IIT JEE Physics Formulas

Part 1

Uniform Circular Motion Formula

The formula for uniform circular motion are as stated below

Description Formula
The formula for Angular Δθ = ω Δ𝑡,
Distance is Where t is time, ω is angular speed and θ is angular distance.

The formula for linear 𝑣 = 𝑅ω

velocity is given by Where speed and R is radius and ω is angular speed.

The formula for 2

𝐴𝑐  = 𝑣 /𝑅,
Centripetal Acceleration
is given by Where R is the radius and v is the velocity.
2
𝐴𝑐  = ω 𝑅
Where R is the radius and ω is angular speed
2 2
𝐴𝑐  = 4π ν 𝑅
Where R is the radius and ν is the frequency

Average Angular θ2−θ1 ∆θ

ω𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
= ∆𝑡
Velocity
Instantaneous angular 𝑑θ
ω= 𝑑𝑡
Velocity
Average Angular ω2−ω1 ∆ω
α𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
= ∆𝑡
acceleration
Instantaneous angular 𝑑ω 𝑑ω
α= 𝑑𝑡
=ω 𝑑θ
acceleration
→ → →
Relation between 𝑣 = 𝑟ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = ω × 𝑟
speed and angular
velocity
Tangential acceleration 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ω 𝑑𝑟
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
=𝑟 𝑑𝑡
=ω 𝑑𝑡
2
Radial or normal or 𝑎𝑟 =
𝑉
=ω 𝑟
2
centripetal acceleration 𝑟
→
Angular Acceleration → 𝑑ω
α= 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
Normal reaction of road 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ +
𝑚𝑣
on a concave bridge 𝑟
 2
Normal reaction on a 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠θ −
𝑚𝑣
convex bridge 𝑟

Skidding of vehicle on a 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 ≤ μ𝑔𝑟

level road
Skidding of an object on μ𝑔
ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
a rotating platform 𝑟
2
Bending of Cyclist 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
𝑟𝑔
2
Banking of road 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
without friction 𝑟𝑔
2
Banking of Road with 𝑉
=
μ+𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
friction 𝑟𝑔 1−μ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
1 1
Maximum also
minimum safe speed on 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⎡
⎣ ( 𝑟𝑔(μ+𝑡𝑎𝑛θ)
1−μ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ )
⎤
⎦
2
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ⎡
⎣ ( 𝑟𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛θ−μ)
1+μ𝑡𝑎𝑛θ )⎤
⎦
2

a banked frictional road

Alternating Current Formula

The formula for alternating current are as stated below

Description Formula
AC and DC current

A current that changes its direction periodically is called alternating current

(AC). If a current maintains its direction constant it is called direct current
(DC).
Root Mean square Root mean square of a function from 𝑡1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 is defined as
Value
𝑡2
2
∫𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑖
𝑓𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡2−𝑡1

Power consumption in Average power consumed in a cycle

2π
AC Circuit ω
1 𝑃𝑑𝑡 1
= 𝑇
∫ 2π = 2
𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
0 ω

𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
= . . 𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ Is known as the Power Factor.

Impedance 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑧= 𝐼𝑚
= 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
1
𝐿 Is called inductive reactance and is denoted by 𝑋𝐿. ω 𝐶
Is called
capacitive reactance and is denoted by 𝑋𝑐.

Purely Resistive Circuit

𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
= 𝐼𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑅
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑅
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
< 𝑝 >= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 𝑅

Purely Capacitive Circuit

𝑉𝑚
1
𝐼= ω𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠ω𝑡
𝑉𝑚
= 𝑋𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠ω𝑡
1
𝑋𝑐 = ω𝐶
And is called capacitive reactance.
 π
𝐼𝑐 Leads by 𝑉𝑐 by 2
, Diagrammatically it is represented as

0
Since, ϕ=90 , < 𝑝 >= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 0

Ampere’s Circuital Law

The formula for Ampere’s circuital law are as stated below

Description Formula
Ampere’s circuital law  
∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = µ°𝐼 
 
−15 −2
Here µ°= permeability of free space=4π×10 𝑁𝐴
B = Magnetic field
I = enclosed electric current by the path

Ampere’s law (integral  

form) ∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = µ°𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
 
 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑= enclosed current by the surface

Field of a µ°𝐼
𝐵= 2π𝑟
current-carrying wire:

Field of a solenoid 𝐵𝐿 = µ°𝑁𝐼

Here N: number of turns in the solenoid
Field inside a thick wire
∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = µ°𝐼

And
𝑟
𝐵 = µ°𝐼  2
2π𝑅

Field of the toroid µ°𝑁𝐼

𝐵= 2π𝑟
Force between two µ°𝐼𝐴𝐼𝐵
𝐹𝐴 = (2π𝑟)
parallel current carrying 𝐵

wires 𝐼𝐴,𝐼𝐵 = Current carrying by wires A and B

Capacitance Formula

The formula for capacitance are as stated below

Description Formula
Capacitance of a 𝑄
𝐶= 𝑉
parallel plate
Here, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, Q is the charge
capacitor in terms
stored and V is the potential difference between the plates.
of charge and
potential difference
Capacitance of a ε0𝐴
𝐶= 𝑑
parallel plate
capacitor in terms Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space and its value is
of surface area and −12 −3 −1 4 2
8. 854×10 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 𝐴 , A is the surface area of the plates
distance between and d is the distance between the plates.
the plates
Capacitance of a To find the formula for capacitance of a spherical capacitor we
spherical capacitor will use the gauss’s law.
derivation Let the charge on the spherical surface be 𝑄, the radius of
smaller sphere be 𝑟𝑎 and radius of the bigger sphere be 𝑟𝑏.
Using gauss’s law, we can write:
→ → 𝑄
∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝐴 = ε0
2
(
𝐸 4π𝑟 )= 𝑄
ε0
𝑄
𝐸= 2
4πε0𝑟
𝑄
𝑉= 4πε0𝑟

The potential
difference between
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 =
𝑄
4πε0 (
𝑟𝑏−𝑟𝑎
1
𝑟𝑎
−
1
𝑟𝑏 )
the plates 𝑄
= 4πε0 𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑏

Therefore, the capacitance will be:

𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑏
𝐶= 𝑉𝑎𝑏
= 4πε0 𝑟𝑏−𝑟𝑎
Energy stored in 1 2
● 𝑈= 2
𝐶𝑉
capacitor 2
𝑄
● 𝑈= 2𝐶
𝑄𝑉
● 𝑈= 2
Here, U is the energy, C is the capacitance, V is the potential
difference and Q is the charge stored.
Energy density of 1 2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = εε𝐸
2 0 𝑟
capacitor
In vacuum:
1 2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ε𝐸
2 0
Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, ε𝑟 is the relative
permittivity and E is the electric field.

Capacitance per 2πε0

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
unit length of a 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑏
𝑎

cylindrical capacitor Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, b is the radius of outer
cylinder and a is the radius of inner cylinder.

Electric field The formula for electric field intensity between the plates is
intensity given as:
σ 𝑉
𝐸= ε = 𝑑
0

Here, σ is the surface charge density, V is the potential

difference and d is the distance between plates.

Redistribution of Let us assume a capacitor with capacitance 𝐶1 with initial

charge when two charge 𝑄1 and capacitor with capacitance 𝐶2 with initial charge
charged capacitors
are connected in 𝑄2.
parallel The final charge on capacitor with capacitance 𝐶1 will be:
' 𝐶1
𝑄1 = 𝐶1+𝐶2 (𝑄1 + 𝑄2)
final charge on capacitor with capacitance 𝐶2 will be:
' 𝐶2
𝑄2 = 𝐶1+𝐶2 (𝑄1 + 𝑄2)
Equivalent 1 1 1 1 1
𝐶𝑒𝑞
= 𝐶1
+ 𝐶2
+ 𝐶3
+…+ 𝐶𝑛
capacitance when
capacitors are Here, 𝐶𝑒𝑞 is the equivalent capacitance and 𝐶1, 𝐶2, 𝐶3 are the
connected in series capacitance of the capacitors.
Equivalent 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + …𝐶𝑛
capacitance of the
capacitors
connected in
parallel

( )
𝑡
Charging of −τ
𝑞 = 𝑞0 1 − 𝑒
capacitor
Here, q is the charge on the capacitor at time t, τ is the time
constant and 𝑞0 is the charge on the capacitor at steady state.

𝑡
Discharging of −τ
𝑞 = 𝑞0𝑒
capacitor
Here, q is the charge on the capacitor at time t, τ is the time
constant and 𝑞0 is the charge on the capacitor at steady state.

Part 2

Centre of Mass Formula

The formula for centre of mass are as stated below

Description Formula
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of the system will be:
→ → → →
a system with n →
𝑟𝑐𝑚 =
(𝑚1𝑟1+𝑚2𝑟2+𝑚3𝑟3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑟𝑛)
number of masses 𝑚1+𝑚2+𝑚3+…+𝑚𝑛
situated on a line → → →
here, 𝑚1, 𝑚2, 𝑚3 are the masses situated at 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3
at different
positions respectively.

Centre of mass of Let the masses 𝑚1, 𝑚2, 𝑚3, 𝑚𝑛 be placed at coordinates
a system with n
number of masses
( )( )(
𝑥1, 𝑦1 , 𝑥2, 𝑦2 , 𝑥3, 𝑦3 , 𝑥𝑛, 𝑦𝑛 )( )
situated on a 2D So, we will find the centre of mass for x and y axis respectively
plane using the formula:
𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚2𝑥2+𝑚3𝑥3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑥𝑛
𝑟𝑥 = 1 1𝑚 +𝑚 +𝑚 +…+𝑚 1 2 3 𝑛
𝑚1𝑦1+𝑚2𝑦2+𝑚3𝑦3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑛
𝑟𝑦 = 𝑚1+𝑚2+𝑚3+…+𝑚𝑛
 ( )
The centre of mass of the system will be: 𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦 .

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a uniform rectangular plate of length L and
a rectangular breadth B is given as:
plate 𝐵
𝑟𝑥 = 2
𝐿
𝑟𝑦 = 2

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a uniform triangular plate is given by the
a triangular plate formula:
ℎ
𝑟𝑐 = 3
Where, h is the height of the plate.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a semi-circular ring is given as:

a semi-circular 2𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = π
ring
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the semi- Circle.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a semi-circular disc is given as:

a semi-circular 4𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 3π
disc
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the semi- Circle.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a hemispherical shell is given as:

a hemispherical 𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 2
shell
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the semi- Circle.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a solid hemisphere is given as:

a solid 3𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 8
hemisphere
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the hemisphere.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a circular cone is given as:

a circular cone ℎ
𝑟𝑦 = 4
Here, h is the height of the cone.
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a hollow circular cone is given as:
a hollow circular ℎ
𝑟𝑦 = 3
cone
Here, h is the height of the cone.

Circular Motion
The formula for circular motion are as stated below

Description Formula
Average angular θ2−θ1
ω𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
velocity
Here, θ2 is the angle at time 𝑡1, and θ1 is the angle at time 𝑡1.
Average angular ω2−ω1
α𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
acceleration
Here, ω2 is the angular frequency at time 𝑡2 and ω1 is the
angular frequency at time 𝑡1.
Tangential 𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
acceleration
Here 𝑑𝑉 is the change in velocity over time 𝑑𝑡.
𝑑ω
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑡
Here, r is the radius, 𝑑ω is the change in angular frequency over
time 𝑑𝑡.
2
Centripetal 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑣
acceleration 𝑟
2
or 𝑎𝑐 = ω 𝑟
Here, v is the linear velocity, r is the radius and ω is the angular
frequency.
2
Normal reaction 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ +
𝑚𝑣
on a body moving 𝑟

on a concave Here, m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, θ is the

bridge angle, v is the linear velocity and r is the radius of the bridge.

2
Normal reaction 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ −
𝑚𝑣
on a convex 𝑟

bridge Here, m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, θ is the

angle, v is the linear velocity and r is the radius.
Safe velocity of a 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 ≤ μ𝑔𝑟
vehicle on a level
Here, 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 is the safe velocity, µ is the coefficient of friction, g is
road
the gravitational acceleration and r is the radius.
 2
Banking angle 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
𝑟𝑔
Here, θ is the banking angle, v is the linear velocity, r is the radius
of the curve and g is the gravitational acceleration.
Centrifugal force 2
𝑓 = 𝑚ω 𝑟
Here, f is the centrifugal force, m is the mass, ω is the angular
velocity and r is the radius.
Conical pendulum 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑇 = 2π 𝑔
Here, L is the length of the pendulum, θ is the angle made by the
string with the vertical and g is the gravitational acceleration.

De Broglie Wavelength Formula

The formula for de broglie wavelength are as stated below

Description Formula
De Broglie ℎ
λ= 𝑚𝑣
wavelength ℎ
Or λ =
2𝑚𝐾𝐸
Here, λ is the de Broglie wavelength, h is the Plank’s constant, m is the mass, v
is the velocity, KE is the kinetic energy.

2
Radius of electron in 𝑟𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎0
hydrogen like atoms 𝑍
Here, 𝑟𝑛 is the radius of nth orbit, 𝑎0 is a constant whose value is
−10
0. 529×10 𝑚 and z is the atomic number.

Speed of electron in 𝑍
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑣0
hydrogen like atoms
Here, Z is the atomic number, n is the orbit and 𝑣0 is a constant whose value is
6
2. 19×10 𝑚/𝑠.

2
Energy in nth orbit 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸1 ·
𝑍
2
𝑛
Here, 𝐸𝑛 is energy of the nth orbit, 𝐸1 is the energy of the 1st orbit and its value
is − 13. 6 𝑒𝑉, 𝑍 is the atomic number and n is the number orbit.

Wavelength 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
corresponding to = 𝑅⎢ 2 − 2 ⎥
λ ⎢ 𝑛1 𝑛2 ⎥
spectral lines ⎣ ⎦
Here, λ is the wavelength, R is the Rydberg constant and its value is
7 −1
1. 097×10 𝑚 .
Values of n for different series.
Lyman series: 𝑛1 = 1; 𝑛2 = 2, 3, 4, …
Balmer series: 𝑛1 = 2; 𝑛2 = 3, 4, 5, …
 Paschim series:𝑛1 = 3; 𝑛2 = 4, 5, 6, …

Minimum ℎ𝑐
λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑉0
wavelength for x
12400 −10
rays Or λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉0
× 10 𝑚
here, λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum wavelength, h is the plank’s constant, c is the speed
of light, e is the charge of an electron and 𝑉0 is the accelerating voltage.

Radius of nucleus 1/3

𝑅 = 𝑅0𝐴
−15
Here, R is the radius of the atom, 𝑅0 is a constant whose value is 1. 1×10 𝑚
, A is the mass number of the atom.

Number of nuclei −λ𝑡

𝑁 = 𝑁0𝑒
during a radioactive
decay here, N is the number of nuclei at time t, 𝑁0 is the initial number of nucleus
and λ is the decay constant.

Half-life of a 0.693
𝑇1/2 = λ
radioactive sample
Here, 𝑇1/2 is the half-life period and λ is the decay constant.

Average life 𝑇1
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 2

0.693
here, 𝑇𝑎𝑣 is the average life and 𝑇1/2 is the half- life period.

Part 3

Current Electricity
The formula for current electricity are as stated below

Description Formula
Formula for current ∆𝑞
● 𝐼= ∆𝑡
∆𝑞 𝑑𝑞
● 𝐼= ∆𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
Here, ∆𝑞 is the charge flown through the circuit and ∆𝑡 is
the time in which the charge has flown.
Electric current in a 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑉𝑑
conductor(wire) λ
𝑣𝑑 = τ
 Here, n is the number of free electrons, A is the area of
conductor, e is the charge of an electron, 𝑉𝑑 is the drift
velocity, λ is the linear charge density and τ is the
relaxation time.
Potential difference 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
using ohm’s law Here, V is the potential difference, I is the current flowing
through the conductor and R is the resistance offered by
the conductor.
Resistance in terms 𝑅 = ρ𝑙
𝐴
of resistivity
Here, ρ is the resistivity of the material of the conductor, l
is the length of the conductor and A is the area of cross
section of the conductor.
Change in 𝑅 = 𝑅0(1 + α∆𝑇)
resistance due to Here, R is the resistance, 𝑅0 is the initial temperature, α is
temperature
the temperature coefficient of the resistivity and ∆𝑇 is the
change in temperature.

Electric power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
Here, P is the power, V is the potential difference and I is
the current.
Also,
2
𝑃 =𝐼 𝑅
2
𝑉
𝑃= 𝑅
Heat energy 𝐻 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
released due to also
current 2
𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
2
𝑉
𝐻= 𝑅
𝑡
Here, H is the heat released in joules, V is the potential
difference, R is the resistance, I is the current and t is the
total time the current was flowing through the conductor.
Equivalent 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + … + 𝑅𝑛
resistance when Here, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 is the equivalent resistance, 𝑅1, 𝑅2, 𝑅3 are the
resistors are
connected in series resistance of the resistors.

Equivalent 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
+…+ 𝑅𝑛
resistance when
resistors are
connected in
parallel

Potential difference
when cells are
ε
𝑟
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = 1 1 1
ε ε
( ε
+ 𝑟 + 𝑟 +…+ 𝑟1

1
2

2
3

3
𝑛

𝑛
)
1
𝑟
+ 𝑟 + 𝑟 +…+ 𝑟
connected in 1 2 3 𝑛

parallel Here, ε1, ε2, ε3 are the emf of the cells and 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3 are
the internal resistance of the cells.

Ammeter using To measure the maximum current I using a galvanometer,

galvanometer we need to connect a shunt resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer.
The value of the resistance is calculated as:
𝐼𝑔𝑅𝑔
𝑆= 𝐼
Here, S is the value of shunt resistance, 𝐼𝑔is the current
through galvanometer, 𝑅𝑔 is the resistance of the
galvanometer and I is the maximum current to be
measured.
Voltmeter using To measure a potential difference using a galvanometer,
galvanometer we need to connect a series resistance with it.
The value of the resistance that needs to be connected is:
𝑉
𝑅𝑠 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔
𝑔

Here, V is the maximum potential difference to be

measured, 𝐼𝑔 is the current through galvanometer and 𝑅𝑔
is the resistance of the galvanometer.

Electric Current Formula

The formula for electric current are as stated below

Description Formula
Electric current 𝐼 = 𝑞/𝑡 = 𝑛𝑒/𝑡
Where I= strength of current; q-charge; t- time

Resistance 𝑉
𝑅= 𝑖
and
𝐼
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐺 = 𝑅
Where
𝑉 − 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,
 𝑖 − 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,
ρ𝑙 ρ𝑙
𝑅= 𝐴 = 2
π𝑟
Where , 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒;
ρ − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ,
𝑙 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒,
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒

Variation of resistance 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅°[1 + α(𝑡)]

with the temperature 𝑅𝑡−𝑅° 
→α = 𝑅°(𝑡)
𝑙°∁

(𝑅1−𝑅2)
α=
( ) 𝑙 °∁
𝑅1 𝑡2−𝑡1  

Here,
R = resistance at temperature  𝑡°∁
𝑅° = resistance at temperature  0°∁
α = temperature coefficient of resistance
Conductivity Reciprocal of resistivity.
1
σ= ρ
Where - σ -conductivity, ρ -resistivity
Terminal voltage Case-1: When battery is delivering current
𝐸
𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑅+𝑟
Where
𝑉 -terminal P.d, 𝐸 - emf of the cell, 𝑟 -internal resistance of the cell, 𝑅 −  
external resistance.

Case 2: when battery is charging

𝑉 = 𝐸 + 𝑖𝑟 
Kirchhoff’s laws Kirchhoff’s First laws:
 
∑ 𝑖 = 0 at any junction.
 
Kirchhoff’s second law:
 
∑ 𝑖𝑅 = 0  in a closed circuit.
 
Metre Bridge 𝑥 𝑙1  𝑥 𝑙1
1. =  ⇒  =
𝑅 𝑙2 𝑅 (100−𝑙1 )
Where 𝑥 - unknown resistance of given wire, R-resistance in the
resistance box, 𝑙1-balancing length from left end of the bridge to Jockey.
2
𝑥𝐴 π𝑟
2. ρ = 𝑙
=𝑥 𝑙
Where ρ -Resistivity of the wire,
𝑥 -resistance of wire,
A - area of cross section of the wire,
𝑙  -length of the wire.

Potentio Meter Emf of cell in the secondary circuit

𝐸𝑠 = 𝐼ρ𝑙
 𝐸1 𝑙1
1. Comparison of emf’s of two cells: 𝐸2
= 𝑙2

Where 𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2-emf of the first and second cell, 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2- the

balancing lengths of individual cells respectively.
(
𝑅 𝑙1−𝑙2 )
2. 𝑟 =   𝑙2

Electromagnetic Induction Formula

The formula for electromagnetic induction are as stated below

Description Formula
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform
magnetic field B is given as
→ →
ϕ = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴

When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux will be zero. This is due to
magnetic lines of force are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist

Electromagnetic First Law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes with
Induction: Faraday’s Law time, an induced emf is generated in the circuit that lasts as long as the
change in magnetic flux continues.
Second Law: According to this law, the induced emf is equal to the
negative rate of change of flux through the circuit.
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that
it opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
Induced emf    Induced emf is given as
 
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
Induced Current    Induced Current is given as
𝐸 𝑁 𝑑ϕ 𝑁 ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)

Self - Induction Change in the strength of flow of current is opposed by a characteristic of

a coil is known as self-inductance. 
It is given as ϕ = 𝐿𝐼
Here, L = coefficient of self - inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the coil is given as
𝑑ϕ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =− 𝐸

Mutual - Induction Mutual – Induction is given as

𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
 Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙

Part 4

Electromagnetic Induction Formula

The formula for electromagnetic induction are as stated below

Description Formula
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as
→ →
ϕ = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴

When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux will be zero. This is due to
magnetic lines of force are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not exist

Electromagnetic First Law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes with time,
Induction: Faraday’s Law an induced emf is generated in the circuit that lasts as long as the change
in magnetic flux continues.
Second Law: According to this law, the induced emf is equal to the
negative rate of change of flux through the circuit.
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that it
opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
Induced emf    Induced emf is given as
 
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
Induced Current    Induced Current is given as
𝐸 𝑁 𝑑ϕ 𝑁 ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)
Self - Induction Change in the strength of flow of current is opposed by a characteristic of a
coil is known as self-inductance. 
It is given as ϕ = 𝐿𝐼
Here, L = coefficient of self - inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the coil is given as
𝑑ϕ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =− 𝐸
Mutual - Induction Mutual – Induction is given as
𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2) 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
 Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙

Electromagnetic Waves
The formula for electromagnetic waves are as stated below

Description Formula
Gauss’s law for 𝑄
electricity ∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝐴 = ε0

Here, E is the electric field, A is the area, Q is the charge

and ε0 is the permittivity of free space.
Gauss’s law for
magnetism ∮ 𝐵⋅𝑑𝐴 = 0

𝐵 is the magnetic field and A is the area.

Faraday’s law 𝑑Φ𝐵
∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝑙 =− 𝑑𝑡

Here, E is the electric field, l is the length of the conductor,

Φ𝐵 is the magnetic flux and t is the time.
Ampere- Maxwell 𝑑Φ𝐵
law ∮ 𝐵⋅𝑑𝑙 = µ0𝑖 + µ0ε0 𝑑𝑡

Here, B is the magnetic field, l is the length of the

conductor, µ0 is permeability of free space, 𝑖 is the current
flowing through the conductor, ε0 is the permittivity of
free space, Φ𝐵 is the magnetic flux and t is the time.

Speed of light in 𝑐 = 1/ µ0ε0

vacuum

Electrostatics Formula
The formula for electrostatistics are as stated below

Description Formula
Electrostatic force → 1 𝑞1𝑞2 ^
𝐹= 4πε0 → 2
𝑟
between two-point 𝑟||
charges
 Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, 𝑞1 𝑞2 are the point charges and r
is the distance between the charges.
→
Electric field → 𝐹
𝐸= 𝑞0
→
Here, 𝐹 is the electrostatic force experienced by test charge 𝑞0.
Electric field due to a 𝐾𝑄𝑥
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 3

uniformly charged ring (𝑅 +𝑥2)

2 2

Here, K is the relative permeability, Q is the charge on the ring, x is the

perpendicular distance from the ring to the point at which the electric field
is to be calculated and R is the radius of the ring.
Electric field due to a σ ⎡ 𝑥 ⎤
uniformly charged disc 𝐸= 2ε0⎢1 − 2 2 ⎥
⎣ 𝑅 +𝑥 ⎦
Here, σ is the surface charge density, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, x
is the perpendicular distance from the centre of the disk and R is the radius
of the disk.
Work done by external The work done by an external force in bringing a charge q from potential
force 𝑉𝐵 to 𝑉𝐴 is:
(
𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 )
Electrostatic potential 𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉
energy Here, q is the charge and V is the potential.

Electrostatic energy 1 𝑞1𝑞2

𝑈= 4πε0 𝑟

here 𝑞1𝑞2 are the charges and r is the distance between the charges.

Electric potential at a 1 𝑞
𝑉= 4πε0 𝑟
point due to a point
charge
Dipole moment The formula for calculating electric dipole moment is
→ →
𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑
Here q is the magnitude of the charge and d is the distance between the
charges.

Potential at a point due The potential at a point due to a dipole is given as:
to dipole 1 𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑉 = 4πε 2
0 𝑟
Here, p is the dipole moment and θ is the angle made by the line joining
the point and the centre of the dipole with the line joining the charges and
r is the distance from the point at which the potential is to be calculated
and the line joining the charges.

→ → →
Torque experienced by τ=𝑝×𝐸
dipole due to electric → →
field here, 𝑝 is the dipole moment and 𝐸 is the electric field.
 Friction Formula
The formula for friction are as stated below

Description Formula
Force due to kinetic The formula for calculating the force due to kinetic friction is:
friction 𝐹𝑘 = µ𝑘𝑅
here, 𝐹𝑘 is the force due to kinetic friction, µ𝑘 is the coefficient
of kinetic friction and R is the normal reaction force on the
body on which the force is acting.
If the body is lying on levelled plane, then the normal force is
given as:
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔
Here m is the mass and g is the gravitational acceleration.
When the body is lying on a plane that is at some angle θ with
the horizontal then the normal reaction force on the body is
given as:
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

Force due to static The formula for calculating the force due to static friction is:
friction 𝐹𝑠 = µ𝑠𝑅
here, 𝐹𝑠 is the force due to static friction, µ𝑠 is the coefficient
of static friction and R is the normal reaction force on the
body.

Part 5

Linear Momentum Formula

The formula for linear momentum are as stated below

Description Formula
Linear Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
p is linear momentum, m is mass and v is velocity
Conservation of 𝑚1𝑢1 + 𝑚2𝑢2 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2
momentum Where
P = Momentum,
m = Mass and
u,v= velocity

Elastic Collision 𝑚1𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑓

Where i = initial and f = final 

Inelastic collision (
𝑚1𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 )
Force (from Newton’s 𝐹 = 𝑚×𝑎
second law) 𝑑𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡

Momentum in terms of 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
kinetic energy 2 2 2
𝑝 =𝑚 𝑣
2 1 2
𝑝 = 2𝑚( 2 𝑚𝑣 )
2
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝐾
Here, K = kinetic energy

Dimensional Formula of 1 1 −1
[𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 ]
Momentum

Geometrical Optics Formula

The formula for geometrical optics are as stated below

Description Formula

Laws of Reflection of The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal always lie on the same plane.
light Snell’s law
According to the Snell’s law
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Here,
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of reflection

Relative refractive index  The Relative refractive index is given as

𝑐
𝑛= 𝑣
here,
n = refractive index
c = speed of light in vacuum
v = speed of light in medium
Lateral Shift

Lateral Shift is given as

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖−𝑟)
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟
Normal shift on a single The normal shift on a single surface is given as
surface 1
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑡(1 − 𝑛
)
Relation between The relation between refractive index and critical angle is given as
refractive index and 1
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐
critical angle
Refraction through a
prism

The refractive index of a prism is given as

𝑛 =
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎+ 2
δ
)
𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

Lens maker formula for Lens maker formula for thin lenses is given as
thin lenses
= (𝑛 − 1)⎡⎢ 𝑅 − ⎤
1 1 1
𝑓 𝑅2 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
Power of lens Power of lens is given as
1
𝑃= 𝑓
Equivalent focal length 1 1 1
𝑓
= 𝑓1
+ 𝑓2
of combination of two
thin lenses

Heat And Thermodynamics Formula

The formula for heat and thermodynamics are as stated below

Description Formula
Kirchhoff’s Law 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
= 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
Conduction Rate of flow of heat in conduction is determined as
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑥
● K = thermal conductivity

● A = area of cross-section
● dx = thickness
● dT = temperature difference

Newton’s law 𝑑θ
𝑑𝑡
= (θ − θ0)
of cooling
● Here,
● θ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 θ0 = temperature corresponding to object and surroundings.

Temperature 9
𝐹 = 32 + 5
×𝐶
scales
𝐾 = 𝐶 + 273. 16
● F = Fahrenheit scale
● C = Celsius scale
● K = Kelvin scale

Ideal Gas 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

equation ● Here,
● n = number of moles
● P = pressure
● V = Volume
● T = Temperature

Van der Waals 𝑛 2

(𝑝 + 𝑎( 𝑉 ) )(𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
equation
𝑛 2
● 𝑎( 𝑉 ) = correction factor for intermolecular forces

● nb = correction factor for molecule size

● n = number of moles
● T = Temperature
● V = Volume
● p = pressure

Thermal Linear Expansion

expansion
𝐿 = 𝐿0(1 + α∆𝑇)
 Area Expansion
𝐴 = 𝐴0(1 + β∆𝑇)
Volume Expansion
𝑉 = 𝑉(1 + γ∆𝑇)

Relation α β γ
1
= 2
= 3
between α, β
and y for the
isotropic solid

Stefan- 4
𝑢 = σ𝐴𝑇 (Perfect black body)
Boltzmann’s 4
law 𝑢 = 𝑒σ𝐴𝑇 (Not a perfect black body)
● here,
−8 2 4
● σ = Stefan’s constant = 5. 67×10 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 / 𝑚 𝐾
𝑢
● 𝐴
= energy flux
● e = emissivity

Thermal Thermal resistance is given as

resistance to 𝑅=
𝐿
𝐾𝐴
conduction
● K = material’s conductivity
● L = plane thickness
● A = plane area

Hooke's Law Formula

The formula for Hooke’s law are as stated below

Description Formula
Formula for Hooke’s Law 𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑥
Where F = force, k = constant and x =
displacement
Note: Hooke’s law can be expressed in the form
of stress and strain.

According to Hooke’s law 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠  ∝  𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

That is,
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠  = 𝐾×𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Where K is the proportionality constant 

Formula for Stress 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (σ) = 𝐹/𝐴

Where, 
F is the restoring force, and 
 A is the cross-section area

Formula for Strain 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (ε) = Δ𝐿/𝐿

Where,
Δ𝐿= Change in length and
L = original length

SI unit of Stress 2
𝑁/𝑚
Young’s Modulus (Y) 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌= 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑙/𝐴
𝑌= ∆𝑙/𝑙
Shear Modulus 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌= 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑙/𝐴
𝑌= ∆𝑥/ℎ

Inductance Formula
The formula for inductance are as stated below

Description Formula
2
Inductance 𝐿=𝜇𝑁 𝐴/𝑙
Where
𝐿 - inductance in Henry(H)
𝜇 - permeability (𝑊𝑏/𝐴. 𝑚)
𝑁 - number of turns in the coil 
𝐴 - area encircled by the coil
𝑙 -length of coil(m)

Induced voltage in a coil (V) The voltage induced in a coil (V) with an inductance of
L is given by 
𝑉=𝐿 𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡
Where,
𝑉 = voltage(volts)
𝐿 - inductance value(H)
𝑖 -the current is(A)
𝑡 -time taken (s)

Reactance of inductance The reactance of inductance is given by:   

𝑋=2𝜋𝑓𝐿 
Where, 
Reactance is 𝑋 in ohm
The frequency if 𝑓 in Hz 
Inductance is 𝐿 in Henry(H)

Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴

placed in a uniform magnetic field B is given as
→ →
ϕ = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴
 When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux
will be zero. This is due to magnetic lines of force
are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist

Induced Current Induced Current is given as

𝐸 𝑁 𝑑ϕ 𝑁 ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)
Mutual - Induction Mutual – Induction is given as
𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙

Part 6

Faraday’s Law Formula

The formula for Faraday’s law are as stated below

Description Formula
Faraday’s first law The first law of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction explains that when a
wire is kept in a field that experiences a constant change in its magnetic
field, then an electromagnetic field is developed. This phenomenon of
development of the electromagnetic field is called an induced emf.

                                      

Faraday’s second law 1. It states that the emf induced in a conductor is equivalent to the rate at
which the flux is linked to the circuit changes.
𝜀=−𝑑𝜙/𝑑𝑡
Where, 𝜀 = the emf or electromotive force
𝜙 = the magnetic flux
2. If there are N number of turns in the coil then the total magnetic induction
in a coil is represented as 
𝜀=−𝑁 𝑑𝜙/𝑑𝑡
Magnetic flux It is the integral (sum) of all of the magnetic fields passing through
infinitesimal area elements 𝑑𝐴.   
→ →
             Φ𝐵 = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴 

The magnetic flux The component of the magnetic field passing through that surface. The
through a surface magnetic flux through some surface is proportional to the number of field
lines passing through that surface. The magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area A is      
       Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 · 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ

Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that it
opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝐸 =− 𝑁 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ϕ
( )
Induced emf    Induced emf is given as
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as
→ →
ϕ = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴

Fluid mechanics & Properties of Matter Formula

The formula for fluid mechanics and properties of matter are as stated below

Description Formula
Pressure 𝐹
𝑃= 𝐴
For hydraulic press:
𝐴
𝐹= 𝑎𝑓
Here, P is the pressure, F is the force applied on bigger piston with
area A and f is the force on the smaller piston with area a.

Angle made by 𝑎0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑔
liquid surface
when the here, θ is the angle made by the liquid surface with the horizontal,
container 𝑎0 is the acceleration of the container and g is the gravitational
experiences an acceleration.
acceleration

Continuity According to the equation of continuity, the product of velocity

equation and the area of cross section at any section in a tube is constant.
 𝑎1𝑣1 = 𝑎2𝑣2
here, 𝑎1 𝑣1 are the area of cross section and velocity of fluid at
section 1 and 𝑎2 𝑣2 are the area of cross section and velocity of
the fluid at section 2.
Bernoulli’s According to Bernoulli’s equation the total energy of liquid flowing
equation through a tube is constant throughout the tube.
2
𝑃 𝑣
ρ𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Here, 𝑃 is the pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the
gravitational acceleration, v is the velocity of the fluid and Z is the
potential head.

( ) is called velocity or
2
The term ( ) 𝑃
ρ𝑔
is called pressure head,
𝑣
2𝑔
kinetic head and Z is called the potential head.

Speed of efflux 2𝑔ℎ

𝑣= 2
𝐴2
1− 2
𝐴1

Here, v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, h is the

height, 𝐴2 is the area of hole and 𝐴1 is the area of the vessel.

Stress 𝐹
σ= 𝐴
here, σ is the stress, F is the force and A is the area.
Strain ∆𝐿
ε= 𝐿
here, ε is the strain, ∆𝐿 is the change in length, and L is the initial
length.
Young’s modulus σ
𝐸= ε
Or
𝐹𝐿
𝐸= 𝐴∆𝐿
here, 𝐸 is the young’s modulus, F is the force, L is the initial length,
A is the area of cross section and ∆𝐿 is the change in length.

Stoke’s law 𝐹 = 6πη𝑟𝑣

Here, F is the drag experienced by the sphere, r is the radius of the
sphere, η is the viscosity of the fluid and v is the velocity of the
sphere.

( )
2
Terminal velocity 𝑣=
2 𝑟 (ρ−σ)𝑔
9 η
 Here, r is the radius of the sphere, ρ is the density of the sphere, σ
is the density of the fluid, g is the gravitational acceleration and η
is the viscosity of the fluid.

Magnetic Effect of Current Formula

The formula for magnetic effect of current are as stated below

Description Formula
Magnetic field due to Magnetic field due to a moving point charge is given as
→ →
a moving point → (
µ0𝑞 𝑣×𝑟 )
charge 𝐵= 3
4π𝑟
µ0 = permeability of free space
Biot Savart’s Law

𝐼 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑𝐵∝ 2
𝑟
Magnetic field due to
a straight wire

The magnetic field due to a straight wire is given as

µ0𝐼
𝐵= 4π𝑟 (𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2)
Magnetic field due to
an infinite straight
line

µ0 𝐼
𝐵 = 2π𝑟
Magnetic field due to
a circular loop

At Axis
2
µ0 (𝑁𝐼𝑅 )
2 2 3/2
2(𝑅 +𝑥 )
At centre
µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2𝑟
Magnetic field on the
axis of a solenoid

µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠θ1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ2)
Ampere's Law → →
∮ 𝐵 • 𝑑𝑙 = µ0𝑙

Magnetic field due to 𝐵 = 0, 𝑟 < 𝑅

a long cylinder And
µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2𝑟
, 𝑟≥𝑅
→ → →
Magnetic force
acting on a moving
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝑣×𝐵 ( )
point Charge
→ → →
Magnetic force
acting on a
𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑙×𝐵 ( )
current-carrying
Magnetic Moment of 𝑀 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴
a current carrying
loop
→ → →
The torque acting on τ=𝑀×𝐵
a loop
Magnetic field due to µ0 𝑚
𝐵 = 2
single pole 2π𝑟
Magnetic field on the µ0 2𝑀
𝐵 = 3
axis of the magnet 4π𝑟
Magnetic field on the µ0 𝑀
𝐵 = 3
equatorial axis of the 4π𝑟
magnet
Magnetic field at the µ0 𝑀 2
𝐵 = 3 [√(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)]
point P of the 4π𝑟
magnet

Part 7

Wave Formula Part 1

Electromagnetic wave equations are given as below

Description Formula

Gauss’s Law 𝑄
for electricity ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑎 = ϵ0

Gauss’s Law
for Magnetism ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 = 0

Faraday’s Law 𝑑ϕ
∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 =− 𝑑𝑡

Ampere-Maxw 𝑑ϕ𝐸
ell Law ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = µ0ϵ0 𝑑𝑡

Speed of Light 1
𝑐=
in Vacuum µ0ϵ𝑜
Speed of light 1
𝑣=
μϵ
in medium

Relation
between 𝐸0
𝐵0
=𝑐
Electric and
Magnetic field

Wave Formula 2
The formula for wave are as stated below

Description Formula
2 2
General ∂𝑦
=𝑣
2 ∂𝑦
2 2
Equation of ∂𝑡 ∂𝑥
Wave Motion
Wave number 2π ω −1
𝑘= λ
= 𝑣
(𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚 )
Phase of a It is the difference in phases of two particles at any time t.
Wave 2π
∆ϕ = λ ∆𝑥
Speed of 𝑇
𝑣 = µ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Transverse
Wave Along a μ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
String / Wire
Power Average Power (P)
Transmitted 2 2 2
𝑃 = 2π 𝑓 𝐴 μ𝑣
Along The 𝑣 =velocity
String By a Sine Intensity
Wave 𝑃 2 2 2
𝐼 = 𝑆 = 2π 𝑓 𝐴 ρ𝑣
Longitudinal ϵ = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
Displacement
of Sound Wave
Pressure Excess ∂ϵ
𝑃𝑒𝑥 =− 𝐵 ∂𝑥
during
= (𝐵) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
travelling
Where B is the Bulk Modulus
sound wave
𝑃𝑒𝑥 is the excess pressure
Speed of 𝐸
𝐶=
Sound ρ
Here, E is elastic modulus
ρ is the density of medium
Loudness of 𝐼
10 ( 𝐼0
) 𝑑𝐵
Sound

Intensity at a 𝑃
𝐼= 2
distance r from 4π𝑟

a point Source
Interference of (
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑚1𝑆𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥1 + θ1 )
Sound Wave 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥2 + θ2)
The Result is the sum of all the pressure.
2 2
𝑃0 = 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑝𝑚 + 2𝑝𝑚 𝑃𝑚2𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
1 2 1

For ϕ = 2π𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, => 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑃𝑚

1 2
constructive
Interference
For destructive ϕ = (2𝑛 + 1)π 𝑎𝑛𝑑 => 𝑃𝑜 = |𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚 |
1 2
interference
Close Organ 𝑣 3𝑣 5𝑣 (2𝑛+1)𝑣
𝑓 = 4𝑙 , 4𝑙 , 4𝑙 , …. 4𝑙
Pipe
Open organ 𝑣 2𝑣 𝑛𝑉
𝑓 = 2𝑙 , 2𝑙 , … 2𝑙
pipe
Beats Beats Frequency=𝑓1 − 𝑓2
Doppler’s Law The Observed Frequency,
𝑓 =𝑓
'
( ) 𝑣−𝑣0
𝑣−𝑣𝑠

Apparent Wavelength,
' 𝑣−𝑣𝑠
λ = λ( 𝑣
)

Wave Optics Formula

The formula for wave optics are as stated below

Description Formula
The path ∆𝑑 = 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
difference of ∆𝑑 is the path difference
two coherent
Waves

The Path ∆𝑑 = 𝑘. λ
difference of ∆𝑑 is path difference
two coherent λ is the wavelength
waves:
Interference
Maximum

The path (2.𝑘+1). λ

∆𝑑 = 2
difference of
∆𝑑 is path difference
two coherent
λ is the wave length
waves:
Interference
Minimum

Thin-film 2𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 = (𝑛 + 1/2)λ

interference: t is film thickness
Constructive n is refractive index
(maximum) 𝑟 is refraction angle
λ is wave length

Thin-Film 2𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛λ.

interference: t is film thickness
destructive n is refractive index
(minimum) 𝑟 is refraction angle
λ is wave length

Radii of 𝑟 = 𝑘. 𝑅. λ or 𝑟=
((2.𝑘+1).𝑅.λ)
2
Newton’s Ring
r is the radius
R is the radius of curvature
λ is the wavelength

2
Light 𝑙=
𝑑
Diffraction 4.λ
I is the distance from obstacle
d is the obstacle size
λ is wavelength
Diffraction 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑘λ
grating: d is the lattice constant
maximum θ is the diffraction angle
(bright stripes) λ is the wavelength

Diffraction 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = (𝐾 + 1/2)λ

grating (dark
stripes) d is the lattice constant
ϕ is the diffraction angle
λ is the wavelength

Work Power and Energy Formula

The formula for work power energy are as stated below

Description Formula
Work done is 𝑊 = 𝐹×𝑑
given by F is the force
d is the displacement

Kinetic 1 2
𝐾. 𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
Energy
m is the mass of the body.
v is the velocity of the body

Potential 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Energy m is the mass of the body in kg
h is the height of the body in meters
g is the acceleration due to gravity

Power 𝑊
𝑃= 𝑡
W is the work done by the body
t is the time
→ →
𝐹.𝑑𝑠 → →
𝑃= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹. 𝑉
Conservative 𝑑𝑢
𝐹 =− 𝑑𝑟
Forces
Work-Energy 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾
theorem Where
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the sum of all forces acting on the object
∆𝐾 is the change of kinetic energy

Kinetic Theory Formula

The formula for kinetic theory are as stated below

Description Formula
Boltzmann’s 𝑛𝑅
𝑘𝐵 = 𝑁
Constant
𝑘𝐵 = Boltzmann’s constant
R = gas constant
n = number of moles
N = number of particles in one mole 
Total 3
𝐾. 𝐸 = 2
(𝑛𝑅𝑇)
translational
R = gas constant
Kinetic Energy
n = number of moles
of Gas
T = absolute temperature
Maxwell
distribution
law

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉 > 𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = RMS speed
𝑉𝑝 = most probable speed
V = average speed
RMS Speed 3𝑘𝑡 3𝑅𝑡
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚
= 𝑀
R = universal gas constant
T = absolute temperature
M = molar mass
Average → 8𝑘𝑡 8𝑅𝑡
𝑣= =
Speed π𝑚 π𝑀

Most 2𝑘𝑡 2𝑅𝑡

𝑣𝑝 = =
probable 𝑚 𝑀
speed
Pressure of 1 2
𝑝 = 3
ρ𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠
ideal gas
Equipartition For each degree of freedom
of energy 1
𝐾= 2
𝑘𝐵𝑇
For f degree of freedom
𝑓
𝐾= 2
𝑘𝐵𝑇
𝑘𝐵 = Boltzmann’s constant
T = temperature of gas
Internal For n moles of an ideal gas, internal energy is given as
Energy 𝑓
𝑈 = 2 (𝑛𝑅𝑇)

Kinetic Theory of Gases Formula

The formula for kinetic theory of gases are as stated below

Description Formula
Boltzmann’s 𝑛𝑅
𝑘𝐵 = 𝑁
Constant
● 𝑘𝐵 is the Boltzmann’s Constant
● R is the gas Constant
● n is the Number of Moles
● N is the Number of Particles in one mole (the
Avogadro number)

Total
Translational
𝐾. 𝐸 = ( )𝑛𝑅𝑇3
2
● n is the number of moles
K.E of Gas
● R is the Universal gas Constant
● T is the absolute Temperature

Maxwell 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉 > 𝑉𝑝

Distribution ● 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 is the RMS speed
Law
● V is the Average Speed.
 ● 𝑉𝑝 is the most probable speed

RMS Speed ( 8𝑘𝑡 3𝑅𝑇

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠) 𝑚 𝑀
● R is the universal gas constant.
● T is the absolute temperature.
● M is the molar mass.

Average → 8𝑘𝑡 8𝑅𝑇

𝑣= =
Speed π𝑚 π𝑀

Most 2𝑘𝑡 2𝑅𝑇

𝑉𝑝 = =
Probable 𝑚 𝑀
Speed (𝑉𝑝 )

The Pressure 1 2
𝑃= 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
of Ideal Gas
● P is the density of molecules

Equipartition 1
𝐾= 2
𝐾𝐵𝑇 for each degree of freedom
of Energy
K=( )𝐾 𝑇 for molecules having f degrees of freedom
𝑓
2 𝐵

● 𝐾𝐵 is the Boltzmann’s Constant

● T is the Temperature of the gas

Internal
Energy
𝑈= ( )𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑓
2
● For n moles of an ideal Gas.
Part 8

Lenz's Law Formula

The formula for Lenz’s law are as stated below

Description Formula
Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux through a plane of
area dA placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as

ϕ=B∙dA

When the surface is closed, then

magnetic flux will be zero. This is due
to magnetic lines of force are closed
lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist.

Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or

current in the circuit is in such a way
that it opposes the cause due to which
it is produced. Therefore,
E = -N(dϕ/dt)

Induced emf Induced emf is given as

 E = -N(dϕ/dt)
E = -N((ϕ1- ϕ2)/t)
Induced Current
Induced Current is given as

I = E/R = N/R(dϕ/dt) = N/R((ϕ1- ϕ2)/t)​

Change in the strength of flow of

current is opposed by a characteristic
Self – Induction
of a coil is known as self-inductance.
It is given as ϕ=LI
Here, L = coefficient of self –
inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the
coil is given as
dϕ/dt = Ldl/dt = −E

Mutual – Induction
Mutual – Induction is given as

e2 = (d(N2 ϕ2)/dt = M (dl1)/dt

Therefore,
M = (μ0 N1N2A)/l