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Module 9 Higher Order LDE-Operators-tth

This document discusses higher order linear differential equations and differential operators. It defines a differential operator as an operator that denotes differentiation. It shows how differential operators are applied to functions to obtain derivatives. The document presents the general form of a differential operator of order n and how it is applied to a function. It also discusses operations and properties of differential operators, such as summation, difference, product, scalar product, associative properties, commutative properties (if coefficients are constants), and distributive properties. Examples are provided to demonstrate expanding differential operators using these operations and properties.

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60 views14 pages

Module 9 Higher Order LDE-Operators-tth

This document discusses higher order linear differential equations and differential operators. It defines a differential operator as an operator that denotes differentiation. It shows how differential operators are applied to functions to obtain derivatives. The document presents the general form of a differential operator of order n and how it is applied to a function. It also discusses operations and properties of differential operators, such as summation, difference, product, scalar product, associative properties, commutative properties (if coefficients are constants), and distributive properties. Examples are provided to demonstrate expanding differential operators using these operations and properties.

Uploaded by

greg hans
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 9: Higher Order LDE

• Operators

MH321 Differential Equations


Objectives
At the end of this meeting, you should be able to

• define a differential operator; and

• apply operations and properties of differential operators to


functions.
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Differential Operator (DO) – an operator that denotes differentiation.
i.e., when applied to a function, a derivative
is obtained.
– appropriately called derivative operator.

Let 𝐷 be a differential operator, then we have


𝑑
𝐷𝑥 ≡ 𝐷 ≡ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑2
𝐷𝑥 ≡ 𝐷2 ≡ 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑘
𝐷𝑥 𝑘 ≡ 𝑘
𝐷 ≡ 𝑘
𝑑𝑥

when applied to a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), we get


𝑑𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑘 𝑦
𝐷𝑥 𝑦 ≡ 𝐷𝑦 ≡ 𝑑𝑥
and 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 ≡ 𝐷𝑘 𝑦 ≡ 𝑑𝑥𝑘
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Differential Operator (DO)
Example 1: Evaluate

a. 𝐷 cot −1 𝑥 − ln 1 + 𝑥 2 − 2 1 + 𝑥 2 −1
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Differential Operator (DO)
Example 1: Evaluate

b. 𝐷 3 𝑒 5𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 − 7𝑥 4
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Differential Operator (DO)
Example 1: Evaluate

c. 𝐷 6 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 5 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 6
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Differential Operator (DO)
Example 1: Evaluate

d. 𝐷100 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 100


Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
General Form of a Differential Operator of Order 𝒏
𝐴 = 𝑎0 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝐷 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝐷 2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛
where 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛

When applied to a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), we have

𝐴𝑦 = 𝑎0 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝐷 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝐷 2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦

which is defined as
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑎0 𝐷 𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝐷 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝐷 𝑛−2 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝐷 2 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷𝑦 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦

Note: 𝐷 𝑛 𝑦 ≠ 𝑦𝐷 𝑛
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
General Form of a Differential Operator of Order 𝒏
Example 2: Write the following differential operators of order 𝑛 in differential
operator form and derivative form

a. 𝐷 2 + 5𝑥𝐷 − 4𝑥 7 𝑦

b. 1 + ln 𝑥 𝐷5 − cos 𝑥 𝐷 3 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷 − 4 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Operations on Differential Operators
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be differential operators and 𝑘 be any constant. Then the following
operations on differential operators hold.
1. Sum of 𝐴 and 𝐵 denoted by 𝑨 + 𝑩: 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦

2. Difference of 𝐴 and 𝐵 denoted by 𝑨 − 𝑩 ≡ 𝑨 + (−𝑩): 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦

3. Product of 𝐴 and 𝐵 denoted by 𝑨𝑩: 𝐴𝐵 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝐵𝑦

4. Scalar Product denoted by 𝒌𝑨: 𝑘𝐴 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑘𝑦


Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Properties of Differential Operators
Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be differential operators and 𝑚, 𝑛 be positive integers. Then the
following properties of differential operators hold.
1. Associative Properties: 𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 ≡ 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶
𝐴 𝐵𝐶 ≡ 𝐴𝐵 𝐶
2. Commutative Properties: 𝐴+𝐵 ≡𝐵+𝐴
A𝐵 ≢ 𝐵𝐴 (in general)
If all the coefficients of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constants, then it is true that 𝐴𝐵 ≡ 𝐵𝐴

3. Distributive Properties: 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 ≡ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶 ≡ 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
4. Exponent Properties: 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑛 ≡ 𝐴𝑚+𝑛
𝐴𝑚 𝑛 ≡ 𝐴𝑚𝑛
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Operations and Properties
Example 3: Expand, that is, perform the indicated operations on the differential
operator 𝐷.
a. 𝐷+𝑥 𝐷−𝑥 b. 𝐷 − 𝑥 𝐷 + 𝑥
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Operations and Properties
Example 3: Expand, that is, perform the indicated operations on the differential
operator 𝐷.
c. 3𝐷 − 2 𝐷 + 1 b. 𝐷 + 1 3𝐷 − 2

The differential operator is commutative under


multiplication if you have constant coefficients.
In fact, you can think of the differential operator 𝐷 as
some variable in polynomial.

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