumps patiently repaired

to dance forgiveness gracefully playing smiles studied

Process Questions:
1. How did you group the words?
2. What was your basis in grouping them?

What’s New

Parallel structure, or parallelism, means using the same pattern of words to show
that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance. Words and phrases within a
sentence should not only match in structure, but also in tense. Writers use parallel
structure to add clarity to their writing, make it easier to understand and show that
their writing is structurally and grammatically correct.

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 What Is It

Structure of Parallel Words

❖ Parallel Structure With Infinitives (to+verb)

✓ Correct Examples:
1. Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump.
2. She wants to dance and to sing songs.

X Incorrect Examples:
1. Ashley likes to ski, to swim and jump. (There needs to be a "to" between "and" and
"jump," to be parallel with the other items.)
2. She wants dancing and to sing songs. (This should pair "to dance" with "to sing" so
the infinitive form is used throughout the sentence.)

❖ Parallel Structure in Verb Tense

✓ Correct Examples:
1. She wrote a letter and mailed it to the school.
2. Yesterday we watched a movie, played video games and made pizza.

X Incorrect Examples:
1. She writes a letter and mailed it to the school. (This mixes present and past tense;
both words should be the same tense.)
2. Yesterday we watched a movie, play video games and made pizza. ("Watched"
and "made" are past tense, but "play" is present tense. It should be "played" since
the sentence specifies this took place in the past.)

❖ Parallel Structure With Gerund (-ing endings)

✓ Correct Examples:
1. Joe likes running, walking and being active.
2. We enjoy relaxing and sitting out in the sun.

X Incorrect Examples:
1. Joe likes running, walking and outdoor activities. ("running" and "walking" are
parallel with each other, but "outdoor activities" is not parallel. Use "participating”
in outdoor activities" or similar.)

2. We enjoy relaxing and like to sit out in the sun. (The italicized phrases are not
parallel; they should both include verbs that end in -ing.)

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❖ Parallel Structure in Adverb -ly

✓ Correct Example:
The painting was painted artfully, neatly, and beautifully.

X Incorrect Example:
The painting was painted in an artful manner, neatly, and beautifully. ( “neatly” and
“beautifully” are both adverbs of manner while “in an artful manner” is not parallel
to both adverbs. It should be “artfully”.)

❖ Parallel Structure in Nouns

✓ Correct Examples:
1. Hardwork, perseverance, and prayer are the keys to success.
2. My family is blessed with love, understanding, and support.

X Incorrect Examples:
1. Hardwork, perseverance, and to pray are the keys to success. (This is faulty
parallelism since “hardwork” and “perseverance” are nouns, while “to pray” is
infinitive. It should be prayer.)
2. My family is blessed with love, understanding, and we support each other. (“love”
and “understanding” are parallel since they are nouns but “we support each other”
is not parallel. It should only be “support”.)

To achieve parallelism in words, words having the same grammatical structure

must be put together: infinitives with infinitives, gerunds with gerunds, verb tenses
with the same verb tenses, nouns with nouns, and adverbs with adverbs.

What I Can Do
Direction: Read the following sentences. Answer with a check (✓) mark
if the sentence shows parallelism; if not, change the sentence to
make it parallel.

_____1. Sightseeing, taking pictures, and shopping are great activities when
having a vacation.
_____2. I usually like boiled eggs more than frying eggs.
_____3. I envy babies because they do not worry so much rather, they just
sleep, play, and to eat.
_____4. When I was in the island, I only remembered that I walked, ran, and
searched for food.
_____5. Teachers are always here to teach and to inspire.

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 What I Have Learned
Direction: Write your learning from the lesson by completing the
sentence below:
I learned from the lesson _______________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.

What’s More

Directions: The sentences below have faulty parallelism. Rewrite the

sentences to show parallelism.

1. When I was young, dancing, singing, and to paint were my hobbies.

2. The Grade 8 learners learn to read, to comprehend and answering
questions from the modules by themselves.
3. Now is the time to silently, incessantly, and pray with a heart.
4. I saw the sacrifices of the teachers in making, to sort, and distributing the
modules.
5. Literature should be dealt with respect and to be appreciated.

DAY 3

Lesson Structure of Parallel Phrases

2

What I Need to Know

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. locate the parallel words & phrases in the song;
2. choose sentences which show parallelism;
3. express learning gained from the lesson.

8
 What's In
Direction: Below is the excerpt from the song “100 years”. As you read it, observe
the underlined words and phrases.

“100 Years”
Five for Fighting
I'm 15 for a moment I'm 33 for a moment
Caught in between 10 and 20 I'm still the man, but you see I'm a "they"
And I'm just dreaming, A kid on the way, babe
Counting the ways to where you are. A family on my mind

I'm 22 for a moment I'm 45 for a moment

And she feels better than ever The sea is high
And we're on fire And I'm heading into a crisis,
Making our way back from Mars Chasing the years of my life

15 there's still time for you 15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to lose Time to buy and time to lose yourself
15 there's never a wish better than this Within a morning star
When you only got a hundred years to live

Direction: There are underlined words and phrases in the song’s lyrics above. Identify
the words and phrases that are parallel with the underlined ones by writing
only the answers in the answer sheet.

words & phrases from the song parallel words & phrases from
the song
1. dreaming
2. time to buy
3. a kid

Process Questions:
1. What do these underlined phrases show?
2. How does parallelism help in making the message of the song meaningful?

What’s New
Structure of Parallel Phrases
Phrases in a series need to be in the same form in order to make sense in a sentence.
That is, if you have a series of coordinate (equally important) phrases in a sentence,
you need to put them into the same grammatical form (all '-ing' words, all past tense,
all starting with nouns, etc.) The form itself does not matter; the consistency does.

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 What Is It
Parallel structure should be used to balance a series of phrases with the
same grammatical structure.

Here are examples of sentences with parallelism in phrases.

❖ Infinitive phrases in a sentence

Chris invited me to come to his house, to bake cookies, and to make dinner for
him.
Explanation: The underlined phrases are in infinitive form that makes the
sentence parallel.

❖ Gerundial phrases in a sentence.

Our company would like to extend help to the fire victims by giving them food,
providing them clothing, and supplying them water for their basic needs.
Explanation: The underlined phrases are introduced by gerunds (verb+ing)
which make the sentence parallel.

❖ Verb phrase in a sentence

Farmers toil fields, plant crops, and harvest vegetables just to give us nutritious food
on our tables.
Explanation: The underlined phrases use the simple present tense of the verb
which make the sentence parallel.

❖ Noun phrase in a sentence

My love for the country and my appreciation to my culture are the reasons why I
stay in the Philippines to work.
Explanation: The underlined phrases are all noun phrases which make the
sentence achieve parallelism.
❖ Adverbial phrase in a sentence.

Many teenagers nowadays gracefully dance to the beat of the music, perfectly
execute the dance steps, and cheerfully finish the routine with less mistakes.
Explanation: The underlined phrases begin with “gracefully”, “perfectly”, and
“cheerfully” which are all adverbs. This makes the sentence show parallelism.

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 The sentences above achieve parallelism by using the same pattern
of phrases. Through this, we can avoid faulty parallelism.
Faulty parallelism is a construction in which two or more parts of a
sentence are equivalent in meaning but not grammatically similar in
form.
Example of faulty parallelism:
Ana dreams of becoming a flight attendant, exploring the wonders
of the world, and to fill her passport with a lot of stamps.
▪ This is an example of faulty parallelism. The words
“becoming” and “exploring” are gerunds, while “to fill” is an
infinitive.
Correct: Ana dreams of becoming a flight attendant, exploring the
wonders of the world, and filling her passport with a lot of stamps.

What I Can Do
Direction: Choose the sentence which shows parallelism. Write only the letter
of your answer.

1. A. Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog.
B. Every morning, we make our bed, eating breakfast and feed the dog.
2. A. Tom has a beautiful wife, big house, and he has lovely children.
B. Tom has a beautiful wife, big house, and lovely children.
3. A. This is what I want: to study hard, to get the best grades, and having a good job when
I graduate.
B. This is what I want: to study hard, to get the best grades, and to have a good job when
I graduate.
4. A. Coffee is waking me up in the morning, completing my lunch in the afternoon, and
providing me gladness in the evening.
B. Coffee is waking me up in the morning, completed my lunch in the afternoon, and
providing me gladness in the evening.
5. A. I advise you to sleep early, eat healthy food, and exercise regularly.
B. I advise you to sleep early, eat healthy food, and to exercise regularly.

What I Have Learned

Direction: Write your learning from the lesson by completing the statement
below.

I learned that parallelism in phrases______________________

____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.

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 What’s More
Directions: Make corrections on the following sentences having faulty
parallelism.
1. Every weekend, motorcycle enthusiasts either flock to the highways or taking a trail
to the mountain.
2. Watering the plants and to cook breakfast are my tasks every day.
3. Proper hygiene and a healthy body are very important especially this time of
pandemic. So, we need to wash our hands frequently, to sanitize the things in our
house more often, and staying at home when there are no important things to go
out.

DAY 4

Lesson Structure of Parallel Clauses

3

What I Need to Know

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. achieve parallelism in clauses;
2. choose clauses that show parallelism;
3. create a travelogue that employs parallelism in statements.

What's In
Direction: Match the statements in column A with the clauses in column B to
complete the thought. Write only the letters of your answers.

A. B.

1. My friend _________________ is brilliant at a. when he stopped running

quizzes.
b. who has autism
2. I can’t remember ___________________.
c. what happened last night.
3. He gained weight ____________________.
d. when he was on a diet

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 What’s New
Structure of Parallel Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to
another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice
versa) will break the parallelism.

What Is It

What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. (A clause functions as
an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.)
Examples of parallelism in clauses:

Example 1
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not
eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Explanation: The clauses “that they should get”, “that they should not eat”, and
“that they should do” are parallel. So, the sentence shows parallelism.

Example 2
Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that he
would have time to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would
ask him questions.
Explanation: The clauses “that he would present”, “that he would have time
to show”, and “that prospective buyers would ask” are parallel; hence, the sentence
shows parallelism.

Example 3:
Parallel:
I and my twin sister both get excited when we receive identical gifts, when we
celebrate birthday at the beach and when we date our friends together.
Explanation: The clauses “when we receive”, “when we celebrate” and
“when we date” are parallel; thus, the sentence shows parallelism.

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 By using the same pattern of clauses, the sentences above achieve
parallelism.
Here is an example of faulty parallelism in clauses:
Maggie always chooses a place where she can dine and relax,
where internet is available and that gives her time to do
sightseeing. (“Where she can dine and relax” and “where internet
is available” are parallel clauses; however, the clause “that gives
her time to do sightseeing” is not parallel to the other two clauses—
that makes faulty parallelism in the sentence.)
So, to make the sentence parallel, it should be expressed this way:
Maggie always chooses a place where she can dine and relax,
where internet is available and where she can do sightseeing.

In general, parallelism is the use of similar structure in related words,

clauses, or phrases. It creates a sense of rhythm and balance within a sentence.
When these sentences are written using a parallel structure, they sound more
aesthetically pleasing because they are balanced. This enables the reader to focus
on the main idea in the sentence and not on how the sentence is put together.

What I Can Do
Direction: Choose a clause from the box that can make the given sentences
parallel.

why I experienced nightmares.

who supports me to become better.
when they commemorate a traditional holiday.
that could make us live happily.
when to let go.

1. Doctors recommend a lifestyle that could make our body healthy, that could prolong our life
span, and ________________________.
2. I can always count on those who keep my secrets, who check on me during my sadness,
and __________________________________.
3. Koreans wear their traditional costumes when they celebrate Thanksgiving Day and
______________________________________.
4. I finally found the reasons why I could not sleep easily at night and
_____________________________________________.
5. You should know when to stay and _________________.

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 What I Have Learned
Direction: Write your learning from the lesson by completing the statement
below.

I learned that parallelism in clauses ______________________

___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.

What’s More

A travelogue is a person’s account of a journey to

another country or place. It can either be a written report
with many factual details or a narrative story about
personal impressions and experiences supported by
images.

Direction: Create a travelogue and use parallelism in expressing your experiences

and fondness of the place you had gone to. Your work will be graded
using the criteria below.

Content 10 pts.
Organization 5 pts.
Creativity 10 pts.
Relevance 10 pts
Grammar and Parallelism 15 pts.
TOTAL: 50 PTS.

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 DAY 5

Post-Test

Directions: Read each item carefully and write only the letter of your answer.

1. To err is human, __________ is divine.

A. forgiveness B. forgiving C. to forgive D. forgive
2. Wen gets her exercise by ______ her dog, going for a bike ride, and cleaning her house.
A. walking B. walked C. wake D. walk
3. The difference between rural and country living is the height of the buildings and ________.
A. the population C. the pollution
B. the size of the population D. to experience the traffic everyday
4. Stress makes it difficult to maintain regular exercise, _______________, and healthy diet.
A. keep relationships C. relationships
B. making relationships D. stable relationships
5. To teach, to inspire, and ________ are my greatest goals as a teacher.
A. influencing C. influential
B. be influenced D. to influence
For items 6-10, one item in each of the groups is not parallel to the others. Write the letter of
your choice.
6. A. paddle B. biking C. swimming D. running
7. A. blue B. purple C. red D. banana
8. A. watched B. ate C. slept D. drive
9. A. reading carefully B. biking slowly C. jumping quickly D. to stand
10. A. to play B. to sleep C. studying D. to help

For items 11-14, below are sentences with faulty parallelism. Choose the letter of the
sentence which uses parallelism.
11. A. Samantha likes running, jumping and playing with her friend Jorge.
B. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and played with her friend Jorge.
C. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and to play with her friend Jorge.
D. Samantha likes to run, likes jumping and to played with her friend Jorge.
12. A. Grandpa walked carefully, slowly, and haltingly.
B. Grandpa walked carefully, very slow, and halting.
C. Grandpa walked very careful, in a slow way, and halts.
D. Grandpa walked very careful, in a slow way, and halted a lot.
13. A. My favorite activities are baseball, riding my bike, and playing piano.
B. The plaintiff’s attorneys were bombastic, uncivil, and lacked competence
C. Her chores were to polish the furniture, to sweep the floor, and to water the garden.
D. The doctor advised his patient to take the medicine regularly and eating the right
kind and amount of food.
14. A. To legally register to vote, a person must be 18 years old, be a Filipino citizen, and
committed no felony.
B. Derek is not only a great fielding shortstop and he is also a superb hitter.
C. The plaintiff was wasting the court’s time and prejudicing my client.
D. Whining and to complain are not solutions to the problem.

16
 17
Lesson 2
What’ In
words & phrases parallel words & phrases
from the song from the song
1. dreaming counting
2. time to buy time to lose
3. a kid a family
What I Can Do
1. A
Lesson 3 2. B
What’ In 3. B
1. B 4. A
2. C 5. A
3. A What I have Learned- answer may vary
What I Can Do What’s More
1. that could make us live happily.
1. Every weekend, motorcycle enthusiasts either flock to the
2. who supports me to become better.
highways or take a trail to the mountain.
3. when they commemorate a traditional holiday.
4. why I experienced nightmares. 2. Watering the plants and cooking breakfast are my tasks every
5. when to let go. day.
What I have Learned- answer may vary 3. Proper hygiene and a healthy body are very important especially
What’s More this time of pandemic. So, we need to wash our hands frequently,
Performance Output sanitize the things in our house more often, and stay at home
when there are no important things to go out.
Lesson 1
What’ In
to dance forgiveness gracefully playing smiles studied
to watch acceptance carefully swimming jumps walked
to sing respect patiently sightseeing treats repaired
eating sleeps
What I Can Do
1. ✓
2. I usually like boiled eggs more than fried eggs.
3. I envy babies because they do not worry so much rather, they just sleep, play, and eat.
4. ✓
5. ✓
What I have Learned- answer may vary
What’s More
1. When I was young, dancing, singing, and painting were my hobbies.
2. The Grade 8 learners learn to read, to comprehend and to answer questions from the modules by themselves.
3. Now is the time to silently, incessantly, and heartily pray.
4. I saw the sacrifices of the teachers in making, sorting, and distributing the modules.
5. Literature should be dealt with respect and appreciation.
Answer Key
seeing that person succeed in life.
D. Benefits of coaching include knowing each player, helping that player improve, and
clearly and humorously.
C. The English teacher had an unpleasant, nasal tone, but conveyed the information
B. My friend waited for a year before her luggage was returned and got delivered.
A. To my horror, my dress looked stained, torn and it had wrinkles.
15. Which of the following sentences has faulty parallelism?
References
Online Sources

“Parallel Structure Example.” Yourdictionary.com, Accessed January 27, 2021,

>https://examples.yourdictionary.com/parallel-structure-examples.html

“Five For Fighting Lyrics.” Azlyrics.com, Accessed January 27, 2021,

>https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/fiveforfighting/100years.html

“Parallelism in Phrases.” Esc.edu, Accessed January 27, 2021,

>https://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/grammar/one-and-only-
grammar-rule/words-or-phrases-in-a-series-parallelism/

“Parallelism Worksheets.” Myenglishpages.com, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>Grammar Exercise - Prallelism (myenglishpages.com)

“How to Write a Travelogue.”, AcademicHelp.net, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>How to Write a Travelogue | AcademicHelp.net

“What is a Clause.”, grammar-monster.com, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>Clause | What Are Clauses? (grammar-monster.com)

“Rubrics for Travelogue,” scribd.com, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>Contextualized Rubric for Travelogue.docx | Cognition | Psychology (scribd.com)

“Parallelism Practice.” Georgebrown, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>https://www.georgebrown.ca/sites/default/files/uploadedfiles/tlc/_documents/Par
allelism_Practice.pdf

“Parallel Structure Exercises.” Psu.edu, Accessed January 28, 2021,

>Parallel Structure Exercises | Penn State Law | University Park, Pa. (psu.edu)

“Advantages of Parallelism.” Saylordotorg, Accessed February 19, 2021,

>Parallelism (saylordotorg.github.io)

Images

Marching Band, Accessed January 27, 2021.

https://medium.com/thrive-global/lead-your-marching-band-7f9020443c5b

Beach Hut, Accessed January 27, 2021.

https://roomcritic.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/3-affordable-over-water-
bungalow-beach-hut-resorts-in-malaysia/

Cupcakes, Accessed January 27, 2021.

https://sweetside.ca/product/floral-cupcakes-2/

Teacher Clipart, Accessed January 27, 2021.

https://www.gograph.com/vector-clip-art/female-teacher.html

18
 Travel Images, Accesses January 28, 2021.
Traveling Today And Tomorrow: Cities And Countries With More Travelers
(youmatter.world)

Development Team of the Module

Contextualizer: SHERYLL MAE M. BONTUYAN, TIII, Taptap Integrated School

Editors: Elena B. Tuhoy, MT2, Talamban National High School

Ethel T. Aguanta, MT1, Pardo National High School
Jedil C. Ilanan, T1, Ramon Duterte Memorial National High School

Evaluator: Eleanor D. Gallardo, Assistant Principal, Quiot NHS

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