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    History of Math Intro

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    Shien Maude
    This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics from early civilizations through the modern era. It covers major developments in areas such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, calculus, analysis, number theory, and more. The document is organized chronologically and includes timelines, figures, and brief explanations of key mathematicians and their contributions throughout history.

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    History of Math Intro

    Uploaded by

    Shien Maude
    116 views19 pages
    This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics from early civilizations through the modern era. It covers major developments in areas such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, calculus, analysis, number theory, and more. The document is organized chronologically and includes timelines, figures, and brief explanations of key mathematicians and their contributions throughout history.

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    This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics from early civilizations through the modern era. It covers major developments in areas such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, calculus, analysis, number theory, and more. The document is organized chronologically and includes timelines, figures, and brief explanations of key mathematicians and their contributions throughout history.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    116 views19 pages

    History of Math Intro

    Uploaded by

    Shien Maude
    This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics from early civilizations through the modern era. It covers major developments in areas such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, calculus, analysis, number theory, and more. The document is organized chronologically and includes timelines, figures, and brief explanations of key mathematicians and their contributions throughout history.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Introduction to the History of Mathematics

    Fall 2020 - R. L. Herman


    Table of Contents

    Early Civilizations - Babylonia, Egypt, China, India, Islamic

    Beyond Numerals - Decimals, Logarithms, Symbolic Algebra

    Italian Mathematics - 16th Century

    The Rise of Calculus - 17th Century

    Exploiting Calculus - 18th Century

    The Birth of Rigor - 19th Century

    The Modern Era - 20th Century

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 1/18


    A Civiliation Timeline

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 2/18


    Early Civilizations

    ˆ Egypt - 3100 BCE


    ˆ Mesopotamia (Babylonia,
    Sumer) - 2100 BCE
    ˆ China 1600 BCE
    ˆ India 1200 BCE
    Arithmetic, Geometry,
    No proofs
    Problems were practical or
    recreational

    Figure 1: Babylonian tablet - Base 60

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 3/18


    Greek Civilization

    ˆ Deductive Reasoning
    ˆ Definitions, Axioms
    ˆ Propositions via logic
    ˆ Geometry, Trigonometry,
    Astronomy, Numbers, Conics
    ˆ Thales 624-546 BCE
    ˆ Pythagoras 6th Century BCE
    ˆ Euclid 4th Century BCE
    Elements
    ˆ Archimedes 3rd Century BCE
    ˆ Appolonius 2nd Century BCE
    ˆ Heron 10-70 CE
    Diophantus 200-284 CE, Figure 2: Euclid
    Hypatia 400 CE
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 4/18
    Chinese and Hindu - 700-1200 CE

    ˆ Chinese Mathematics 1300 BCE -


    1800 CE
    ˆ Pythagorean Thm
    ˆ π estimates
    ˆ Volumes, Applications
    ˆ Pascal’s Triangle
    ˆ Chinese Remainder Thm
    ˆ Indian Mathematics 1200 BCE,
    mostly 500-1200 CE
    ˆ Geometry
    ˆ Trigonometry
    ˆ Power sieries
    ˆ Astronomy
    ˆ π estimate
    Figure 3: Liu-Hong and
    ˆ Number system, 0
    Aryabhatta
    ˆ Pell’s Equation
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 5/18
    Middle Eastern Mathematics - 700-1200 CE

    In Europe - Dark Ages - 400-1200 CE

    ˆ Middle East - Islam 7th Century


    ˆ Translations of Greek
    Mathematics into Arabic
    ˆ Arabic Numerals by 1000 CE
    ˆ Algebra 825 CE - al-Khwarizmi
    - called al-Jabr
    ˆ Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) -
    geometric solution of cubic
    Figure 4: al-Khwarizmi

    Around 10th Century - Middle Eastern Mathematics brought to Spain.


    It takes 300 years to accept Arabic numerals. - Fibonacci - 1202
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 6/18
    Beyond Numerals

    ˆ Fractions 4000 years ago


    ˆ Sexagesimal (base 60) into
    17th century
    ˆ Decimal (base 10)
    ˆ al-Uqlidisi - (920-980)
    ˆ al-Kashi (1380-1429)
    ˆ Simon Stevin (1548-1620)
    ˆ Logarithms
    ˆ John Napier (1550-1617)
    used a stange base
    ˆ Henry Briggs (1561-1630)
    Base 10 Tables
    ˆ 54 square roots of 10 leading
    to 30 decimal places Figure 5: Brigg’s Tables
    ˆ Tables to 14 decimal places
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 7/18
    Italian Mathematics - Polynomial Equations, Complex Numbers

    ˆ Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa)


    (1170-1250) Liber Abaci
    ˆ Equation Solving contests
    ˆ Solutions of cubic and quartic
    ˆ Depressed cubic
    del Ferro (1465-1526)
    ˆ Cubic and quartic equations
    Tartaglia (1500-1557)
    Cardano (1501-1576)
    Ars Magna
    Ferrari (1522-1565)
    ˆ Bombelli (1526-1572) Figure 6: Cardano and Tartaglia
    ˆ Viète (1540-1603)
    Adriaan van Roomen Problem
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 8/18
    Unification of Geometry and Algebra

    ˆ Symbolic Algebra
    ˆ Rhetorical until 15th century
    ˆ Syncopated/abbrev. - 1500
    ˆ Symbolic algebra developed
    16-17th century
    ˆ Unification
    ˆ Oresme (1320-1382) -
    P1
    Velocity-time graphs, n
    ˆ Descartes (1596-1650)
    ˆ Rep. curves by equations
    ˆ Coordinate systems -
    published The Method
    ˆ Made use of variables which
    can vary continuously - lines.
    ˆ Fermat (1607-1665)
    ˆ Rep. equations by curves Figure 7: Fermat and Descartes

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 9/18


    The Rise of Calculus

    ˆ Archimedes - 3rd century BCE


    ˆ Kepler (1571-1630)
    ˆ Cavalieri (1598-1647)
    ˆ Fermat (1607-1665)
    ˆ Wallis (1616-1673)
    ˆ Pascal (1623-1662)
    ˆ Barrow (1630-1677)
    ˆ Wren (1632-1723)
    ˆ Gregory (1638-1675)
    ˆ Newton (1642-1726)
    ˆ Principia 1687
    ˆ Leibniz (1646-1716) Figure 8: Archimedes, Cavalieri,
    Z
    d Wallis, Gregory, Newton, and Leibniz
    ˆ Notation ,
    dx History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 10/18
    The Infinitesimal

    ˆ Hippasus 500 BCE


    ˆ Pythagorean
    √
    ˆ 2 irrational
    ˆ Introduction of Infinitesimals
    ˆ Cavilieiri and Torricelli
    ˆ Stevin, Wallis, Harriot
    ˆ Critics
    ˆ Jesuits in Italy
    ˆ George Berkeley (1685-1753)
    The Analyst, - A Discourse
    Addressed to an Infidel
    Mathematician, 1734
    ˆ infinitesimals undermine
    mathematics and rationality
    ˆ Augustin-Louis Cauchy - 1821 Figure 9: Berkeley’s The Analyst
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 11/18
    Exploiting Calculus

    ˆ Bernoulli Family
    ˆ Euler (1707-1783)
    ˆ Laplace (1749-1827)
    ˆ Neptune discovered using math
    - 1846 Nikolas
    (1623-1708)

    Nicolaus Jacob Johann Hieronymus


    (1662-1716) (1654-1705) (1667-1748) (1669-1760)

    Nicolaus I Nicolaus II Johann II Daniel


    (1687-1759) (1695-1726) (1710-1790) (1700-1782)

    Johann III Daniel II Nicolaus IIII Jakob II


    (1744-1807) (1759-1789) (1759-1789) (1759-1789)

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 12/18


    From Geometry to Topology

    ˆ Bruneschelli and Perspective


    ˆ Projective Geometry
    ˆ Euler’s geometry without
    distance
    ˆ Birth of Topology
    ˆ How smoke rings led to Knot
    Theory.

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 13/18


    The Birth of Rigor - 19th Century

    Non-Euclidean Geometry
    ˆ Parallel Postulate
    ˆ Hyperbolic Geometry
    ˆ Nikolai Lobachevsky
    (1792-1856)
    ˆ Johann Bolyai (1802-1860) Figure 11: Gauss, Lobachevsky, Bolyai
    ˆ Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
    (1777-1855)
    ˆ Elliptic Geometry
    ˆ Georg Friedrich Bernhard
    Riemann (1826-1866)
    ˆ Prince of Mathematicians
    ˆ By 1870’s doubted Euclid
    Figure 12: Different Geometries

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 14/18


    19th Century Group Theory

    ˆ Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    (1736-1813)
    ˆ Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
    (1777-1855)
    ˆ Augustin Cauchy (1789-1857)
    ˆ Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829)
    ˆ Évariste Galois (1811-1832)
    ˆ Arthur Cayley (1821-1895)
    ˆ Camille Jordan (1838-1922)

    Figure 13: Abel and Galois

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 15/18


    19th Century Analysis and Set Theory

    ˆ Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier


    (1768-1830)
    ˆ Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
    (1777-1855)
    ˆ Augustin Cauchy (1789-1857)
    ˆ Karl Weierstrass (1815-1897)
    ˆ George Boole (1815-1864)
    ˆ Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann
    (1826-1866)
    ˆ Richard Dedekind (1831-1916)
    ˆ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp
    Cantor (1845-1918) Figure 14: Gauss and Riemann
    ˆ Founder of set theory
    ˆ Defined infinite sets
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 16/18
    19th Century Number Theory

    ˆ Marie-Sophie Germain (1776-1831)


    ˆ Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
    Disquisitiones Arithmeticae - 1801
    ˆ Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833) and
    Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859) prove
    Fermat’s Last Theorem for n = 5 in 1825
    ˆ Dirichlet, n = 14 in 1832.
    ˆ Riemann hypothesis, distribution of primes - 1832.
    ˆ Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin and Jacques
    Hadamard - Prime Number Theorem. 1896
    ˆ Hermann Minkowski: Geometry of Numbers, Figure 15: Sophie
    1896. Germain, Adrien-Marie
    Legendre
    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 17/18
    The Modern Era

    Figure 16: Hilbert, Gödel, Uhlenbeck, Ramanujan, Wiles, Mirzakhani,


    Shannon, Russell, Noether

    ˆ Chronology of 20th Century Mathematicians


    ˆ Greatest Mathematicians born between 1860 and 1975
    ˆ Pictures of Famous 20th Century Mathematicians
    ˆ The Story of Math Website

    History of Math R. L. Herman Fall 2020 18/18

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