National Standard Plumbing Code 2009

2009
NATIONAL STANDARD
PLUMBING CODE
ILLUSTRATED
Published By
PLUMBING-HEATING-COOLING CONTRACTORS—
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
All inquiries or questions relating to interpretation should be forwarded to
Code Secretary
180 S. Washington St., P.O. Box 6808
Falls Church, VA 22046-1148
1-800-813-7061
© 2009 Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors–National Association

To order additional books call 1-800-533-7694
(if calling from New Jersey call 1-800-652-7422)
First Printing - May 2009
NATIONAL STANDARD
PLUMBING CODE
ILLUSTRATED
Title:
National Standard Plumbing Code Illustrated
Scope:
The development of a recommended code of plumbing practice, design, and installation,
including the establishment of performance criteria predicated on the need for protection of
health and safety through proper design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems.
This scope excludes the development of specific standards related to the composition,
dimensions, and/or mechanical and physical properties of materials, fixtures, devices, and
equipment used or installed in plumbing systems.
Purpose:
To provide practices and performance criteria for the protection of health and safety through
proper design and installation of plumbing systems.
Exceptions:
In case of practical difficulty, unnecessary hardship or new developments, exceptions
to the literal requirements may be granted by the authority having jurisdiction to permit
the use of other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that equivalent
protection is thereby secured.
Disclaimer:
PHCC is not responsible or liable for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever directly or indirectly
resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on the National Standard Plumbing Code or its Supplements. PHCC also makes no guar-
antee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
i
ii
FOREWORD
Since its founding as the National Association of Master Plumbers in 1883, the National Association of Plumbing-
Heating-Cooling Contractors has maintained a serious interest in plumbing standards, codes and good plumbing
design practices.
The Association published the NAMP “Standard Plumbing Code” in 1933 and furnished revised editions until
1942. NAPHCC participated in the development of special standards for war-time plumbing and later was repre-
sented on the National Plumbing Code Coordinating Committee, whose work ultimately resulted in the adoption
of A40.8 as a standard or model plumbing code in 1955.
NAPHCC served as a sponsor in the early 1960’s of the project which attempted to update the 1955 document.
This project was operated through the procedures of the American National Standards Institute. However, the
A40.8 revision project was not completed because consensus could not be achieved.
In order to provide local and state governments, code administrative bodies and industry with a modern, updated
code, NAPHCC published the “National Standard Plumbing Code,” in 1971, following the format and sequence
of the A40.8 to provide for maximum convenience of users.
With the June 1973 revision, the American Society of Plumbing Engineers joined this effort by co-sponsoring
the National Standard Plumbing Code. ASPE maintained its co-sponsorship status until September, 1980. Upon
ASPE’s withdrawal of co-sponsorship, the Code Committee composition was changed to include not only mem-
bers of the contracting and engineering communities but also members of the inspection community. Contractors,
engineers and inspectors now comprise the National Standard Plumbing Code Committee.
The National Standard Plumbing Code Committee has worked closely with the plumbing industry to maintain a
document of minimum requirements for plumbing systems that reflect current practices, materials, and techniques,
consistent with public health and safety.
However, the written requirements of a Code can sometimes be interpreted differently by different individuals.
For this reason, the NSPC Committee developed the NSPC Illustrated, which includes explanatory comments and
illustrations to demonstrate the intent of the various Code Sections.
The Committee also realizes that despite the countless hours of preparation and review, perfection may not have
been achieved in this document. For this reason, please send any questions, comments, suggestions, or prob-
lems to the Code Secretary, Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors - National Association, P.O. Box 6808, Falls
Church, VA 22046-1148.
Comments on Code Text
The comments following the various Sections of the Code text are intended to explain the intent of that Section
of the Code. The comments themselves are not Code requirements but are intended to supplement the Code and
provide guidance toward its interpretation.
iii
Figures and Figure Notes
The illustrations (figures) are intended to graphically demonstrate the intent or provide an example of the refer-
enced definition or Code Section. The figures are based only on the referenced definition or Code Section and do
not necessarily include all details of the complete installation, such as pipe sizes, specific pipe fittings, required
pipe supports, required cleanouts, and other details that are not part of the definition or Code Section being illus-
trated. The figures must not be used to justify work that does not comply with all requirements of the Code.
The figures are not intended to restrict installations to the arrangement shown. In many cases, the figures show
only one example or a typical example of an acceptable arrangement. Any arrangement that meets the intent of
the referenced Code Section is acceptable.
This Edition
This edition of the National Standard Plumbing Code includes changes from the 2007 and 2008 Supplements and
the changes that were approved at the August 21, 2008 Public Hearing.
iv
INTRODUCTORY NOTES
The material presented in this Code does not have legal standing unless it is adopted by
reference, or by inclusion, in an act of state, county, or municipal government. Therefore,
administration of the provisions of this Code must be preceded by suitable legislation at the
level of government where it is desired to use this Code.
In some places in this Code, reference is made to “Authority Having Jurisdiction.” The
identity of an Authority Having Jurisdiction will be established by the act that gives legal
standing to the Code provisions.
Proposed changes to the Code can be submitted by any interested party on forms available from
NAPHCC. Cutoff dates for submitting proposed changes are published by NAPHCC, along with
the dates for public hearings and final voting by the NSPC Committee. The NSPC is reprinted
on a three-year cycle with at least one Code Change Supplement published between reprints of
the Code.
Personal appearance before the Committee for a hearing on any Code matter can be had
by interested parties after a request in writing.
In the course of revision, certain outdated sections have been deleted. In order to
maintain consistency and perpetuity of the numbering system, those deleted sections and
numbers have been removed from this printed text, or placed in reserve.
All changes from the previous edition of this Code are

marked by a vertical line in the margin.
v
2009 National Standard Plumbing Code Committee
J. Richard Wagner, PE, Chairman Thomas C. Pitcherello Frank R. Maddalon
The Poole & Kent Corporation NJ Department of Community Affairs Executive Committee Liaison
4530 Hollins Ferry Rd Codes Assistance Unit F. R. Maddalon Plumbing & Heating
Baltimore, MD 21227-4670 101 S. Broad Street, PO Box 802 1550 Sylvan Ave
Phone: (410) 247-2200 Trenton, NJ 08625-0802 Hamilton, NJ 08610-4461
Fax: (410) 247-2331 Phone: (609) 984-7609 Phone: (609) 587-8317
[email protected] Fax: (609) 984-7717 Fax: (609) 587-9848
[email protected] [email protected]
Charlie Chalk
Maryland PHCC Luis A. Rodriguez, CPD, LEED AP Julie A. Turner
10176 Baltimore National Pike, #205 KSi Professional Engineers Staff Liaison
Ellicott City, MD 21042 149 Yellowbrook Road Plumbing-Heating-Cooling
Phone: (410) 461-5977 P.O. Box 628 Contractors–National Association
Fax: (410) 750-2507 Farmingdale, NJ 07727 180 S. Washington St.,
[email protected] Phone: (732) 938.2666 Ext.109 Falls Church, VA 22046
Fax: (732) 938.2521 (703) 237-8100 or (800) 533-7694
William Chamberlin Cell: (732) 996-5760 Fax: (703) 237-7442
Chamberlin Plbg. & Htg Company www.ksi-pe.com e-mail: [email protected]
P.O. Box 390 URL: http://www.phccweb.org
1274 Route 130 South Ronald W. Stiegler
Windsor, NJ 08561 Schaefer Mechanical Services, Inc.
Phone: (609) 448-1848 620 Old Westminster Pike
Fax: (609) 448-8683 Westminster, MD 21157
[email protected] Phone: (410) 876-6825
Fax: (410) 857-0011
Michael J. Kastner [email protected]
Kastner Plumbing & Heating
12630 Frederick Road Alex Tucciarone
West Friendship, MD 21794 Old Bridge Plumbing Inspector
Phone: (301) 725-5000 58 Lear Ct
Fax: (410) 442-7626 East Brunswick, NJ 08816-1853
[email protected] Phone: (732) 721-5600 2420
Fax: (732) 607-7912
Leon LaFreniere [email protected]
City of Manchester, Dept. of Buildings
One City Plaza Jerry Van Pelt, CIPE
Manchester, NH 03101 GVP Consulting, LLC
Phone: (603) 624-6475 9087 Central Avenue
Fax: (603) 624-6324 Sebastian, FL 32976
Fax: (772) 664-6976
Frank R. Maddalon [email protected]
F. R. Maddalon Plumbing & Heating
1550 Sylvan Ave Shawn Martin
Hamilton, NJ 08610-4461 Plumbing Manufacturers Institute
Phone: (609) 587-8317 18210 Pages End
Fax: (609) 587-9848 Davidson, NC 28036
[email protected] Phone: (847) 481-5500 x 108
[email protected]
Michael Maloney
Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union #9 Robert Kordulak
2 Iron Ore Rd NSPC Secretariat
Manalapan, NJ 07726-8086 The Arkord Company
Phone: (732) 792-0999 206 1st Ave., # 603
Fax: (732) 792-1144 Belmar, NJ 07719-2006
Fax: (732) 681-5047
[email protected]
vi
Contents
National Standard Plumbing Code – Illustrated ......................................................................................... i
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... iii
Introductory Notes .................................................................................................................................... v
Committee Members ................................................................................................................................. vi
Administration ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Basic Principles .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 1 Definitions ............................................................................................................ 13
Chapter 2 General Regulations .............................................................................................. 65
Chapter 3 Materials .............................................................................................................. 83
Chapter 4 Joints and Connections ........................................................................................115
Chapter 5 Traps, Cleanouts and Backwater Valves .............................................................139
Chapter 6 Interceptors ...................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 7 Plumbing Fixtures, Fixture Fittings and Plumbing Appliances .......................... 165
Chapter 8 Hangers and Supports ........................................................................................ 197
Chapter 9 Indirect Waste Piping and Special Wastes ......................................................... 201
Chapter 10 Water Supply and Distribution ........................................................................... 213
Chapter 11 Sanitary Drainage Systems ................................................................................. 255
Chapter 12 Vents and Venting ............................................................................................... 277
Chapter 13 Storm Water Drainage ........................................................................................ 317
Chapter 14 Special Requirements for Health Care Facilities ................................................ 331
Chapter 15 Tests and Maintenance ..................................................................................... 337
Chapter 16 Regulations Governing Individual Sewage Disposal Systems for Homes
& Other Establishments Where Public Sewage Systems Are Not Available ..... 341
Chapter 17 Potable Water Supply Systems ............................................................................357
Chapter 18 Mobile Home & Travel Trailer Park Plumbing Standards ............................... 365
Appendix A Sizing Storm Drainage Systems ........................................................................ 373
Appendix B Sizing the Building Water Supply System ........................................................ 381
Appendix C Conversions: Customary Units to Metric .......................................................... 417
Appendix D Determining the Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures .............. 419
Appendix E Special Design Plumbing Systems ................................................................... 425
Appendix F Requirements of the Adopting Agency ............................................................... 433
Appendix G Graywater Recycling Systems ......................................................................... 435
Appendix H Installation of Medical Gas and Vacuum Piping Systems ................................ 439
Appendix I Fixture Unit Value Curves for Water Closets ..................................................... 441
Appendix J Reserved ............................................................................................................. 445
vii
Appendix K Flow in Sloping Drains ........................................................................................ 447
Appendix L An Acceptable Brazing Procedure for General Plumbing .............................. 451
Appendix M Converting Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) To Gallons Per Minute Flow
(GPM) ................................................................................................................. 459
Index Alphabetical Index .......................................................................................... 465
viii
Administration
ADM 1.1 TITLE
The regulations contained in the following chapters and sections shall be known as the “National Standard Plumb-
ing Code" and may be cited as such, and hereinafter referred to as “this Code”.
ADM 1.2 SCOPE

The provisions of this Code shall apply to every installation, including the erection, installation, alteration, reloca-
tion, repair, replacement, addition to, use or maintenance of the plumbing system as defined within this Code.
ADM 1.3 PURPOSE

This Code establishes the minimum requirements and standards pertaining to the design, installation, use and
maintenance of plumbing systems as defined within this Code.
ADM 1.4 APPLICABILITY

1.4.1 Addition or Repair
Additions, alterations or repairs in compliance to this Code may be made to any existing plumbing system
without requiring the existing installation to comply with all the requirements of this Code. Additions, al-
terations or repairs shall not cause an existing system to become unsafe, insanitary or overloaded.
1.4.2 Existing Plumbing Installation

Plumbing systems that were lawfully installed prior to the adoption of this Code may continue their use,
maintenance or repairs, provided the maintenance or repair is in accordance with the original design, loca-
tion, and no hazard has been created to life, health or property by such plumbing system.
1.4.3 Existing Use

The lawful use of any plumbing installation, appliances, fixtures, fittings and appurtenances may have their
use continued, provided no hazards to life, health or property have been created by their continued use.
1.4.4 Maintenance and Repairs

The maintenance of all plumbing systems, materials, appurtenances, devices or safeguards, both existing and
new, shall be maintained in a safe and proper condition. The owner, or his designated agent, shall be respon-
sible for the maintenance of the plumbing system. Minor repairs to or replacement of any existing systems
are permitted, provided they are made in the same manner and arrangement as the original installation and
are approved.
1.4.5 Change of Building Use

The plumbing systems of any building or structure that is proposed for a change in use or occupancy shall
comply to all the requirements of this Code for the new use or occupancy.
2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated 1

1.4.6 Moved Buildings or Structures
The plumbing system in any building or structure to be moved into this jurisdiction shall comply with the
provisions of this Code for new construction.
1.4.7 Special Historic Buildings

The provisions of this Code relating to the additions, alterations, repair, replacement or restoration of those
structures designated as historic buildings shall not be mandatory when such work is deemed to be safe and
in the public interest of health, safety and welfare by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
1.4.8 Appendices
The provisions in the appendices are intended to supplement the requirements of this Code and are consid-
ered to be part of this Code when adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
ADM 1.5 APPROVALS

1.5.1 Alternates
The provisions cited in this Code are not intended to prevent the use of any material or method of installa-
tion when it is determined to meet the intent of this Code and approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
1.5.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction

The Authority Having Jurisdiction may approve any such alternate material or method of installation not
expressly conforming to the requirements of this Code, provided it finds the proposed material or method of
installation is at least the equivalent of that required in the Code or that the alternate material or method of
installation conforms to other nationally accepted plumbing standards. A record of such approval shall be
kept and shall be available to the public.
1.5.3 Tests Required

The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall require sufficient evidence to substantiate any claims made regard-
ing the equivalency of any proposed alternate material or method of installation. When the Authority Having
Jurisdiction determines that there is insufficient evidence to substantiate the claims, it may require tests to
substantiate the claims made by an approved testing agency at the expense of the applicant.
1.5.4 Test Procedure

The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall require all tests be made in accordance with approved standards; but,
in the absence of such standards, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall specify the test procedure.
1.5.5 Retesting
The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require any tests to be repeated if, at any time, there is reason to be-
lieve that any material or method of installation no longer conforms to the requirements on which the original
approval was based.
ADM 1.6 ORGANIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT

1.6.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction
The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be the individual official, board, department or agency duly appoint-
ed by the jurisdiction as having the authority to administer and enforce the provisions of this Code as adopted
or amended.
2 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

1.6.2 Deputies
In accordance with the procedures set forth by the jurisdictional authority, the Authority Having Jurisdiction
may appoint such assistants, deputies, inspectors or other designated employees to carry out the administra-
tion and enforcement of this Code.
1.6.3 Right of Entry

When inspections are required to enforce the provisions of this Code, or there is reasonable cause to believe
there exists in any building, structure or premises, any condition or violation of this Code causing the build-
ing, structure or premises to be unsafe, insanitary, dangerous or hazardous, the Authority Having Jurisdiction
or its designated representative may enter such building, structure or premises at reasonable times to inspect
or perform the duties imposed by this Code. When the building, structure or premises are occupied, proper
credentials shall be presented to the occupant when entry is required. In the event the building, structure or
premises is unoccupied, and entry is required, a reasonable effort shall be made to locate the owner or his
agent in charge of such building, structure or premises. In the event the occupant or owner of such building,
structure or premises refuses entry, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall have recourse to the remedies
provided by law to gain entry.
1.6.4 Stop Work Order

Upon notice from the Authority Having Jurisdiction, work being done on any building, structure or premises
contrary to the provisions of this Code, or in an unsafe and dangerous manner, shall be stopped immedi-
ately. The stop work notice shall be in writing, served on the owner of the property, or his agent, or to the
person doing such work. It shall state the conditions under which the Authority Having Jurisdiction may
grant authorization to proceed with the work.
1.6.5 Authority to Condemn

When the Authority Having Jurisdiction determines that any plumbing system or portion thereof that is regu-
lated by this Code has become insanitary or hazardous to life, health or property, it shall order in writing that
such plumbing system or portion thereof be repaired, replaced or removed so as to be in code compliance.
The written order shall fix a reasonable time limit for the work to be brought into code compliance, and no
person shall use the condemned plumbing system until such work is complete and approved by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction.
1.6.6 Authority to Abate

Any plumbing system, or portion thereof that is found to be insanitary or constitute a hazard to life, health or
property is hereby declared to be a nuisance. Where a nuisance exists, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall
require the nuisance to be abated and shall seek such abatement in the manner prescribed by law.
1.6.7 Liability
The Authority Having Jurisdiction, or any individual duly appointed or authorized by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction to enforce this Code, acting in good faith and without malice, shall not thereby be rendered per-
sonally liable for any damage that may occur to persons or property as a result of any act, or by reason of any
act or omission in the lawful discharge of his duties. Should a suit be brought against the Authority Having
Jurisdiction or duly appointed representative because of such act or omission, it shall be defended by legal
counsel provided by this jurisdiction until final termination of the proceedings.

1.6.8 Work Prior to Permit
Where work for which a permit is required by this Code is started prior to obtaining the prescribed permit,
the applicant shall pay a double fee. In the event of an emergency where it is absolutely necessary to perform
the plumbing work immediately, such as nights, weekends or holidays, said fee shall not be doubled if a per-
mit is secured at the earliest possible time after the emergency plumbing work has been performed.
ADM 1.7 VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

1.7.1 Violations
It shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, firm or corporation to, or cause to, install, construct,
erect, alter, repair, improve, convert, move, use or maintain any plumbing system in violation of this Code.
1.7.2 Penalties
Any individual, partnership, firm or corporation who shall violate or fail to comply with any of the require-
ments of this Code shall be deemed guilty of a , and if convicted, shall be punishable by a fine or
imprisonment or both as established by this jurisdiction. Each day during which a violation occurs or contin-
ues, shall constitute a separate offense.
ADM 1.8 PERMITS

1.8.1 Permits Required
It shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, firm or corporation to commence, or cause to commence,
any installation, alteration, repair, replacement, conversion or addition to any plumbing system, or part
thereof, regulated by this Code, except as permitted in Section 1.8.2, without first obtaining a plumbing
permit for each separate building or structure, on forms prepared and provided by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
1.8.2 Permits Not Required for the Following

a. Permits shall not be required for the following work:
1. The stoppage of leaks in drains, soil, waste or vent pipes. However, should the defect necessitate re-
moval and replacement with new material, it shall constitute new work and a permit shall be obtained and
inspection made as required in this Code.
2. The clearing of stoppages.
3. The repairing of leaks in valves or fixtures.
4. The removing and reinstallation of a water closet for a cleanout opening provided the reinstallation
does not require replacement or rearrangement of valves, pipes or new fixtures.
b. Exemptions from obtaining a permit required by this Code shall not be construed as to authorize any
work to be performed in violation of this Code.
ADM 1.9 PROCESS FOR OBTAINING PERMITS

1.9.1 Application
a. Applications for a permit shall be made in writing by the person, or his agent, proposing to do such work
covered by the permit. The applicant shall file such application in writing on a form prepared and provided
by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Every such permit shall:
1. Describe in detail the work to be done for which the permit was obtained.
2. Describe in detail the parcel of land on which the proposed work is to be done by legal description, street
address or other means to definitely locate the site or building where the work is to be performed.

3. List the type of occupancy or use.
4. Provide plans, drawings, diagrams, calculations or other data as required by Section 1.9.2.
5. Be signed by the person or agent making application.
6. Provide any other information the Authority Having Jurisdiction may require.
1.9.2 Plans
Two or more sets of plans shall be submitted with each permit application. The plans shall contain all the
engineering calculations, drawings, diagrams and other data as required for approval. The Authority Having
Jurisdiction may also require that the plans, drawings, diagrams and calculations be designed by an engineer
and/or architect licensed by the state in which the work is to be performed.
Except that the Authority Having Jurisdiction may waive the submission of plans and other data, provided it
is determined that the nature of the work covered by the permit does not require plan review to obtain code
compliance.
1.9.3 Specifications
All specifications required to be on the plans shall be drawn to scale and sufficiently clear to indicate the
nature, location and extent of the proposed work so as to show how it will conform to the requirements of
this Code.
1.9.4 Permit Issuance

If, after reviewing the plans and specifications, the Authority Having Jurisdiction finds that they are complete
and conform to the requirements of this Code, it shall authorize a permit to be issued upon payment of all the
fees specified in Section 1.10.1.
1.9.5 Approved Plans

When the Authority Having Jurisdiction issues a permit and plans were required, it shall endorse, either in
writing or stamp the plans “APPROVED”, and all work shall be done in accordance with the plans without
deviation.
1.9.6 Plans Retention

The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall retain one set of approved plans until final approval of the work
contained therein. One set of approved plans shall be returned to the applicant and this set of approved plans
shall be kept on the job site at all times until final approval of the work contained therein.
1.9.7 Permit Validity

The issuance of a permit by the Authority Having Jurisdiction is not and shall not be construed to be autho-
rization or approval of any violation of the requirements of this Code. Any presumption of a permit to be
authorization to violate or cancel any provisions of this Code shall be invalid. The issuance of a permit based
on plans submitted shall not prevent the Authority Having Jurisdiction from requiring the correction of any
errors in the plans or preventing the progress of the construction when it is in violation of any provision of
this Code.
1.9.8 Permit Expiration

Every permit issued by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, in accordance with the provisions of this Code,
shall expire by limitation and become null and void when such work authorized by the permit has not com-
menced within days from the date of issuance or if such work is suspended or abandoned for a period
of days after commencement of such work. In order for such work to recommence, a new permit shall be
obtained and a fee of percent of the original permit fee shall be charged, provided no changes have been
made or will be made to the original plans as submitted. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may grant an ex-

tension to any permit provided the request is in writing by the permittee stating the reason or circumstances
that prevented him from completing such work as required by this Code.
1.9.9 Revocation or Suspension

At any time, the Authority Having Jurisdiction may suspend or revoke a permit issued in error or on the basis
of incorrect information submitted or in violation of any section of this Code. The suspension or revocation
of such permit shall be in written form by the Authority Having Jurisdiction stating the reason or purpose of
such suspension or revocation.
ADM 1.10 PERMITS

1.10.1 Fees Schedule
The permit fees for all plumbing work shall be set forth by the Authority Having Jurisdiction of the jurisdic-
tion having authority.
1.10.2 Plan Review Fees

When plans are reviewed as a requirement prior to issuance of a permit, the fee shall be equal to percent
of the total permit fee as set forth in Section 1.10.1.
1.10.3 Plan Review Expiration

Permit application and plan review for which no permit is issued shall expire by limitation within days
following the date of application. All plan review fees shall be forfeited and the plans may be destroyed by
the Authority Having Jurisdiction or returned to the applicant.
l.10.4 Work Without a Permit

When any plumbing work is commenced without first obtaining a permit from the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion, an investigation of such work shall be made before a permit may be issued. The investigation fee shall
be collected whether or not a permit is then or subsequently issued. Any investigation fee shall equal the
amount of the permit fee, if a permit were to be issued in accordance with this Code. If the investigation fee
is collected, it shall not exempt any person from compliance or penalties set forth in this Code.
1.10.5 Refunding of Fees

Any fee collected by the Authority Having Jurisdiction that was erroneously paid or collected may be refund-
ed, provided not more than percent of the fee payment shall be refunded when no work has been done.
Any request for the refunding of any fee shall be in writing by the applicant no later than days after the
date of fee payment.
ADM 1.11 INSPECTIONS

1.11.1 Required Inspections
All new plumbing systems, and parts of existing systems that require a permit shall be tested and inspected
by the Authority Having Jurisdiction prior to being covered or concealed. Where any such work has been
covered or concealed, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall require that such work be exposed for inspec-
tion and testing. All equipment, material and labor required for testing the plumbing system shall be fur-
nished by the permittee. The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall not be liable for any expense incurred by the
removal or replacement of materials required to permit inspection or testing. Such expense is the responsibil-
ity of the permittee. Upon completion of the rough plumbing installation, prior to covering or concealing any
such work, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall inspect the work and any such test, as prescribed herein-

after, to disclose any leaks or defects. After completion of the plumbing system and the plumbing fixtures are
set and their traps filled with water, a final inspection shall be conducted as required by this Code. Additional
inspections may be required when alternate materials or methods of installation are approved by the Author-
ity Having Jurisdiction.
1.11.2 Exception:
For moved-in or relocated structures, minor installations and repairs, the Authority Having Jurisdiction may
make other such inspections or tests as necessary to assure that the work has been performed and is safe for
use in accordance with the intent of this Code.
1.11.3 Use of Existing Plumbing

The operation of any plumbing installation to replace existing systems or fixtures serving an occupied portion
of any building or structure shall not be considered by the requirements of this Code to prohibit such opera-
tion, provided a request for inspection has been made to the Authority Having Jurisdiction within 48 hours of
such work and before any such work is covered or concealed.
1.11.4 System Testing

All new plumbing systems and parts of existing systems shall be tested and approved as required elsewhere
in this Code.
1.11.5 Requests for Inspection

The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be notified by the person doing the work, authorized by the permit,
that such work has been subjected to the required tests and is ready for inspection. The method of request,
whether in writing or by telephone, shall be established by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. It shall be the
duty of the permittee doing the work authorized by a permit to provide reasonable access and means for ac-
complishing proper inspections.
1.11.6 Other Inspections

The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require other inspections, in addition to those required by this Code,
of any plumbing work in order to ascertain compliance with the requirements of this Code.
1.11.7 Reinspection Fees

a. The assessment of a reinspection fee may be required for any of the following:
1. For any portion of work not completed for which inspection was requested.
2. For any required corrections that have not been completed and for which reinspection was requested.
3. For not having the approved plans on site and readily available to the inspector.
4. Failure to provide access for inspection on the date inspection was requested.
5. Deviation from the approved plans that would require reapproval of the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
6. Failure to provide correct address.
b. This provision is intended to control the practice of calling for inspections prior to having work ready for
inspection and not for the first time job rejection for not complying with the installation requirements.
c. Upon the assessment of a reinspection fee, the applicant shall pay the reinspection fee in accordance
with Section 1.10.1 and no additional inspections shall be performed until all fees have been paid.
ADM 1.12 FINAL CONNECTIONS

1.12.1 Energy or Fuel
It shall be unlawful for any person to make, or cause to make, any connection to any source of energy or fuel

to any plumbing system or equipment regulated by this Code prior to the approval of the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
1.12.2 Water and Sewer

It shall be unlawful for any person to make, or cause to make, any connection to any water supply or sewer
system to any plumbing system or equipment regulated by this Code prior to the approval of the Authority
1.12.3 Temporary Connection

By authorization of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, a temporary connection may be made to any plumb-
ing equipment to a source of energy or fuel for testing purposes only.
ADM 1.13 UNCONSTITUTIONALITY

Should any chapter, section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this Code be held for any reason as uncon-
stitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining chapters, sections, subsections, sentences,
clause or phrases of this Code.

Basic Principles
This Code is founded upon certain basic principles of environmental sanitation and safety through properly
designed, acceptably installed, and adequately maintained plumbing systems. Some of the details of plumbing
construction may vary but the basic sanitary and safety principles desirable and necessary to protect the health of
the people are the same everywhere.
The establishment of trade jurisdictional areas is not within the scope of this Code. This inclusion of material,
even though indicated as approved for purposes of this Code, does not infer unqualified endorsement as to its
selection or serviceability in any or every installation.
As interpretations may be required, and as unforeseen situations arise which are not specifically covered in this
Code, the twenty-two principles which follow shall be used to define the intent.
Principle No. 1—ALL OCCUPIED PREMISES SHALL HAVE POTABLE WATER

All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be provided with a supply of potable water.
Such a water supply shall not be connected with unsafe water sources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards of
backflow.
Principle No. 2—ADEQUATE WATER REQUIRED

Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressures
adequate to enable them to function properly and without undue noise under normal conditions of use.
Principle No. 3—HOT WATER REQUIRED

Hot water shall be supplied to all plumbing fixtures which normally need or require hot water for their proper use
and function.
Principle No. 4—WATER CONSERVATION

Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper perfor-
mance and cleaning.
Principle No. 5—SAFETY DEVICES

Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to guard against dangers from explo-
sion or overheating.
Principle No. 6—USE PUBLIC SEWER WHERE AVAILABLE

Every building with installed plumbing fixtures and intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use, and located
on premises where a public sewer is on or passes said premises within a reasonable distance, shall be connected to
the public sewer.
Principle No. 7—REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES

Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one lavatory, one kitchen-type sink, and one bath-
tub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
All other structures for human habitation shall be equipped with sufficient sanitary facilities. Plumbing fixtures
shall be made of durable, smooth, non-absorbent and corrosion resistant material and shall be free from concealed
fouling surfaces.

Principle No. 8—DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to guard against fouling, deposit of solids and
clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9—DURABLE MATERIALS AND GOOD WORKMANSHIP

The piping of the plumbing system shall be of durable material, free from defective workmanship and so designed
and constructed as to give satisfactory service for its reasonable expected life.
Principle No. 10—FIXTURE TRAPS

Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a liquid seal trap.
Principle No. 11—TRAP SEALS SHALL BE PROTECTED

The drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation of air in all pipes with no danger of
siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use.
Principle No. 12—EXHAUST FOUL AIR TO OUTSIDE

Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed as to minimize the possibilities of clogging and
the return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13—TEST THE PLUMBING SYSTEM

The plumbing system shall be subjected to such tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the work
or the material.
Principle No. 14—EXCLUDE CERTAIN SUBSTANCES FROM THE PLUMBING

SYSTEM
No substance that will clog or accentuate clogging of pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their
joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15—PREVENT CONTAMINATION

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and similar materials
by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device, or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the
building drainage system.
Principle No. 16—LIGHT AND VENTILATION

No water closet, urinal, or bidet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ven-
tilated.
Principle No. 17—INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no public sewer within a
reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the sewage by some accepted method of
sewage treatment and disposal.
Principle No. 18—PREVENT SEWER FLOODING

Where a plumbing drainage system is subject to backflow of sewage from the public sewer or private disposal
system, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19—PROPER MAINTENANCE

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition from the standpoint of both mechanics
and health.

Principle No. 20—FIXTURES SHALL BE ACCESSIBLE
All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be accessible for their intended use and for
cleaning.
Principle No. 21—STRUCTURAL SAFETY

Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to preservation of the strength of structural members and prevention
of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22—PROTECT GROUND AND SURFACE WATER

Sewage or other waste shall not be discharged into surface or sub-surface water unless it has first been subjected
to some acceptable form of treatment.

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Chapter 1
Definitions
1.1 GENERAL
For the purpose of this Code, the following terms shall have the meaning indicated in this chapter. No attempt
is made to define ordinary words that are used in accordance with their established dictionary meaning, except
where it is necessary to define their meaning as used in this Code to avoid misunderstanding.
1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Accessible and Readily Accessible:
Accessible: access thereto without damaging building surfaces, but that first may require the removal of an
access panel, door or similar obstructions with the use of tools. See Figure 1.2.1
Readily accessible: access without requiring the use of tools for removing or moving any panel, door or simi-
lar obstruction. See Figure 1.2.1
Figure 1.2.1
AN EXAMPLE OF ACCESSIBLE AND READILY ACCESSIBLE
Acid Waste: See “Special Wastes”
Adopting Agency (See also “Authority Having Jurisdiction”) The agency, board or authority having the duty
and power to establish the plumbing code that will govern the installation of all plumbing work to be performed in
the jurisdictions.
Air Break (drainage system): A piping arrangement in which a drain from a fixture, appliance, or device
discharges into a receptor at a point below the flood level rim and above the trap seal of the receptor. See Figure
1.2.2 and Section 9.1.3
2009 National Standard Plumbing Code–Illustrated 13

Comment: Air breaks are permitted where backflow cannot occur due to back-siphonage.
Figure 1.2.2
AIR BREAKS
Air Chamber: A pressure surge absorbing device operating through the compressibility of air.
Comment: The Code no longer mentions air chambers. Air chambers were usually field-fabricated and
were initially filled with air at atmospheric pressure. There was direct contact between the captive air
and water, which permitted the air to be absorbed into the water over a period of time. The Code now
calls for water hammer arrestors, which are pre-charged with compressed air or gas and have bellows or
pistons that separate the air or gas from the water. See Figure 1.2.3.
NOTES:
1. For maximum effectiveness, the water hammer arrestor should be oriented so that the direction of the
shock wave caused by the quick-closing valve is into the arrestor. Refer to the manufacturer’s instruc-
tions.
2. The number of elbows upstream from the water hammer arrestor should be minimized. Each elbow
represents a point of shock and potential failure.
Figure 1.2.3
A WATER HAMMER ARRESTOR
14 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code–Illustrated

Air Gap (drainage system): The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the outlet
of the waste pipe and the flood level rim of the receptor into which it is discharging. See Figure 1.2.4
Comment: Air gaps are required where backflow can occur due to back-siphonage.
Figure 1.2.4
AN AIR GAP FOR INDIRECT WASTE PIPING
Air Gap (water distribution system): The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between
the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture or other device and the
flood level rim of the receptor. See Figure 1.2.5
Comment #1: The minimum required air gap distance is based on the effective opening of the water
supply outlet. The air gap must be increased if the outlet is close to walls or other vertical surfaces. See
Section 10.5.2 and Table 10.5.2.
Comment #2: If air is being drawn into the tub spout by a vacuum in the water supply piping, waste
water at the flood level rim of the fixture will tend to be lifted upward towards the spout opening by the
flow of air. The water will lift higher if the spout opening is close to a wall.
Figure 1.2.5
AN AIR GAP FOR A POTABLE WATER OUTLET

Anchors: See “Supports.” See Chapter 8
Anti-scald Valve: See “Water Temperature Control Valve.” See Section 10.15.6
Approved: Accepted or acceptable under an applicable standard stated or cited in this Code, or accepted as suit-
able for the proposed use under procedures and powers of the Authority Having Jurisdiction as defined in
Section 3.12. See Sections 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and 3.12
Area Drain: A receptor designed to collect surface or storm water from an open area. See Figures 1.2.6 and
13.1.6
Figure 1.2.6
AREA DRAINS IN WINDOW WELLS AND STAIR WELLS
Aspirator: A fitting or device supplied with water or other fluid under positive pressure that passes through an
integral orifice or “constriction” causing a vacuum. See Figure 1.2.7 and Section 14.13
Comment: Backflow prevention is required where the fluid supply is potable water.
Figure 1.2.7
AN ASPIRATOR FITTING

Authority Having Jurisdiction (See also “Adopting Agency”)
The individual official, board, department or agency established and authorized by a state, county, city or other
political subdivision created by law to administer and enforce the provisions of the plumbing code as adopted or
amended.
Automatic Flushing Device: A device that automatically flushes a fixture after each use without the need for
manual activation.
Auxiliary Floor Drain: A floor drain that does not receive the discharge from any indirect waste pipe or other
predictable drainage flows. Auxiliary floor drains have no DFU loading.
Backflow Connection: Any arrangement whereby backflow can occur.
Comment: See “Cross Connection”.
Backflow (drainage): A reversal of flow in the drainage system.
Backflow Preventer: A device or means to prevent backflow. See Figures 1.2.5, 1.2.8, 1.2.9, 1.2.23, 1.2.25,
1.2.26, 1.2.27, 1.2.48, 1.2.66, and 1.2.67.
Comment: Refer to the definitions of “backflow (water distribution)”, “back-pressure backflow”,

“back-siphonage”, “critical level”, “cross connection”, “double check valve assembly”, “reduced pres-
sure principle back-pressure backflow preventor”, "vacuum breaker, atmospheric”, “vacuum breaker,
pressure type”, and “vacuum breaker, spill-resistant”.
Figure 1.2.8
BACKFLOW CAUSED BY BACK-PRESSURE
NOTES:
1. Back-pressure backflow is generally caused by water pressure producing equipment within a building.
2. The hot water heating boiler operates at up to 30 psig and has a chemical shot feeder.
3. The pressure in the public water main can drop below 30 psig due to a shutdown for repair or heavy
demand for fire fighting operations.

NOTES FOR FIGURE 1.2.8 (continued)
4. The check valve and pressure reducing valve in the water makeup to the heating system are not ad-
equate to prevent back-pressure backflow.
5. The chemical feeder creates a potential "high hazard" that requires a reduced pressure zone backflow
preventor (RPZ). Otherwise, a double check valve assembly would be adequate.
6. An RPZ at Point "A" is required to protect the water distribution system within the building from backflow
of chemically treated boiler water.
7. An RPZ at Point "B" would "contain" the building and prevent it from backflowing any potential contami-
nation into the public water system.
Figure 1.2.9
BACKFLOW CAUSED BY BACK-SIPHONAGE
Backflow (Water Distribution): The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances from any source or
sources into the distribution pipes of a potable water system. Back-siphonage is one type of backflow. See Figures
1.2.8 and 1.2.9
Backpressure Backflow: Backflow through a cross connection caused by a higher pressure in the non-potable
system than in the potable supply system. See Figure 1.2.8
Back-Siphonage: Backflow through a cross connection caused by a greater negative pressure in the potable sys-
tem than in the non-potable supply system. See Figure 1.2.9
Backwater Valve: A device installed in a drain pipe to prevent reverse flow in the drainage system. See Figure
1.2.10
Comment: Backwater valves are swing-type check valves that are installed in drainage piping to prevent
the reversal of flow in the piping and overflows due to stoppages, flooding, or other abnormal conditions.
Refer to Section 5.5.1 for where backwater valves are required.

Figure 1.2.10
A BACKWATER VALVE
Baptistery: A tank or pool for baptizing by total immersion.
Bathroom Group: A group of fixtures in a dwelling unit bathroom consisting of one water closet, one or two
lavatories, and either one bathtub, one combination bath/shower or one shower stall. Other fixtures within the
bathing facility shall be counted separately when determining the total water supply and drainage fixture loads for
the bathroom group.
Battery of Fixtures: Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures that discharge into a common horizontal
waste or soil branch. See Figure 1.2.11
Comment: Batteries of fixtures can be “battery vented” in groups of up to eight fixtures in accordance
with Section 12.13. Fixtures that are “battery vented” do not have to be the same type.
Figure 1.2.11
A BATTERY OF FIXTURES
Bedpan Steamer: A fixture used for scalding bedpans or urinals by direct application of steam. See Section
14.10
Boiler Blow-off: An outlet on a boiler to permit emptying or discharge of sediment. See Figure 1.2.12

Figure 1.2.12
A BOILER BLOWOFF TANK
Boiler Blow-off Tank: A vessel designed to receive the discharge from a boiler blow-off outlet and to cool the
discharge to a temperature that permits its safe discharge to the drainage system. See Figure 1.2.12
Comment: Boiler blow-off must be cooled to 140°F or less before being discharged into the drainage
system. If potable water is supplied for cooling, the water source must be protected from backflow.
An air break can be provided at the discharge from the blow-off tank into the drainage system if the
makeup water supply to the boiler is protected against backflow.
Branch: Any part of the piping system other than a riser, main or stack. See Figure 1.2.13
Comment: Branch piping can serve more than one fixture or appliance.

Figure 1.2.13
BRANCH PIPING
Branch, Fixture: See “Fixture Branch”
Branch, Horizontal: See “Horizontal Branch Drain”
Branch Interval: A distance along a vertical soil or waste stack corresponding, in general, to a story height, but
in no case less than 8 feet within which the horizontal branches from one floor or story of a building are connected
to the stack. See Figure 1.2.14
Comment: Branch intervals are used to determine the potential drainage load on stacks for the purpose
of sizing the stacks.
Figure 1.2.14
BRANCH INTERVALS
Branch Vent: See “Vent, Branch”

Building: A structure having walls and a roof designed and used for the housing, shelter, enclosure, or support of
persons, animals, or property.
Building Classification: The arrangement adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for the designation of
buildings in classes according to occupancy. See Table 7.21.1
Comment: The building classifications in Table 7.21.1 for the minimum number of required plumbing
fixtures include assembly, business, education, factory and industrial, institutional, mercantile, residen-
tial, storage, and utility/miscellaneous.
Figure 1.2.15
A COMBINED BUILDING DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Building Drain: The lowest piping in a drainage system that receives the discharge from stacks and horizontal fixture
branches within a building that convey sewage, waste, or other drainage to a building sewer beginning three (3) feet
outside the building wall. Horizontal fixture branches are sized according to Table 11.5.1B until they connect to the
building drain or a branch of the building drain that serves two or more horizontal fixture branches.
Building Drain, Combined: A building drain that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage.
See Figure 1.2.15

Figure 1.2.16
SEPARATE SANITARY AND STORMWATER BUILDING DRAINS AND SEWERS
Building Drain, Sanitary: A building drain that conveys sewage only. See Figure 1.2.16
Building Drain, Storm: A building drain that conveys storm water or other drainage, but no sewage. See Figure
1.2.16
Building Sewer: That part of the drainage system that extends from the end of the building drain and conveys
its discharge to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal. The
building sewer begins at a point three feet beyond the outside face of the building. See Figure 1.2.16
Building Sewer, Combined: A building sewer that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage. See
Figure 1.2.15
Building Sewer, Sanitary: A building sewer that conveys sewage only. See Figure 1.2.16
Building Sewer, Storm: A building sewer that conveys storm water or other drainage but no sewage. See Figure
1.2.16
Building Subdrain: That portion of a drainage system that does not drain by gravity into the building drain or
building sewer. See Figure 1.2.17

Figure 1.2.17
A BUILDING SUBDRAIN
Building Trap: A device, fitting, or assembly of fittings, installed in the building drain to prevent circulation of
sewer gas between the building sewer and the drainage system in the building. See Figure 1.2.18
Comment: Building traps are currently installed only when required by the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion.
Figure 1.2.18
A BUILDING TRAP

Cesspool: A lined and covered excavation in the ground that receives the discharge of domestic sewage or other
organic wastes from a drainage system, so designed as to retain the organic matter and solids, but permitting the
liquids to seep through the bottom and sides.
Comment: Chapter 16 does not permit cesspools or cesspits, into which untreated sewage is discharged
and allowed to seep into the ground. Chapter 16 requires septic tanks to retain the sewage until digested
and absorption trenches or seepage pits for underground disposal of the effluent.
Chemical Waste: Includes industrial liquid waste, process waste, diluted and undiluted acid waste and corrosive
and non-corrosive chemical liquid waste. See Sections 2.10, 3.11, and 9.4.
Circuit Vent: See “Vent, Circuit” See Figure 12.13.1
Clear Water Waste: Effluent in which impurity levels are less than concentrations considered harmful by the
Authority Having Jurisdiction, such as cooling water and condensate drainage from refrigeration and air condi-
tioning equipment, cooled condensate from steam heating systems, and residual water from ice making processes..
Comment: Refer to Section 9.1.8 for whether a clear water waste requires an air gap or an air break at
its discharge into the drainage system.
Clinical Sink: A sink designed primarily to receive wastes from bedpans, having a flushing rim, intergral trap
with a visible trap seal, and having the same flushing and cleansing characteristics as a water closet. See Section
14.8
Code: These regulations, or any emergency rule or regulation that the Authority Having Jurisdiction may law-
fully adopt.
Combination Fixture: A fixture combining one sink and laundry tray, or a two- or three-compartment sink or
laundry tray in one unit. See Figure 1.2.19
Comment: Combination fixtures with waste outlets not more than 30 inches apart can have one trap
Figure 1.2.19
COMBINATION FIXTURES
Combination Thermostatic/Pressure Balancing Valve: See “Thermostatic/Pressure Balancing Valve, Com-

bined”
Combination Waste and Vent System: A designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet vent-
ing of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide
free movement of air above the flow line of the drain. See Figure 1.2.20 and Section 12.17

Comment #1: Combination waste and vent piping systems are permitted where conditions preclude the
installation of a conventionally vented system. Such systems are frequently used in exhibition halls and
other spaces where long clear spans are required without partitions or pipe chases.
Comment #2: Only floor drains, floor receptors, sinks, lavatories, and standpipes can be discharged into
a combination waste and vent piping system.
Figure 1.2.20
COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT PIPING
Combined Building Drain: See “Building Drain, Combined”
Combined Building Sewer: See “Building Sewer, Combined”
Commercial Kitchen: One or more rooms in a building that is licensed to prepare food to be served for consump-
tion or process food to be packaged for distribution.
Common Vent: See “Vent, Common”
Conductor: A pipe within a building that conveys stormwater from a roof to its connection to a building storm
drain or other point of disposal. See Figure 1.2.21
Comment: A vertical stormwater drain pipe on the exterior of a building is a leader.
Figure 1.2.21
A STORMWATER CONDUCTOR

Contamination: The impairment of the quality of the potable water that creates an actual hazard to the public
health through poisoning or through the spread of disease by sewage, industrial fluids or waste. (See the definition
of “pollution”).
Continuous Vent: See “Vent, Continuous”
Continuous Waste: A drain from two or more fixtures connected to a single trap. See Figure 1.2.22
Comment: Continuous waste piping can connect up to three adjacent sinks or lavatories to a single trap
if the fixture outlets are no more than 30” apart. See Section 5.1.
Figure 1.2.22
CONTINUOUS WASTE PIPING
Critical Level: The marking on a backflow prevention device or vacuum breaker established by the manufactur-
er, and usually stamped on the device by the manufacturer, that determines the minimum elevation above the flood
level rim of the fixture or receptor served at which the device must be installed. When a backflow prevention
device does not bear a critical level marking, the bottom of the vacuum breaker, combination valve, or the bottom
of any approved device constitutes the critical level. See Figure 1.2.23 and Sections 10.5.5.b, c, and e
Figure 1.2.23
THE CRITICAL LEVEL (C-L) OF A VACUUM BREAKER

Cross Connection: Any connection or arrangement between two otherwise separate piping systems, one of
which contains potable water and the other either water of questionable safety, steam, gas, or chemical, whereby
there may be a flow from one system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure differential
between the two systems (See “Backflow and Back-Siphonage). See Figures 1.2.8 and 1.2.9
Comment: The backflow of contamination into a potable water system through a cross connection can
occur by back-siphonage caused by the water system or back-pressure from the source of contamination.
Day Care Center: A facility for the care and/or education of children ranging from 2-1/2 years of age to 5 years
of age.
Day Nursery: A facility for the care of children less than 2-1/2 years of age.
Dead End, Potable Water: A branch line terminating at a developed length of two (2) feet or more from an ac-
tive potable water line by means of a plug or cap. See Figure 1.2.24
Comment: An extension of 2 feet or more to make a cleanout accessible is not considered to be a dead
end.
Figure 1.2.24
DEAD ENDS IN DRAIN AND VENT PIPING
Dead End, Soil, Waste, or Vent: A branch leading from a soil, waste or vent pipe, building drain, or building
sewer line and terminating at a developed length of two (2) feet or more by means of a plug, cap, or other closed
fitting.
Developed Length: The length of a pipe line measured along the center line of the pipe and fittings.
Domestic Sewage: The water-borne wastes derived from ordinary living processes.

Figure 1.2.25
A DOUBLE CHECK VALVE ASSEMBLY
Double Check Valve Assembly: A backflow prevention device consisting of two independently acting check
valves, internally force loaded to a normally closed position between two tightly closing shut-off valves, and with
means of testing for tightness. See Figure 1.2.25
Double Offset: See “Offset, Double”
Drain: Any pipe that carries waste or water-borne wastes in a building drainage system.
Drainage Pipe: See “Drainage System”
Drainage, Sump : A liquid and air-tight tank that receives sewage and/or liquid waste, located below the eleva-
tion of a gravity drainage system, that is emptied by pumping.
Drainage System: All the piping within public or private premises that conveys sewage, rain water, or other
liquid wastes to a point of disposal. It does not include the mains of a public sewer system or private or public
sewage-treatment facilities.
Drainage System, Building Gravity: A drainage system that drains by gravity into the building sewer. See
Figure 1.2.16
Drainage System, Sub-building: See “Building Subdrain” See Figure 1.2.17
Dry Vent: See “Vent, Dry”
Dry Well: See “Leaching Well”
Dual Vent: See “Vent, Common”
Dwelling Unit, Multiple: A room, or group of rooms, forming a single habitable unit with facilities that are used,
or intended to be used, for living, sleeping, cooking and eating; and whose sewer connections and water supply,
within its own premise, are shared with one or more other dwelling units. Multiple dwelling units include apart-
ments, condominums, and hotel and motel guest rooms.

Dwelling Unit, Single: A room, or group of rooms, forming a single habitable unit with facilities that are used, or
intended to be used, for living, sleeping, cooking and eating; and whose sewer connections and water supply are,
within its own premise, separate from and completely independent of any other dwelling.
DWV: An acronym for “drain-waste-vent” referring to the combined sanitary drainage and venting systems. This
term is equivalent to “soil-waste-vent” (SWV).
Effective Opening: The minimum cross-sectional area at the point of water supply discharge, measured or ex-
pressed in terms of (1) diameter of a circle, or (2) if the opening is not circular, the diameter of a circle of equiva-
lent cross-sectional area. See Figures 1.2.26 and 1.2.27
Comment: The required air gap distance for a water supply outlet is based on its effective opening. The
air gap must be increased if the outlet is near a wall or other vertical surface. Refer to Table 10.5.2 for
minimum air gaps for plumbing fixtures.
Figure 1.2.26
THE EFFECTIVE OPENING OF A POTABLE WATER OUTLET
Figure 1.2.27
AN AIR GAP BETWEEN POTABLE AND NON-POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS
Equivalent Length: The length of straight pipe of a specific diameter that would produce the same frictional
resistances as a particular fitting or line comprised of pipe and fittings. See Tables B.9.7A and B.9.7B
Existing Plumbing System: An existing plumbing system, or any part thereof, installed prior to the effective date
of this Code.
Existing Work: An existing plumbing system, or any part thereof, installed prior to the effective date of this
Code.
Family: One or more individuals living together and sharing the same facilities.

Fixture: See “Plumbing Fixture”
Fixture Branch, Drainage: A drain serving one or more fixtures that discharges into another drain. See Figure
1.2.28
Comment: See Table 11.5.1.B for the maximum number of drainage fixture units (DFU) permitted on
each size of horizontal fixture branch.
Figure 1.2.28
A FIXTURE DRAIN AND FIXTURE BRANCH
Fixture Branch, Supply: A branch of the water distribution system supplying one fixture. See Figure 1.2.29
Comment: See Table 10.14.2.A for minimum supply fixture branch sizes for various fixtures.
Figure 1.2.29
A FIXTURE SUPPLY BRANCH AND FIXTURE SUPPLY TUBE
Fixture Drain: The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other drain pipe.

Fixture Unit (Drainage -DFU): An index number that represents the load of a fixture on the drainage system
so that the load of various fixtures in various applications can be combined. The value is based on the volume
or volume rate of drainage discharge from the fixture, the time duration of that discharge, and the average time
between successive uses of the fixture. One DFU was originally equated to a drainage flow rate of one cubic foot
per minute or 7.5 gallons per minute through the fixture outlet. See Table 11.4.1
Fixture Unit (Water Supply - WSFU): An index number that represents the load of a fixture on the water sup-
ply system so that the load of various fixtures in various applications can be combined. The value is based on the
volume rate of supply for the fixture, the time duration of a single supply operation, and the average time between
successive uses of the fixture. Water supply fixture units were originally based on a comparison to a flushometer
valve water closet, which was arbitrarily assigned a value of 10 WSFU. See Table 10.14.2A. Also Tables B.5.2
and B.5.3.
Flexible Water Connector: A connector under continuous pressure in an accessible location that connects a supply
fitting, faucet, dishwasher, cloths washer, water heater, water treatment unit, or other fixture or equipment to a stop
valve or its water supply branch pipe.
Flood Level: See “Flood Level Rim”
Flood Level Rim: The edge of the receptor or fixture over which water flows if the fixture is flooded. See Fig-
ure 1.2.30
Comment: Air gaps are measured from above the flood level rim of receptors and fixtures.
Figure 1.2.30
THE FLOOD LEVEL RIM OF FIXTURES
Flooded: The condition that results when the liquid in a receptor or fixture rises to the flood level rim.
Flow Pressure: The pressure in the water supply pipe near the faucet or water outlet while the faucet or water
outlet is fully open and flowing. See Figure 1.2.31
Comment: The minimum required flowing water pressure for most fixtures and appliances is 15 psig.
Blowout water closets and blowout urinals require 25 psig minimum. Some one-piece water closets
require 30 psig minimum and 1/2” supply tubes.

Figure 1.2.31
THE FLOW PRESSURE OF THE WATER SUPPLY TO AN OUTLET
Flush Pipes and Fittings: The pipe and fittings that connect a flushometer valve or elevated flush tank to a water
closet, urinal, or bed pan washer.
Flushing Type Floor Drain: A floor drain that is equipped with an integral water supply connection, enabling
flushing of the drain receptor and trap. See Figure 1.2.32
Comment: The water supply to flushing floor drains must be protected from backflow.
Figure 1.2.32
A FLUSHING TYPE FLOOR DRAIN
Flush Valve: A device located at the bottom of a flush tank for flushing water closets and similar fixtures. See
Figure 1.2.33

Figure 1.2.33
A FLUSH VALVE IN A WATER CLOSET FLUSH TANK
Flushometer Tank: A water closet flush tank that uses an air accumulator vessel to discharge a predetermined
quantity of water into the closet bowl for flushing purposes. See Figure 1.2.34
Comment: Flushometer tanks are pressure-assisted flush tanks that store water for flushing water clos-
ets at the inlet water supply pressure, as opposed to gravity tanks. The discharge rate from flushometer
tanks is approximately 35 gallons per minute.
Figure 1.2.34
A PRESSURE-ASSISTED WATER CLOSET WITH A FLUSHOMETER TANK
Flushometer Valve: A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing and is
closed by direct water pressure or other means. See Figure 1.2.35
Comment: Flushometer valves are typically used on public water closets and public urinals. They can
be manually operated or electronically operated.

Figure 1.2.35
A FLUSHOMETER VALVE
Force Main: A main that delivers waste water under pressure from a sewage ejector or pump to its destination.
Full-way valve: Full-way valves include gate valves, full port ball valves, and other valves that are identified by
their manufacturer as full port or full bore.
Grade: The fall (slope) of a line of pipe in reference to a horizontal plane. See Figure 1.2.36.
Comment: See Tables 11.5.1A and 11.5.1B for sizing building drains, building sewers, and horizontal
fixture branches. See Table 13.6.2 for stormwater drains.
Figure 1.2.36
GRADE ON A SLOPING GRAVITY DRAIN
Grease Interceptor: A plumbing appurtenance that is installed in the sanitary drainage system to intercept oily
and greasy wastes from wastewater discharges, typically in commercial kitchens and food processing plants. Such
equipment has the ability to intercept commonly occurring free-floating fats and oils.
Grease Removal (or Recovery) Device (GRD): A plumbing appurtenance that is installed in the sanitary drainage
system to intercept and remove free-floating fats, oils, and grease from wastewater discharges, typically in commer-
cial kitchens and food processing plants. Such equipment operates on a time or event- controlled basis and has the
ability to remove the entire range of commonly occurring free-floating fats, oils, and grease automatically without
intervention from the user except for maintenance. The removed material is essentially water-free, which allows for
recycling of the removed product.
Grease Trap: See “Interceptor”
Grinder Pump: A pump for sewage that shreds or grinds the solids in the sewage that it pumps.

Ground Water: Subsurface water occupying the zone of saturation. (a) Confined ground water - a body of
ground water overlaid by material sufficiently impervious to sever free hydraulic connection with overlying
ground water. (b) Free ground water - ground water in the zone of saturation extending down to the first impervi-
ous barrier.
Half-Bath: A room that contains one water closet and one lavatory within a dwelling unit.
Hangers: See “Supports” See Chapter 8
Health Hazard: In backflow prevention, an actual or potential threat of contamination of the potable water sup-
ply to the plumbing system of a physical or toxic nature that would be a danger to health. Health hazards include
any contamination that could cause death, illness, or spread of disease.
Horizontal Branch Drain: A drain pipe extending laterally from a soil stack, waste stack or building drain with
or without vertical sections or branches, that receives the waste discharged from one or more fixture drains and
conducts the waste to a soil stack, waste stack, or building drain.
Horizontal Pipe: Any pipe or fitting that makes an angle of less than 450 with the horizontal. See Figure 1.2.37
Comment: The sizing of offsets in drainage stacks varies depending on whether the offset is horizontal
or vertical. See Section 11.6.
Figure 1.2.37
THE DEFINITION OF "HORIZONTAL PIPE"
Hot Water: Potable water that is heated to a required temperature for its intended use.
House Drain: See “Building Drain”
House Sewer: See “Building Sewer”
House Trap: See “Building Trap”
Indirect Connection (Waste): The introduction of waste into the drainage system by means of an air gap or air
break.
Indirect Waste Pipe: A waste pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system, but which discharges
into the drainage system through an air break or air gap into a trap, fixture, receptor or interceptor. See Figure
1.2.38

Figure 1.2.38
INDIRECT WASTE PIPES
Individual Vent: See “Vent, Individual”
Individual Fixture Supply Valve: A valve installed in fixture supply branch piping used for the purpose of
regulating or stopping water flow to an individual fixture for installation, repair, or replacement of the fixture or its
faucet.
Industrial Wastes: Liquid or liquid-borne wastes resulting from the processes employed in industrial and com-
mercial establishments.
Comment: Industrial wastes must not be discharged into public sewers if they will damage the sewer or
interfere with the operation of the sewage treatment plant.
Insanitary: Contrary to sanitary principles -- injurious to health.
Installed: Altered, changed or a new installation .
Interceptor: A device designed and installed so as to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable
matter from normal wastes while permitting normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage system
by gravity. See Figure 1.2.39
Comment: Interceptors include grease interceptors, oil/water separators, sand interceptors, solids inter-
ceptors, and neutralizing or dilution tanks.

Figure 1.2.39
AN INTERCEPTOR
Invert: The lowest portion of the inside of a horizontal pipe. See Figure 1.2.40
Comment: Invert elevations are used to design and install drainage piping at the required grade or
slope.
Figure 1.2.40
THE INVERT OF A DRAIN PIPE
Leaching Well or Pit: A pit or receptor having porous walls that permit the liquid contents to seep into the
ground. See Figure 1.2.41
Comment: Leeching wells or pits are used to disperse the effluent from septic tanks into the ground for
secondary treatment. They may supplement or be used in lieu of absorption trenches. Leaching wells
or pits can only be used where there is very deep soil of good permeability and considerable depth to
groundwater.

Figure 1.2.41
A LEACHING OR SEEPAGE WELL OR PIT
Leader: An exterior vertical drainage pipe for conveying storm water from roof or gutter drains. See Figure
1.2.42
Comment: A stormwater drain pipe on the interior of a building is a conductor.
Figure 1.2.42
A STORMWATER LEADER

Load Factor: The percentage of the total connected fixture unit flow which is likely to occur at any point in the
drainage system.
Local Ventilating Pipe: A pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from a
fixture. See Figure 1.2.43
Comment: Local vent piping may be required for clinical sinks, bedpan washers, and sterilizers. Local
vents for sterilizers must not be connected to local vents for clinical sinks and bedpan washers. Refer to
Section 14.9 for clinical sinks and bedpan washers. Refer to Section 14.10 for sterilizers.
Figure 1.2.43
A STERILIZER LOCAL VENTILATING PIPE
Loop Vent: See “Vent, Loop”
Low Hazard: See “Hazard, Low”
Macerating Toilet System: A system that collects drainage from a single water closet, lavatory and/or bathtub
located in the same room. It consists of a receiving container, a grinder pump, and associated level controls. The
system pumps shredded or macerated sewage up to a point of discharge
Main: The principal pipe artery to which branches may be connected.
Main Sewer: See “Public Sewer”
Main, Water Supply: That portion of the water supply distribution piping that branches, fixture supply branches,
and risers are connected to.
May: The word “may” is a permissive term.
Medical Gas System: The complete system used to convey medical gases for direct application from central
supply systems (bulk tanks, manifolds and medical air compressors) through piping networks with pressure and
operating controls, alarm warning systems, etc., and extending to station outlet valves at use points.
Comment: Medical gas systems must comply with NFPA 99 - Standard for Health Care Facilities or
NFPA 99C - Gas and Vacuum Systems. NFPA 99 is the parent document for NFPA 99C. NFPA 99 ad-
dresses all safety aspects of health care facilities, whereas NFPA 99C limits itself to the medical gas and
vacuum portions of NFPA 99.

Medical Vacuum Systems: A system consisting of central-vacuum-producing equipment with pressure and oper-
ating controls, shut-off valves, alarm warning systems, gauges and a network of piping extending to and terminat-
ing with suitable station inlets to locations where suction may be required.
Comment: Refer to the comment under Medical Gas System.
Multiple Dwelling: A building containing two or more dwelling units.
Non-Health Hazard: In backflow prevention, an actual or potential threat to the physical properties or potability
of the water supply to the plumbing system, but which would not constitute a health or system hazard.
Non-Potable Water: Water not safe for drinking, personal or culinary use.
Nominal Size: (Pipe or Tube): The industry-recognized size of a plumbing pipe or tube that is not necessarily
an actual dimension. It indicates the size of the pipe or tube as indicated in its material standard listed in Table
3.1.3.
Nuisance: Public nuisance at common law or in equity jurisprudence; whatever is dangerous to human life or
detrimental to health; whatever building, structure, or premises is not sufficiently ventilated, sewered, drained,
cleaned, or lighted in reference to its intended or actual use; and whatever renders the air, human food, drink or
water supply unwholesome.
Offset: A combination of elbows or bends that brings one section of the pipe out of line but into a line parallel
with the other section. See Figure 1.2.44 - Parts A and B for single offsets
Comment: Offsets can occur in vertical and horizontal piping. Offsets can consist of 90-degree, 45-de-
gree, or other angle fittings. Single offsets have one change of alignment.
Figure 1.2.44
OFFSETS IN PIPING
Offset, Double: Two offsets installed in succession or series in a continuous pipe. See Figure 1.2.44 - Parts E
and F
Comment: Double offsets have two offsets, both away from the original alignment of the pipe.
Offset, Return: A double offset installed so as to return the pipe to its original alignment. See Figure 1.2.44 –
Parts C and D
Comment: Return offsets have two offsets, both in different directions. The second offset does not nec-
essarily bring the pipeline back into exact alignment with the first. The alignment of the piping on both
sides of the offset is not necessarily exactly the same laterally.

Oil Interceptor: See “Interceptor”
Person: A natural person, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns; including a firm, partnership or corpora-
tion, its or their successors or assigns. Singular includes plural; male includes female.
Pitch: See “Grade”
Plenum: An enclosed portion of the building structure, other than an occupiable space being conditioned, that is
designed to allow air movement, and thereby serve as part of an air distribution system.
Plumbing
The practice, materials, and fixtures within or adjacent to any building structure or conveyance, used in the instal-
lation, maintenance, extension, alteration and removal of any piping, plumbing fixtures, plumbing appliances, and
plumbing appurtenances in connection with any of the following:
a. Sanitary drainage system and its related vent system,

b. Storm water drainage facilities,
c. Public or private potable water supply systems,
d. The initial connection to a potable water supply upstream of any required backflow prevention devices
and the final connection that discharges indirectly into a public or private disposal system,
e. Medical gas and medical vacuum systems,
f. Indirect waste piping including refrigeration and air conditioning drainage,
g. Liquid waste or sewage, and water supply, of any premises to their connection with an approved water
supply system or to an acceptable disposal facility.
NOTE: The following are excluded from the definition:
1. All piping, equipment or material used exclusively for environmental control.

2. Piping used for the incorporation of liquids or gases into any product or process for use in the manufac-
turing or storage of any product, including product development.
3. Piping used for the installation, alteration, repair or removal of automatic sprinkler systems installed for
fire protection only.
4. The related appurtenances or standpipes connected to automatic sprinkler systems or overhead or under-
ground fire lines beginning at a point where water is used exclusively for fire protection.
5. Piping used for lawn sprinkler systems downstream from backflow prevention devices.
Plumbing Appliance: Any one of a special class of plumbing fixture that is intended to perform a special plumb-
ing function. Its operation and/or control may be dependent upon one or more energized components, such as
motors, controls, heating elements, or pressure or temperature-sensing elements. Such fixtures may operate
automatically through one or more of the following actions: a time cycle, a temperature range, a pressure range, a
measured volume or weight; or the fixture may be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator.
Comment: Plumbing appliances include clothes washers, dishwashers, food-waste-disposal and grinder
units, water heaters, water softeners, and similar devices. Refer to Table 3.1.3 - Part VII for listed appli-
ances.
Plumbing Appurtenance: A manufactured device, a prefabricated assembly, or an on-the-job assembly of com-

ponent parts, that is an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance demands no
additional water supply, nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or to the drainage system. It is presumed
that an appurtenance performs some useful function in the operation, maintenance, servicing, economy, or safety
of the plumbing system.

Comment: Some examples of plumbing appurtenances are water filters, backflow prevention devices,
backwater valves, interceptors, separators, and neutralizing or dilution tanks. Refer to Table 3.1.3 - Part
VIII for listed appurtenances. Plumbing appurtenances do not change the load on the water supply or
drainage system.
Plumbing Fixture: A receptacle or device connected to the water distribution system of the premises, and
demands a supply of water there from; or discharges used water, liquid-borne waste materials, or sewage either
directly or indirectly to the drainage system of the premises; or which requires both a water supply connection and
a discharge to the drainage system of the premises. Plumbing appliances as a special class of fixture are further
defined.
Comment: Plumbing fixtures include water closets, urinals, bidets, lavatories, bathtubs, whirlpool baths,
showers, sinks, floor drains, and receptors. Refer to Table 3.1.3 - Part V for listed plumbing fixtures.
Plumbing Inspector: See “Authority Having Jurisdiction”
Plumbing System: Includes the water supply and distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures and traps; soil, waste and
vent pipes; sanitary and storm drains and building sewers; including their respective connections, devices and ap-
purtenances to an approved point of disposal.
Pollution (of Potable Water): An impairment of the quality of the potable water to a degree that does not create
a hazard to the public health but that does adversely and unreasonably affect the aesthetic qualities of such potable
water for domestic use. (See the definition of “contamination”).
Pool: See “Swimming Pool”
Potable Water: Water free from impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiologi-
cal effects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemical quality to the requirements of the Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards or the regulations of the public health authority having jurisdiction.
Powder Room: See “Half-Bath”
Pressure Assisted Water Closet: See "Water Closet, Pressure Assisted"
Pressure Balancing Valve: A mixing valve which senses incoming hot and cold water pressures and compen-
sates for fluctuations in either to stabilize its outlet temperature.
Comment: Pressure balancing control valves for individual bathing facilities must comply with ANSI/
ASSE 1016, Type P.
Private Sewage Disposal System: A system for disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic tank or me-
chanical treatment, designed for use apart from a public sewer to serve a single establishment or building. See
Chapter 16
Private Sewer: A sewer not directly controlled by public authority.
Comment: A private sewer connects a building to a private sewage disposal system.
Private Use, Public Use:
Private Use - Plumbing facilities for the private and restricted use of one or more individuals in dwelling units
(including hotel and motel guest rooms), and other plumbing facilities that are not intended for public use. Refer
to the definition of “Public Use”.

Public Use - Plumbing facilities intended for the unrestricted use of more than one individual (including employ-
ees) in assembly occupancies, business occupancies, public buildings, transportation facilities, schools and other
educational facilities, office buildings, restaurants, bars, other food service facilities, mercantile facilities, manu-
facturing facilities, military facilities, and other plumbing installations that are not intended for private use. Refer
to the definition of “Private Use”.
Private Water Supply: A supply, other than an approved public water supply, which serves one or more build-
ings. See Figure 1.2.46 and Chapter 17
Figure 1.2.46
A TYPICAL PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Public Sewer: A common sewer directly controlled by public authority.
Comment: This Code does not cover public sewers. The design and construction of public sewers is
regulated by the sewage authority, a public works department, or other Authority Having Jurisdiction.
Public Toilet Room: A toilet room intended to serve the transient public, such as in, but not limited to the follow-
ing examples: service stations, train stations, airports, restaurants, and convention halls.
Public Water Main: A water supply pipe for public use controlled by public authority.
Comment: This Code does not cover public water mains. The design and construction of public water
mains is regulated by the water purveyor, a public works department, or other Authority Having Juris-
diction.
Pump Assisted Water Closet: See Water Closet, Pump Assisted.
Push-Fit Fittings: A type of mechanical joint used with copper, CPVC and/or PEX that is either permanent or
removable and may be used separately or integrated into plumbing fitting devices used in domestic or commercial
applications in potable water distribution systems.
Receptor: A fixture or device which receives the discharge from indirect waste pipes. See Figure 1.2.47
Comment: Receptors include floor drains, standpipes, and certain sinks.

Figure 1.2.47
AN INDIRECT WASTE RECEPTOR
Reduced Pressure Backflow Preventer Assembly: See Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventer Assembly
Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly: A reduced pressure zone backflow preventer assembly.
Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventer Assembly: A backflow prevention device consisting of two inde-
pendently acting check valves, internally force loaded to a normally closed position and separated by an interme-
diate chamber (or zone), in which there is an automatic relief means of venting to atmosphere, internally loaded to
a normally open position, and with means for testing for tightness of the checks and opening of the relief means.
See Figure 1.2.48
Comment: Reduced pressure principle backflow preventor assemblies provide the highest level of pro-
tection against backpressure backflow. The shutoff valves on these assemblies are resiliently seated to
assure tight close-off for testing. Provisions must be made to drain any discharge from the relief vent
outlet, which may occur due to normal variations in system pressure.
Figure 1.2.48
A REDUCED PRESSURE BACKFLOW PREVENTER ASSEMBLY
Relief Vent: See “Vent, Relief”
Return Offset: See “Offset, Return”
Revent Pipe: See “Vent, Individual”

Rim: An unobstructed open edge of a fixture. See Figure 1.2.30
Comment: The flood level rim of a fixture or appliance is the level from which it will overflow if its drain
outlet is closed or blocked.
Riser: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or more to convey water to branches or to a
group of fixtures. See Figure 1.2.49
Comment: The term "riser" refers to vertical water supply piping serving one or more fixtures in build-
ings having one or more story heights.
Figure 1.2.49
A WATER SUPPLY RISER
Roof Drain: A drain installed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a leader
or a conductor. See Figure 1.2.50
Comment: Roof drains include flat deck drains and scupper drains.
Figure 1.2.50
A GENERAL PURPOSE ROOF DRAIN
Roughing-in: The installation of all parts of the plumbing system that can be completed prior to the installa-
tion of fixtures. This includes drainage, water supply, and vent piping, and the necessary fixture supports, or any
fixtures that are built into the structure.

Safe Waste: See “Indirect Waste Pipe”
Sand Filter: A treatment device or structure, constructed above or below the surface of the ground, for remov-
ing solid or colloidal material of a type that cannot be removed by sedimentation, from septic tank effluent. See
Figure 1.2.51 and Section 16.12
Comment #1: Sand filters provide additional treatment of septic tank effluent. They are used where the
soil depth is shallow and cannot provide sufficient secondary treatment of the effluent.
Comment #2: Sand interceptors (or sand traps) are associated with oil/water separators in Chapter 6.
Figure 1.2.51
A SAND FILTER FOR SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT
Sand Interceptor: See “Interceptor” See Section 6.4
Comment: Sand interceptors (or sand traps) are associated with oil/water separators in Chapter 6. Sand
filters are associated with the effluent from septic tanks in Chapter 16.
Sand Trap: See “Interceptor”
Comment: The term "sand trap" is used interchangeably with "sand interceptor."
Sanitary Sewer: A sewer that carries sewage and excludes storm, surface and ground water.
SDR: An abbreviation for “standard dimensional ratio” that relates to a specific ratio of the average specified
outside diameter to the minimum wall thickness for outside diameter controlled plastic pipe.
Seepage Well or Pit: See “Leaching Well”
Septic Tank: A watertight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building sanitary drainage system or part
thereof; and that is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter through
a period of detention, and allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open
joint or perforated piping, or a seepage pit. See Figure 1.2.52 and Section 16.6
Comment: Figure 1.2.52 shows baffles at the inlet and outlet connections with two access covers.
Figure 16.6.6 shows 6" long drop pipes on the inlet and outlet connections with cleanouts and a single
access cover. Both arrangements perform the same functions and either arrangement is acceptable.

Figure 1.2.52
A TYPICAL SEPTIC TANK
Service Sink: A sink or receptor intended for custodial use that is capable of being used to fill and empty a jani-
tor's bucket. Included are mop basins, laundry sinks, utility sinks, and similar fixtures. (See Table 7.21.1)
Sewage: Liquid containing human waste (including fecal matter) and/or animal, vegetable, or chemical waste
matter in suspension or solution.
Sewage Ejector, Pneumatic Type: A unit that uses compressed air to discharge and lift sewage to a gravity sew-
age system. See Sections 11.7 and 12.14.3
Sewage Pump or Pump-Type Ejector: A non-clog or grinder-type sewage pump or ejector. Sewage pumps and
pump-type ejectors are either the submersible or vertical type. See Figure 1.2.54 and Section 11.7
Comment: Figure 1.2.54 shows a pedestal-type sewage pump. Sewage pumps can also be submersible
pumps or dry pit centrifugal pumps.
Figure 1.2.54
A PEDESTAL TYPE SEWAGE PUMP

Shall: “Shall” is a mandatory term.
Shock Arrestor (mechanical device): A device used to absorb the pressure surge (water hammer) that occurs
when water flow is suddenly stopped. See Figure 10.14.7 and Section 10.14.7 for Water Hammer Arrestors.
Also Figure 1.2.3
Comment: Water hammer arrestors are either the bellows or piston type and are pre-charged with com-
pressed air or gas. The Code no longer mentions air chambers, which are subject to losing their
initial captive air charge through absorption into the system water.
Short Term: A period of time not more than 30 minutes.
Shut-off Valve: A ball, gate, or other full way valve located in water supply mains, risers, and branches for the
purpose of controlling water supply to a fixture or group of fixtures.
Side Vent: See “Vent, Side”
Sink, Commercial: A sink other than for a domestic application. Commercial sinks include, but are not limited
to:
1. pot sinks
2. scullery sinks
3. sinks used in photographic or other processes
4. laboratory sinks
Size of Pipe and Tubing, Incremental: Where relative size requirements are mentioned, the following schedule
of sizes is recognized, even if all sizes may not be available commercially: 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1-1/4, 1-1/2, 2,
2-1/2, 3, 3-1/2, 4, 4-1/2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24.
Slip Joint: A connection in drainage piping consisting of a compression nut and compression washer that permits
drainage tubing to be inserted into the joint and secured by tightening the compression nut. Slip joints are typi-
cally used in trap connections for lavatories, sinks, and bathtubs. They permit the trap to be removed for cleaning
or replacement, and to provide access to the drainage piping.
Slope: See “Grade”
Soil Pipe or Soil Stack: Pipes that convey sewage containing fecal matter to the building drain or building sewer.
Special Wastes: Wastes that require special treatment before entry into the normal plumbing system. See Fig-
ures 1.2.55 and 9.4.1. Also Section 9.4
Comment: Figure 1.2.55 shows a neutralizing tank for acid waste using limestone or marble chips. Fig-
ure 9.4.1 shows an automatic neutralizing tank that could treat either acid or caustic wastes, depending
on the neutralizing solution used.

Figure 1.2.55
A NEUTRALIZING OR DILUTION TANK FOR SPECIAL WASTE
Special Waste Pipe: Pipes which convey special wastes. See Section 3.11 for acceptable piping materials
Stack: A general term for any vertical line including offsets of soil, waste, vent or inside conductor piping. This
does not include vertical fixture and vent branches that do not extend through the roof or that pass through not
more than two stories before being reconnected to the vent stack or stack vent. See Figure 1.2.56, Section
11.5.2, and Table 11.5.1B
Comment: Stacks include soil stacks, waste stacks, vent stacks, and stack vents. See separate defini-
tions.
Figure 1.2.56
A STACK VENT

Stack Group: A group of fixtures located adjacent to the stack so that by means of proper fittings, vents may be
reduced to a minimum. See Section 12.11 for stack venting groups of fixtures
Stack Vent: The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. See
Figure 1.2.56
Stack Venting: A method of venting a fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste stack. See Figure 1.2.57 and
Section 12.11
Figure 1.2.57
STACK VENTING
Standpipe (indirect waste receptor): A vertical drain pipe that has an open top inlet that provides an air break or
air gap for indirect waste discharge.
Storm Drain: See “ Building Drain, Storm”
Storm Sewer: A sewer used for conveying rainwater, surface water, condensate, cooling water, or similar liquid
wastes.
Subsoil Drain: A drain that collects subsurface or seepage water and conveys it to a place of disposal. See Fig-
ure 1.2.59 and Section 13.1.5 for foundation drains
Comment: Refer to Table 3.8 for acceptable materials for subsoil drains.

Figure 1.2.59
SUBSOIL DRAIN PIPING
Suction Line: The inlet pipe to a pump on which a negative pressure may exist under design conditions.
Sump: A tank or pit that receives only liquid wastes, located below the elevation of a gravity discharge, that is
emptied by pumping.
Sump, Drainage (sewage): A liquid and air-tight tank that receives sewage and/or liquid waste, located below
the elevation of a gravity drainage system, that is emptied by pumping. See Figure 1.2.54
Sump Pump: A permanently installed mechanical device for removing clear water or liquid waste from a sump.
See Figure 1.2.60
Figure 1.2.60
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUMP PUMPS

Supports: Devices for supporting and securing pipe, fixtures and equipment. See Chapter 8
Swimming Pool: Any structure, basin, chamber or tank containing a body of water for swimming, diving, or
recreational bathing. See Section 9.1.11
Tempered Water: A mixture of hot and cold water to reach a desired temperature for its intended use, typically
95ºF - 105ºF.
Thermostatic/Pressure Balancing Valve, Combination: A mixing valve that senses outlet temperature and
incoming hot and cold water pressures and compenstates for fluctuations in incoming hot and cold water tempera-
tures and/or pressures to stabilize its outlet temperature.
Comment: Combination thermostatic/pressure balancing control valves are used for individual bathing
facilities and must comply with ASSE 1016, Type PT.
Thermostatic (Temperature Control) Valve: A mixing valve that senses outlet temperature and compensates
for fluctuations in incoming hot or cold water temperatures.
Comment: Thermostatic control valves used for individual bathing facilities must comply with ASSE
1016, Type T. Thermostatic control valves for other point-of-use applications should comply with the
appropriate standard.
Toilet Facility: A room or combination of interconnected spaces in other than a dwelling that contains one or
more water closets and associated lavatories, with signage to identify its intended use.
Trap: A fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of sewer gasses without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. See Figure 1.2.62 and Sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3
Figure 1.2.62
ELEMENTS OF A FIXTURE TRAP
Trap Arm: That portion of a fixture drain between a trap and its vent. See Figure 1.2.63 and Section 12.8.1
Comment: Refer to Table 12.8.1 for the maximum allowable length of trap arms to avoid trap siphon-
age.

NOTES:
1. The top of the opening to the vent at the end of the trap arm must not be below the weir of the trap.
Figure 1.2.63
THE LENGTH OF A TRAP ARM
Trap Primer: A device or system of piping to maintain a water seal in a trap. See Figures 1.2.64 and 1.2.65.
Also Section 7.16.2
Figure 1.2.64
A FLOW-ACTIVATED TRAP PRIMER
Figure 1.2.65
CONNECTION OF A TRAP PRIMER TO A TRAP

Trap Seal: The maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and
the top of the dip of the trap. See Figure 1.2.62 and Section 5.3.2
Vacuum: Any pressure less than that exerted by the atmosphere.
Vacuum Assisted Water Closet: See Water Closet, Vacuum Assisted.
Vacuum Breaker: See “Backflow Preventer”
Vacuum Breaker, Atmospheric Type: A vacuum breaker that is not designed to be subject to continuous line
pressure. See Figure 1.2.66
Figure 1.2.66
TYPES OF ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKERS
Vacuum Breaker, Pressure Type: A vacuum breaker designed to operate under continuous line pressure.
See Figure 1.2.67
Figure 1.2.67
A PRESSURE TYPE VACUUM BREAKER

Vacuum Breaker, Spill-resistant (SVB): A pressure-type vacuum breaker specifically designed to avoid spillage
during operation, consisting of one check valve force-loaded closed and an air inlet vent valve force-loaded open
to atmosphere, positioned downstream of the check valve, located between two shutoff valves, and including a
means for testing.
Comment. SVB vacuum breakers are spill-resistant, not spill-proof.
Vacuum Relief Valve: A device to prevent vacuum in a pressure vessel. See Figure 1.2.69 and Section 10.16.7
Comment: Vacuum relief valves are required on storage-type hot water heaters that are located above
the fixtures that they serve to prevent the tank from being siphoned dry and damaged by dry-firing.
Figure 1.2.69
A VACUUM RELIEF VALVE
Vent, Branch: A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent. See Figure 1.2.70
Figure 1.2.70
A BRANCH VENT
Vent, Circuit: A vent that connects to a horizontal drainage branch and vents from two to eight traps or trapped
fixtures connected in a battery. See Figure 1.2.71
Comment: Circuit vents connect to vent stacks. Loop vents connect to stack vents.

Figure 1.2.71
A CIRCUIT VENT
Vent, Common: A vent connected at the common connection of two fixture drains and serving as a vent for both
fixtures. See Figure 1.2.72
Figure 1.2.72
A COMMON VENT
Vent, Continuous: A vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to which it connects. See Figure 1.2.73
Figure 1.2.73
A CONTINUOUS VENT
Vent, Dry: A vent that does not receive the discharge of any sewage or waste.
Vent, Individual: A pipe installed to vent a single fixture drain. See Figure 1.2.74

Figure 1.2.74
AN INDIVIDUAL VENT
Vent, Loop: A circuit vent that loops back to connect with a stack vent instead of a vent stack. See Figure 1.2.75
Comment: Loop vents connect to stack vents. Circuit vents connect to vent stacks.
Vent Pipe: Part of the vent system.
Figure 1.2.75
A LOOP VENT
Vent, Relief: An auxiliary vent that permits additional circulation of air in or between a drainage and vent sys-
tem. See Figures 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.3-A, 12.3.3-B, 12.13.1, 12.15.1, and 12.16.2
Comment: Relief vents are required at points in some vertical drainage stacks, at horizontal offsets
in some drainage stacks, at the base of some stacks, and at some battery vented branch connections to
stacks. Refer to Chapter 12.
Vent, Side: A vent connecting to a drain pipe through a fitting at an angle not greater than 45° to the vertical. See
Figure 1.2.76
Vent Stack: A vertical vent pipe that extends through one or more stories and that is intended to provide circula-
tion of air to and from the drainage system. See Figures 1.2.78 and 12.3.1
Vent, Sterilizer: A separate pipe or stack, indirectly drained to the building drainage system at the lower termi-
nal, that receives the vapors from non-pressure sterilizers, or the exhaust vapors from pressure sterilizers, and
conducts the vapors directly to the outer air. Sometimes called vapor, steam, atmosphere or exhaust vent. See
Section 14.11

Vent System: A pipe, or pipes, installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a cir-
culation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure. See Figure 1.2.79
Figure 1.2.76
SIDE VENTS
Vent, Wet: A vent pipe that is sized and arranged in accordance with this Code to receive the discharge of waste
from a fixture. See Figure 1.2.77. Refer to Section 12.10 for other arrangements of wet venting.
Figure 1.2.77
A WET VENT
Vent, Yoke: A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of equalizing the
pressures in the stacks. See Figure 1.2.78
Comment: A yoke vent is vertical. No portion of a yoke vent can be horizontal.

Figure 1.2.78
A YOKE VENT
Vertical Pipe: Any pipe or fitting that makes an angle of 45o or more with the horizontal. See Figure 1.2.79
Figure 1.2.79
THE DEFINITION OF "VERTICAL PIPE"

Wall Hung Water Closet: A water closet installed in such a way that no part of it touches the floor. See Figure
1.2.80
Figure 1.2.80
A WALL HUNG WATER CLOSET
Waste: Any remaining liquid, or liquid-borne material or residue intended to be discharged to the drainage sys-
tem after any activity or process, but not including any such materials that contain animal or human fecal matter.
Waste Pipe: A pipe that conveys only waste.
Waste Stack, Pipe or Piping: Pipes that convey the discharge from fixtures (other than water closets), appliances,
areas, or appurtenances, that do not contain fecal matter.
Water Closet, Pressure Assisted: A low consumption water closet with an air accumulator vessel in the tank that
stores water and air under pressure, using the water supply pressure. When flushed, the air produces a high veloc-
ity jet of water and air that forces the contents out of the bowl.
Water Closet, Pump Assisted: A low consumption water closet with a fractional horsepower pump in the tank
that produces a high velocity jet in the trap way that assists the flushing action.
Water Closet, Vacuum Assisted: A low consumption water closet that uses the falling water level in the tank to
induce a vacuum near the outlet of the trap way that assists the flushing action.
Water Distribution Piping: Piping within the building or on the premises that conveys water from the water
service pipe to the points of use. See Figure 1.2.81

Figure 1.2.81
WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPING
Water Lift: See “Sewage Ejector”
Water Main: A water supply pipe available for public connection. See "Public Water Main"
Water Outlet: A discharge opening through which water is supplied to a fixture, into the atmosphere (except into
an open tank that is part of the water supply system), to a boiler or heating system, to any devices or equipment
requiring water to operate but that are not part of the plumbing system.

Water Riser Pipe: See “Riser”
Water Service Pipe: The pipe from the water main, or other source of potable water supply, to the water distribu-
tion system of the building served. See Figure 1.2.82 and Section 10.6
Figure 1.2.82
THE WATER SERVICE PIPE IN A PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Water Supply System: The water service pipe, the water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes,
fittings, control valves, and appurtenances in or adjacent to the building or premises.
Water Temperature Control Valve: A valve of the pressure balance, thermostatic mixing, or combination pres-
sure balance/thermostatic mixing type that is designed to control water temperature to reduce the risk of scalding.
Wet Vent: See “Vent, Wet”
Whirlpool Bathtub: A plumbing appliance consisting of a bathtub fixture that is equipped and fitted with a circu-
lation piping system, pump, and other appurtenances and is so designed to accept, circulate, and discharge bathtub
water upon each use. See Figure 1.2.83
Figure 1.2.83
A WHIRLPOOL BATH

Weir (trap or crown): The overflow level of a trap outlet.
Yoke Vent: See “Vent, Yoke”

Chapter 2
General Regulations
2.1 RESERVED
2.2 CAST IRON SOIL PIPE MARKING

All cast iron soil pipe and fittings shall be listed and tested to comply with standards referenced in Table 3.1.3 and
marked with country of origin and identification of the original manufacturer in addition to any markings required
by those referenced standards.
2.3 CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF DRAINAGE PIPING

2.3.1 Uses for Drainage Fittings
a. Changes in direction of drainage piping shall be made with long radius drainage fittings except
where short radius fittings are permitted in Table 2.3.1. Refer to Table 2.3.1 for permissible drainage
fittings for changes of directions.
b. Short radius drainage fittings are those having radius or centerline dimensions that are approxi-
mately equal to or less than their nominal pipe size. The radius or centerline dimensions of long radius
drainage fittings are greater than their nominal pipe size.
c. Long radius drainage fittings shall not be used to connect fixture trap arms to vertical drain and vent
piping. Connections to fixture vents shall be above the top weir of the fixture trap.
See Figures 2.3.1-A, 2.3.1-B, 2.3.1-C, and 2.3.1-D
NOTES:
1. Horizontal-to-vertical changes in direction are not as critical as other changes because gravity controls
the velocity in vertical drops.
2. No-hub cast iron fittings are shown. See Table 2.3.1 for fitting patterns for other drainage pipe materi-
als.
3. Short pattern fittings are permitted in piping for individual fixtures.
4. Long pattern fittings are not permitted to connect fixture trap arms to vertical and vent piping because
the vent opening at the end of the trap arm will be below the weir of the trap, causing the trap to self-
siphon.
Figure 2.3.1 - A
DRAINAGE FITTINGS FOR HORIZONTAL-TO-VERTICAL CHANGES IN DIRECTION

NOTES:
1. Long pattern fittings are required except short pattern fittings are permitted for individual fixtures.
als.
Figure 2.3.1 - B
DRAINAGE FITTINGS FOR HORIZONTAL-TO-HORIZONTAL
CHANGES IN DIRECTION
NOTES:
1. Long pattern fittings are required at the base or drainage stacks serving two or more fixtures. Short pat-
tern fittings are permitted for vertical-to-horizontal drains from individual fixtures.
als.
3. See Sections 11.11 and 12.15 for restrictions on branch drain connections near the base of stacks that
are subject to suds pressure.
Figure 2.3.1 - C
DRAINAGE FITTINGS FOR VERTICAL-TO-HORIZONTAL

Table 2.3.1 PERMISSIBLE DRAINAGE FITTINGS FOR CHANGES IN DIRECTION
PIPE HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
MATERIAL TO TO TO
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
long sweep sanitary tee eighth bend & wye
CAST IRON short sweep eighth bend & wye (2) combination wye & eighth bend
HUB
wye combination wye & eighth bend long sweep
&
SPIGOT combination wye & eighth bend long sweep short sweep 3” or larger
fifth bend (72-deg) short sweep quarter bend (1)
sixth bend (60-deg) quarter bend short sweep (1)
CAST IRON eighth bend (45-deg)
NO-HUB sixteenth bend (22-1/2 deg)
quarter bend
extra long turn 90-deg elbow drainage tee long turn 90-deg TY
long turn 90-deg elbow short turn 90-deg TY extra long turn 90-deg elbow
long turn 45-deg elbow long turn 90-deg TY (2) long turn 90-deg elbow
CAST IRON short turn 22-1/2 deg elbow 45-deg elbow or 45-deg Y branch (2) short turn 90-deg elbow (1)
DRAINAGE short turn 11-1/4 deg elbow extra long turn 90-deg elbow 45-deg elbow & 45-deg Y branch (1)
(threaded) long turn 90-deg TY long turn 90-deg elbow
short turn 45-deg Y branch short turn 90-deg elbow
short turn 90-deg elbow
DWV 90-deg long radius elbow DWV tee DWV long turn T-Y
90-deg elbow - long radius DWV 90-deg sanitary tee 45-deg elbow & DWV 45-deg Y
DWV long turn T-Y DWV long turn T-Y (2) DWV 90-deg long radius elbow
COPPER
DWV 45-deg Y 45-deg elbow & DWV 45-deg Y (2) 90-deg elbow - long radius
DWV
DWV 90-deg elbow DWV 90-deg long radius elbow DWV 90-deg elbow (1)
DWV 45-deg elbow 90-deg elbow - long radius
DWV 90-deg elbow
90-deg long turn elbow sanitary tee long radius TY
long sweep 1/4 bend fixture tee 45-deg elbow and 45-deg wye
60-deg elbow or 1/6 bend long radius TY (2) 90-deg long turn elbow
PLASTIC 45-deg elbow or 1/8 bend 45-deg elbow & DWV 45-deg Y (2) 90-deg elbow or 1/4 bend (1)
DWV 22-1/2 deg elbow or 1/16 bend 90-deg long turn elbow
long radius TY 90-deg elbow or 1/4 bend
45-deg wye
90-deg elbow or quarter bend
long sweep tee eighth bend & wye (2)
STAINLESS wye sanitary tee combination wye & eighth bend
STEEL combination wye & eighth bend eighth bend & wye (2) long sweep
push-fit 15-degree 1/24 bend combination wye & eighth bend 90-degree 1/4 bend (1)
DWV 22-1/2 degree 1/16 bend long sweep
30-degree 1/12 bend 90-deg 1/4 bend
45-degree 1/8 bend
90-deg 1/4 bend
Footnotes for Table 2.3.1

(1) Short radius fittings shall not be permitted at the base of stacks.
(2) Long radius fittings shall not be used to connect fixture trap arms to vertical drain and vent piping.

NOTES:
1. Short pattern fittings are permitted in drain piping for individual fixtures.
2. Long pattern fittings are not permitted to connect fixture trap arms to vertical drain and vent piping be-
cause the vent opening at the end of the trap arm will be below the weir of the trap, causing the trap to
self-siphon.
Figure 2.3.1 - D
USE OF SHORT AND LONG PATTERN DRAINAGE FITTINGS
2.3.2 Double Pattern Fittings

The uses for double pattern drainage fittings shall be the same as for single pattern fittings in Table 2.3.1.
EXCEPTION: Double sanitary tees and crosses shall not be used to connect blowout fixtures, back-outlet
water closets, and fixtures or appliances having pumped discharge. See Figure 2.3.2
NOTES:
1. Double pattern fittings can be used in horizontal and vertical piping.
2. Long pattern fittings are not permitted to connect fixture trap arms to vertical drain and vent piping be-
cause the vent opening at the end of the trap arm will be below the weir of the trap, causing the trap to
self-siphon.
Figure 2.3.2
DOUBLE PATTERN DRAINAGE FITTINGS
2.3.3 Back-to-Back Fixtures

Stack fittings, including carriers, for back-outlet fixtures installed back-to-back shall be either the wye pat-
tern, incorporate baffles within the drainage fitting, or otherwise be designed to prevent crossflow or mixing
of the discharges from the two fixtures prior to the change in direction. See Figure 2.3.3

NOTES:
als.
2. In Part B, the fixtures must be vented prior to connection to the stack.
3. In Part C, if not battery vented, the fixtures must be individually vented prior to connection to the branch
drain.
Figure 2.3.3
PREVENTING CROSSFLOW BETWEEN BACK-TO-BACK BACK-OUTLET FIXTURES
2.4 FITTINGS AND CONNECTIONS IN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

2.4.1 Prohibited Fittings
No running threads or saddles shall be used in the drainage or vent system. No drainage or vent piping shall
be drilled, tapped, burned or welded.

2.4.2 Heel or Side-Inlet Bends
A heel or side-inlet quarter bend shall not be used as a dry vent when the inlet is placed in a horizontal posi-
tion or any similar arrangement of pipe or fittings producing a similar effect.
EXCEPTION: When the entire fitting is part of a dry vent arrangement system the heel or side-inlet bend
shall be acceptable. See Figures 2.4.2-A and 2.4.2-B
Figure 2.4.2 - A
HORIZONTAL HEEL OR SIDE INLET VENT CONNECTION
Figure 2.4.2 - B
VERTICAL HEEL INLET VENT CONNECTION
2.4.3 Obstruction to Flow

a. No fitting, connection, device, or method of installation that obstructs or retards the flow of water,
wastes, sewage, or air in the drainage or venting systems in an amount greater than the normal frictional
resistance to flow, shall be used unless it is indicated as acceptable in this Code.
b. 4x3 closet bends and 4x3 closet flanges shall not be considered as obstructions to flow.
Comment #1: This Section does not prohibit double hub fittings for soil pipe installations since they cre-
ate no more restriction to flow that would be encountered with a hubless coupling or similar fitting.
Comment #2: Failure to ream or deburr drainage piping constitutes an obstruction to flow.

2.4.4 Prohibited Joints
Cement mortar joints are prohibited.
EXCEPTION: When used for repairs and/or when used for connections to existing lines constructed with
such joints.
2.5 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Where a health or safety hazard is found to exist on a premise, the owner or his agent shall be required to make
such corrections as may be necessary to abate such nuisance, and bring the plumbing installation within the provi-
sions of this Code.
2.6 TRENCHING, BEDDING, TUNNELING AND BACKFILLING

2.6.1 Trenching and Bedding
a. Trenching and excavation for the installation of underground piping shall be performed in compliance
with occupational safety and health requirements. Trenches shall be of sufficient width to permit proper
installation of the pipe. Where shoring is required, additional allowance shall be made in the width of the
trench to provide adequate clearance.
b. A firm, stable, uniform bedding shall be provided under the pipe for continuous support. Bell holes shall
be provided for joints in bell and spigot pipe and for other joints requiring such clearance. Blocking shall not
be used to support the pipe.
c. The trench bottom may provide the required bedding when adequate soil conditions exist and when ex-
cavated to the proper depth and grade. Where trenches are excavated to depths below the bottom of the pipe,
bedding shall be added beneath the pipe as required. Such bedding shall be of clean sand, gravel, or similar
select material that is compacted sufficiently to provide the support required under 2.6.1.b.
d. Where rock is encountered in trenching, it shall be removed to a depth of not less than 6 inches below
the bottom of the pipe and bedding shall be added as required under 2.6.1.c. The pipe shall not rest on rock at
any point, including joints.
See Figures 2.6.1-A and 2.6.1-B. Also Sections 2.6.2, 2.6.3, and 2.6.4
NOTES:
1. The soil under the pipe must be stable. Unstable bedding may damage the pipe, fittings, or joints when
settlement occurs.
2. The side-fill should be shoveled under the pipe to make sure that there are no voids in the side-fill.
Figure 2.6.1 - A
UNDERGROUND PIPING BEDDED ON SOIL

NOTES:
1. Unstable bedding may damage the pipe, fittings, or joints when settlement occurs.
2. The side-fill should be shoveled under the pipe to make sure that there are no voids in the side-fill.
Figure 2.6.1 - B
UNDERGROUND PIPING BEDDED ON SAND OR GRAVEL
2.6.2 Side-fill
The haunch areas adjacent to the pipe between the bottom of the pipe and its horizontal centerline shall be
filled with a clean coarse-grain material such as sand, gravel, or soil. Such side-fill shall be placed by hand,
extending to the sides of the trench, and be compacted to provide lateral support for the pipe. See Figure
2.6.1-A and 2.6.1-B
2.6.3 Initial Backfill

After installation of the side-fill, the trench shall be backfilled to a level not less than 2 feet above the top
of the pipe. Backfill material shall be sand, gravel, or loose soil that is free of rocks and debris. Maximum
particle size shall be 1-1/2 inches. Backfill shall be placed in not more than 6-inch layers, each tamped and
compacted. Heavy compacting equipment shall not be used for the initial backfill. See Figure 2.6.3

NOTES:
1. The side-fill adjacent to the pipe must be backfilled and tamped to the top of the pipe.
2. The initial backfill must be placed in 6" tamped layers. The use of heavy compacting equipment is pro-
hibited.
3. The initial backfill material must be sand, gravel, or loose soil from the excavation that is free from rocks
and debris. Broken concrete, frozen earth, and other solid materials may damage the pipe from point
loads.
4. After the pipe is covered with 2 feet of tamped initial backfill, the final backfill to grade can be compacted
with heavy equipment.
Figure 2.6.3
TYPICAL BACKFILLING PROCEDURE
2.6.4 Final Backfill

The trench shall be backfilled from the top of the compacted initial backfill to finish grade using suitable
material. Heavy compacting equipment may be used for the final backfill. See Figure 2.6.3
2.6.5 Tunneling
When pipe is installed in a dug or bored earth tunnel, the space around the pipe between the pipe and the wall
of the tunnel shall be completely filled with packed concrete or grout. When pipe is installed in a jacked-in-
place conduit or sleeve, the space around the pipe between the pipe and the inside of the conduit or sleeve
shall be sealed in an approved manner in accordance with Section 2.12.d.
2.6.6 Underground Plastic Pipe

a. Underground plastic pipe shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.6.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) The maximum particle size in the side-fill and initial backfill shall be not more than 1/2-inch for pipe
6" size and smaller, and 3/4-inch for pipe 8" and larger.
(2) For water service piping, refer to ASTM D2774, Standard Practice for Underground Installation of
Thermoplastic Pressure Piping.
(3) For gravity-flow drainage pipe, refer to ASTM D2321, Underground Installation of Thermoplastic
Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-flow Applications.
b. An insulated copper tracer wire or other approved conductor shall be installed adjacent to underground
non-metallic water service piping and non-metallic force mains, to facilitate finding. One end shall be
brought above ground inside or outside the building wall. The tracer wire for the water service shall origi-
nate at the curb valve required in Section 10.12.1. The tracer wire for the force main shall originate at the
final point of disposal. The tracer wire shall not be less than 18 AWG insulated. The insulation shall not be
yellow in color.

2.6.7 Underground Copper Piping
Underground copper piping shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.6.
EXCEPTION: The maximum particle size in the side-fill and initial backfill shall be not more than 1/2-inch
for pipe 6" size and smaller, and 3/4-inch for pipe 8" and larger.
2.6.8 Safety Precautions

Rules and regulations pertaining to safety and protection of workers, other persons in the vicinity, and neigh-
boring property shall be adhered to where trenching or similar operations are being conducted.
2.6.9 Supervision
Where excavation, bedding or backfilling are performed by persons other than the installer of the under-
ground piping, the pipe installer shall supervise the bedding, side-fill, and initial backfill, and shall be respon-
sible for its conformance to this Code.
2.6.10 Trenchless Pipe Replacement Systems

Trenchless replacement of water and sewer piping shall be performed using equipment and procedures rec-
ommended by the equipment manufacturer. Where underground piping beneath paved surfaces or concrete
floor slabs is replaced by this method, the manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific conditions shall
be used. Approved mechanical couplings shall be used to make the connections between new and existing
piping.
Comment: When piping beneath paving or concrete floors is replaced by the trenchless method, there
must be sufficient distance above the pipe to prevent cracking the paving or floor slab when the pipe be-
ing replaced bursts.
2.7 SAFETY
Any part of a building or premise that is changed, altered, or required to be replaced as a result of the installation,
alteration, renovation, or replacement of a plumbing system, or any part thereof, shall be left in a safe, non-haz-
ardous condition.
2.8 INSTALLATION PRACTICES

Plumbing systems shall be installed in a manner conforming to this Code and industry installation standards.
2.9 PROTECTION OF PIPES

2.9.1 Breakage
Pipes passing under or through foundation walls shall be protected from breakage.
2.9.2 Corrosion
Pipe subject to corrosion by passing through or under corrosive fill, such as, but not limited to, cinders, con-
crete, or other corrosive material, shall be protected against external corrosion by protective coating, wrap-
ping, or other means that will resist such corrosion.

Comment #1: Soil samples should be taken to assure that the soil will not corrode the pipe. Wrappings
and coatings reduce contact corrosion, but cathodic protection may be required where stray electric cur-
rents exist.
Comment #2: Job site debris should not be allowed in the backfill for piping trenches. Material such as
metal cans, metal studs, and gypsum board may chemically react with some types of pipe.
2.9.3 Cutting or Notching

Any structural member weakened or impaired by cutting, notching, or otherwise, shall be reinforced, repaired
or replaced, so as to be left in a safe structural condition in accordance with the requirements of the Building
Code or as required by the proper Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2.9.4 Penetration
a. Plastic and copper piping run through framing members to within one inch of the edge of the framing
shall be protected by steel nail plates not less than 18 gauge. Where such piping penetrates top plates or sole
plates of the framing, the nail plate shall extend at least two inches below top plates and two inches above
sole plates.
b. Where plastic and copper piping runs through metal framing members, it shall be protected from abra-
sion caused by expansion and contraction of the piping or movement of the framing.
2.10 EXCLUSION OF MATERIALS DETRIMENTAL TO THE SEWAGE

SYSTEM
2.10.1 General
No material shall be deposited into a building drainage system or sewer that would or could either obstruct,
damage, or overload such system; that could interfere with the normal operation of sewage treatment pro-
cesses; or that could be hazardous to people or property. This provision shall not prohibit the installation of
special waste systems when approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2.10.2 Industrial Wastes

Waste products from manufacturing or industrial operations shall not be introduced into the public sewer
system until it has been determined by the Authority Having Jurisdiction that the introduction thereof will not
cause damage to the public sewer system or interfere with the functioning of the sewage treatment plant.
Comment: Where industrial wastes will be created, the facility should provide the following informa-
tion to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for the sewerage system: (1) the quantity of water and waste
material that will be discharged into the sewer system, (2) the industrial processes that create the waste,
(3) the composition and concentration of the chemicals in the waste, (4) the water supply demand for the
facility, and (5) the intended design of the pre-treatment or neutralizing system for the wastes prior to its
discharge into the sewer system.
2.11 PIPING MATERIALS EXPOSED WITHIN PLENUMS:

All piping materials exposed within plenums shall comply with the provisions of other applicable Codes.
2.12 SLEEVES
a. All piping passing through concrete walls, floors, slabs, and masonry walls shall be provided with
sleeves for protection.

EXCEPTION: Sleeves shall not be required for pipes passing through drilled or bored holes. Such holes
shall provide 1/2 inch minimum clearance around the pipe and any thermal insulation.
b. Sleeves shall be sized so there is a minimum of 1/2-inch clearance around the pipe and/or insulation.
c. Piping through concrete or masonry walls shall not be subject to any load from building construction.
d. The annular space between sleeves and pipes shall be filled or tightly caulked with coal tar, asphaltum
compound, lead, or other material found equally effective and approved as such by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
e. All penetrations of construction required to have a fire resistance rating shall be protected in accordance
with the applicable building regulations.
See Figure 2.12
NOTES:
1. The sleeve must be sealed where necessary to prevent the entrance of ground water into the building.
Figure 2.12
A PIPE SLEEVE THROUGH A FOUNDATION WALL
2.13 OPENINGS FOR PIPING

a. Openings for plumbing piping shall be sealed as required to maintain the integrity of the wall, floor,
ceiling, or roof that has been penetrated.
b. Collars or escutcheon plates shall be provided to cover the openings around pipes where the piping
penetrates walls, floors, or ceilings in finished areas that are exposed to view.
2.14 USED MATERIAL OR EQUIPMENT

Used plumbing material or equipment that does not conform to the standards and regulations set forth in this Code
shall not be installed in any plumbing system.
2.15 CONDEMNED EQUIPMENT

Any plumbing equipment condemned by the Authority Having Jurisdiction because of wear, damage, defects or
sanitary hazards, shall not be used for plumbing purposes.
2.16 FREEZING OR OVERHEATING

a. The plumbing system shall be protected from freezing or overheating. The following conditions shall be
met:
1. Water service piping shall be installed below recorded frost lines. Minimum earth cover above the top of
the pipe shall be _____ inches.
2. Minimum earth cover above the top of building sewers that connect to public sewage systems shall be
inches. Minimum earth cover above the top of building sewers that connect to individual sewage disposal
systems shall be inches.

3. In systems that are used seasonally, water piping shall have provisions to be drained.
4. Piping shall be installed so that the contents will not be heated due to close proximity to any heat source
or from direct solar radiation.
5. In areas with seasonal freezing outdoor temperatures, all drain piping and water piping installed in exte-
rior walls, attics, and other areas exposed to outdoor temperatures shall be protected from freezing. In heated
spaces, the piping shall be installed on the heated side of the building insulation. See Figure 2.16
NOTES:
1. Refer to the adopting ordinance for this Plumbing Code to determine the minimum required cover for
water service and sewer piping.
2. Locating piping in exterior walls where freezing is possible should be avoided if possible. Thermal insu-
lation only retards the loss of heat, it does not prevent it.
3. Heat tracing may be required where piping is exposed outdoors or in unheated spaces.
Figure 2.16
DEPTH OF COVER FOR WATER SERVICE AND SEWER PIPING
2.17 PROTECTING FOOTINGS

Trenching parallel to and below the bottom of footings or walls shall not penetrate a 45° plane extending outward
from the bottom corner of the footing or wall, unless the soil type is approved by the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion for a different angle of repose. See Figure 2.17
NOTES:
1. Check the project design documents to verify that a 45 degree angle of repose is permissible.
2. Consult the project structural engineer if conditions dictate that excavations must be closer
than 45 degrees from the bottom edge of footings.
Figure 2.17
PROTECTING STRUCTURAL FOOTINGS FROM BEING UNDERMINED

2.18 CONNECTIONS TO PLUMBING SYSTEMS REQUIRED
Every plumbing fixture, drain, appliance, or appurtenance thereto that is to receive or discharge any liquid waste
or sewage shall discharge to the sanitary drainage system of the building in accordance with the requirements of
this Code.
2.19 CONNECTION TO WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS

2.19.1 Availability of Public Water and Sewer
The water distribution and drainage systems of any building in which plumbing fixtures are installed shall
be connected to a public water supply and sewer system respectively if the public water supply and/or public
sewer is within _____ feet of any property line of the premises, or other reasonable distance as determined by
the Authority Having Jurisdiction. See Figure 2.19.1
NOTES:
1. Refer to the adopting ordinance for this Plumbing Code to determine the distance from which properties
must be connected to public water and sewer systems.
2. Connections to public water and sewer systems are more desirable than private systems, from the
standpoint of public health and convenience.
Figure 2.19.1
REQUIRED CONNECTION OF PROPERTIES TO PUBLIC WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
2.19.2 Private Systems

Where either a public water supply or sewer system, or both, are not available, a private individual water
supply or individual sewage disposal system, or both, shall be provided, and the water distribution system
and drainage system shall be connected thereto. Such private systems shall meet the standards for installa-
tion and use established by the Health Department or other agency having jurisdiction. (See Chapters 16 and
17.) See Figure 2.19.1. Also the definitions of "Private Sewage Disposal System" and "Private Water
Supply".
Comment: Plumbing in buildings connected to private water or sewage systems must comply with all
applicable requirements of this Code or the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2.20 WASHROOM & TOILET ROOM REQUIREMENTS
2.20.1 Light and Ventilation

Light and ventilation shall be provided as required by other applicable codes.

2.20.2 Location of Piping and Fixtures
Piping, fixtures, or equipment shall not be located in such a manner as to interfere with the normal operation
of windows, doors, or other exit openings.
2.21 PIPING MEASUREMENTS

Except where otherwise specified in this Code, all measurements shall be made to the center lines of the pipes.
2.22 WATER CLOSET CONNECTIONS

a.Three-inch bends may be used on water closets or similar connections provided a 4-inch by 3-inch flange
is installed to receive the closet fixture horn.
b. Four-inch by three-inch closet bends shall be permitted.
See Figure 2.22
NOTES:
1. Reducing fixture drains for water closets from 4" to 3" is permissible.
Figure 2.22
WATER CLOSET DRAIN CONNECTIONS
2.23 DEAD ENDS

a. In the installation or removal of any part of a drainage or vent system, dead ends shall be avoided.
EXCEPTION: Where necessary to extend a cleanout so as to be accessible.
b. In the installation or removal of any part of a potable water system, dead ends shall be avoided.
See the definition of "Dead End".
Comment: Rough-ins for future fixtures are not considered dead ends if the piping is accessible and can
be cleared of any blockages when the future fixtures are installed.
2.24 TOILET FACILITIES FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

Suitable toilet facilities shall be provided and maintained in a sanitary condition for the use by workers during
construction. Non-sewer type toilet facilities for construction workers shall conform to ANSI Z4.3.

2.25 FOOD HANDLING ESTABLISHMENTS AND FOOD HANDLING AREAS
WITHIN BUILDINGS
2.25.1 General Area Protection

a. All food and drink, while being stored, prepared, displayed, served, or sold in food handling establish-
ments and food handling areas in buildings shall be protected against contamination from drainage overflow,
flooding, backflow, or leakage.
EXCEPTION: Seating areas.
b. Food or drink shall not be stored, prepared or displayed beneath overhead drain or vent piping unless
such pipes are protected against leakage or condensation reaching the food or drink.
c. In new or remodeled construction, drain and vent piping shall not be located above food preparation,
storage, display, or serving areas where possible.
EXCEPTION: Seating areas.
d. Where drain and vent piping must be installed above such areas, the amount of piping and the number of
pipe joints shall be minimized.
e. Where plumbing fixtures are located above such areas, all openings through floors, including those for
piping, cleanouts, and other plumbing work shall be provided with sleeves securely bonded to the floor con-
struction and projecting not less than 3/4 inches above the top of the finished floor with the space between the
penetration and the sleeve sealed waterproof. See Figures 2.25 - A
f. Except for bathtubs or whirlpool baths, plumbing fixtures installed on the floor above such areas shall be
the wall-mounted or back-outlet type.
g. Floor drains and shower drains installed on the floor above such areas shall be flashed and equipped with
integral seepage pans.
h. The waste and overflow connections for bathtubs and whirlpool baths installed on the floor above such
areas shall be made above the floor and piped through a single sleeved floor opening to the trap below the
floor. No floor openings, other than the sleeve for the waste pipe to the fixture trap, shall be permitted.
i. Drain and vent piping above such areas shall be subjected to a standing water test of not less than 25 feet
or 10 psig.
j. Piping subject to operation at temperatures that may cause condensation on the external surfaces of the
pipe shall be thermally insulated to prevent condensation.
k. Where drain and vent piping is installed above finished ceilings in such areas, the ceiling panels shall be
the removable type or sufficient access panels shall be provided to permit complete inspection of the piping.
Comment: The seating areas in restaurants, cafeterias, and other dining areas are not subject to the
requirements of Section 2.25.1.
2.25.2 Food Service Equipment and Fixtures

a. All food and/or drink service equipment, including sinks, dishwashers, ice machines, brewers, and
dispensers, shall be indirectly connected to the drainage system through an air gap or air break in accordance
with Chapter 9.
EXCEPTION: If a properly vented floor drain is installed adjacent to a food service fixture that is properly
trapped and vented, the food service fixture shall be permitted to connect directly to the drainage system on
the sewer side of the floor drain.

b. Where multi-compartment sinks are drained indirectly, each compartment shall discharge separately into
a floor sink that is capable of draining all of the compartments simultaneously.
2.25.3 Exposed Food Products

Wherever unwrapped or unpacked food products are prepared, displayed, or sold for human consumption, all
fixtures, equipment, devices, utensils, tableware, and apparatus involved in the food service process shall be
protected against backflow, cross-connection, and flooding from the drainage system by indirect connections
to the drainage system through air gaps in accordance with Chapter 9.
2.25.4 Food Display Equipment

Display cases for refrigerated and frozen food and drink products and other equipment and appliances that
produce clear water waste shall be indirectly connected to the drainage system through an air gap or air break
in accordance with Chapter 9.
2.25.5 Floor Sinks

Floor sinks in food handling areas shall be of the sanitary design with smooth, corrosion-resistant surfaces
that can be readily cleaned. See Figure 2.25 - B
NOTES:
1. The 3/4" extended sleeve prevents spillage on the floor above from leaking down into the food handling
area and contaminating the food products.
Figure 2.25 - A
A PIPE PENETRATION OF A FLOOR ABOVE A FOOD HANDLING AREA

NOTES:
1. All pipe penetrations through the floor above must have extended pipe sleeves. See Figure 2.25 - A.
The number of floor penetrations should be minimized.
2. Floor-outlet water closets are not permitted above a food handling area.
3. Bathtubs and showers must have above-the-floor waste outlets with piping extended to a point where an
extended pipe sleeve can be installed.
4. Piping run in a ceiling space above a food handling area must be fully accessible.
Figure 2.25 - B
PLUMBING FIXTURES ABOVE A FOOD HANDLING AREA
2.26 ELEVATOR SUMP PITS

Provisions for draining elevator sump pits shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Adopting
Agency.

Chapter 3
Materials
3.1 MATERIALS
3.1.1 Minimum Standards
The standards cited in this chapter shall control all materials, systems, and equipment used in the construc-
tion, installation, alteration, repair, or replacement of plumbing or drainage systems or parts thereof.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) The Authority Having Jurisdiction shall allow the extension, addition to or relocation of existing water,
soil, waste, drainage and vent pipes with materials of like grade or quality as permitted in Section 3.12.2.
(2) Materials not covered by the standards cited in this chapter may be used with the approval of the Au-
thority Having Jurisdiction as permitted in Section 3.12.2.
3.1.2 General Requirements

a. Materials, fixtures, or equipment used in the installation, repair or alteration of any plumbing system
shall conform at least to the standards listed in this chapter, except as otherwise approved by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction under the authority contained in Section 3.12.
b. Materials installed in plumbing systems shall be handled and installed as to avoid damage so that the
quality of the material will not be impaired.
c. No defective or damaged materials, equipment or apparatus shall be installed or maintained. (See Sec-
tions 2.14 and 2.15)
d. All materials used shall be installed in strict accordance with the standards under which the materials are
accepted and approved, including the appendices of the standards, and in strict accordance with the manufac-
turer’s instructions. Where the provisions of material standards or manufacturer's instructions conflict with
the requirements of this Code, this Code shall prevail.
e. Marking of cast iron soil pipe and fittings: Each length of cast iron soil pipe and fittings used in the
plumbing system shall be marked by the manufacturer’s name or registered trademark to enable the end user
to readily identify the manufacturer. The marking shall be done during the time of manufacture. Field mark-
ing shall not be permitted.
f. Certification of cast iron soil pipe and fittings: Where cast iron soil pipe and fittings are being installed,
the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be furnished, when requested, certification by the manufacturer of
compliance to the product standards. Resellers of cast iron soil pipe and fittings manufactured by others and
using third party certifications or inspections to support proof of compliance to the product standard shall, in
addition to the manufacturer’s certification, provide, when requested, copies of the third party reports to the
Authority Having Jurisdiction.
3.1.3 Standards Applicable to Plumbing Materials

A material shall be considered approved if it is listed or certified by a recognized certification body as
complying with one or more of the standards cited in Table 3.1.3, and in the case of plastic pipe, fittings and
solvent cement also NSF 14. Materials not listed in Table 3.1.3 shall be used only as provided for in Section
3.12.2 or as permitted elsewhere in this Code.
Note: Abbreviations in Table 3.1.3 refer to the following organizations:

AHAM Association of Home Appliance FM FM Global
Manufacturers 1301 Atwood Avenue - PO Box 7500
1111 19th Street, NW - Suite 402 Johnston, RI 02919 USA
Washington, DC 20036 USA tel: 1-401-275-3000
tel: 1-202-872-5955 fax: 1-401-275-3029
fax: 1-202-872-9354
IAPMO International Association of
ANSI American National Standards Institute Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
25 West 43rd Street - 4th Floor 5001 E. Philadelphia Street
New York, NY 10036 USA Ontario, CA 91761 USA
tel: 1-212-642-4900 tel: 1-909-472-4100
fax:1-212-398-0023 fax: 1-909-472-4150
ASME ASME International ISEA International Safety Equipment

Three Park Avenue Association
New York, NY 10016-5990 USA 1901 N. Moore Street
tel: 1-800-843-2763 Arlington, VA 22209-1762 USA
fax: 1-212-591-7674 tel: 1-703-525-1695
fax: 1-703-528-2148
ASSE ASSE International
901 Canterbury Road - Suite A MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society
Westlake, OH 44145 USA 127 Park Street NE
tel: 1-440-835-3040 Vienna, VA 22180 USA
fax: 1-440-835-3488 tel: 1-703-281-6613
fax: 1-703-281-6671
ASTM ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive - PO Box C700 NFPA National Fire Protection Association
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 USA 1 Batterymarch Park
tel: 1-610-832-9585
Quincy, MA 02169-7471 USA
fax: 1-610-832-9555
tel: 1-617-770-3000
fax: 1-617-770-0700
AWWA American Water Works Association
6666 W. Quincy Avenue
NSF NSF International
Denver, CO 80235 USA
789 N. Dixboro Road
tel: 1-800-926-7337
Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140 USA
fax: 1-303-347-0804
tel: 1-800-673-6275
fax: 1-734-769-0109
CISPI Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute
5959 Shallowford Road - Suite 419
Chattanooga, TN 37421 USA PDI Plumbing & Drainage Institute
tel: 1-423-892-0137 800 Turnpike Street - Suite 300
fax: 1-423-892-0817 North Andover, MA 01845 USA
tel: 1-800-589-8956
CSA Canadian Standards Association fax: 1-978-557-0721
5060 Spectrum Way
Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6 CANADA UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
tel: 1-800-463-6727 333 Pfingsten Road
fax: 1-416-747-2473 Northbrook, IL 60062-2096 USA
tel: 1-847-272-8800
fax: 1-847-272-8129

3.1.4 Identification of Materials
Materials shall be identified as provided in the standard to which they conform.
3.2 SPECIAL MATERIALS

3.2.1 Miscellaneous Materials
Sheet and tubular copper and brass for the following uses shall be not less than:
a. General use - 12 oz. per square foot
b. Flashing for vent pipes - 8 oz. per square foot
c. Fixture traps and trap arms - 17 gauge or ASME A118.2/CSA B125.2
d. Fixture tailpieces - 20 gauge or ASME A118.2/CSA B125.2
e. Tailpieces with dishwasher connections - 20 gauge or ASME A118.2/CSA B125.2
f. Continuous wastes - 20 gauge or ASME A118.2/CSA B125.2
3.2.2 Lead
See Table 3.1.3. Sheet lead shall be not less than the following:
a. Shower pans—not less than 4 pounds per square foot (psf) and be coated with an asphalt paint or
equivalent.
b. Flashings of vent terminals—not less than 3 pounds per square foot (psf).
c. Lead bends and lead traps shall not be less than 1/8" wall thickness.
3.2.3 Plastic
a. Trap and tailpiece fittings— minimum 0.062" wall thickness.
b. Piping— see specific application — Sections 3.4 to 3.11.
c. Shower pans—approved plastic sheeting material.
Comment: Plastic shower pans should not be covered with asphalt unless recommended by the manu-
facturer.
3.3 FITTINGS, FIXTURES, APPLIANCES & APPURTENANCES

3.3.1 Drainage Fittings
See Sections 2.3 and 2.4 for fittings and connections in drainage systems.
3.3.2 Cleanout Plugs and Caps

a. Cleanout plugs shall be of brass, plastic, stainless steel, or other approved materials and shall have
raised or countersunk square heads, except that where raised heads will cause a tripping hazard, countersunk
heads shall be used.
b. Cleanout caps shall be of brass, plastic, reinforced neoprene, cast-iron, or other approved material and
shall be readily removable. See Figure 3.3.2

Figure 3.3.2
CLEANOUT PLUGS
3.3.3 Fixtures
a. Plumbing fixtures shall be constructed from approved materials having smooth, non-absorbent surfaces
and be free from defects, and except as permitted elsewhere in this Code, shall conform to the standards cited
in Table 3.1.3.
b. Materials for special use fixtures not otherwise covered in this Code shall be constructed of materials
especially suited to the use for which the fixture is intended.
See Chapter 7 for the requirements for specific fixtures
Comment #1: The standards for plumbing fixtures that are listed in Table 3.1.3 reflect consensus agree-
ment between manufacturers, industry representatives, and consumer groups.
Comment #2: Slip resisting surfaces in bathtubs and showers do not constitute a violation of the re-
quirement for smooth surfaces.
3.3.4 Floor Flanges and Mounting Bolts

a. Floor flanges for water closets or similar fixtures shall be not less than 1/8" thick for brass, 1/4" thick and
not less than 1-1/2" caulking depth for cast-iron or galvanized malleable iron. Approved copper and plastic
flanges may be used.
b. If of hard lead, they shall weigh not less than 1 lb. 9 oz. and be composed of lead alloy with not less than
7.75 percent antimony by weight. Flanges shall be soldered to lead bends or shall be caulked, soldered, or
threaded into other metal.
c. Closet screws and bolts shall be corrosion-resisting.
d. Connections between drainage piping and floor outlet water closets shall be made by means of an ap-
proved flange that is attached to the drainage piping in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. The
floor flange shall be set on and securely anchored to the finished floor.
3.3.5 Flush Pipes and Fittings

Flush pipes and fittings shall be of nonferrous material. When of brass or copper tube, the material shall be at
least 0.0313" in thickness (No. 20 U.S. gauge).
3.3.6 Plumbing Supply Fittings

Plumbing supply fittings covered under the scope of NSF 61 shall comply with the requirements of NSF 61.
3.3.7 Interceptors, Separators, Grease Recovery Devices

Interceptors, separators, and grease recovery devices shall meet the requirements of Chapter 6.

3.3.8 Pressure Tanks and Vessels
a. Hot water storage tanks shall meet construction requirements of ASME, CSA, or UL as appropriate.
(See Table 3.1.3)
b. Storage tanks less in volume than those requirements specified by ASME shall be of durable materials
and constructed to withstand 125 p.s.i. with a safety factor of 2.
3.3.9 Roof Drains

Roof drains shall be of cast iron, copper, lead, plastic, or other approved corrosion-resisting materials. See
Section 13.5.1
3.3.10 Safety Devices for Pressure Tanks

Safety devices shall meet the requirements of the American National Standards Institute, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, or the Underwriters Laboratories. Listing by Underwriters Laboratories, Canadian
Standards Association, or National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors shall constitute evidence
of conformance with these standards. Where a device is not listed by any of these organizations, it shall have
certification by an approved laboratory as having met these requirements. (See Section 10.16.)
3.3.11 Septic Tanks

a. Plans for all septic tanks shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for approval. Such
plans shall show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations and such other pertinent data as may be
required.
b. Septic tanks shall be constructed of sound durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or decay
and shall be watertight. (See Sections 16.6.5 and 16.6.6.)
3.3.12 Carriers and Supports

Carriers and supports for plumbing fixtures shall comply with ASME A112.6.1, ASME A112.6.2 or ASME
A112.19.12.
3.4 POTABLE WATER PIPING

3.4.1 Plastic Piping
Plastic piping materials used for the conveyance of potable water shall comply with NSF 14 and be marked
accordingly.
3.4.2 Water Service Piping

Water service pipe and pipe fittings to the point of entrance into the building through a foundation wall or
floor shall be of materials listed in Table 3.4 and shall be water pressure rated not less than 160 psi at 73 deg
F. See Table 3.4.2. Water service pipe and pipe fittings shall comply with NSF 61.
Comment: The manufacturer's markings on plastic water service pipe must indicate that it is suitable
for 160 psig @ 73°F and complies with NSF 61.
3.4.3 Water Distribution Piping

Water piping for the distribution of hot or cold water within buildings shall be of material listed in Table 3.4,
and shall be water pressure rated for not less than 100 psi at 180 deg F and 160 psi at 73 deg F. Plastic pip-
ing used for hot water distribution shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 10.15.8.
Water distribution pipe and pipe fittings shall comply with NSF 61.
NOTE: The working pressure rating of certain approved plastic piping materials varies depending on the pipe
size, material composition, wall thickness, and methods of joining. See Table 3.4.3.

3.4.4 Fittings
Fittings for water supply piping shall be compatible with the pipe material used.
3.4.5 Material Ratings and Installation

a. Piping used for domestic water shall be suitable for the maximum temperature, pressure, and velocity
that may be encountered, including temporary increases and surges.
b. Relief valve temperature and pressure relief settings shall not exceed the pipe, tubing or fitting manufac-
turer’s recommendations.
c. Pipe and fittings shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and the
applicable material standards, recognizing any limitations in use.
Comment: Refer to the standards listed in Table 3.1.3 to determine the pressure and temperature ratings
of the various piping materials.
3.4.6 Limit on Lead Content

a. Materials used in the potable water supply system, including faucets and valves, shall not contain more
than 8 percent lead.
b. Drinking water system components shall comply with the lead leachate requirements as specified for
covered products of NSF International 61.
See Section 4.2.4 for the limit on lead in solder filler metal
Comment: The limit of 8% lead is based on the EPA Safe Drinking Water Act. Generally, fixture fitting
castings do not exceed 7% lead.
3.4.7 Shutoff Valves

All gate valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, globe valves, and other shutoff valves in water service piping
and water distribution piping shall comply with the requirements of NSF 61
3.5 SANITARY DRAINAGE PIPING

3.5.1 Aboveground Piping - Soil, Waste and Indirect Waste
Aboveground soil and waste piping within buildings shall be of materials listed in Table 3.5.
3.5.2 Underground Building Sanitary Drains

Underground building drains and other underground sanitary drain and waste piping within buildings shall be
of materials listed in Table 3.5.
3.5.3 Building Sanitary Sewer

Sanitary sewer piping outside of buildings shall be of materials listed in Table 3.5. Joints shall be watertight
and root proof.

a. Pipe and fittings classified by standard dimension ratio that are underground outside of buildings shall
be SDR 35 or heavier (lower SDR number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be SDR 26 or heavier
(lower SDR number).
b. Pipe and fittings classified by pipe stiffness that are underground outside of the buildings shall be PS-46
or heavier (higher PS number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be PS-100 minimum.

3.5.5 Vitrified Clay Pipe
Vitrified clay pipe shall be joined using compression joints or couplings. Vitrified clay pipe installed under-
ground within buildings shall be extra strength and shall have 12" minimum earth cover.
3.5.6 Fittings
Fittings in drainage systems shall be compatible with the pipe used and shall have no ledges, shoulders, or
reductions that can retard or obstruct flow. Threaded fittings shall be the recessed drainage type.
3.6 VENT PIPING

3.6.1 Aboveground Piping
Aboveground vent piping in buildings serving sanitary, waste, or storm drainage systems shall be of materi-
als listed in Table 3.6.
3.6.2 Underground Piping

Vent piping installed underground shall be of materials listed in Table 3.6.

a. Pipe and fittings classified by standard dimension ratio that are underground outside of buildings shall be
SDR 35 or heavier (lower SDR number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be SDR 26 or heavier (lower
SDR number).
b. Pipe and fittings classified by pipe stiffness that are underground outside of buildings shall be PS-46 or
heavier (higher PS number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be PS-100 minimum.
3.6.4 Fittings
Fittings in vent piping shall be compatible with the pipe material used. Where threaded pipe is used, fittings
shall be either the drainage or pressure type, galvanized or black.
3.7 STORM DRAINAGE PIPING

3.7.1 Reserved
3.7.2 Interior Conductors

Stormwater drain piping installed aboveground in buildings shall be of materials listed in Table 3.7.
3.7.3 Underground Building Storm Drains

Underground building storm drains and other underground stormwater piping within buildings shall be of
materials listed in Table 3.7.
3.7.4 Building Storm Sewer

Building storm sewer piping outside of buildings shall be of materials listed in Table 3.7.

a. Pipe and fittings classified by standard dimension ratio that are underground outside of buildings shall be
SDR 35 or heavier (lower SDR number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be SDR 26 or heavier (lower
SDR number), except that SDR 35 fittings shall be permitted.

b. Pipe and fittings classified by pipe stiffness that are underground outside of buildings shall be PS-46 or
heavier (higher PS number). Pipe and fittings within buildings shall be PS-100 minimum.
3.7.6 Vitrified Clay Pipe

Vitrified clay pipe shall be joined using compression joints or couplings. Vitrified clay pipe installed under-
ground within buildings shall be extra strength and shall have 12" minimum earth cover.
3.7.7 Fittings
Fittings in drainage systems shall be compatible with the pipe used and shall have no ledges, shoulders, or
reductions that can retard or obstruct flow. Threaded fittings shall be the recessed drainage type.
3.8 FOUNDATION DRAINS AND SUBSOIL DRAINAGE

Piping for foundation drains and other subsoil drainage shall be of materials listed in Table 3.8.
3.9 AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE DRAIN PIPING

Indirect waste piping from air conditioning unit drains to the point of disposal shall be of a material approved for
either potable water, sanitary drainage or storm drainage.
3.10 CONDENSATE DRAINS FROM COMBUSTION PROCESSES

Piping used to convey condensate from combustion processes (such as from flues and chimneys) shall conform to
the equipment manufacturer’s instructions.
3.11 CHEMICAL WASTE PIPING SYSTEMS

3.11.1 Where Required
Drainage and vent piping systems for other than sanitary drainage shall be separate from building sanitary
drainage and vent piping and shall be compatible with the wastes being handled.
3.11.2 Drainage Piping

Drainage piping materials, including the type of joints and methods of support, shall be listed by the manu-
facturer as suitable for the wastes being handled.
3.11.3 Vent Piping

Vent piping for chemical wastes shall be the same as the drainage piping and shall be run separately to the
outdoor air, independent from any vent piping for sanitary drainage.
3.11.4 Separate Systems

Where separate chemical waste drainage systems are required to handle different chemical wastes, the drain-
age and vent piping for each system shall also be separated.
3.12 ALTERNATE MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.12.1 Existing Buildings
a. Plumbing work performed in existing buildings shall conform to the requirements of this Code, unless the
Authority Having Jurisdiction finds that such conformance would result in an undue hardship.
b. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may grant a variation to the extent necessary to relieve the undue
nature of the hardship.
c. A record, open to the public, shall be kept of each variation granted under this section.

3.12.2 Approval
a. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may approve the use of any material or method not expressly
conforming to the requirements of this Code provided all of the following conditions are met:
1. The material or method is not expressly prohibited by this Code.
2. The material or method is determined to be of such design or quality as to appear suitable for the pro-
posed use.
3. A record of such approval is kept and shall be available to the public.
3.12.3 Tests
When there is insufficient evidence to verify claims for alternate materials, the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion may require tests of compliance as proof of suitability. Such tests shall be made by an approved testing
agency at the expense of the applicant.
3.12.4 Test Procedure

Tests shall be made in accordance with applicaple standards; but in the absence of such standards, the Au-
thority Having Jurisdiction shall specify the test procedure.
3.12.5 Repeated Tests

The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require tests to be repeated if, at any time, there is reason to believe
that an alternate material no longer conforms to the requirements on which its approval was based.

Table 3.1.3
STANDARDS FOR APPROVED PLUMBING MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
I. FERROUS PIPE AND FITTINGS

1 Hub & Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: ASTM A74- 2006.
2 Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: CISPI 301-2005,
ASTM A888-2007a.
3 Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe: ASTM A377-2003,
AWWA C151/A21.51-2002.
4 Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings (3” and larger): AWWA C110/A21.10-2003.
5 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings: AWWA C104/A21.4-2003.
6 Steel Pipe, Galvanized, Welded and Seamless: ASTM A53-2007.
7 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings: ASME B16.12-1998 (2006).
8 Gray Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250: ASME B16.4- 2006.
9 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150 and 300: ASME B16.3- 2006.
10 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads: ASME B16.14-1991.
11 Stainless Steel DWV Pipe and Fittings, Types 304 and 316L (3): ASME A112.3.1-2007.
12 Ferrous Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (1/2” to 24”): ASME B16.5-2003.
13 Ductile Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service: AWWA C153/A21.53-2006.
II. NON-FERROUS METALLIC PIPE AND FITTINGS
1 Brass Pipe, Red, Seamless, Standard Sizes: ASTM B43-1998 (2004).
2 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 & 250: ASME B16.15-2006.
3 Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B16.24-2006.
Class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500:
4 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV: ASME B16.23-2002 (2006).
5 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings: ASME B16.18-2001 (2005).
6 Copper Drainage Tube (DWV): ASTM B306-2002.
7 Copper Pipe, Seamless, Standard Sizes : ASTM B42-2002.e1.
8 Copper Pipe, Threadless: ASTM B302-2007.
9 Copper Water Tube, Seamless (K, L, M): ASTM B88-2003.
10 Reserved
11 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings, DWV: ASME B16.29-2007.
12 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings: ASME B16.22-2001 (2005).
13 Reserved
14 Reserved
15 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes: ASME B16.26-2006.
16 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Braze - Joint Pressure Fittings: ASME B16.50-2001 (2008).
17 Push-Fit Fittings for Copper Water Tube: ASSE 1061-2006.

PART III. NON-METALLIC PIPE AND FITTINGS
1 Reserved
2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Pressure Pipe ASTM D1527-1999e1 (2005).
Schedules 40 and 80 (1/8” to 12”):
3 Reserved
4 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 ASTM D2661-2008.
Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings (1-1/4” to 6”):
5 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic ASTM F628-2008.
Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with a Cellular Core (1-1/4” to 6”):
6 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Sewer Pipe and Fittings ASTM D2751-2005.
(3” to 12”):
7 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly (Vinyl Chloride) ASTM D2680-2001.
(PVC) Composite Sewer Pipe (6” to 15”):
8 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure Pipe for Water (4” to 12”): AWWA C900-2007.
9 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe ASTM D1785-2006.
Schedule 40, 80, and 120 (1/8” to 24”):
10 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, ASTM D2466-2006.
Schedule 40, socket-type (1/8” to 8”):
Schedule 80, threaded (1/8” to 8”):
13 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe ASTM D2241-2005.
SDR Series (1/8” to 36”):
14 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent ASTM D2665-2008.
Pipe and Fittings (1-1/4” to 12”):
15 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Schedule 40 Drainage and ASTM F1866-2007.
DWV Fabricated Fittings:
16 3.25” Outside Diameter Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic ASTM D2949-2001ae1.
Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings:
17 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings (2” to 6”): ASTM D2729-2003.
18 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Gasketed Sewer Fittings (4” to 27”): ASTM F1336-2007.
19 Coextruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe with a ASTM F891-2007.
Cellular Core; Non-Pressure Uses, IPS Sched 40 (1-1/4” to 12”):
20 Coextruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe with a Cellular ASTM F891-2007.
Core; Non-Pressure Uses, PS and Sewer/Drain Series (2” to 18”):
21 Reserved
22 Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings ASTM D3034-2006.
(4” to 15”):
23 Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot and Cold ASTM D2846 - 2006.
Water Distribution Systems (3/8” to 2”):
24 Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe ASTM F442-1999 (2005).
SDR-PR (1/4” to 12”):
25 Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe ASTM F441-2002.
Schedules 40 and 80 (1/4” to 12”):

PART III. NON-METALLIC PIPE AND FITTINGS (continued)
26 Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings ASTM F439-2006.
Schedule 80, threaded (1/4” to 6”):
28 Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Tubing for Water Service AWWA C901-2002.
(1/2” to 3”):
29 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Based on Controlled ASTM D3035-2008.
Outside Diameter (1/2” to 6”):
30 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled ASTM D2239-2003.
Inside Diameter (1/2” to 6”):
31 Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) SDR 9 Tubing ASTM F2623-2008
32 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80 ASTM D2447-2003.
Based on Outside Diameter (1/2” to 12”):
33 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Tubing (1/2” to 2”): ASTM D2737-2003.
34 Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe Fittings ASTM D3261-2003.
for Polyethylene Plastic Pipe and Tubing (1/2” to 48”):
35 Plastic Insert Fittings for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe ASTM D2609-2002.
(1/2” to 4”):
36 Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Tubing and Fittings (3” to 6”): ASTM F405-2005.
37 Smooth Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe for use in Drainage and ASTM F810-2007.
Waste Disposal Absorption Fields (3” to 6”):
38 Styrene-Rubber (SR) Plastic Drain Pipe and Fittings (2” to 6”): ASTM D2852-1995 (2008).
39 Reserved
40 Fiberglass Pressure Pipe (1” and larger): AWWA C950-2007.
ASTM D3517-2006.
41 Fiberglass (GFR) Sewer and Industrial Pressure Pipe ASTM D3754-2006.
(8” and larger):
42 Fiberglass (GFR) Sewer Pipe (8” and larger): ASTM D3262-2006.
43 Fiberglass (GFR) Non-Pressure Pipe Fittings (8” and larger): ASTM D3840-2001 (2005).
44 Reserved
45 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength and ASTM C700-2007a.
Perforated (3” and larger):
46 Concrete Drain Tile (4” and larger): ASTM C412-2005a.
47 Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe ASTM C14-2007.
non-reinforced (4” and larger):
48 Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe ASTM C76-2008a.
(12” and larger):
49 Perforated Concrete Pipe (4” and larger) ASTM C444-2003.
50 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot and Cold Water ASTM F877-2007.
Distribution Systems:
51 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Tubing (3/8” to 6”): ASTM F876-2007.

52 Metal Insert Fittings Utilizing a Copper Crimp Ring for SDR 9 ASTM F1807-2008.
Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing:
53 Cold Expansion Fittings with PEX Reinforcing Rings for use with ASTM F1960-2007a.
Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing:
54 Crosslinked Polyethylene-Aluminum-Crosslinked Polyethylene ASTM F1281-2007.
(PEX-AL-PEX) Composite Pressure Pipe (3/8” to 1”):
55 Polyethylene-Aluminum-Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) ASTM F1282-2006.
Composite Pressure Pipe (3/8” to 1”):
56 Metal Insert Fittings for PEX-AL-PEX and PE-AL-PE ASTM F1974-2004.
Composite Pressure Pipe:
57 Polyethylene-Aluminum-Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) CSA B137.9-2005.
Composite Pipe Systems (1/4” to 1”):
58 Crosslinked Polyethylene-Aluminum-Crosslinked Polyethylene CSA B137.10-2005.
(PEX-AL-PEX) Composite Pressure Pipe Systems (1/4” to 1”):
59 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) based on ASTM F714-2008
Outside Diameter (3” to 48”): See Tables 3.4, 3.5 & 3.7 for
minimum SDR values for
trenchless sewer replacement.
60 Reserved
61 Stainless Steel Clamps for securing SDR 9 Crosslinked ASTM F2098-2008.
Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing to Metal Insert Fittings:
62 Crosslinked Polyethylene-Aluminum-Crosslinked Polyethylene ASTM F2262-2005.
(PEX-AL-PEX) Tubing, OD Controlled, SDR 9, (1/2” to 1”):
63 Pressure-rated Composite Pipe and Fittings for Elevated ASTM F1335-2004.
Temperature Service, Classes 1 and 2 (16 mm to 50 mm):
64 Cold Expansion Fittings with Metal Compression Sleeves ASTM F2080-2008.
for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe:
65 Push-Fit Fittings for SDR 9 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) ASSE 1061-2006.
and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC):
66 Pressure-rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems: ASTM F2389-2007.
67 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe AWWA C904-2006.
for Water Service (1/2” to 3”):
Schedule 40, Socket-type (1/4” to 6”):
69 Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Fittings for PE Pipe and Tubing ASTM D3261-2003.
(1/2" to 48"):
70 Socket-type Polyethylene (PE) Fittings for O.D. Controlled ASTM D2683-2004.
PE Pipe and Tubing (1/4” to 4”):
71 Electro-fusion Polyethylene (PE) Fittings for O.D. Controlled ASTM F1055-1998 (2006).
PE Pipe and Tubing:
72 Mechanical Cold Expansion Insert Fittings with Compression ASTM F1865-2002a.
Sleeve for PEX Tubing:
73 Metal Mechanical Cold Flare Compression Fittings with ASTM F1961-2002a.
Disc Spring for PEX Tubing:

74 Metal Insert Fittings utilizing a Copper Crimp Ring for SDR 9 ASTM F2434-2005.
PEX Tubing and SDR 9 PEX-AL-PEX Tubing:
75 Pressure-rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems (1/2” to 6”): ASTM F2389-2007.
76 Flexible Pre-insulated Piping: ASTM F2165-2002.
77 Polyethylene-Aluminum-Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) AWWA C903-2002.
Composite Pressure Pipe for Water Service (1/2” to 2”):
78 Crosslinked Polyethylene-Aluminum-Crosslinked Polyethylene AWWA C903-2002.
(PEX-AL-PEX) Composite Pressure Pipe for Water Service
(1/2” to 2”):
IV. PIPE JOINTS, JOINING MATERIALS, COUPLINGS, GASKETS
1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose: ASME B1.20.1-1983 (2006).
2 Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Soldering of Copper and Copper ASTM B813-2000e1.
Alloy Tube:
3 Solder Metal: ASTM B32-2008.
4 Brazing Filler Metal: AWS A5.8-2004.
5 Refined Lead: ASTM B29-2003.
6 Grooved and Shouldered Joints (Split Couplings): AWWA C606-2006.
7 Flexible Transition Couplings for Underground Piping Systems: ASTM C1173-2006
8 Rubber Sheet Gaskets: ASTM D1330-2004.
9 Rubber Gasket Joints for Ductile Iron and Gray Iron AWWA C111/A21.11-2007.
Pressure Pipe and Fittings:
10 Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: ASTM C564-2003a.
11 Couplings for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: CISPI 310-2004,
ASTM C1277-2006,
ASTM C1540-2004,
FM 1680-1989.
12 Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay Pipe and Fittings: ASTM C425-2004.
13 Rubber Gasket Joints in Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe: ASTM C443-2005a.
14 Elastomeric Seals (gaskets) for Push-On Joints in Plastic Pipe: ASTM F477-2007.
15 Flexible Elastomeric Seals for Plastic Pressure Pipe: ASTM D3139-1998 (2005).
16 Flexible Elastomeric Seals for Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe: ASTM D3212-2007.
17 Joints for IPS PVC Pipe using Solvent Cements: ASTM D2672-1996a (2003).
18 Primers for Solvent Cement Joints in PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings: ASTM F656-2002.
19 Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) ASTM D2235-2004.
Plastic Pipe and Fittings:
20 Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems: ASTM D2564-2004e1.
21 Solvent Cements for Transition Joints between Acrylonitrile- ASTM D3138-2004.
Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
Non-Pressure Piping Components:

IV. PIPE JOINTS, JOINING MATERIALS, COUPLINGS, GASKETS (continued)
22 Solvent Cements for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) ASTM F493-2004.
Plastic Pipe and Fittings:
23 Solvent Cements for Styrene-Rubber (SR) Plastic Pipe and Fittings: ASTM D3122-1995 (2002).
24 Mechanical Couplings for Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Sewer Pipe: CSA B602-2005 (2007).
25 Plastic Fittings for connecting Water Closets to the Sanitary ASME A112.4.3-1999 (2004).
Drainage System:
26 Mechanical Couplings using Thermoplastic Elastomeric (TPE) ASTM C1461-2007.
Gaskets for joining Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV), Sewer,
Sanitary and Storm Plumbing Systems for Above and Below
Ground Use:
27 Non-Reinforced Extruded Tee Connections for Piping Applications: ASTM F2014-2000 (2006).
28 Heavy Duty Shielded Couplings joining Hubless Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings: ASTM C1540-2004.
29 Dielectric Pipe Unions: ASSE 1079-2005.
30 Performance Requirements for Removable and Non-Removable ASSE 1061-2006.
Push-Fit Fittings:
31 Grooved and Shouldered Joints (for IPS metallic pipe sizes): AWWA C606-2006.
V. PLUMBING FIXTURES
1 Bath Units, Plastic: ANSI Z124.1.2-2005,
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
2 Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures, Non-Vitreous: ASME A112.19.9M-1991
(2008),
CSA B45.1-2002 (2008).
3 Drains for Prefabricated and Precast Showers ASME A112.18.2-2005,
CSA B125.2-2005.
4 Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers, Self Contained, ARI 1010-2002,
Mechanically Refrigerated: UL 399 Edition 6-1993
(2006).
5 Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures: ASME A112.19.1M-1994
(2004),
CSA B45.2-2002 (2008).
6 Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures: ASME A112.19.4M-1994
(2004),
CSA B45.3-2002 (2008).
7 Floor and Trench Drains: ASME A112.6.3-2001 (2007).
8 Lavatories, Plastic: ANSI Z124.3-2005,
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
9 Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains: ASME A112.6.4-2003 (2008).
10 Plastic Bathtub and Shower Units: ANSI Z124.1.2-2005,
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
11 Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (residential design): ASME A112.19.3-2001
(2004),
CSA B45.4-2002 (2008).

V. PLUMBING FIXTURES (continued)
12 Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures: ASME A112.19.2-2003
(2008),
CSA B45.1-2002 (2008).
13 Water Closet Bowls and Tanks, Plastic: ANSI Z124.4-2006,
ASME A112.19.2-2003
(2008),
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
14 Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances: ASME A112.19.7-2006.
15 Reserved
16 Urinals, Plastic ANSI Z124.9-2004,
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
16a Vitreous China Non-Water Urinals: CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
17 Fabricated Stainless Steel Security Water Closets: IAPMO PS 61-2006a,
CSA B45.4-2002 (2008).
18 Hydraulic Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals: ASME A112.19.2-2003
(2008).
19 Wall Mounted and Pedestal Mounted Adjustable and Pivoting ASME A112.19.12-2006.
Lavatory and Sink Carrier Systems:
20 Plastic Sinks: ANSI Z124.6-2007,
CSA B45.5-2002 (2008).
21 Prefabricated Spa Shells: ANSI Z124.7-1997.
22 Plastic Bathtub Liners: ANSI Z124.8-1990.
23 Bathtubs and Whirlpool Bathtubs with Pressure Sealed Doors: ASME A112.19.15-2005.
24 Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment: ANSI Z358.1-2004.
25 Six Liter Water Closets equipped with Dual Flushing Device: ASME A112.19.14-2006.
26 Electro-Hydraulic Water Closets: ASME A112.19.13-2001
(2007).
27 Enameled and Epoxy Coated Cast Iron and PVC Plastic ASME A112.6.7-2001 (2007).
Sanitary Floor Sinks:
VI. PLUMBING FIXTURE TRIM
1 Anti-siphon Fill Valves (Ballcocks) for Gravity Water Closet ASSE 1002-2008,
Flush Tanks: CSA B125.3-2005.
2 Individual Thermostatic, Pressure Balancing, and Combination ASSE 1016-2005,
Pressure Balancing and Thermostatic Control Valves for ASME A112.18.1-2005,
Individual Fixture Fittings: CSA B125.1-2005.
3 Reserved
4 Plumbing Supply Fittings: ASME A112.18.1-2005,
CSA B125.1-2005.
5 Flushometers (pressurized flushing devices): ASSE 1037-1990,
CSA B125.3-2005.
6 Laboratory Faucet Vacuum Breakers: ASSE 1035-2008.

VI. PLUMBING FIXTURE TRIM (continued)
7 Showers, Hand Held: ASME A112.18.1-2005,
CSA B125.1-2005.
8 Reserved
9 Trim for Water Closet Bowls, Tanks, and Urinals ASME A112.19.5-2005,
(dimensional standards): CSA B125.3-2005.
10 Flexible Water Connectors: ASME A112.18.6-2003
(2008),
CSA B125.3-2005.
11 Water Closet Seats, Plastic: ANSI Z124.5-2006.
12 Whirlpool Suction Fittings: ASME A112.19.8-2007.
13 Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices ASME A112.18.3-2002
and Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings: (2008).
14 Temperature Actuated Flow Reduction (TAFR) Valves for ASSE 1062-2006.
Individual Fixture Fittings:
15 Individual Pressure Balancing In-Line Valves for Individual ASSE 1066-1997.
Fixture Fittings:
16 Deck Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves with Integral ASME A112.18.7-1999
Backflow Protection: (2004).
17 Plumbing Fixture Waste Fittings (size 2 NPS and smaller): ASME A112.18.2-2005,
CSA B125.2-2005.
18 Thermoplastic Accessible and Replaceable Plastic Tube and ASTM F409-2002.
Tubular Fittings for Waste Connections (1-1/4”, 1-1/2”):
19 Dual Flush Devices for Water Closets: ASME A112.19.10-2003
(2008).
20 Reserved
21 Wall Mounted and Pedestal Mounted Adjustable and ASME A112.19.12-2006.
Pivoting Lavatory and Sink Carrier Systems:
22 Water Closet Personal Hygiene Devices: ASME A112.4.2-2003 (2008).
23 Safety Vacuum Release Systems (SVRS) for Spa and Hot Tub ASME A112.19.17-2002.
Suction Systems:
VII. PLUMBING APPLIANCES
1 Clothes Washers: AHAM HLW-1-2007,
ASSE 1007-1986.
2 Dishwashing Machines, Commercial: UL 921 Edition 6-2006.
3 Dishwashers, Household: UL 749 Edition 8-2008,
AHAM DW-1-2005,
ASSE 1006-1986.
4 Food Waste Grinder Units, Commercial: ASSE 1009-1990.
5 Food Waste Disposal Units, Household: UL 430 Edition 6-2004
(2007),
AHAM FWD-1-2005,
ASSE 1008-2006.
6 Hot Water Dispensers: ASSE 1023-1979.

VII. PLUMBING APPLIANCES (continued)
7 Gas Water Heaters - Volume I, Storage Water Heaters with Input Ratings of ANSI Z21.10.1-2004 (2007),
75,000 BTUH or less. CSA 4.1-2004 (2007).
8 Gas Water Heaters – Volume III, Storage Water Heaters with Input Ratings above ANSI Z21.10.3-2004 (2007),
75,000 BTUH, Circulating and Instantaneous: CSA 4.3-2004 (2007).
9 Water Heaters, Household Electric Storage Tank Type: UL 174 Edition 11-2004
(2006).
10 Water Heaters, Instantaneous, Electric, Point-of-Use: UL 499 Edition 13-2005
(2008).
11 Water Heaters, Oil-Fired Storage Type: UL 732 Edition 5-1995
(2005).
12 Water Heater Relief Valve Drain Tubes: ASME A112.4.1-1993 (2008).
13 Water Softeners (cation exchange): NSF 44-2007.
14 Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Systems: NSF 58-2007.
15 Macerating Toilet Systems and Related Components: ASME A112.3.4-2000 (2004),
CSA B45.9-2002 (2008).
16 Drinking Water Treatment Units - Aesthetic Effects: NSF 42-2007a.
17 Drinking Water Treatment Units - Health Effects: NSF 53-2007a.
18 Ultraviolet Microbiological Water Treatment Systems: NSF 55-2007.
19 Drinking Water Treatment Systems: CSA B483.1-2007.
VIII. VALVES AND APPURTENANCES

1 Backwater Valves ASME A112.14.1-2003
(2008),
CSA B181.1-2006 of CSA
B1800 series (ABS) CSA
B181.2-2006 of CSA B1800
series (PVC).
2 Anti-siphon Fill Valves (Ballcocks) for Gravity Water Closet Flush Tanks: ASSE 1002-2008,
CSA B125.3-2005.
3 Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves: MSS SP 80-2003.
4 Check Valves, Swing, Cast Iron: MSS SP 71-2005.
5 Cleanouts: ASME A112.36.2-1991
(2008).
6 Reserved
7 Flushometers (pressurized flushing devices): ASSE 1037-1990,
CSA B125.3-2005.
8 Gate Valves, Cast Iron, 125# and 250#: MSS SP 70-2006.
9 Gate Valves, Iron Body (3” and larger) AWWA C500-2002.
10 Water Pressure Reducing Valves: ASSE 1003-2001.
11 Relief Valves and Automatic Gas Shut-off Devices for Hot Water Supply: ANSI Z21.22-1999 (2004),
CSA 4.4-1999 (2004).
12 Temperature Actuated Mixing Valves for Hot Water ASSE 1017-2003,
CSA B125.3-2005.

VIII. VALVES AND APPURTENANCES (continued)
13 Trap Seal Primer Valves, Potable Water Supplied ASSE 1018-2001.
14 Water Hammer Arrestors: ASSE 1010-2004,
PDI WH 201-2006.
15 Pre-Pressurized Potable Water Tanks (for thermal expansion): IAPMO PS 88-2002.
16 Barrier Type Floor Drain Trap Seal Protection Devices ASSE 1072-2007.
17 Ball Valves, Threaded, Socket-Welding, Solder Joints, MSS SP 110-1996.
Grooved, and Flared Ends:
18 Water Temperature Limiting Devices: ASSE 1070-2004.
19 Wall Hydrants, Vacuum Breaker Type, Freeze Resistant, Automatic Draining: ASSE 1019-2004.
20 Trap Seal Primer Devices - Drainage and Electronic Types: ASSE 1044-2001.
21 Wall Hydrants, Dual Check Backflow Type, Freeze Resistant: ASSE 1053-2004.
22 Pressure Balancing In-Line Mixing Valves for Individual Fixture Fittings: ASSE 1066-1997.
23 Automatic Temperature Control Mixing Valves: ASSE 1069-2005.
IX. BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES

1 Air Gap Drain for Domestic Dishwashers: ASSE 1021-2001.
2 Backflow Preventers with Intermediate Atmospheric Vent: ASSE 1012-2002.
3 Detector Assembly, Double Check Type: ASSE 1048-2005.
4 Detector Assembly, Reduced Pressure Type: ASSE 1047-2005.
5 Double Check Valve Assembly: ASSE 1015-2005.
6 Dual Check Valve Type Backflow Preventer: ASSE 1024-2004.
7 Reserved
8 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer: ASSE 1013-2005.
9 Vacuum Breaker, Atmospheric (pipe-applied): ASSE 1001-2008.
10 Vacuum Breaker, Hose Connection: ASSE 1011-2004.
11 Vacuum Breaker, Laboratory Faucet: ASSE 1035-2008.
12 Vacuum Breaker, Pressure: ASSE 1020-2004.
13 Reserved
14 Hose Connection Backflow Preventers: ASSE 1052-2004.
15 Vacuum Breakers, Spill-Resistant: ASSE 1056-2001.
16 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems: ASME A112.1.2-2004.
17 Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices ASME A112.18.3-2002
and Systems in ASME A112.18.3 Plumbing Fixture Fittings: (2008).
18 Air Gap Fittings for use with Plumbing Fixtures, Appliances, ASME A112.1.3-2000 (2005).
and Appurtenances:
19 Outdoor Enclosures for Backflow Prevention Devices: ASSE 1060-2006.
20 Backflow Prevention Devices for Hand-Held Showers ASSE 1014-2005.
21 Backflow Preventors for (Carbonated) Beverage Dispensing Equipment: ASSE 1022-2003.

X. MISCELLANEOUS
1 Copper Flashing (sheet): ASTM B370-2003.
2 Lead Flashing (sheet): ASTM B749-2003.
3 Pipe Hangers and Supports (materials, design, manufacture): MSS SP 58-2002.
4 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed ASTM D4551-1996
Water-Contaminant Membrane: (2008e1).
5 Shower Pan Liner (PVC plastic sheeting): ASTM D4551-1996
(2008e1).
6 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) Sheeting for Concealed ASTM D4068-2001.
Water-Containment Membrane:
7 Shower Pan Liner (plastic sheeting): ASTM D4068-2001.
8 Grease Interceptors: ASME A112.14.3-2000,
PDI G101-2007.
9 Floor Affixed Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures for Public Use: ASME A112.6.1M-1997
(2008).
10 Framing Affixed Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures: ASME A112.6.2-2000 (2004).
11 Plastic Piping System Components and Related Materials: NSF 14-2007.
12 Drinking Water System Components - Health Effects: NSF 61-2007.
13 Grease Removal (or Recovery) Devices (GRD): ASME A112.14.4-2001
(2007).
14 Reserved
15 Chemical Dispensing Systems: ASSE 1055-1997.
16 Installation of Sprinkler Systems: NFPA 13-2007.
17 Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family NFPA 13D-2007.
Dwellings and Manufactured Homes:
18 Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies NFPA 13R-2007.
up to and Including Four Stories in Height
XI. PRACTICES AND STANDARDS FOR QUALIFICATIONS, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING
1 Installation of Ductile Iron Water Mains and Appurtenances: AWWA C600-2005.
2 Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe Lines: ASTM C12-2007.
3 Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners ASTM F402-2005.
Used for Joining Thermoplastic pipe and Fittings:
4 Practice for Making Solvent Cemented Joints with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) ASTM D2855-1996 (2002).
Pipe and Fittings:
5 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe (up to 6” size): ASTM D2774-2008.
6 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and ASTM D2321-2005.
other Gravity Flow Applications:
7 Recommended Practice for Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe ASTM F481-1997 (2002).
and Corrugated Tubing in Septic Tank Leach Fields:
8 Plastic Fitting Patterns; Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV): ASTM D3311-2006a.
9 Selection and Application of Pipe Hangers and Supports: MSS SP 69-2003.
10 Fabrication and Installation Standards for Pipe Hangers and Supports: MSS SP 89-2003.
11 Field Test Procedures for Backflow Prevention Devices: ASSE 5010-2004.

XI. PRACTICES AND STANDARDS FOR QUALIFICATIONS, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING (continued)
12 Professional Qualification Standard for Backflow Prevention Assembly ASSE Series 5000-2004.
Testers, Repairers, and Surveyors:
13 Practice of Heat Fusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe and Fittiings: ASTM D2657-2007.
14 Practice of Electro Fusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings: ASTM F1290-1998a (2004).
15 Making Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and Copper Alloy ASTM B828-2002.
Tube and Fittiings:
16 Standard for Health Care Facilities (for medical gas and vacuum): NFPA 99-2005.
17 Gas and Vacuum Systems (in health care facilities): NFPA 99C-2005.
18 Professional Qualification Standard for Medical Gas Personnel: ASSE Series 6000-2006.
19 Installation Procedures for Stainless Steel Drainage Systems: ASME A112.3.1-2007.

104
Table 3.4 MATERIALS FOR POTABLE WATER
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION (2) (7)
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION (2) (7) PIPE FITTINGS
WATER SERVICE (1) (6)
1 ABS Plastic Pipe, SDR A X X ASTM D2282
2 ABS Plastic Pipe, schedule 40 or 80 A X X ASTM D1527
3 Brass Pipe A A A ASTM B43
4 Copper Pipe A A A ASTM B42
5 Copper Tube, seamless, Type K or L A A A ASTM B88 ASME B16.22 (wrought, solder joint)
ASME B16.18 (cast, solder joint)
ASME B16.50 (wrought, braze joint)
ASME B16.24 (cast, flanged)
ASSE 1061 (push-fit)
ASME B16.26 (cast, flared)
Mechanically crimped (pressed) per Section 4.2.6
Split couplings per Section 4.2.17
6 Copper Tube, seamless, Type M A A A ASTM B88 ASME B16.22 (wrought, solder joint)
ASME B16.18 (cast, solder joint)
ASME B16.50 (wrought, braze joint)
ASME B16.24 (cast, flanged)
ASME B16.26 (cast, flared)
Mechanically crimped (pressed) per Section 4.2.6
7 CPVC Plastic Pipe, schedule 40 A A A ASTM F441 ASTM F438 (socket)
8 CPVC Plastic Pipe, schedule 80 A A A ASTM F441 ASTM F437 (threaded), ASTM F439 (threaded, socket)
9 CPVC Plastic Pipe, SDR A A A ASTM F442 ASTM F438 (sched 40 socket), ASTM F439 (sched 80 socket)
10 CPVC Plastic Hot and Cold Water Distribution A A A ASTM D2846 ASTM D2846 (socket, metal transition), ASSE 1061 (push-fit)
(SDR 11) CTS
11 Ductile Iron Pipe, cement-motar lined A X X ASTM A377 AWWA C110/A21.10, AWWA C153/A21.53 (compact)
AWWA C151/A21.50 AWWA C606 (split couplings)
12 Fiberglass Pressure Pipe A X X ASTM D3517, ASTM D3517, AWWA C950
AWWA C950
12a Flexible Pre-Insulated Piping A A A ASTM F2165
13 Galvanized Steel Pipe and Fittings X A A ASTM A53 ASME B16.3 (malleable, threaded)
ASME B16.4 (gray iron, threaded)
ASME B16.5 (cast, forged, flanged)
2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

Table 3.4 MATERIALS FOR POTABLE WATER (continued)
14 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic Pipe A X X ASTM F714 (SDR 11) ASTM F714 (SDR 11)
15 PE Plastic Pipe, schedule 40 A X X ASTM D2447 ASTM D3261 (butt heat fusion), ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
16 PE Plastic Pipe, schedule 80 A X X ASTM D2447 ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
17 PE Plastic Pipe, DR-PR A X X ASTM D3035 ASTM D3261 (butt heat fusion), ASTM D2683 (socket fusion)
ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
18 PE Plastic Pipe, DR-PR A X X ASTM F714 (4) ASTM D3261 (butt heat fusion), ASTM D2683 (socket fusion)
ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
19 PE Plastic Tubing, CTS A X X ASTM D2737 ASTM D3261 (butt heat fusion), ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
20 PE-AL-PE Plastic Pipe A A A ASTM F1282 ASTM F1974 (metal insert), ASTM F1282, ASTM F1281/1282
21 PEX Plastic Tubing A A A ASTM F876 (SDR 9) ASTM F1807 (crimped metal insert)
ASTM F1865 (mechanical cold expansion metal insert)

ASTM F1960 (metal cold expansion insert)
ASTM F1961 (metal mechanical cold flare compression)
ASTM F2080 (metal cold expansion compression)
ASTM F2434 (crimped metal insert)
22 PEX Plastic Hot and Cold Water Distribution A A A ASTM F877 (SDR 9) ASTM F1807 (crimped metal insert)
ASTM F1865 (mechanical cold expansion metal insert)
ASTM F1960 (metal cold expansion insert)
ASTM F1961 (metal mechanical cold flare compression)
ASTM F2080 (metal cold expansion compression)
23 PEX-AL-PEX Plastic Pipe A A A ASTM F1281 ASTM F1974 (metal insert), ASTM F1281, ASTM F1281/1282
24 PEX-AL-PEX Plastic Tubing A A A ASTM F2262 (SDR 9) ASTM F2434 (crimped metal insert)
25 PP Plastic Piping Systems A A A ASTM F2389 ASTM F2389 (socket weld)
(IPS sched 80)
26 PVC Plastic Pipe (schedule 40 A X X ASTM D1785 ASTM D2466 (socket, threaded)
27 PVC Plastic Pipe (schedule 80 A X X ASTM D1785 ASTM D2464 (threaded), ASTM D2467 (socket, threaded)
28 PVC Plastic Pipe, SDR A X X ASTM D2241 ASTM D3139 (flexible elastomeric seals)
ASTM D2672 (bell end solvent cement)
29 Pressure-Rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems A A A ASTM F2389 ASTM F2389 (socket weld)
- metric sizes
105
106
Table 3.4 MATERIALS FOR POTABLE WATER (continued)
30 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe A X X AWWA C904 ASTM F1960 (metal cold expansion insert)
for Water Service ASTM F2080 (metal cold expansion compression)
31 PE-AL-PE Composite Pressure Pipe A X X AWWA C903 AWWA C800 (metal insert)
32 PEX-AL-PEX Crosslinked Pressure Pipe A X X AWWA C903 AWWA C800 (metal insert)
33 Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) A X X ASTM F2623 ASTM D3261 (butt heat fusion), ASTM D2683 (socket fusion)
SDR 9 Tubing ASTM F1055 (electro-fusion)
Approved A A A
Disapproved X X X
NOTES FOR TABLE 3.4

(1) Piping for water service shall be water pressure rated for not less than 160 psi at 73°F.
(2) Piping for hot and cold water distribution shall be water pressure rated for not less than 160 psi at 73°F and 100 psi at 180°F.
(3) Plastic piping materials shall comply with NSF 14 and NSF 61.
(4) For trenchless water service replacement systems, minimum DR-11 (or lower) for 1600 HDB, DR-9.3 (or lower) for 1450 HDB, or DR-7.3 for 1250 HDB.
(5) Permitted for trenchless replacement of underground portions of piping within buildings.
(6) See Table 3.4.2 for plastic water service piping.
(7) See Table 3.4.3 for plastic hot and cold water distribution piping.

Table 3.4.2
PLASTIC WATER SERVICE PIPING (1)
(water pressure rated for not less than 160 psi at 73 deg F)
MATERIAL COMPOSITION DIMENSIONS JOINTS PIPE SIZES
ABS (ASTM D1527) ABS 1208 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 1”
Schedule 80 threaded none
Schedule 80 not threaded up through 2”
ABS 1210 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 1-1/2”
Schedule 80 threaded up through 1”
ABS 1316 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 5”
Schedule 80 threaded up through 2-1/2”
ABS 2112 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 3”
ABS (ASTM D2282) ABS 1208 none none none
ABS 1210 SDR 13.5 not threaded all sizes
ABS 1212 SDR 17 and lower not threaded all sizes
ABS 1316 SDR 21 and lower not threaded all sizes
PVC (ASTM 1785) PVC 1120 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 8”
PVC 1220 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 8”
PVC 2110 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 1-1/2”
Schedule 80 not threaded up throuigh 4”

Table 3.4.2 (continued)
PVC (ASTM D2241) PVC 1120 SDR 26 or lower not threaded all sizes
PVC 1220 SDR 26 or lower not threaded all sizes
PVC 2110 SDR 13.5 or lower not threaded all sizes
PVC (AWWA C900) 12454-A, -B DR14 not threaded up through 12”
CPVC (ASTM D2846) CPVC 4120 SDR 11 not threaded all sizes
CPVC (ASTM F441) CPVC 4120 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 12”
CPVC (ASTM F442) CPVC 4120 SDR 26 or lower not threaded up through 12”
PE (ASTM D2239) PE 1404 none none none
PE 2305 SIDR 5.3 not threaded all sizes
PE 2306 SIDR 7 or lower not threaded all sizes
PE (ASTM D2447) PE 1404 Schedule 40 not threaded none
Schedule 80 not threaded 1/2”
PE 2305 Schedule 40 not threaded none
Schedule 80 not threaded up through 3/4”
PE 2306 Schedule 40 not threaded 1/2”
Schedule 80 not threaded up through 1-1/4”
PE (ASTM D2737) PE 2305 SDR 7.3 not threaded all sizes
PE 2306 SDR 9 or lower not threaded all sizes
PE (ASTM D3035) PE 1404 none none none
PE 2406 SDR 7 not threaded all sizes
PE (ASTM F714) PE 2606 DR 8.3 or lower not threaded all sizes
PE 2708 DR 11 or lower not threaded all sizes
PE 3608
PE 3708
PE 4708
PE 3710 DR 13.5 or lower not threaded all sizes
PE 4710
PE (AWWA C901) PE 2406 IDR 7 or lower not threaded all sizes
DR 9
PE 3406 IDR 7 or lower not threaded all sizes
DR 9
PE 3408 IDR 9 or lower not threaded all sizes
DR 11 or lower

Table 3.4.2 (continued)
PE-RT (ASTM F2623) PE-RT SDR 9 not threaded all sizes
PE-AL-PE (ASTM F1282) PE-AL-PE ASTM F1282 not threaded all sizes
PE-AL-PE Composite PE-AL-PE AWWA C903 compression all sizes
(AWWA C903)
PEX (ASTM F876) PEX 1006 SDR 9 not threaded all sizes
PEX 1008
PEX 1008
PEX (AWWA C904) PEX 1006 SDR 9 not threaded all sizes
PEX 1008
PEX-AL-PEX (ASTM F1281) PEX-AL-PEX ASTM F1281 not threaded all sizes
PEX-AL-PEX (ASTM F2262) PEX-AL-PEX SDR 9 not threaded all sizes
PEX-AL-PEX Composite PEX-AL-PEX AWWA C903 compression all sizes
(AWWA C903)
Composite (ASTM F1335) PE-AL-PE ASTM F1335 compression all sizes
Composite (ASTM F1335) PEX-AL-PEX ASTM F1335 compression all sizes
NOTES FOR TABLE 3.4.2

(1) Refer also to the manufacturer’s recommendations, instructions, and limitations.
(2) Lower SDR, SIDR, IDR, and DR numbers have heavier wall thicknesses and higher pressure ratings.
Table 3.4.3
PLASTIC HOT AND COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPING (1)
(water pressure rated for not less than 100 psi at 180 deg F and 160 psi at 73 deg F)
MATERIAL COMPOSITION DIMENSIONS JOINTS PIPE SIZES
CPVC (ASTM D2846) CPVC 4120 SDR 11 not threaded all sizes
CPVC (ASTM F441) CPVC 4120 Schedule 40 not threaded up through 1”
Schedule 80 threaded up through 1/2”
CPVC (ASTM F442) CPVC 4120 SDR 11 not threaded all sizes
PEX 1008
PEX 1008
PE-AL-PE (ASTM F1282) PE-AL-PE ASTM F1282 not threaded all sizes
PEX-AL-PEX (ASTM F2262) PEX-AL-PEX SDR 9 not threaded all sizes
PEX-AL-PEX (ASTM F1281) PEX-AL-PEX ASTM F1281 not threaded all sizes
Composite Pipe (ASTM F1335) PE-AL-PE ASTM F1335 compression all sizes
Composite Pipe (ASTM F1335) PEX-AL-PEX ASTM F1335 compression all sizes

(1) Refer also to the manufacturer’s recommendations, instructions, and limitations.

110
Table 3.5 MATERIALS FOR SANITARY WASTE AND DRAIN (3)
ABOVE GROUND WITHIN BUILDINGS
UNDERGROUND WITHIN BUILDINGS PIPE FITTINGS
SEWERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS
1 ABS Plastic Pipe and Fittings A A A ASTM D2661 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
2 ABS Cellular Core Plastic Pipe A A A ASTM F628 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM F628, ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
3 ABS Sewer Pipe and Fittings A X X ASTM D2751 (SDR 23.5) ASTM D2751 (SDR 23.5, socket)
4 ABS and PVC Composite Sewer Pipe A X X ASTM D2680 ASTM D2680 (socket), PVC (gasket)
5 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (bell & spigot) A A A ASTM 74 ASTM A74
6 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (no-hub) A A A CISPI 301, ASTM A888 CISPI 301, ASTM A888
7 Concrete Sewer Pipe, Non-reinforced A X X ASTM C14 ASTM C14
8 Concrete Sewer Pipe, Reinforced A X X ASTM C76 ASTM C76
9 Copper Drainage Tube, DWV A A A ASTM B306 ASME B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
10 Copper Water Tube, K, L, M A A A ASTM B88 ASME B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
11 Fiberglass Sewer Pipe A X X ASTM D3754 ASME D3840
12 Galvanized Steel Pipe X X A ASTM A53 ASME B16.12 (cast iron drainage)
13 PE Plastic Pipe, SDR-PR A X X ASTM F714 (6)
14 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, DWV A A A ASTM D2665 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
15 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, 3.25” OD X A A ASTM D2949 ASTM D2949
16 PVC Sewer and Drain Pipe (cellular core) A X X ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
17 PVC Sewer and Drain Pipe (cellular core) A A X ASTM F891 (4) ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
18 PVC IPS Schedule 40 (cellular core) A A A ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
19 PVC Plastic Sewer Pipe (PSM) and Fittings A x x ASTM D3034 (1) ASTM D3034 (1)
20 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 316L (5) A A A ASTM A112.3.1 ASTM A112.3.1
21 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 304 (5) X X A ASTM A112.3.1 ASTM A112.3.1
22 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Standard Strength A X X ASTM C700 ASTM C700
23 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength A A X ASTM C700 ASTM C700
Approved A A A
Not Approved X X X
NOTES FOR TABLE 3.5

(1) Plastic waste and drain piping classified by standard dimension ratio shall be SDR 26 or heavier (lower SDR number).
(2) Plastic sewer pipe classified by pipe stiffness shall be PS-46 or stiffer (higher PS number).
(3) Piping shall be applied within the limits of its listed standard and the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(4) PS-100 pipe or stiffer (higher PS number) is required for underground cellular core PVC sewer and drain pipe underground within buildings.
(5) The alloy shall be marked on stainless steel DWV piping systems.
(6) Minimum DR-17 is required for trenchless sewer replacement systems.

Table 3.6 MATERIALS FOR VENT PIPING (1)
ABOVEGROUND PIPE FITTINGS
UNDERGROUND
1 ABS Plastic Pipe and Fittings A A ASTM D2661 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
2 ABS Cellular Core Plastic Pipe A A ASTM F628 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM F628, ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
3 Cast Iron Soil Pipoe and Fittings (bell & spigot) A A ASTM A74 ASTM A74
4 Cast Iron Soil Pipoe and Fittings (no-hub) A A CISPI 301, ASTM A888 CISPI 301, ASTM A888
5 Copper Drainage Tube, DWV A A ASTM B306 ASTM B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
6 Copper Water Tube, K, L, M A A ASTM B88 ASTM B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
7 Galvanized Steel Pipe X A ASTM A53 ASME B16.12 (cast iron drainage)
8 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, DWV A A ASTM D2665 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)

9 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, 3.25” OD A A ASTM D2949 ASTM D2949
10 PVC Sewer and Drain Pipe (cellular core) A X ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
11 PVC IPS Schedule 40 (cellular core) A A ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
12 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 316L (2) A A ASME A112.3.1 ASME A112.3.1
13 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 304 (2) X A ASME A112.3.1 ASME A112.3.1
14 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength A X ASTM C700 ASTM C700
Approved A A
Not Approved X X
NOTES FOR TABLE 3.6

111
112
Table 3.7 MATERIALS FOR STORM DRAINAGE (1)
ABOVE GROUND WITHIN BUILDINGS
UNDERGROUND WITHIN BUILDINGS PIPE FITTINGS
SEWERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS
1 ABS Plastic Pipe and Fittings A A A ASTM D2661 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
2 ABS Cellular Core Plastic Pipe A A A ASTM F628 (DWV, sched 40 IPS) ASTM F628, ASTM D2661 (socket, threaded)
3 ABS Sewer Pipe and Fittings A X X ASTM D2751 (2) (3) ASTM D2751 (socket) (2) (3)
4 ABS and PVC Composite Sewer Pipe A X X ASTM D2680 ASTM D2680 (socket), PVC (gasket)
5 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (bell & spigot) A A A ASTM 74 ASTM A74
6 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (no-hub) A A A CISPI 301, ASTM A888 CISPI 301, ASTM A888
7 Concrete Sewer Pipe, Non-reinforced A X X ASTM C14 ASTM C14
8 Concrete Sewer Pipe, Reinforced A X X ASTM C76 ASTM C76
9 Copper Drainage Tube, DWV A A A ASTM B306 ASME B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
10 Copper Water Tube, K, L, M A A A ASTM B88 ASME B16.23 (cast copper solder joint)
11 Fiberglass Sewer Pipe A X X ASTM D3754 ASME D3840
12 Galvanized Steel Pipe X X A ASTM A53 ASME B16.12 (cast iron drainage)
13 PE Plastic Pipe, SDR-PR A X X ASTM F714 (6)
14 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, DWV A A A ASTM D2665 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
15 PVC Sewer and Drain Pipe (cellular core) A X X ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
16 PVC Sewer and Drain Pipe (cellular core) (4) A A X ASTM F891 (4) ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
17 PVC IPS Schedule 40 (cellular core) A A A ASTM F891 ASTM D2665 (socket), ASTM F1866 (socket)
18 PVC Plastic Sewer Pipe (PSM) and Fittings A X X ASTM D3034 ASTM D3034
19 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 316L (5) A A A ASTM A112.3.1 ASTM A112.3.1
20 Stainless Steel DWV Systems - Type 304 (5) X X A ASTM A112.3.1 ASTM A112.3.1
21 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Standard Strength A X X ASTM C700 ASTM C700
22 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength A A X ASTM C700 ASTM C700
23 PVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings, DWV, 3.25” OD X A A ASTM D2949 ASTM D2949
Approved A A A
Not Approved X X X
NOTES FOR TABLE 3.7

(2) SDR 35 pipe or heavier (lower SDR number).
(3) PS-46 or stiffer (higher PS number).
(4) PS-100 pipe or stiffer (higher PS number).
(6) Minimum SDR-17 is required for trenchless sewer replacement systems.

Table 3.8 – MATERIALS FOR FOUNDATION DRAINS AND SUB-SOIL DRAINAGE
1 Clay Drain Tile (ASTM C498) A
2 Concrete Drain Tile (ASTM C412) A
3 Perforated Concrete Pipe (ASTM C444) A
4 Corrugated Polyethylene Tube (ASTM F405) A
5 SR Plastic Drain Pipe and Fittings, Perforated (ASTM D2852) A
6 PVC Sewer Pipe and Fittings, Perforated (ASTM D2729) A
7 Stainless Steel DWV Systems – Type 316L (ASME A112.3.1) A
8 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Perforated, Standard and Extra Strength (ASTM C700) A
Approved A

Blank Page

Chapter 4
Joints and Connections

4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Tightness
Joints and connections in the plumbing system shall be gas tight and watertight for the pressure required by
test, with the exceptions of those portions of perforated or open joint piping that are installed for the purpose
of collecting and conveying ground or seepage water to the underground storm drains.
Comment: Perforated and open-joint piping is also used for the piping in absorption trenches for private
sewage disposal systems. See Section 16.9.5.
4.1.2 Joint Standards

a. Pipe and tube shall be cut 90° or perpendicular to the pipe center lines.
b. The inside diameter of pipe and tube ends shall be reamed, filed, or smoothed to size of bore and all
chips removed. All burrs on the outside of the pipe and butt ends shall be removed before the installation.
c. Pipe and tube shall engage into fittings the full manufacturer’s design depth of the fitting socket.
d. Male pipe threads shall be made of sufficient length to ensure the proper engagement.
e. Pipe shall not extend into a fitting or other pipe to such a depth that it will impede or restrict the design
flow.
f. Joints made by bonding, welding, brazing, solvent cementing, soldering, burning, fusion or mechanical
means shall be free from grease or other substances not specifically required to achieve a satisfactory joint.
g. Pipe sealing or lubricating compound required for threaded pipe joints shall be applied to the male pipe
end only and shall be insoluable and nontoxic.
Comment: For industry standards for the various joining methods, refer to Table 3.1.3 - Part IV Pipe
Joints, Joining Materials, Couplings, Gaskets.
4.1.3 Expansion Joints

Mechanical type expansion joints requiring or permitting adjustment shall be accessible for adjustment and/
or replacement.
4.1.4 Increasers and Reducers

Where different sizes of pipes or pipes and fittings are to be connected, increaser and reducer fittings or bush-
ings shall be used. (See Section 2.4.3)

4.2 TYPES OF JOINTS FOR PIPING MATERIALS
4.2.1 Caulked
4.2.1.1 Cast-Iron Soil Pipe
Lead caulked joints for cast-iron hub and spigot soil pipe shall be firmly packed with oakum or hemp and
filled with molten lead not less than 1 inch deep and not to extend more than 1/8 inch below the rim of the hub.
No paint, varnish, or other coatings shall be permitted on the jointing material until after the joint has been
tested and approved. Lead shall be run in one pouring and shall be caulked tight. See Figure 4.2.1.1
Figure 4.2.1.1
A LEAD CAULKED JOINT IN CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
4.2.1.2 Cast-Iron Water Pipe

Lead caulked joints for cast-iron bell and spigot water pipe shall be firmly packed with clean dry jute, or
treated paper rope packing. The remaining space in the hub shall be filled with molten lead according to the
following schedule:
Pipe Size Depth of Lead
Up to 20 inches 2-1/4 inches
24, 30, 36 inches 2-1/2 inches
Larger than 36 inches 3 inches
Lead shall be run in one pouring and shall be caulked tight. See Figure 4.2.1.2
Figure 4.2.1.2
A LEAD CAULKED JOINT IN IRON WATER PIPE

4.2.2 Threaded
The threads in tapered general purpose pipe joints shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. Pipe ends shall be reamed
or filed out to the full size of the bore and all chips removed. Thread seal tape, pipe joint compound, or other
thread lubricant shall be applied only to the male threads. See Figure 4.2.2
Figure 4.2.2
A THREADED PIPE JOINT
4.2.3 Wiped
Joints in lead pipe or fittings, or between lead pipe or fittings and brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder
nipples, or traps, shall be full wiped joints. Wiped joints shall have an exposed surface on each side of a joint
not less than 3/4 inch and at least as thick as the material being jointed. Wall or floor flange lead-wiped joints
shall be made by using a lead ring or flange placed behind the joints at wall or floor. Joints between lead pipe
and cast-iron, steel, or wrought iron shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule, soldering nipple, or bush-
ing. See Figure 4.2.3
Figure 4.2.3
A WIPED JOINT ON LEAD PIPE
4.2.4 Soldered
a. Soldered joints in copper water piping shall be made using wrought pressure fittings complying with
ASME B16.22, cast pressure fittings complying with ASME B16.18, or cast copper alloy flanges complying
with ASME B16.24.
NOTE: Short-cup brazing fittings complying with ASME B16.50 and bearing the mark “BZ” shall not be
used where joints are soldered.
b. Soldered joints in copper drain and vent piping shall be made with wrought drainage fittings complying
with ASME B16.29 or cast drainage fittings complying with ASME B16.23.
c. Soldered joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM B828.
d. Solder shall comply with ASTM B32. Flux shall comply with ASTM B813.
e. Solder for joints in potable water piping shall contain not more than 0.2% lead. See Figure 4.2.4

Comment: The limit on lead in solder filler metal is to reduce the level of lead in drinking water in ac-
cordance with the EPA Safe Drinking Water Act.
Figure 4.2.4
A SOLDERED JOINT
4.2.5 Flared
Flared joints for copper water tube shall be made with fittings complying with ASME B16.26. The tube shall
be reamed and then expanded with an approved flaring tool. See Figure 4.2.5
NOTES:
1. A long flare nut is shown. Short flare nuts are permissible where vibration is not a factor.
Figure 4.2.5
A FLARED COPPER JOINT
4.2.6 Mechanically Crimped (Pressed) Joints

a. Copper fittings for water supply and distribution, designed for mechanically crimped (pressed) connec-
tions to ASTM B88 hard drawn copper water tube, shall include an O-ring gasket complying with NSF 61 for
potable water.
EXCEPTION: Mechanically crimped (pressed) joints shall be permitted with annealed copper water tube
when such use is included in the fitting manufacturer’s technical data and installation instructions.
b. The fittings shall comply with the material and sizing requirements of ASME B16.22 (wrought copper or
copper alloy fittings) or ASME B16.18 (cast copper alloy fittings).
c. During installation, the tube end shall be deburred and depth-marked to permit visual verification of full
insertion of the tube into the fitting socket.
d. The joint shall be crimped (pressed) using a tool approved by the manufacturer of the fitting.
e. The joints shall be rated by the manufacturer for not less than 200 psig at 180 deg F.
f. The fittings shall be permitted to be installed in concealed locations.

4.2.7 Push-Fit Joints
a. Fittings for water supply and distribution, designed for manual push-fit connections to copper, CPVC, and/
or PEX tubing, shall comply with ASSE 1061.
b. Fittings shall be marked with those tubing materials that they are intended to be used with unless they are
suitable for use with all three tubing materials (copper, CPVC, and PEX).
c. Fittings will be installed in accordance with their manufacturer’s instructions
d. During installation, the tube end shall be de-burred and depth-marked to permit visual verification of full
insertion of the tube into the fitting socket.
e. The fittings shall be rated by their manufacturer for not less than 125 psig at 180 deg F as listed by ASSE
1061.
f. The fittings shall be permitted to be installed in concealed locations.
4.2.8 Brazed
4.2.8.1 General
a. Brazed joints in copper tubing shall be made in accordance with accepted industry practice. See Ap-
pendix L for an accepted practice for general plumbing.
b. Brazed joints in medical gas and vacuum piping shall be made in accordance with NFPA 99 or NFPA
99C.
4.2.8.2 Fittings
a. Fittings in copper tubing with brazed joints shall be wrought solder joint fittings complying with ASME
B16.22 or short-cup brazing fittings complying with ASME B16.50. Short-cup brazed joint fittings shall
be clearly marked by the manufacturer to differentiate them from solder-joint fittings and avoid their being
used in piping with soldered joints.
b. Fittings for medical gas and vacuum piping shall be as required by NFPA 99 or NFPA 99C.
4.2.8.3 Mechanically Formed Tee Branches

a. Mechanically formed tee branches shall be permitted in copper tubing in water distribution systems.
The branch connections shall be formed with appropriate tools and joined by brazing. The branch tube end
shall be notched and dimpled with two sets of double dimples. The first dimples shall act as depth stops to
prevent the branch tube from being inserted beyond the depth of the branch collar. The second dimples shall
be 1/4" above the first dimples and provide a visual means of verifying that the branch connection has been
properly fitted. The dimples in the branch tube shall be in line with the run of the main. The joints shall be
brazed in accordance with Section 4.2.8.1 and ASTM F2014.
b. Mechanically former tee branches shall not be permitted in drainage piping.
4.2.9 Cement Mortar

Where permitted as outlined in Section 2.4.4, cement mortar joints shall be made in the following manner:
1. A layer of jute or hemp shall be inserted into the annular joint space and packed tightly to prevent
mortar from entering the interior of the pipe or fitting.
2. Not more than 25 percent of the annular space shall be used for jute or hemp.
3. The remaining space shall be filled in one continuous operation with a thoroughly mixed mortar
composed of one part cement and two parts sand, with only sufficient water to make the mixture workable
by hand.
4. Additional mortar of the same composition shall then be applied to form a one to one slope with the
barrel of the pipe.
5. The bell or hub of the pipe shall be left exposed for inspection.
6. When necessary, the interior of the pipe shall be swabbed to remove any mortar or other material that
may have found its way into such pipe.

Comment: Cement mortar joints have been virtually eliminated by the use of alternate joining methods
and materials.
4.2.10 Burned Lead (Welded)

Burned (welded) joints shall be made in such a manner that the two or more sections to be joined shall be
uniformly fused together into one continuous piece. The thickness of the weld shall be at least as thick as the
lead being joined.
Comment: The added welding material must be of the same composition as the lead pipe being joined.
4.2.11 Mechanical (Flexible or Slip Joint)

4.2.11.1 Stainless Steel DWV Systems
a. Joints in stainless steel DWV systems shall be made with an elastomeric o-ring of a material that is
suitable for the intended service.
b. Joints between stainless steel drainage systems and other piping materials shall be made with an ap-
proved adapter coupling.
4.2.11.2 Cast-Iron Soil Pipe

a. Hubless pipe: Joints for hubless cast-iron soil pipe and fittings shall be made with an approved elasto-
meric sealing sleeve and corrosion resisting clamping device or shall be made using a rigid unshielded TPE
coupling with center stop installed per Section 4.3.8d.
b. Hub and Spigot: Joints for hub and spigot cast-iron soil pipe and fittings, designed for use with a com-
pressed gasket, may be made using a compatible compression gasket that is compressed when the spigot is
inserted into the hub of the pipe.
See Figures 4.2.11.2-A and -B
Figure 4.2.11.2-A
A SHIELDED COUPLING ON HUBLESS CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

Figure 4.2.11.2-B
A CAST IRON HUBBED JOINT WITH A COMPRESSION GASKET
4.2.11.3 Cast-Iron Water Pipe

Mechanical joints in cast-iron water pipe shall be made with a flanged collar, a rubber ring gasket, and the
approved number of securing bolts. See Figure 4.2.11.3
Figure 4.2.11.3
A MECHANICAL JOINT ON IRON WATER PIPE
4.2.11.4 Clay Pipe

Joints in piping and/or fittings shall be made using flexible compression joints. See Figure 4.2.11.4

Figure 4.2.11.4
AN UNSHIELDED COUPLING ON PLAIN END CLAY PIPE
4.2.11.5 Concrete pipe

Flexible joints between lengths of concrete pipe may be made using approved compression type joints or
elastomeric materials born on the spigot end and in the bell (or hub) end of the pipe. See Figure 4.2.11.5
Figure 4.2.11.5
A JOINT IN BELL AND SPIGOT CONCRETE PIPE
4.2.11.6 Elastomeric Sleeves

Mechanical joints on drainage pipes below ground shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to
ASTM D3212, CSA B602 or ASTM C1173. Joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions.
4.2.12 Reserved
4.2.13 Reserved

4.2.14 Plastic
4.2.14.1 General
a. Joints in plastic piping shall be made by one of the following methods where appropriate:
1. solvent cement
2. heat fusion
3. couplings with elastomeric sleeves and corrosion resisting metal screw clamps
4. approved insert fittings
5. approved mechanical fittings, or
6. threads according to approved standards
b. Joints shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for the method used.
See Figures 4.2.14.1-A through-F
4.2.14.2 Solvent Cement Joints in PVC Piping

Primers and solvent cements shall be suitable for joints in PVC piping. Primers shall be purple in color and
solvent cements shall not be purple in color.
4.2.14.3 Solvent Cement Joints in CPVC Piping

Primers (where used) and solvent cements shall be suitable for joints in CPVC piping. Primer shall be used
where recommended by the manufacturer of the pipe or the fittings, or both. Solvent cements used with
primers shall be orange in color. Primers (where used) shall not be orange in color. Single-step solvent ce-
ment used without a primer on piping 1/2 inch through 2 inch in diameter shall be yellow in color.
4.2.14.4 UV Detectable Clear Primers

Where a clear primer that is detectable by ultra-violet light is used as a substitute for a colored primer, the
installer shall make a UV light detection device available for inspection of the joints for final acceptance.
Figure 4.2.14-A
A SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT IN PLASTIC DWV OR WATER PIPING

Figure 4.2.14-B
AN ELASTOMERIC GASKET JOINT FOR UNDERGROUND PLASTIC DWV PIPING
Figure 4.2.14-C
A SHIELDED COUPLING ON PLASTIC DWV PIPING
Figure 4.2.14-D
A SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT IN SOCKET (BELL) END PLASTIC PRESSURE PIPE

NOTES
1. Some manufacturers recommend two clamps on each side of the fitting for additional joint strength.
Figure 4.2.14-E
AN INSERT FITTING JOINT IN PLASTIC TUBING
Figure 4.2.14-F
A HEAT FUSED JOINT IN PLASTIC WATER PIPING
4.2.15 Slip
Slip joints using washers or approved packing or gasket material, when installed in concealed locations,
shall be provided with an access panel. Slip joints using approved ground joint brass compression rings that
allow adjustment of tubing but provide a rigid joint when made up, shall not be considered as slip joints that
require access. See Figures 4.2.15-A and-B

NOTES:
1. Straight tubular joints having washers are slip joints and require access. Refer to the definition of "ac-
cessible"
Figure 4.2.15-A
A SLIP JOINT IN DRAIN TUBING
NOTES:
1. When a compression joint does not permit free movement when assembled, it is not considered to be a
slip joint and does not need to be accessible. Refer to the definition of "accessible".
Figure 4.2.15-B
A COMPRESSION JOINT IN DRAIN TUBING

4.2.16 Expansion
Expansion joints shall be of approved type and its material shall conform with the type of piping in which it
is installed. See Figures 4.2.16-A, -B, and -C
Comment: Expansion joints must to be accessible for adjustment or replacement. Refer to the definition
of "accessible".
Figure 4.2.16-A
AN EXPANSION JOINT FOR PLASTIC DWV PIPING
Figure 4.2.16-B
A MECHANICAL EXPANSION JOINT IN PRESSURE PIPING

Figure 4.2.16-C
AN EXPANSION JOINT FOR ROOF DRAINS
4.2.17 Split Couplings

a. Split couplings consisting of two or more parts and a compression gasket, designed for use with grooved
or plain end pipe and fittings, shall be permitted to be used for water service piping, hot and cold water dis-
tribution piping, storm water piping, and sump pump discharge piping. The complete joint assembly shall be
suitable for the intended use and comply with a standard listed in Table 3.1.3.
b. Galvanized steel pipe may be jointed using rolled or cut grooves. Other interior coated pipe shall not be
joined using rolled grooves.
See Figure 4.2.17
Figure 4.2.17
A GROOVED PIPE JOINT

4.2.18 Butt Fusion
ASTM F714 high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and ASTM D3261 fittings shall be joined by butt fusion
in accordance with ASTM D2657.
4.2.19 Bending
Changes in direction in copper water tube shall be permitted to be made by the use of factory or field bends.
Field bends shall be made in accordance with Table 4.2.19. Bends shall be made only with bending equipment
and procedures intended for that purpose. Hard drawn tubing shall not be bent with tubing benders intended
for only annealed (soft) tube. All bends shall be smooth and free from buckling, cracks, and other evidence of
mechanical damage.
Table 4.2.19: BENDING COPPER TUBE

Nominal Tube Size -in. Tube Type Temper Min. Bend Radius, in.
1/4 inch K,L Annealed (soft) 3/4”
3/8 inch K,L Annealed (soft) 1-1/2”
3/8 inch K,L,M Drawn (hard) 1-3/4”
1/2 inch K,L Annealed (soft) 2-1/4”
1/2 inch K,L,M Drawn (hard) 2-1/2”
3/4 inch K,L Annealed (soft) 3”
3/4 inch K,L Drawn (hard) 3”
1 inch K,L Annealed (soft) 4”
1-1/4 inches K,L Annealed (soft) 9”
4.3 TYPES OF JOINTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PIPING MATERIALS

4.3.1 Vitrified Clay to Other Material
Joints between vitrified clay and other piping materials shall be made with an approved joint. See Figures
4.3.1-A and-B
NOTES:
1. The rubber rings must be sized to adapt to the different outside diameters (O.D.) of the different piping
materials being joined.
2. There are hundreds of different adapters available for joining different materials, different pipe sizes, and
different wall thickness, as well as clay pipe from different manufacturers.
Figure 4.3.1-A
A RUBBER RING TRANSITION JOINT TO VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

NOTES:
1. Externally clamped couplings (shielded and unshielded) are a common way of making transition con-
nections from vitrified clay pipe to other piping materials. Various sized gaskets are available to adapt to
the different outside diameters (O.D.) of the piping materials being joined.
Figure 4.3.1.B
AN EXTERNALLY CLAMPED TRANSITION COUPLING JOINT
TO VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
4.3.2 Reserved
4.3.3 Reserved
4.3.4 Threaded Pipe to Cast-Iron

Joints between steel or brass and cast-iron pipe shall be either caulked or threaded or shall be made with ap-
proved adapter fittings. See Figure 4.3.4
Figure 4.3.4
A THREADED PIPE TO CAST IRON ADAPTER FITTING
4.3.5 Lead to Cast-Iron or Steel

Joints between lead and cast-iron or steel pipe shall be made by means of wiped joints to a caulking ferrule,
soldering nipple, bushing, or by means of a mechanical adapter. See Figure 4.3.5

Figure 4.3.5
A WIPED LEAD TRANSITION JOINT
4.3.6 Cast-Iron to Copper Tube

Joints between cast-iron and copper tube shall be made by using an approved brass or copper caulking ferrule
and by properly soldering the copper tube to the ferrule. See Figure 4.3.6
Figure 4.3.6
A CAULKING FERRULE FOR CAST IRON TO SWEAT COPPER TRANSITION
4.3.7 Copper Tube to Threaded Pipe Joints

a. Joints from copper tube to threaded pipe shall be made as follows:
1. DWV Systems: with copper or brass threaded adapters.
2. Potable Water Systems and Galvanized Steel Pipe: cast brass threaded adapters, dielectric pipe unions
conforming to ASSE 1079, dielectric flanges or dielectric waterway fittings that comply with IAPMO PS 66.
EXCEPTION: Dielectric pipe unions shall not be installed on connections to water heaters when not rec-
ommended by the water heater manufacturer.
3. To any Non-Ferrous Piping: copper or brass threaded adapter.
b.The adapter fitting shall be connected to the tubing by approved methods, and the threaded section as-
sembled with tapered national pipe threads (NPT).
See Figures 4.3.7 - A and - B

Figure 4.3.7-A
A SWEAT COPPER TO THREADED PIPE TRANSITION
Figure 4.3.7-B
DIELECTRIC UNION, FLANGE, AND WATERWAY FITTING

4.3.8 Special Joints and Couplings for Drainage Piping
a. Joints between two different drainage piping materials or between different size piping, of the same or
different material, shall be made using fittings or mechanical couplings that are designed for the specific
application, including adapter fittings, hubless pipe couplings, slip-on couplings, transition couplings, and
repair couplings.
b. Fittings and couplings for use under this Section shall either (1) comply with a standard listed in Table
3.1.3, (2) be listed or labeled by a recognized listing agency, or (3) be approved by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction if such products are not listed or labeled. Installation shall comply with the coupling manufac-
turer’s instructions and intended use.
c. Shielded couplings shall consist of a flexible elastomeric sealing sleeve, a protecting and supporting
continuous metal shield or shear ring, and metal screw clamping bands. All metal parts shall be corrosion-
resisting. Shielded couplings shall be capable of withstanding a shear test based on a load of 50 pounds per
inch of nominal pipe diameter, and shall be permitted to partially support the pipe being joined when such
installation is recommended by the manufacturer’s instructions. Shielded couplings may be installed above
ground or underground, as intended by the manufacturer.
d. Mechanical unshielded couplings using thermoplastic elastomer gaskets shall consist of a rigid or semi-
rigid sealing sleeve and corrosion-resisting metal screw clamping bands. Mechanical unshielded couplings
using thermoplastic elastomer gaskets shall not be installed where the operating internal or external tem-
peratures exceed 130°F (54°C) or are below 0°F (-18°C). The pipe shall be supported on both sides of the
coupling within 18 inches of the centerline of the coupling. Mechanical unshielded couplings using thermo-
plastic elastomer gaskets shall be permitted aboveground or underground. Mechanical unshielded couplings
using thermoplastic elastomer gaskets shall not be installed in construction that has a fire rating that restricts
the use of flammable materials or be installed in through penetrations or plenums without additional fire
resistance protection.
e. Flexible unshielded couplings shall consist of an elastomeric sealing sleeve and corrosive-resisting
metal screw clamping bands. The use of flexible unshielded couplings shall be limited to joints in under-
ground sewer, drain or vent piping.
f. Couplings installed aboveground shall include center stops.
EXCEPTION: Slip-on repair couplings used for repair or rework.
g. The shear tests required under this Section shall be performed in accordance with the shear test proce-
dures specified under any of the coupling standards listed in Table 3.1.3 that include such tests.
See Figures 4.3.8-A through-D
NOTES:
1. Shielded couplings can be used aboveground and underground. They can partially support the pipe.
Center stops are required except for repair couplings.
Figure 4.3.8-A
A SHIELDED COUPLING ON DRAINAGE PIPING

NOTES:
1. Rigid unshielded couplings can be used aboveground and underground. They cannot support the pipe.
The pipe must be independently supported. Center stops are required except for repair couplings.
Figure 4.3.8-B
A RIGID UNSHIELDED COUPLING ON DRAINAGE PIPING
Figure 4.3.8-C
A TRANSITION CONNECTION USING A SHIELDED COUPLING

NOTES:
1. Flexible unshielded couplings are limited to underground sewer, drain, and vent piping. Center stops
are required except for repair couplings. The couplings cannot support the pipe. The piping must be
properly backfilled to avoid stresses on the couplings.
Figure 4.3.8-D
A TRANSITION CONNECTION USING A FLEXIBLE UNSHIELDED COUPLING
4.3.9 Plastic DWV Pipe to Other Materials

a. Threaded Joints: Threaded joints for connecting plastic drainage piping to other materials shall be made
with proper male or female threaded plastic adapters. Joints shall not be over-tightened. After hand tightening,
one-half to one full turn shall be made with a strap wrench. See Figures 4.3.9-A
b. Solid Wall Plastic Pipe to Cast-iron Hub Ends: Joints shall be made by caulking the plastic pipe into the
hub end with molten lead and oakum or by use of a compression gasket that is compressed when the plastic
pipe is inserted into the hub end. Joints shall be permitted to be made with or without a hub end plastic adapter.
Adapters without a caulking bead shall be permitted. See Figures 4.3.9-B and D
c. Cellular Core Plastic Pipe to Cast-iron Hub Ends: Joints shall be made by caulking a solid plastic adapter
into the cast-iron hub end with molten lead and oakum or by use of a compression gasket that is compressed
when the plastic pipe is inserted into the hub end. Adapters without a caulking bead shall be permitted. Cel-
lular core plastic pipe shall not be lead caulked.
d. Plastic Pipe to Galvanized Steel, Copper or Stainless Steel DWV Tube, or Cast-iron Spigot Ends: Joints
between plastic pipe and the listed materials shall be made with proper transition fittings.
e. ABS and PVC Plastic Pipe: Solvent cemented non-pressure joints between ABS and PVC DWV piping
systems shall be made with an ASTM D3138 solvent cement intended for such transition joints. Transition ce-
ment shall not be permitted to be used within buildings. Transition joints shall be a minimum of 3 feet outside
of buildings.

Figure 4.3.9-A
A PLASTIC DWV THREADED MALE ADAPTER
NOTES:
1. Plastic pipe that is lead caulked must be solid plastic. Molten lead will melt cellular core plastic pipe.
Figure 4.3.9-B
A LEAD CAULKED JOINT FOR PLASTIC DWV TO CAST IRON HUB

Figure 4.3.9-C
A COMPRESSION GASKETED JOINT FOR PLASTIC DWV TO CAST IRON HUB
NOTES:
1. Plastic fittings that are lead caulked must be solid plastic. Molten lead will melt cellular core pipe fittings.
Figure 4.3.9-D
A LEAD CAULKED PLASTIC SOCKET JOINT TO CAST IRON PIPE
4.4 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DRAINAGE PIPING AND CERTAIN

FIXTURES
a. Connections between drainage piping and floor outlet plumbing fixtures shall be made by means of an ap-
proved flange that is attached to the drainage piping in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. The floor
flange shall be set on and securely anchored to the building structure.
b. Connections between drainage piping and wall hung water closets shall be made by means of an approved
extension nipple or horn adapter.
c. Connections shall be bolted to the flange or carrier using corrosion resisting bolts or screws, or assemblies
recommended by the manufacturer.

4.5 WATERPROOFING OF OPENINGS
a. Joints around vent pipes at the roof shall be made watertight by the use of lead, copper, aluminum, plastic, or
other approved flashing or flashing materials. See Section 12.4.7.
b. Exterior wall openings shall be made watertight.

Chapter 5
Traps, Cleanouts and Backwater Valves

5.1 SEPARATE TRAPS FOR EACH FIXTURE
a. Plumbing fixtures shall be separately trapped by a water seal trap placed as close as possible to the fix-
ture outlet.
b. The vertical distance from the fixture outlet to the trap weir shall not exceed 24 inches.
c. Fixtures shall not be double-trapped unless a relief vent is provided between the two traps.
d. Fixture designs having integral dual traps within the fixture shall be permitted.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Fixtures that have integral traps.
(2) Interceptors in Chapter 6 that provide the required trap seal.
Note: Interceptors in Chapter 6 that do not provide the required trap seal shall be provided with a separate
trap.
(3) A combination plumbing fixture may be installed on one trap provided the waste outlets are not more
than 30 inches apart.
(4) One trap may be installed for a 2 or 3-compartment sink or up to three (3) lavatories that are immedi-
ately adjacent to each other in the same room, and where the trap is centrally located when three such fixtures
are installed.
(5) No clothes washer or laundry sink shall be discharged to a trap serving a kitchen sink.
(6) As otherwise permitted by this Code.
See Figures 5.1-A through-D
NOTES:
1. Vertical distances greater than 24" may induce self-siphoning of the trap seal due to the momentum of
the drainage flow.
Figure 5.1 - A
THE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM A FIXTURE OUTLET TO ITS TRAP WEIR
2009 National Standard Pumbing Code - Illustrated 139

Figure 5.1 - B
A FIXTURE WITH AN INTEGRAL TRAP
NOTES:
1. Refer to the definitions of "Continuous Waste" and "Combination Fixture".
Figure 5.1 - C
A CONTINUOUS WASTE WITH END OUTLET
NOTES:
1. Refer to the definitions of "Continuous Waste" and "Combination Fixture".
Figure 5.1 - D
A CONTINUOUS WASTE WITH CENTER OUTLET
140 2009 National Standard Pumbing Code - Illustrated

5.2 SIZE OF FIXTURE TRAPS
Fixture trap size (nominal diameter) shall be sufficient to drain the fixture rapidly and in no case less than given
in Table 5.2. No trap shall be larger than the drainage pipe into which it discharges. Integral traps shall conform to
appropriate standards.
Comment: A drain pipe that is smaller than the trap to which it is connected could create an obstruction
to flow through the trap.
Table 5.2
MINIMUM SIZE OF NON-INTEGRAL TRAPS
Plumbing Fixture Trap Size in inches
Bathtub (with or without overhead shower) 1-1/2
Bidet 1-1/4
Clothes washing machine standpipe 2
Combination sink and wash (laundry) sink with food waste grinder unit 1-1/2 (1)
Combination kitchen sink, domestic dishwasher, and food waste grinder 1-1/2
Dental unit or cuspidor 1-1/4
Dental lavatory 1-1/4
Drinking fountain 1-1/4
Dishwasher, commercial 2
Dishwasher, domestic (non-integral trap) 1-1/2
Floor drain 2
Food waste grinder, commercial use 2
Food waste grinder, domestic use 1-1/2
Kitchen sink, domestic, with food waste grinder unit 1-1/2
Kitchen sink, domestic 1-1/2
Lavatory, common (private and public) 1-1/4
Lavatory (barber shop, beauty parlor or surgeon’s) 1-1/2
Lavatory, multiple type (wash fountain or wash sink) 1-1/2
Laundry tray (1 or 2 compartments) 1-1/2
Shower stall or shower drain (single shower head) 1-1/2
Shower stall or shower drain (multiple shower heads) 2
Sink (surgeon’s) 1-1/2
Sink (flushing rim type, flush valve supplied) 3
Sink (service type with floor outlet trap standard) 3
Sink (service type with P trap) 2
Sink, commercial (pot, scullery, or similar type) 2
Sink, commercial (with food grinder unit) 2
NOTES FOR TABLE 5.2

(1) Separate trap required for wash tray and separate trap required for sink compartment with
food waste grinder.

5.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAPS
5.3.1 Design of Traps
Fixture traps shall be self-scouring and shall have no interior partitions except where such traps are integral
with the fixture or where corrosion resistant materials of plastic or glass are used. Solid connections, slip
joints, or couplings may be used on the trap inlet, trap outlet, or within the trap seal. (See Section 7.4.6.) See
Figures 5.3.1-A through-C. Refer to Sections 4.2.15 and 7.3.7 for slip joints and their required access.
NOTES:
1. Access is not mandatory for traps with solid connections.
Figure 5.3.1 - A
A FIXTURE TRAP WITH SOLID CONNECTIONS
NOTES:
1. Slip joints must be accessible
Figure 5.3.1 - B
A FIXTURE TRAP WITH SLIP JOINTS

NOTES:
1. Only the slip joint must be accessible.
Figure 5.3.1 - C
A FIXTURE TRAP WITH THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINTS
5.3.2 Trap Seals

Each fixture trap shall have a liquid seal of not less than two inches and not more than four inches.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Interceptors in Chapter 6 that provide the required trap seal.
Note: Interceptors in Chapter 6 that do not provide the required trap seal shall be provided with a separate
trap.
(2) Special conditions such as accessible fixtures, a deeper seal may be required by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction
See Figure 5.3.2
NOTES:
1. The minimum trap seal depth of 2" is based on the design criteria for the vent piping. Trap seals deeper
than 4" will tend to trap solids and create a breeding ground for bacteria.
Figure 5.3.2
TRAP SEAL DEPTH
5.3.3 Trap Setting and Protection

Traps shall be set level with respect to their water seals and, where necessary, shall be protected from freez-
ing. See Figure 5.3.3

NOTES
1. Tilted traps may self-siphon because of the reduction in the effective depth of the trap seal.
2. Where freeze protection is necessary, thermal insulation alone will not prevent freezing, only delay it.
Traps should be located in heated spaces.
3. Where seasonal facilities are shutdown during the winter, fixture traps can be filled with an anti-freeze
solution that will not damage the traps or drain piping.
Figure 5.3.3
TRAPS MUST BE LEVEL AND PROTECTED FROM FREEZING
5.3.4 Building Traps

Building traps shall not be installed except where required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Each build-
ing trap when installed shall be provided with a cleanout and with a relieving vent or fresh air intake on the
inlet side of the trap that shall be at least one-half the diameter of the drain to which it connects. Such reliev-
ing vent or fresh air intake shall be carried above grade and terminate in a screened outlet located outside the
building.
Comment: Building traps are no longer installed in modern plumbing systems. They provide a col-
lection point for solids and other waste that may cause line stoppages. Building traps also prevent the
building vent system from venting the building sewer. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require
building traps if the sewer gas in the municipal sewage system is particularly corrosive or aggressive and
could damage the drain, waste, and vent piping in the building.
5.3.5 Prohibited Traps

a. The following types of traps shall be prohibited:
1. Traps that depend upon moving parts to maintain their seal.
2. Bell traps.
3. Crown vented traps.
4. Separate fixture traps that depend on interior partitions for their seal, except if made from plastic, glass
or other corrosion resistant materials.
5. “S” traps, of uniform internal dimension.
6. Drum traps.
b. Hair interceptors, precious metal interceptors and similar appurtenances shall be permitted as required.
See Figure 5.3.5

NOTES:
1. Traps having internal partitions are permitted if constructed of plastic, glass, or other corrosion
resistant material.
Figure 5.3.5
PROHIBITED TRAPS
5.3.6 Trap Seal Maintenance
a. Traps that could lose their seal due to evaporation because of infrequent use shall have accessible means
to replenish the trap seal or be connected to a trap primer conforming to ASSE 1018 or ASSE 1044.
b. In addition to the priming requirements of Section 5.3.6.a, floor drains shall be permitted to be fitted
with a barrier type floor drain trap seal protection device complying with ASSE 1072.
5.4 DRAINAGE PIPE CLEANOUTS

5.4.1 Cleanout Spacing
a. Cleanouts in horizontal drainage lines shall be spaced at intervals not exceeding the following values:
4" pipe size or less: 75 feet
5" size and larger: 100 feet
b. The distance referred to in Sections 5.4.1a shall include the developed length of the cleanout pipe.
See Figure 5.4.1

NOTES:
1. The maximum spacing "X" for pipes 4" and smaller is 75 feet, including the developed length to the clea-
nout opening.
2. The maximum spacing "X" for pipes 5" and larger is 100 feet, including the developed length to the clea-
nout opening.
3. Manholes may be used for cleanouts in building drains or building sewers (or branches thereof) that are
8" size or larger. The maximum spacing is 300 feet. Refer to Section 5.4.10.
Figure 5.4.1
CLEANOUT SPACING ON HORIZONTAL DRAIN LINES
5.4.2 Building Sewer

Cleanouts, when installed on an underground building sewer, shall be extended vertically to or above the
finished grade level. See Figure 5.4.2
NOTES:
1. Cleanouts must have flush top covers if located in a walkway or other paved area.
2. The length of the vertical extension to grade must be included in the developed length between clea-
nouts.
Figure 5.4.2
A SEWER CLEANOUT EXTENDED TO FINISHED GRADE
5.4.3 Change of Direction

a. Cleanouts shall be installed at changes of direction in drainage piping made with 60°, 70° and 90° fittings.
EXCEPTION: Where there are multiple changes of direction, not more than one cleanout shall be required in
40 feet of run.
b. Cleanouts shall not be required where changes of direction are made with one or more 22 1/2° or 45° fit-
tings. See Figure 5.4.3

NOTES:
1. A cleanout is not required at Points "B", "C", & "D" if the distance from Point "A" to Point "D" is
less than 40 feet.
Figure 5.4.3
WHERE CLEANOUTS ARE REQUIRED AT CHANGES IN DIRECTION
5.4.4 Cleanouts for Concealed Piping

Cleanouts for concealed piping shall be extended through and terminate flush with the finished wall or floor;
or pits or chases may be left in the wall or floor, provided they are of sufficient size to permit removal of the
cleanout plug and proper cleaning of the system. See Figure 5.4.4
Figure 5.4.4
ACCESS TO CONCEALED CLEANOUTS
5.4.5 Base of Stacks

a. A cleanout shall be provided near the base of each vertical waste or soil stack and located 6 inches above
the flood level rim of the lowest fixture on the lowest floor. If there are no fixtures installed on the lowest
floor, the cleanout shall be installed at the base of the stack.
b. For buildings with a floor slab, a crawl space of less than 18 inches, or where a stack cleanout is not ac-
cessible, the cleanout shall be installed in the building drain or building sewer, not more than five feet outside
the building wall.
c. Rain leaders and conductors connected to a building storm sewer shall have a cleanout installed at the
base of the outside leader or inside conductor before it connects to the horizontal drain.
See Figures 5.4.5-A, -B, and -C

Figure 5.4.5 - A
A CLEANOUT NEAR THE BASE OF A STACK
NOTES:
1. The extension of a cleanout for access in not considered to be a dead end.
Figure 5.4.5 - B
A CLEANOUT EXTENDED TO OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING FOR ACCESS

NOTES:
1. Cleanouts are required near the base of exterior rain leaders and interior conductors when they connect
to a building storm drain or building storm sewer.
Figure 5.4.5 - C
A CLEANOUT NEAR THE BASE OF A RAIN LEADER
5.4.6 Building Drain and Building Sewer Junctions and the Property Line
a. There shall be a cleanout near the junction of a building drain and building sewer either inside or outside
the building wall.
b. Cleanouts shall be placed in the building sanitary sewer and the building storm sewer at the property
line and brought to the surface in accordance with the requirements of the Adopting Agency.
See Figures 5.4.6 - A and - B
Figure 5.4.6 - A
A CLEANOUT AT THE JUNCTION OF THE BUILDING DRAIN AND BUILDING SEWER

NOTES:
1. The cleanout and cleanout connection to the sewer required by Section 5.4.6.b must be within the prop-
erty.
Figure 5.4.6 - B
A CLEANOUT AT THE PROPERTY LINE
5.4.7 Direction of Flow

Cleanouts shall be installed so that the cleanout opens in the direction of the flow of the drainage line or at
right angles thereto. See Figure 5.4.7
NOTES:
1. Cleanouts must have flush top covers if located in a walkway or other paved area.
Figure 5.4.7
THE FLOW DIRECTION OF CLEANOUTS
5.4.8 Connections to Cleanouts Prohibited

a. Cleanout plug openings in other than drainage pattern fittings shall not be used for the installation of new
fixtures or floor drains.
b. If a cleanout fitting or cleanout plug opening is removed from a drainage pattern fitting in order to ex-
tend the drain, another cleanout of equal access and capacity shall be provided in the same location.

5.4.9 Cleanout Size
Cleanout size shall conform with Table 5.4.9.
Table 5.4.9
SIZE OF CLEANOUTS
Nominal Nominal
Piping Size (inches) Size of Cleanout (inches)
1-1/4 1-1/4
1-1/2 1-1/2
2 2
3 3
4&6 4
8 & 10 6
12 & 15 8

(1) See Section 5.4.10 for sizes 12" or larger for building sewers.
(2) See Section 5.4.13 for cleanout equivalents.
5.4.10 Manholes for Large Pipes

a. Manholes shall be provided as cleanouts for building sewers 12" size and larger. Manholes shall be pro-
vided at every change of size, alignment, direction, grade, or elevation. The distance between manholes shall
not exceed 300 feet.
b. Manholes may be provided in lieu of cleanouts in underground building sewers, building drains, and
branches thereof, 8" size and larger.
c. Such manholes shall comply with the requirements of Section 5.4.10a.
d. If manholes are installed indoors, they shall have a bolted, gas-tight cover.
e. Manhole construction shall comply with the standards of the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
See Figure 5.4.10
Figure 5.4.10
LOCATION AND SPACING OF MANHOLES

5.4.11 Cleanout Clearances
Cleanouts on 3" or larger pipes shall be so installed that there is a clearance of not less than 18" for the pur-
pose of rodding. Cleanouts smaller than 3 inches shall be so installed that there is a 12" clearance for rod-
ding. See Figure 5.4.11-A and-B
NOTES:
1. Minimum clearance "X" is 12" if pipe size "D" = 2" or less
2. Minimum clearance "X" is 18" if pipe size "D" = 3" or more
Figure 5.4.11 - A
CLEANOUT CLEARANCE ABOVE THE BASE OF A STACK
NOTES:
1. Minimum clearance "X" is 12" if pipe size "D" = 2" or less
2. Minimum clearance "X" is 18" if pipe size "D" = 3" or more
Figure 5.4.11 - B
CLEANOUT CLEARANCE AT THE BASE OF A STACK
5.4.12 Cleanouts to be Kept Uncovered

Cleanout plugs shall not be covered with cement, plaster, or any other permanent finishing material. Where
it is necessary to conceal a cleanout plug, a covering plate or access door shall be provided that will permit
access to the plug.

5.4.13 Cleanout Equivalent
Where the piping is concealed, a fixture trap or a fixture with integral trap, removable without disturbing
concealed roughing work, shall be accepted as a cleanout equivalent, provided the opening to be used as a
cleanout opening is the size required by Table 5.4.9.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) The trap arm of a floor drain with a removable strainer.
(2) Fixtures with removable traps not more than one pipe size smaller than the drain served shall be per-
mitted.
See Figure 5.4.13-A and-B
Figure 5.4.13 - A
A WATER CLOSET AS A CLEANOUT EQUIVALENT
Figure 5.4.13 - B
A REMOVABLE TRAP AS A CLEANOUT EQUIVALENT
5.4.14 Cleanouts for Floor Drains

A cleanout shall be provided immediately downstream from a floor drain whose strainer is not removable.

5.5 BACKWATER VALVES

a. Fixtures and/or drain inlets subject to backflow and flooding from blocked or restricted public sewers
shall be protected by a backwater valve.
b. Such situations include those where fixtures and/or drains are located above the crown level of the public
sewer at the point of connection thereto, but are below the level of the curb at the point where the building
sewer crosses under the curb at the property line.
c. Backwater valves shall be installed in branches of the drainage system that receive flow only from fix-
tures and/or drains subject to backflow from the public sewer.
d. Other portions of the drainage system not subject to such backflow shall drain directly to the public
sewer.
See Figure 5.5.1
5.5.2 Material Standard and Accessibility

Backwater valves shall conform to ASME A112.14.1 and be installed so that their internal working parts are
accessible for periodic cleaning, repair or replacement.
5.5.3 Notice of the Installation of Backwater Valves

When backwater valves are installed in building sanitary drainage systems, a notice shall be posted at the
building water service shutoff valve(s) describing where backwater valves are located.
Figure 5.5.1
BACKWATER VALVES
NOTES:
1. MH = Manhole
2. BWV = Backwater Valve
3. Vent piping not shown

Chapter 6
Liquid Waste Treatment Equipment

6.1 GENERAL
Interceptors, separators, neutralizers, dilution tanks, or other means shall be provided where required to
prevent liquid wastes containing fats, oils, greases, flammable liquids, sand, solids, acid or alkaline waste,
chemicals, or other harmful substances from entering a building drainage system, a public or private sewer,
or sewage treatment plant or process. See Figure 6.1.1
Figure 6.1.1
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERCEPTORS
6.1.2 Design
The size and type of liquid waste treatment equipment shall be based on the maximum volume and rate of
discharge of the plumbing fixtures and equipment being drained.
6.1.3 Exclusion of Other Liquid Wastes

Only wastes from fixtures and equipment requiring treatment or separation shall be discharged into treatment
equipment.

6.1.4 Approval
6.1.4.1 General
The type, size, capacity, design, arrangement, construction, and installation of liquid waste treatment
devices shall be as approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
6.1.4.2 Grease Interceptors and Grease Removal (or Recovery) Devices (GRD)
Grease interceptors rated for up to 100 gallons per minute shall be certified according to PDI Standard
G101 or ASME A112.14.3. Grease removal (or recovery) devices rated for up to 100 gallons per
minute shall be certified according to ASME A112.14.4.
6.1.4.3 Mechanical Equipment

Each installation of a manufactured liquid waste treatment device employing pumps, filters, drums,
collection plates, or other mechanical means of operation shall be certified by the manufacturer to pro-
vide effluent meeting the environmental requirements of the sewer or other approved point to which it
discharges.
6.1.5 Venting
Liquid waste treatment equipment shall be so designed that they will not become air-bound if tight covers are
used. Equipment shall be properly vented if loss of its trap seal is possible.
6.1.6 Accessibility
a. Liquid waste treatment equipment shall be so installed that it is accessible for the removal of covers and
the performance of necessary cleaning, servicing and maintenance.
b. The need to use ladders or move bulky objects in order to service interceptors and other liquid waste
treatment equipment shall constitute a violation of accessibility.
6.1.7 Point of Discharge

Connections to sewers or other points of discharge for the effluent from liquid waste treatment equipment
shall be as approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
6.2 GREASE INTERCEPTORS
6.2.1 General
a. Grease interceptors shall comply with the requirements of the Adopting Agency.
b. Grease interceptors include the following types:
1. Type I Hydro-mechanical interceptors
2. Grease removal (or recovery) devices (GRD)
3. Type II Gravity interceptors
c. Grease interceptors shall be provided to receive the waste discharges from fixtures in food handling areas
that introduce grease into the sanitary drainage system. Fixtures include, but are not limited to pot washing sinks,
utensil soak sinks, pre-rinse sinks at dishwashers, dishwashers, wok range stations, drains from wash-down
ventilation hoods, can washing drains, mop sinks, floor drains and floor sinks in areas around grease producing
fixtures, and similar fixtures.
d. Water closets, urinals, and other fixtures that discharge human waste shall not discharge through a grease
interceptor.
e. Handwashing sinks, lavatories, salad prep sinks, ice machine drains, and other non-grease waste drainages
shall be permitted to discharge through a grease interceptor along with grease producing fixtures.

6.2.1.1 Type I Hydro-Mechanical Grease Interceptors
a. Hydro-mechanical interceptors up to 100 gallons per minute capacity shall comply with the
performance, testing, and installation requirements of ASME A112.14.3 or PDI Standard G101 and
Section 6.2.
b. These interceptors shall be sized according to Section 6.2.10.
c. A calibrated, non-adjustable flow control device shall be provided on the inlet side of each
interceptor to prevent the waste flow (gpm) from exceeding the rated flow capacity of the interceptor.
The flow control device shall be vented in accordance with Section 6.2.4.
6.2.1.2 Grease Removal (or Recovery) Devices (GRD)

a. Hydro-mechanical interceptors that are capable of automatically removing free-floating grease,
fats, and oils from their waste discharge without intervention of the user except for maintenance shall
comply with ASME A112.14.4 and Section 6.2.
b. These interceptors shall be sized according to Section 6.2.10.
c. A calibrated, non-adjustable flow control device shall be provided on the inlet side of each
interceptor to prevent the waste flow (gpm) from exceeding the rated flow capacity of the interceptor.
The flow control device shall be vented in accordance with Section 6.2.4.
6.2.1.3 Type II Gravity Grease Interceptors

a. Outdoor underground gravity grease interceptors serving commercial kitchens shall be sized and
designed by a registered design professional who is licensed to practice in the particular jurisdiction.
b. Gravity grease interceptors shall comply with the requirements of the Adopting Agency, including
materials of construction, arrangement, minimum size, and retention time.
c. Where drain piping and a gravity grease interceptor are provided for the future installation of a
commercial kitchen, the design plans shall indicate the maximum permitted future drainage load in
either gallons per minute (excluding diversity) or drainage fixture units (DFU).
6.2.2 Compliance for Grease Interceptor Sizes Up to 100 GPM

a. Type I hydro-mechanical grease interceptors shall comply with ASME A112.14.3 and Section 6.2.1.1,
and be installed in accordance with the recommendations of PDI Standard G101 and the manufacturer's in-
structions. They shall have a grease retention capacity not less than two pounds for each gpm of rated flow.
b. Grease interceptors that include automatic grease removal or recovery (GRD) shall comply with ASME
A112.14.4 and Section 6.2.1.2.
6.2.3 Fixture Traps

a. Fixtures that discharge into a hydro-mechanical or GRD grease interceptor shall be trapped and vented
between the fixture and the interceptor.
EXCEPTION: A hydro-mechanical or GRD grease interceptor with the required flow control device shall be
permitted to serve as a trap for an individual fixture if the developed length of the drain between the fixture
and the interceptor does not exceed four feet horizontally and 30 inches vertically.
b. Where one or more fixtures discharge into a hydro-mechanical or GRD grease interceptor, the required
vented flow control device shall be installed in the drain line between the fixture(s) and the interceptor.
See Figures 6.2 – A and –B
6.2.4 Fixture Venting

a. Trapped fixtures draining to grease interceptors shall be vented in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions and the applicable provisions of Chapter 12, including combination waste and vent venting.
b. Where a grease interceptor is permitted to serve as the trap for a single fixture that does not have a trap,
the air intake for the flow control device between the fixture and the grease interceptor shall be vented by a
return bend that is open to the space at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of the fixture being served.

c. When the fixture connected to the grease interceptor has a separate vented trap, the air intake on the flow
control device shall be connected to the vent piping system.
See Figures 6.2 – A and –B
NOTES:
1. Flow control devices are necessary to prevent the waste flow from exceeding the design flow rating of
the grease interceptor.
2. When the fixtures connected to the grease interceptor have traps, the air intake on the flow control
device must be connected to the fixture vent piping system.
3. Air intake through the flow control device aerates the grease-laden waste, which is essential to the
separation process.
Figure 6.2-A
A GREASE INTERCEPTOR SERVING A TRAPPED AND VENTED FIXTURE

NOTES:
1. When a fixture that is connected to a grease interceptor is within 4 feet horizontally and 30 inches
vertically from the inlet to the interceptor, a fixture trap is not required. If the fixture is not trapped,
the air intake for the flow control device must not be connected to the vent piping system. It must be
terminated at a 180 degree return bend with its inlet at least 6 inches above the flood level of the fixture.
Figure 6.2-B
A GREASE INTERCEPTOR SERVING AS A FIXTURE TRAP
6.2.5 Food Waste Grinders

a. Where food waste grinders discharge through a hydro-mechanical or GRD grease interceptor, a solids
separator shall be installed either in the drain line from the food waste grinder or upstream of the grease
interceptor to prevent food waste particles from entering the grease interceptor.
b. Solids separators shall not be required where food waste grinders discharge to a gravity grease
interceptor.
See Figure 6.2.5
Figure 6.2.5
A FOOD WASTE GRINDER WITH SOLIDS SEPARATOR AND GREASE INTERCEPTOR

6.2.6 Commercial Dishwashers
a. Commercial dishwashers shall be permitted to discharge through a grease interceptor.
b. Where the discharge rate of a commercial dishwasher in gallons per minute is converted to drainage
fixture units (DFU), each 7.5 GPM of discharge shall be equated to one (1) DFU, with the total rounded up to
the next whole DFU.
6.2.7 Location
Hydro-mechanical and GRD interceptors shall be permitted to be installed within buildings unless otherwise
prohibited by the Adopting Agency. Where gravity grease interceptors or holding tanks are remote from the
fixtures served, the drain piping between the fixtures and the interceptor or holding tank shall be as direct as
possible and shall include provisions for periodic cleaning.
6.2.8 Prohibited Interceptors

The installation of water-cooled grease interceptors is prohibited.
6.2.9 Chemicals - Where Prohibited

a. The use of enzymes, emulsifiers, or similar chemicals in hydro-mechanical grease interceptors, GRD
grease interceptors, and gravity interceptors is prohibited.
b. Sinks or sink compartments used for sanitizing pots or other ware shall not be drained through a grease
interceptor.
6.2.10 Interceptor Sizing

a. Where hydro-mechanical interceptors and grease removal devices (GRD) serve one or more individual
fixtures, they shall be sized for the total drainage flow rate from the fixtures served in accordance with Table
6.2.10. All compartments of multi-compartment sinks shall be considered to drain simultaneously, except that
sanitizing compartments shall not be drained through a grease interceptor.
b. Gravity interceptors for commercial kitchens shall be sized based on the inlet pipe size flowing half - full
according to Appendix K and a 30-minute retention time or as required by the Adopting Agency.
Table 6.2.10
FIXTURE DRAINAGE FLOW RATES FOR SIZING
HYDRO-MECHANICAL AND GRD GREASE INTERCEPTORS
FIXTURE FLOW
1-1/4” Sink Drain Outlet (each) 7.5 GPM
1-1/2” Sink Drain Outlet (each) 15 GPM
2” Sink Drain Outlet (each) 22.5 GPM
Floor Drain without Indirect Waste 0 GPM
Floor Drain or Floor Sink with Indirect Waste (1)
Commercial Dishwasher (2)

(1) The GPM drain load shall be the total indirect waste flow in GPM.
(2) The GPM drain load for a commercial dishwasher shall be not less than the manufacturer's peak rate of drain
flow with a full tank.
6.2.11 Individual Dwelling Units

Grease interceptors shall not be required in individual dwelling units or any private living quarters.

6.2.12 Combination Systems
A combination of hydro-mechanical and exterior gravity grease interceptors shall be allowed in order to meet
separation needs of the Adopting Agency when space or existing physical constraints of existing buildings
necessitates such installations.
6.3 OIL/WATER SEPARATORS
6.3.1 Where Required and Approved Point of Discharge

a. Liquid waste containing grease, oil, solvents, or flammable liquids shall not be directly discharged into
any sanitary sewer, storm sewer, or other point of disposal. Such contaminants shall be removed by an ap-
propriate separator.
b. Sand interceptors and oil separators shall be provided wherever floors, pits or surface areas subject to
accumulation of grease or oil from service or repair operations are drained or washed into a drainage system.
Such locations include, but are not limited to, car or truck washing facilities, engine cleaning facilities, and
similar operations. The drainage or effluent from such locations shall be connected to the sanitary sewer.
c. Drains shall not be required in service or repair garages that employ dry absorbent cleaning methods;
however, if any drains are located in such areas, they shall discharge to the sanitary sewer through a sand
interceptor and oil interceptor.
d. Drains shall not be required in parking garages unless the garage, or portions thereof, has provisions for
either washing vehicles or rinsing the floor. Where such cleaning facilities are provided, the area subject to
waste drainage shall be provided with one or more floor drains, complete with sand interceptor and oil inter-
ceptor, and the effluent from the oil separator shall be connected to the sanitary sewer. Any storm water shall
be drained separately and directly to the storm sewer.
e. Where parking garages without provisions for vehicle washing or floor rinsing require storm water drain-
age, drains shall be permitted to connect to the storm sewer without a sand interceptor and oil separator. Such
drainage, including melting snow, ice or rainwater runoff from vehicles, shall not be connected to the sani-
tary sewer.
f. Where oil separators include a waste holding tank, it shall not be used to store or contain any other waste
oil (e.g., motor oil) or hazardous fluid.
6.3.2 Design of Oil Separators

a. Where oil separators are required in garages and service stations, they shall have a minimum volume of
six cubic feet for the first 100 square feet of area drained, plus one cubic foot for each additional 100 square
feet of area drained. Oil separators in other applications shall be sized according to the manufacturers rated
flow.
b. Field-fabricated oil separators shall have a depth of not less than two feet below the invert of the dis-
charge outlet. The outlet opening shall have a water seal depth of not less than 18 inches.
c. Manufactured oil separators shall be sized according to gallons per minute of rated flow. They shall
include a flow control device and adjustable oil draw-off.
d. Oil separators shall have a 3-inch minimum discharge line and a 2-inch minimum vent to atmosphere.
The discharge line shall have a full-size cleanout extended to grade or otherwise be accessible.
e. The oil draw-off or overflow piping from oil separators shall be connected to an approved waste oil tank
that is installed and permitted according to the environmental requirements of the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion. The waste oil from the separator shall flow by gravity or may be pumped to a higher elevation by an au-
tomatic pump. Pumps shall be adequately sized, explosion-proof, and accessible. Waste oil tanks shall have a
2-inch minimum pump-out connection and a 1-1/2 inch minimum vent to atmosphere.
f. Where oil separators are subject to backflow from a sewer or other point of disposal, their discharge line
shall include a backwater valve, installed in accordance with Section 5.5.
g. Where oil separators are installed in parking garages and other areas where the waste flow will include
sand, dirt or similar soilds, a sand interceptor shall be provided upstream from the oil separator. Sand inter-

ceptors shall comply with Section 6.4.
h. Oil interceptors, waste oil tanks, oil pump-out connections, backwater valves and atmospheric vent pip-
ing shall be permanently identified by suitable labels or markings.
6.3.3 Vapor Venting

The atmospheric vents from oil separators and their waste holding tanks shall be separate from other plumb-
ing system vents and shall be extended to an approved location at least 12 feet above grade or the surround-
ing area.
6.3.4 Combination Oil Separator and Sand Separator

A combination oil separator and sand separator meeting the functional requirements of Sections 6.3 and 6.4
shall be permitted to be installed.
6.4 SAND INTERCEPTORS

a. A sand interceptor shall be installed upstream from an oil separator if required in Section 6.3.2.g.
b. A sand interceptor shall be provided downstream from any drain whose discharge may contain sand,
sediment, or similar matter on a continuing basis that would tend to settle and obstruct the piping in the
drainage system. Multiple floor drains shall be permitted to discharge through one sand interceptor.
6.4.2 Construction and Size

a. Sand interceptors shall be constructed of concrete, brick, fabricated coated steel, or other watertight
material, and shall be internally baffled to provide an inlet section for the accumulation of sediment and a
separate outlet section.
b. The outlet pipe of a sand interceptor shall be the same size as the drain served.
EXCEPTION: If serving an oil separator, the outlet from the sand interceptor shall be the same size as the
inlet to the oil separator.
c. The inlet baffle shall have two top skimming openings, each the same size as the outlet pipe and at the
same invert as the outlet opening. The openings in the baffle shall be offset to prevent straight-line flow
through the interceptor from any of its inlets to its outlet.
d. The inlet to the interceptor shall be at the same elevation as, or higher than, the outlet. The bottom of the
inlet section shall be at least 24 inches below the invert of the outlet pipe.
e. The bottom of the inlet section shall be at least two feet wide and two feet long for flow rates up to 20
gallons per minute. The bottom of the inlet section shall be increased by one square foot for each 5 gpm of
flow or fraction thereof over 20 gpm. The bottom of the outlet section shall be not less than 50% of the area
of the bottom of the inlet section.
f. A solid removable cover shall cover the outlet section. An open grating suitable for the traffic in the area
in which it is located shall cover the inlet section. Covers shall be set flush with the finished floor.
See Figures 6.4.2-A and-B

NOTES:
1. Where a sand interceptor is installed upstream from an oil separator, the sand interceptor does not have
to include a 6" trap seal depth. The oil separator provides the trap seal that blocks the flow of sewer gas
from the building sewer into the building.
Figure 6.4.2 - A
A SAND INTERCEPTOR SERVING AN OIL SEPARATOR
NOTES:
1. Where a stand-alone sand interceptor is installed, it must include a 6" trap seal depth to block the flow
of sewer gas from the building sewer into the building.
Figure 6.4.2 - B
A STAND-ALONE SAND INTERCEPTOR

6.4.3 Water Seal
When a sand interceptor is used separately without also discharging through an oil separator, its outlet pipe
shall be turned down inside the separator below the water level to provide a six-inch minimum water seal. A
cleanout shall be provided for the outlet line.
6.4.4 Alternate Design

Alternate designs for construction of, or baffling in, sand interceptors shall comply with the intent of this
Code and be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for approval.
6.5 SOLIDS INTERCEPTORS

a. Solids interceptors shall be provided where necessary to prevent harmful solid materials from entering
the drainage system on a continuing basis. Such harmful materials include, but are not limited to, aquarium
gravel, barium, ceramic chips, clay, cotton, denture grindings, dental silver, fish scales, gauze, glass particles,
hair, jewels, lint, metal grindings, plaster, plastic grindings, precious metal chips, sediment, small stones, and
solid food particles.
b. Solids interceptors shall separate solids by gravity, trapping them in a removable bucket or strainer.
c. Solids interceptors shall be sized according to their drain pipe size or by the required flow rate.
6.6 NEUTRALIZING AND DILUTION TANKS

a. Neutralizing or dilution tanks shall be provided where necessary to prevent acidic or alkaline waste from
entering the building drainage system. Such waste shall be neutralized or diluted to levels that are safe for the
piping in the drainage and sewer systems.
b. Vents for neutralizing or dilution tanks shall be constructed of acid-resistant piping and shall be indepen-
dent from sanitary system vents.
6.7 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

6.7.1 Laundries
Commercial laundries shall be equipped with one or more lint interceptors having wire baskets or similar de-
vices, removable for cleaning, that will prevent passage into the drainage system of solids 1/2 inch or larger
in size, strings, rags, buttons, lint, and other materials that would be detrimental to the drainage system.
6.7.2 Bottling Establishments

Bottling plants shall discharge their process wastes into a solids separator that will retain broken glass and
other solids, before discharging liquid wastes into the drainage system.
6.7.3 Slaughter Houses

Drains in slaughtering rooms and dressing rooms shall be equipped with separators or interceptors, approved
by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, that will prevent the discharge into the drainage system of feathers,
entrails, and other waste materials that are likely to clog the drainage system.
6.7.4 Barber Shops and Beauty Parlors

Shampoo sinks in barbershops, beauty parlors, and other grooming facilities shall have hair interceptors
installed in lieu of regular traps.

Chapter 7
Plumbing Fixtures, Fixture Fittings and

Plumbing Appliances
7.1 FIXTURE STANDARDS

Plumbing fixtures, plumbing fixture trim, and plumbing appliances shall comply with the standards listed in Table
3.1.3. Plumbing supply fittings covered under the scope of NSF 61 shall comply with the requirements of NSF 61.
7.2 FIXTURES FOR ACCESSIBLE USE

Plumbing fixtures for accessible use and their installation shall confirm to the requirements of the Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction.
7.3 INSTALLATION
7.3.1 General
Plumbing fixtures, fixture trim, and plumbing appliances shall be installed in accordance with the require-
ments of this Code and the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations.
7.3.2 Minimum Clearances

For other than accessible applications, minimum clearances between plumbing fixtures and from fixtures to
adjacent walls shall be in accordance with Figure 7.3.2.
7.3.3 Access for Cleaning

Plumbing fixtures shall be so installed as to provide access for cleaning the fixture and the surrounding area.
7.3.4 Securing Floor-Mounted Fixtures

Floor-mounted fixtures shall be securely supported by the floor or floor/wall structure. No strain shall be
transmitted to the connecting piping. Fastening screws or bolts shall be corrosion-resisting.

Figure 7.3.2
MINIMUM FIXTURE CLEARANCES

7.3.5 Supporting Wall-Hung Fixtures
a. Wall-hung water closets shall be supported by concealed metal carriers that transmit the entire weight
of the fixture to the floor and place no strain on the wall or connecting piping. Supports of this design shall
comply with ASME A112.6.1.
b. Free-standing lavatories, wall-hung urinals, water closets with or without concealed tanks and other
wall-mounted fixtures shall be supported by a concealed or exposed finished wall hanger plate or equivalent
that transmits the weight of the fixture to the wall structure, if adequate, or to the floor without placing strain
on the piping. Such supports shall comply with ASME A112.6.2 or ASME A112.19.12. In addition to the
wall support brackets, pedestals or legs may provide additional support for pedestal lavatories.
See Figure 7.3.5
NOTES:
1. Wall hung water closets are designed to be supported by carriers.
2. For fixtures other than water closets, such as lavatories and urinals, the carrier may be either floor or
wall supported, depending on the strength of the wall.
Figure 7.3.5
A CARRIER FOR A WALL HUNG WATER CLOSET
7.3.6 Orientation and Operation of Faucets

Where fixtures are supplied with both hot and cold water, the faucet(s) and supply piping shall be installed
so that the hot water is controlled from the left side of the fixture or faucet when facing the controls during
fixture use.
EXCEPTION: Single handle and single control valves for showers and tub/shower combinations where the
hot and cold temperature orientation is marked on the fitting surface.
7.3.7 Access to Concealed Connections

Where fixtures have drains with concealed slip joint connections or incorporate a cleanout plug, a means of
access shall be provided for inspection and repair. Such access is not required for connections that are sol-
dered, threaded, solvent cemented, or equivalently secured.
Comment: Access to concealed slip joints and cleanouts can require the use of tools.

7.3.8 Joints with Walls and Floors
Joints where fixtures contact walls and floors shall be caulked or otherwise made water-tight. See Figure 7.3.8
NOTES:
1. Openings or gaps between fixtures and walls or floors can collect dirt and moisture. They are unsani-
tary and can cause water damage to the building structure. These openings must be caulked or other-
wise sealed.
Figure 7.3.8
SEALING FIXTURES TO WALLS AND FLOORS
7.4 WATER CLOSETS

7.4.1 Compliance
Vitreous china water closets shall comply with ASME A112.19.2M. Plastic water closets shall comply with
ANSI Z124.4.
7.4.2 Water Conservation

Water closets, whether operated by flush tank, flushometer tank, or flushometer valve, shall comply with
ASME A112.19.2M or ANSI Z124.4 and shall be the low-consumption type having an average consumption
of not more than 1.6 gallons per flush when tested in accordance with ASME A112.19.6.
EXCEPTION: Blow-out water closets and clinical sinks.

7.4.3 Contour of Bowls
Water closets shall have elongated bowls with open-front seats.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Water closets having closed-front seats and either round or elongated bowls shall be permitted in dwell-
ing units.
(2) Water closets having closed-front seats that are protected by automated seat cover protection.
(3) A water closet in a private office toilet room, intended for the exclusive use of one individual.
(4) Water closets intended for use in pre-school and kindergarten facilities.
NOTES:
1. See Figure 7.4.4 - A for bowl heights for children's use.
2. See Figure 7.4.4 - B for bowl heights for adult accessible use.
Figure 7.4.3 - A
AN ADULT-HEIGHT ELONGATED WATER CLOSET BOWL
COMPARED TO A ROUND BOWL
NOTES:
1. Seats for water closets must fit the water closet bowl. Section 7.4.5 requires elongated seats on elon-
gated bowls and round seats on round bowls.
Figure 7.4.3 - B
AN OPEN FRONT ELONGATED WATER CLOSET SEAT (LESS LID)

7.4.4 Bowl Height
The height of water closet bowls shall be a minimum of 13½ inches from the floor to the top of the rim.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Bowls intended for children’s use (5 years and younger) are permitted to be 9-1/2" to 10-1/2" high to the
rim and juvenile use (6-12 years) are permitted to be 10-1/2" to 13-1/2" high to the rim.
(2) The height of bowls intended specifically for children’s accessible use (12 years and younger) shall be
such that the top of the seat is 11" to 17" above the floor and comply with Section 7.2.
(3) The height of bowls intended specifically for adult accessible use (13 years and older) shall be such that
the top of the seat is 17" to 19" above the floor and comply with Section 7.2.
See Figures 7.4.3-A, 7.4.4-A, and 7.4.4-B.
Figure 7.4.4 - A
PERMITTED HEIGHTS OF WATER CLOSET BOWLS FOR CHILDREN'S USE
Figure 7.4.4 - B
PERMITTED HEIGHT OF WATER CLOSET BOWLS FOR ADULT ACCESSIBLE USE

7.4.5 Water Closet Seats
Seats for water closets shall be of smooth, non-absorbent materials, be properly sized to fit the water closet
bowl, and comply with ANSI Z124.5
EXCEPTION: Water closet seats in single dwelling units are not required to comply with ANSI Z124.5.
7.4.6 Hotels, Motels, Dormitories, and Boarding Houses

Water closets in hotels, motels, dormitories, boarding houses and similar occupancies shall be the elongated
type complying with ASME A112.19.2 or ANSI Z124.4, and ASME A112.19.6 and with open-front seats
complying with ANSI Z124.5
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Closed-front seats shall be permitted in hotel and motel guest rooms.
(2) Closed-front seats that are provided with automatic seat cover protection.
7.4.7 Prohibited Water Closets

Water closets not having a visible trap seal or having either unventilated spaces or walls that are not washed
at each discharge shall be prohibited.
7.4.8 Macerating Toilet Systems

Macerating toilet systems and related components shall comply with ASME A112.3.4 or CSA B45.9.
7.5 URINALS
7.5.1 Compliance
a. Water-fed vitreous china urinals shall comply with ASME A112.19.2.
b. Non-water vitreous china urinals shall comply with ASME A112.19.19.
c. Water-fed and waterless plastic urinals shall comply with ANSI Z124.9.
d. Waterless (non-water) urinals shall have a liquid trap seal as required by Section 5.3.2, ASME
A112.19.19, and ANSI Z124.9.
e. Water-fed urinals with a concealed trap seal and/or an outlet strainer shall be supplied by an automatic
flushing device.

Water-fed urinals shall be the low-consumption type having an average water consumption of not more than
1.0 gallon per flush when tested in accordance with ASME A112.9.6.
7.5.3 Surrounding Surfaces

Urinals shall not be installed where wall and floor surfaces are not waterproof and do not have a smooth,
readily cleanable, non-absorbent surface extending not less than four feet above the floor and one foot to each
side of the urinal, and one foot in front of the lip of the urinal. See Figure 7.5.3.
7.5.4 Prohibited Urinals

Trough urinals and urinals having walls that are not washed at each discharge shall be prohibited.
EXCEPTION: Waterless (non-water) urinals.

Figure 7.5.3
PROTECTING SURROUNDING SURFACES AT URINALS
7.6 LAVATORIES
7.6.1 Compliance
a. Lavatories shall comply with the following standards:
1. Ceramic, non-vitreous; ASME A112.19.9M
2. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1M
3. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4M
4. Plastic; ANSI Z124.3
5. Stainless steel; ASME A112.19.3M
6. Vitreous china; ASME A112. 19.2M

a. Except as required under Section 7.6.2.c, lavatory faucets shall be designed and manufactured so that they
will not exceed a water flow rate of 2.2 gallons per minute when tested in accordance with ASME A112.18.1/
CSA B125.1.
b. Public lavatory faucets, other than the metering type, shall be designed and manufactured according to
ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1.
c. Self-closing or self-closing/metering faucets shall be installed on lavatories intended to serve the transient
public, such as those in, but not limited to, service stations, train stations, airport terminals, restaurants, and
convention halls. Metering faucets shall deliver not more than 0.25 gallon of water per use when tested in
accordance with ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1. Self-closing faucets shall be designed and manufactured
so that they will not exceed a water flow rate of 0.5 gallon per minute when tested in accordance with ASME
A112.18.1/CSA B125.1.

7.6.3 Waste Outlet
The waste outlet pipe on individual lavatories shall be not less than 1-1/4" nominal size. A strainer, pop-up
stopper, crossbar grid, or other device shall be provided to protect the waste outlet.
7.6.4 Integral Overflow

Where lavatories include an integral overflow drain, the waste fitting shall be designed and installed so that
standing water in the bowl of the fixture cannot rise in the overflow channel when the drain is closed, nor
shall any water remain in the overflow channel when the bowl is empty. The overflow shall drain to the inlet
side of the fixture trap. See Figure 7.6.4
Comment: Overflows are not provided in all lavatories. Lavatories with overflows are not used in hospi-
tals because of the potentially unsanitary condition caused by inaccessible surfaces exposed to waste.
Figure 7.6.4
A LAVATORY OVERFLOW
7.6.5 Lavatory Equivalent

Where group-type wash fountains or wash sinks are used to satisfy the number of lavatories required by
Section 7.21.1, each 18-inch usable length of rim having an available water spray shall be considered as one
lavatory. See Figure 7.6.5

Figure 7.6.5
A CIRCULAR WASH FOUNTAIN
7.7 BIDETS
7.7.1 Compliance
Vitreous china bidets shall comply with ASME A112.19.2M. Bidet faucets shall comply to ASME A112.18.1/
CSA B125.1.
7.7.2 Backflow Prevention

Bidets having integral flushing rims shall have a vacuum breaker assembly on the mixed water supply to the
fixture. Bidets without flushing rims shall have an over-the-rim supply fitting providing the air gap required
by Chapter 10.
7.7.3 Integral Overflow

Where bidets include an integral overflow drain, the waste fitting shall be designed and installed so that
standing water in the bowl of the fixture cannot rise in the overflow channel when the drain is closed, nor
shall any water remain in the overflow channel when the bowl is empty. The overflow shall drain to the inlet
side of the fixture trap.
7.8 BATHTUBS
7.8.1 Compliance
a. Bathtubs shall comply with the following standards:
1. Plastic, cultured marble and other synthetic products or finishes; ANSI Z124.1
2. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1
3. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4
4. Bathtubs with pressure sealed doors; ASME A112.19.15
7.8.2 Waste and Overflow

Bathtubs shall have waste outlet and overflow pipes not less than 1-1/2" nominal size. Waste outlets shall be
equipped with a pop-up waste, chain and stopper, or other type of drain plug. See Figure 7.8.2

Figure 7.8.2
A BATHTUB WASTE AND OVERFLOW
7.8.3 Combination Bath/Showers

Shower heads, including the hand-held type, shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed
a water supply flow rate of 2.5 gallons per minute when tested in accordance with ASME A112.18.1/CSA
B125.1. The control of mixed water temperatures to bath/shower combinations shall comply with Section
10.15.6. Surrounding wall construction shall be in accordance with Section 7.10.5.e. Riser pipes to shower
heads shall be secured in accordance with Section 7.10.7.
7.8.4 Backflow Prevention

Unless equipped with an atmospheric backflow preventer in accordance with ASSE 1001 or ASME
A112.18.7, the bathtub filler shall be equipped with an air gap between the end of the over-rim tub filler spout
and the overflow rim of the tub that complies with Section 10.5.
7.9 WHIRLPOOL BATHS

7.9.1 General
The requirements of Section 7.8 for bathtubs shall also apply to whirlpool baths. The provisions for wet vent-
ing in Section 12.10 shall also apply to whirlpool baths.
7.9.2 Compliance
Whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with ASME A112.19.7M.
7.9.3 Drainage
The arrangements of circulating piping and pumps shall not be altered in any way that would prevent the
pump and associated piping from draining after each use of the fixture.
7.9.4 Access
One or more removable panels shall be provided where required for access to pumps, heaters, and controls,
as recommended by the fixture manufacturer. See Figure 7.9.4

NOTES:
1. Access must be provided to electrical and plumbing components of whirlpool baths as recommended by
the manufacturer. Refer to manufacturer's installation instructions.
Figure 7.9.4
ACCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR A WHIRLPOOL BATH
7.10 SHOWERS
7.10.1 Compliance
Plastic shower receptors and stalls shall comply with ANSI Z124.2.

Shower heads shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water supply rate of 2.5 gal-
lons per minute when tested in accordance with ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1.
EXCEPTION: Emergency safety showers.
7.10.3 Control of Mixed Water Temperature

The control of mixed water temperatures shall comply with Section 10.15.6.
7.10.4 Shower Waste Outlet

a. For a shower with a single shower head, the waste outlet connection shall be not less than 1-1/2" inches
nominal size and for a shower with multiple shower heads shall be not less than 2 inches nominal size and
have a removable strainer not less than 3 inches in diameter with ¼” minimum openings.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Bathubs with overhead showers.
(2) Waste outlets shall be securely connected to the drainage system.
(3) In group showers where each shower space is not provided with an individual waste outlet, the waste
outlet(s) shall be so located and the floor so pitched that waste water from one outlet does not flow over the
floor area serving another outlet.
7.10.5 Shower Compartments

a. The minimum outside rough-in dimension for shower bases and prefabricated shower compartments
shall be 32 inches, except where a shower receptor has a minimum overall dimension of 30 inches (750 mm)
in width and 60 inches (1,500 mm) in length.
b. The minimum rough-in depth for prefabricated tub/shower combinations shall be 30 inches.
c. Where shower compartments have glass enclosures or field-constructed tile walls, the compartment shall
provide clearance for a 30 inch diameter circle with the door closed.
d. The walls in shower compartments and above built-in bathtubs having installed shower heads shall be
constructed of smooth. non-corrosive. non-absorbent waterproof materials that extend to a height of not less
than 68 inches above the fixture drain.
e. The joints between walls and with bathtubs and shower compartment floors shall be water-tight.

7.10.6 Shower Floors and Shower Pan Liners
a. Adequate structural support shall be provided under shower floors.
b. Finished shower floor surfaces shall be smooth and water-proof.
EXCEPTION: Grouted shower floor surfaces shall be smooth and water-resistant.
c. Manufactured shower pans, shower bases, and shower receptors shall be installed in accordance with
this Code and the manufacturer's instructions.
d. The edges of shower pans, bases, and receptors shall include flanges or other means of making a water-
proof joint with the walls of the shower enclosure.
e. Shower pan liners shall be provided beneath shower floors that are water-resistant (not water-proof) and
also if required by the manufacturer's installation instructions for pre-fabricated or pre-finished shower pans,
bases, or receptors.
EXCEPTION: Shower pan liners shall not be required under water-resistant shower floors if they are in-
stalled on shower pans, bases, and receptors that provide for the drainage of water seepage through the floor
finish.
f. Shower pan liners shall slope to the shower drain outlet and be sealed to the weep holes in the drain fitting.
The liner shall provide a water-tight basin up to the overflow elevation of the shower floor. See Figure 7.10.6
Figure 7.10.6
A SHOWER PAN AND DRAIN

7.10.7 Water Supply Riser
Whether exposed or concealed, the water supply riser pipe from the shower control valve(s) to the shower
head outlet shall be secured to the wall structure. See Figure 7.10.7
Figure 7.10.7
A SHOWER HEAD SUPPLY RISER PIPE
7.11 SINKS
7.11.1 Compliance
a. Sinks shall comply with the following standards:
1. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1M
2. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4M
3. Stainless steel; ASME A112.19.3M
4. Plastic; ANSI Z124.6.
7.11.2 Domestic Kitchen Sinks and Bar Sinks

a. Each compartment in a kitchen sink or bar sink shall have an outlet suitable for either a domestic food
waste grinder or a basket strainer. The waste outlet pipe for each compartment shall be 1-1/2" nominal size.
Outlet fittings shall have crossbars or other provisions for protecting the drain outlet and shall include a
means of closing the drain outlet.
b. Faucets for kitchen sinks and bar sinks shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed
a water flow rate of 2.2 gallons per minute when tested in accordance with ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1.
See Figure 7.11.2

Figure 7.11.2
KITCHEN SINK DRAIN OUTLETS
7.11.3 Laundry Sinks

a. Sinks for laundry use shall be not less than 12 inches deep with a strainer and waste outlet connection not
less than 1-1/2" nominal size.
b. Utility faucets for laundry sinks shall comply with ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1.
7.11.4 Service Sinks and Mop Receptors

a. Service sinks and mop receptors shall have removable strainers and waste outlet connections not less
than 2" nominal size.
b. Service sinks and mop receptors shall not be installed where walls and floors are not waterproof and do
not have a smooth, readily cleanable surface at least one foot in front of the sink or receptor, at least one foot
on each side, and up to a point one foot above the faucet height.
7.11.5 Sink Faucets

a. Sink faucets having a hose thread or other means of attaching a hose to the outlet shall be protected from
back-siphonage by either an integral vacuum breaker, an atmospheric vacuum breaker attached to the outlet,
or pressure-type vacuum breakers on the fixture supply lines.
b. Faucets for kitchen sinks shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed the flow rate
for kitchen faucets specified in ASME A112.18.1/ CSA B125.1.
7.12 DRINKING FOUNTAINS AND WATER COOLERS

7.12.1 Compliance
Refrigerated drinking fountains and water coolers shall comply with ARI 1010 and UL 399.
7.12.2 Prohibited Locations

Drinking fountains or water coolers shall not be located in public toilet rooms.
EXCEPTION: Convertible lavatory faucets and fixture fittings that provide a discharge stream similar to a
drinking fountain shall be permitted in bathrooms in dwelling units.

7.12.3 Outdoor Drinking Fountains
Freeze-resistant drinking fountains shall be the sanitary type. Weep hole drains that form a cross connection
between ground water and the potable water supply shall not be permitted.
7.13 AUTOMATIC CLOTHES WASHERS
7.13.1 Compliance
Automatic clothes washers shall comply with AHAM HLW-2PR or ASSE 1007, and shall have an air gap
incorporated in the internal tub fill line.
Comment: Automatic clothes washers that comply with the referenced appliance standards include an
internal air gap in the water fill line and do not require the installation of an external backflow preven-
tion device.
7.14 FOOD-WASTE-GRINDER UNITS
7.14.1 Compliance
Domestic food-waste-grinder units shall comply with UL 430 and either AHAM FWD-1 or ASSE 1008.
7.14.2 Domestic Units

Domestic food-waste-grinder units shall have not less than a 1-1/2" nominal waste connection to the drainage
system. Such units may connect to a kitchen sink drain outlet, as permitted under Section 7.11.2.a.
7.14.3 Commercial Units

Commercial food-waste-grinder units shall be connected to the drainage system and be separately trapped
from any sink compartment or other fixture. The waste pipe size for such fixtures shall be of sufficient size to
serve the fixture but shall be not less than 2-inch nominal size. See Figure 7.14.3
7.14.4 Water Supply

An adequate supply of water shall be provided for proper operation of food-waste-grinders.

NOTES:
1. The water supply to a commercial food waste grinder must be protected against back-siphonage by a
vacuum breaker.
Figure 7.14.3
A COMMERCIAL FOOD WASTE GRINDER INSTALLATION
7.15 DISHWASHING MACHINES

7.15.1 Compliance
Domestic dishwashing machines shall comply with UL 749 and either AHAM DW-2PR or ASSE 1006.
Commercial dishwashing machines shall comply with UL 921 and ASSE 1004. The water supply to dish-
washing machines shall be protected from back-siphonage by an integral air gap or other internal means.
7.15.2 Residential Sink and Dishwasher

The discharge from a residential kitchen sink and dishwasher may discharge through a single 1-1/2" trap.
The discharge line from the dishwasher shall be not less than the size recommended by the dishwasher
manufacturer. It shall either be looped up and securely fastened to the underside of the counter or be con-
nected to a deck-mounted dishwasher air gap fitting. The discharge shall then be connected to a branch inlet
wye fitting between the sink waste outlet and the trap inlet. The discharge may also drain indirectly into a
trapped standpipe, or receptor.
See Figure 7.15.2

Figure 7.15.2
A RESIDENTIAL KITCHEN SINK AND DISHWASHER
7.15.3 Residential Sink, Dishwasher, and Food-Waste-Grinder

The discharge from a residential kitchen sink, dishwasher, and food-waste-grinder may discharge through
a single 1-1/2" trap. The discharge line from the dishwasher shall be not less than the size recommended
by the dishwasher manufacturer. It shall either be looped up and securely fastened to the underside of the
counter or be connected to a deck-mounted dishwasher air gap fitting. The discharge shall then be connected
either to the chamber of the food-waste-grinder or to a branch inlet wye fitting between the food-waste-grind-
er outlet and the trap inlet. The discharge may also drain indirectly into a trapped standpipe, or receptor. See
Figure 7.15.3

Figure 7.15.3
A RESIDENTIAL KITCHEN SINK, DISHWASHER, AND FOOD WASTE DISPOSAL
7.15.4 Commercial Dishwashing Machine

a. Commercial dishwashing machines shall be indirectly connected to the drainage system through either
an air gap or an air break. When the machine is within 5 feet developed length of a trapped and vented floor
drain, an indirect waste pipe from the dishwasher may be connected to the inlet side of the floor drain trap.
See Figure 7.15.4
b. Commercial dishwashers shall be permitted to discharge through a grease interceptor in accordance with
Section 6.4.2.
Figure 7.15.4
A COMMERCIAL DISHWASHING MACHINE

7.16 FLOOR AND TRENCH DRAINS
7.16.1 Compliance
Floor and trench drains shall comply with ASME A112.6.3 or ASME A112.3.1.
7.16.2 Trap Seal and Strainer

a. Floor drains shall have a water seal of not less than 2 inches and shall be fitted with a removable strainer.
The free open area of strainers shall be at least 2/3 of the cross-sectional area of the nominal drain outlet size.
b. Where infrequently used floor drains are subject to evaporation of their trap seals, they shall either 1) be
provided with a 4-inch deep trap seal, or 2) be fed from an automatic trap priming device.
c. Where traps are automatically primed, the priming connection shall be above the weir of the trap.
See Figures 7.16.2-A through -C
Figure 7.16.2 - A
A FLOOR DRAIN TRAP AND STRAINER
Figure 7.16.2 - B
A DEEP SEAL TRAP

NOTES:
1. A fixture branch type trap primer can prime more than one trap if it is fitted with a multi-outlet manifold.
Figure 7.16.2 - C
A FLOOR DRAIN WITH TRAP PRIMER
7.16.3 Size of Floor Drains

a. Floor drains and their branch piping shall be sized on the basis of their normal, expected flow rate. Floor
drains shall be not less than 2" nominal size.
b. If provided for emergency showers and eyewash stations, floor drains and their fixture drain branches
shall be sized for the GPM discharge capacity of the shower or eyewash, but the drainage fixture unit (DFU)
loading on the sanitary drainage system shall be zero (0.0 DFU).
7.16.4 Required Locations for Floor Drains

a. Floor drains shall be installed in the following areas:
1. Toilet rooms containing either two or more water closets or wall hung urinals or a combination of one or
more water closets and wall hung urinals, except in a dwelling unit.
2. Commercial kitchens.
3. Common laundry rooms in commercial buildings and buildings having more than two dwelling units.
7.16.5 Walk-in Coolers and Freezers

Floor drains located in walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers where food or other products for human con-
sumption are stored shall be indirectly connected to the drainage system in accordance with Section 9.1.6.
7.16.6 Floor Slope

Where floor drains receive indirect waste or other drainage on a regular or frequent basis, the elevation of the
floor drain shall be set so that the floor within a 2 foot radius can be sloped to the drain.
7.17 GARBAGE CAN WASHERS

Garbage can washers shall include a removable basket or strainer to prevent large particles of garbage from enter-
ing the drainage system. The water supply connection shall be protected from back-siphonage in accordance with
Chapter 10. Garbage can washers shall be trapped and vented as required for floor drains. See Figure 7.17

Figure 7.17
A GARBAGE CAN WASHER
7.18 SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS
7.18.1 Protection of Water Supply

The water supply to special installations shall be protected from backflow in accordance with Chapter 10.
Examples of such special installations include decorative fountains, ornamental pools, waterfalls, swimming
and wading pools, baptisteries, and similar custom-built equipment.
7.18.2 Approval
Special installations requiring water supply and/or drainage shall be submitted to the Authority Having Juris-
diction for approval.
7.19 FLUSHING DEVICES FOR WATER CLOSETS AND URINALS

7.19.1 General
Appropriate flushing devices shall be provided for water closets, urinals, clinical sinks, and other fixtures that
depend on trap siphonage to discharge the contents of the fixture.
7.19.2 Separate Devices

A separate flushing device shall be provided for each fixture.
EXCEPTION: A single device may be used to automatically flush two or more urinals.
7.19.3 Flush Tanks: Gravity, Pump Assisted, Vacuum Assisted.

a. Flush tanks shall have ballcocks or other means to refill the tank after each discharge and to shutoff the
water supply when the tank reaches the proper operating level. Ballcocks shall be the anti-siphon type and
comply with ASSE 1002.
b. Except in approved water closet and flush tank designs, the seat of the tank flush valve shall be at least 1
inch above the flood level rim of the fixture bowl.

c. The flush valve shall be designed so that it will close tightly if the tank is flushed when the fixture drain
is clogged or partly restricted, so that water will not spill continuously over the rim of the bowl or backflow
from the bowl to the flush tank.
d. Flush tanks shall include a means of overflow into the fixture served having sufficient capacity to pre-
vent the tanks from overflowing with normal flow through the fill valve.
See Figure 7.19.3
Figure 7.19.3
FLUSH VALVES FOR WATER CLOSET FLUSH TANKS
7.19.4 Flushometer Tanks (Pressure Assisted)

Flushometer tanks (pressure assisted) shall comply with ASSE 1037 and shall include built-in pressure regu-
lation and backflow prevention devices.
7.19.5 Flushometer Valves

Flushometer valves shall comply with ASSE 1037 and include a vacuum breaker assembly and means of
flow adjustment. Flushometer valves shall be accessible for maintenance and repair. See Figure 7.19.5

NOTES:
1. Flushometer valves are permitted to be installed in an accessible plumbing chase where security is
required in detention and correctional institutions.
Figure 7.19.5
FLUSHOMETER VALVE INSTALLATIONS
7.19.6 Required Water Pressure

The available water supply pressure shall be adequate for proper operation of the particular flushing devices
used, as recommended by the manufacturer.
NOTE: Some one-piece tank-type water closets require 30 psig flowing pressure and 1/2" supplies for proper
operation.
7.20 FIXTURES FOR DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Special design fixtures for use in detention and correctional institutions shall comply with the requirements of this
Code except that fixtures may be fabricated from welded seamless stainless steel and be equipped with necessary
security devices. Water closets shall be the elongated type with integral or separate seats. Urinals shall have a
continuous flushing rim that washes all four walls of the fixture.
7.21 MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED FIXTURES
7.21.1 Number of Fixtures

Plumbing fixtures shall be provided for the type of building occupancy and in the numbers not less than those
shown in Table 7.21.1.
7.21.2 Occupant Load

a. The minimum number of plumbing fixtures shall be based on the number of persons to be served by the
fixtures, as determined by the person responsible for the design of the plumbing system.
b. Where the occupant load is not established and is based on the egress requirements of a building code,
the number of occupants for plumbing purposes shall be permitted to be reduced to two-thirds of that for fire
or life safety purposes.
c. Wherever both sexes are present in approximately equal numbers, the total occupant load shall be
multiplied by 50 percent to determine the number of persons of each sex to be provided for, unless specific
information concerning the percentage of male and female occupants is available.

d. Plans for plumbing systems, where required, shall indicate the maximum number of persons to be served
by the facilities.
e. In occupancies having established seating, such as auditoriums and restaurants, the number of occupants
for plumbing purposes shall not be less than the number of seats.
7.21.3 Access to Fixtures

a. In multi-story buildings, accessibility to the required fixtures shall not exceed one story.
b. Fixtures accessible only to private offices shall not be counted to determine compliance with this
section.
c. The lavatories required by Tables 7.21.1 for employee and public toilet facilities shall be located
within the same toilet facility as their associated water closets and urinals.
7.21.4 Separate Facilities

a. Separate toilet facilities shall be provided for each sex.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1). Residential installations.
(2). In occupancies serving 15 or fewer people, one toilet facility, designed for use by no more than one
person at a time, shall be permitted for use by both sexes.
(3). In business occupancies with a total floor area of 1500 square feet or less, one toilet facility,
designed for use by no more than one person at a time, shall satisfy the requirements for serving
customers and employees of both sexes.
(4). In mercantile occupancies with a net occupiable floor area of 1500 square feet or less that is acces-
sible to customers, one toilet facility designed for use by no more than one person at a time, shall satisfy the
requirements for serving customers and employees of both sexes.person at a time, shall be permitted for use
by both sexes.
7.21.5 Substitution and Omission of Fixtures

a. Urinals: Not more than 50% of the required number of water closets may be substituted with urinals.
b. Drinking Water Facilities: A kitchen or bar sink shall be considered as meeting the requirements for
drinking water facilities for employees.
c. Laundry Trays: Multiple dwelling units or boarding houses without public laundry rooms shall not
require laundry trays.
d. Service Sinks: Service sinks may be omitted when the Authority Having Jurisdiction determines that
they are not necessary for proper cleaning of the facility.
7.21.6 Fixture Requirements for Special Occupancies

a. Additional fixtures may be required when unusual environmental conditions or special activities are
encountered.
b. In food preparation areas of commercial food establishments, fixture requirements may be dictated by
the health and/or sanitary codes. Fixtures, fixture compartments and appliances used for rinsing or sanitizing
equipment or utensils, processing or preparing food for sale or serving, shall be installed in accordance with
Section 9.1.1 to ensure the required protection from backflow and flooding.
c. Types of occupancies not shown in Table 7.21.1 shall be considered individually by the Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction.
d. Where swimming pools operated by an apartment building, condominium, or similar multi-family
dwelling unit are restricted to the use of residents and guests of residents of dwelling units in the immedi-
ate vicinity of the pool, the minimum required toilet facilities for bathers within the pool compound shall be
one (1) male toilet room and one (1) female toilet room, each consisting of a water closet and lavatory as a
minimum.

e. Hand washing facilities shall be provided in each examination room in a doctor’s office or medical of-
fice.
7.21.7 Facilities in Mercantile and Business Occupancies Serving Customers

a. Requirements for customers and employees shall be permitted to be met with a single set of restrooms
accessible to both groups. The required number of fixtures shall be the greater of the required number for
employees or the required number for customers.
b. Fixtures for customer use shall be permitted to be met by providing a centrally located facility accessible
to several stores. The maximum distance of entry from any store to this facility shall not exceed 500 feet.
c. In stores with a floor area of 150 square feet or less, the requirement to provide facilities for employees
shall be permitted to be met by providing a centrally located facility accessible to several stores. The maxi-
mum distance of entry from any store to this facility shall not exceed 300 feet.
d. Drinking water facilities are not required for customers where normal occupancy is short term.
e. For establishments less than 1500 square feet in total floor area, one water closet and one lavatory in a
restroom with a lockable door shall be permitted to provide the requirements for serving the customers and
employees.
7.21.8 Food Service Establishments

a. Food service establishments with an occupant load of 101 or more customers shall be provided with
separate toilet facilities for employees and customers. Customer and employee toilet facilities may be
combined for customer loads of 100 or less. For employees of 15 or less, one toilet facility, designed for use
by no more than one person at a time, shall be permitted for use by both sexes.
b. Drinking water facilities are not required in restaurants or other food service establishments if drinking
water service is provided.
7.22 WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Water softeners, reverse osmosis water treatment units, and other drinking water treatment systems shall meet the
requirements of the appropriate standards listed in Table 3.1.3. Waste discharge from such equipment shall enter
the drainage system through an air gap.
7.23 SAFETY FEATURES FOR SPAS AND HOT TUBS

7.23.1 Spas and Hot Tubs
Spas and hot tubs shall comply with the requirements of subsections 7.23.2, 7.23.3, and 7.23.4.
7.23.2 Entrapment Avoidance

There shall be nothing in the spa or hot tub that can cause the user to become entrapped underwater. Types
of entrapment can include, but not be limited to, rigid, non-giving protrusions, wedge-shaped openings, and
any arrangement of components that could pinch and entrap the user.
7.23.3 Outlets Per Pump

There shall be a minimum of two (2) suction inlets for each pump in the suction inlet system, separated by
at least 3 feet or located on two (2) different planes, such as one on the bottom and one on a vertical wall, or
one on each of two vertical walls. The suction inlets shall be piped so that water is drawn through the inlets
simultaneously by a common suction line to the pump. Blocking one suction inlet shall not create excessive
suction at other suction inlets.

7.23.4 Obstructions and Entrapment Avoidance
Where vacuum cleaning fittings are provided, they shall be located outside of the spa or hot tub and shall not
be accessible to the spa or hot tub user.
7.24 PLUMBED EMERGENCY EYEWASH AND SHOWER EQUIPMENT

a. Emergency eyewash and shower equipment shall comply with the requirements of ANSI Z358.1
b. The equipment installer shall assemble and install the equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions.
c. The location of emergency eyewash and shower equipment shall be determined by the facility designer
to provide the required access for protection from the specific hazards within the facility.
d. Emergency eyewash and shower equipment shall be designed and manufactured to provide the discharge
patterns and flow rates required by ANSI Z358.1 for the hazard(s) for which protection is being provided.
e. The temperature of the flushing fluid shall be from 65ºF to 95ºF unless the facility designer has indicated
that other specific temperatures are required to provide protection for a particular hazard.

Table 7.21.1
192
MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES - Page 1
No. Classifica- Description No. Of Persons of Water Closets Lavatories Drinking Bath or Other
tion Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
Male Female Male Female
1 - 50 1 1 1 1
1 Assembly a) Theatres and other buildings for the performing arts and 1 per 1 service sink
motion pictures usually with fixed seats 51 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 people per floor
101 - 200 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 1
201 - 300 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 12, 16
ea. add’l. 300
add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
over 300
1 - 25 1 1 1 2
b) Dance halls, nightclubs and for similar purposes. 1 per 1 service sink
26 - 50 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1 200 per floor
people
51 - 100 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 0
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16 ea. add’l. 200
over 100
1 - 50 1 1 1 1
c) Auditoriums without permanent seating, art galleries, 1 per 1 service sink
exhibition halls, museums, lecture halls, libraries, restaurants 51 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 people per floor
other than nightclubs, food courts.
101 - 200 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 1
d) Places of worship and other religious services. 201 - 300 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
Churches without assembly halls.
ea. add’l. 300
See Notes 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
over 300
1 - 100 2 2 1 2
e) Arenas, convention halls, outdoor assembly 1 per 1 service sink
including grandstands, bleachers, coliseums, 101 - 200 add 2 add 3 add 1 add 2 1000 people per floor
stadiums, amusement park structures, fair and
201 - 400 add 2 add 5 add 0 add 1
carnival structures, passenger terminals.
ea. add’l. 200
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16 up to 2,600
ea. add’l. 300
over 2,600
1 - 40 1 2 1 2
f) Recreational facilities: includes health spas, golf 1 per 1 shower per 1 service sink
courses, public swimming pools and similar uses. 75 15 people per floor
people over 150
ea. add’l. 40
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2 add 1 per 30
over 40
people

Table 7.21.1
No. Classification Description No. Of Persons of Water Closet Drinking Bath or Other
Lavatories
Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
1 - 15 1 1 1 1 1 per 1 service sink
2 Business Buildings for the transaction of business, professional services,
100 people per floor
other services involving merchandise, office buildings, banks, 16 - 40 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
light industrial and similar uses.
41 - 75 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
See Notes: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16 ea. add’l. 60 over 75 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
3 Education a) Educational facilities: Preschool, Day Care, Kindergarten
16 - 30 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1

31 - 45 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
46 - 60 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
61 - 75 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
76 - 90 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 16 ea. add’l. 30
over 90
b) Elementary Grades 1 – 5
100 per floor
26 - 50 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
people
51 - 75 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
76 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 16 ea. add’l. 50 over 100 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 2

c) Secondary Grades 6 – 12 and higher education facilities
31 - 60 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
61 - 90 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
91 - 120 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 16, 17 ea. add’l. 60 over 120 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
1 - 10 1 1 1 1 1 per 1 emergency 1 service sink

4 Factory and Structures in which occupants are engaged in work fabricating,
75 people shower per per floor
Industrial assembling or processing products or materials. 11 - 25 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
10 people 1 emerg.
26 - 50 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1 when ex- shower and
posed to skin eye wash
51 - 75 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
contamina-
76 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 2 tion
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 ea. add’l. 50 over 100 add 2 add 2 add 2 add 2
193
Table 7.21.1
194
No. Classification Description No. Of Persons of Water Closets Lavatories Drinking Bath or Other
Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
5 Institutional Six or more individuals in a supervised environment, 1 - 8 patients 1 1 1/2 of required 1 per 1 per 1 service
group homes, alcohol and drug centers, convalescent water closets 100 20 people sink per floor
facilities, hospital wards. people
ea. add’l. 8 over 8 add 1 add 1
See Notes: 4, 16
a) Buildings, with six or more individuals, used for 1 water closet per 1 per patient room 1 per patient 1 service sink
medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or custodial care. patient room room per floor
b) Hospital rooms: private or semi-private.
Buildings, with six or more persons under some restraint 1 per cell or 1 per 4 1 per cell or 1 per 6 1 service sink
or security: inmates 1 per 4 inmates inmates per floor
a) Detention centers (short term).
See Notes: 4, 14,16
b) Prisons, jails and reformatories (long term). 1 per cell or 1 per 8 1 per cell or 1 per 15 1 service sink
inmates 1 per 8 inmates inmates per floor
See Notes: 4, 14, 16
1 – 50 1 1 1 1
6 Mercantile 1 per 1 service sink
Buildings occupied for display and sales purposes. Retail
51 – 150 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 people per floor
stores, service stations, shops, salesrooms, markets and
shopping centers. 151 – 300 add 0 add 1 add 0 add 2
ea. add’l. 300
See Notes: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
over 300

Table 7.21.1
No. Classification Description No. Of Persons Water Closets Drinking Bath or Other
Lavatories
of Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
7 Residential a) Hotels, motels. 1 water closet per 1 per guest room 1 per guest 1 service sink
guest room room per floor
b) Dormitories and boarding houses. 1 – 20 2 2 1 2 1 per 100 2 1 service sink

add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2 or 1 per floor ea. add’l. 20 per floor
add 1 1 laundry tray
ea. add’l. 20 per 100
over 20
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 10, 16

c) Multi-family dwellings. 1 water closet per 1 per unit 1 per unit 1 kitchen sink
unit per unit
1 laundry tray
See Note: 4, 10 per 100
d) One and two-family dwellings, 1 water closet per 1 per unit 1 per unit 1 kitchen sink
Detached one and two-family dwellings unit
8 Storage a) Structures for the storage of goods, warehouses, store- 1 water closet per 1 per unit 1 service sink
houses and freight deposits. Moderated hazard. units per unit
b) Structures for the storage of goods, warehouses, store-

houses and freight deposits. Low hazard
See Notes: 1, 4, 6, 18, 19
9 Utility and Accessory buildings: Barns, carports, stables, sheds, No fixtures are
Miscellaneous greenhouses. required
Construction workers ANSI Z4.3

if non-sewered
waste disposal
equipment is used
195
Notes for Table 7.21.1:
196
1. Plumbing fixtures shall be provided in numbers not less than those shown in this table for the type of building occupancy. For accessible re-
quirements, see local, state, or national codes. Additional fixtures may be required where environmental conditions or special activities may be
encountered.
2. Drinking fountains are not required in restaurants or other food service establishments if drinking water service is available. Drinking water is
not required for customers where normal occupancy is short term. A kitchen or bar sink may be used for employee water drinking facilities.
3. In food preparation areas, fixture requirements may be dictated by local Health Codes.
4. Wherever both sexes are present in approximately equal numbers, multiple the total census by 50% to determine the number of persons of each
sex to be provided for. This regulation only applies when specific information, that would otherwise affect the fixture count is not provided.
5. Not more than 50% of the required number of water closets may be urinals.
6. In buildings with multiple floors, accessibility to the fixtures shall not exceed one vertical story.
7. Fixtures for public use as required by this section may be met by providing a centrally located facility accessible to several stores. The maximum
distance from entry to any store to this facility shall not exceed 500 feet.
8. In stores with floor areas of 150 sq. ft. or less, the requirements to provide facilities for use by employees may be met by providing central facili-
ties located accessible to several stores. The maximum distance from entry to any store from this facility shall not exceed 300 feet.
9. Fixtures accessible only to private offices shall not be counted to determine compliance with this section.
10. Multiple dwellings or boarding houses without public laundry rooms shall not require laundry trays.
11. (Reserved)
12. Requirements for employees and customers may be met with a single set of restrooms.
13. If the design number of customers in food handling establishments exceeds 100, separate facilities for employees and customers are re-
quired.
14. Water closet and lavatory may be a combination fixture. All showers and lavatories shall have thermostatic control and timing devices.
15. See Section 7.21.4 and Section 7.21.7 for toilet facilities for occupancies with a total floor area of 1,500 square feet or less.
16. In determining the number of required fixtures for numbers of persons that fall in the “each additional (xx) over (xx)” listings, the requirement
applies to fractions of the listed group.
17. Laboratories in higher education facilities shall have safety showers.
18. Warehouse storage area requirements shall be permitted to be met by providing a facility centrally located within the storage area. The maxi-
mum travel distance to the facility shall not exceed 500 feet.
19. Multiple individual self storage areas shall be permitted to be met by fixtures located in the facilities administration building. The administration
office must be accessible during normal business hours.
20. Showers may be omitted in recreational facilities without locker rooms when approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

Chapter 8
Hangers and Supports

8.1 GENERAL
a. Hangers and anchors shall be securely attached to the building construction at sufficiently close
intervals to support the piping and its contents.
b. Fixtures, appliances and equipment shall be connected to support the weight of the device and any
additional probable loads that may impact on the device.
c. Fixtures shall be rigidly supported so that no strain is transmitted in the piping connections.
8.2 VERTICAL PIPING

Vertical pipe of the following materials shall be supported according to manufacturer’s recommendations, but
at no greater than the distances listed below:
1. Cast-iron soil pipe—at base and at each story height.
2. Steel threaded pipe—at every other story height.
3. Copper tube—at each story height but not more than 10-foot intervals.
4. Lead pipe—four-foot intervals.
5. Plastic pipe—see Section 8.7.
6. Flexible plastic tubing—each story height and at mid-story.
7. Stainless steel drainage pipe—at each story height.
8.3 HORIZONTAL PIPING

Horizontal pipe of the following materials shall be supported according to manufacturer’s recommendations,
but at no greater than the distances listed below:
1. Cast-iron soil pipe—minimum of one hanger per pipe length located within 18 inches of each joint
(up to 10-foot maximum pipe length), at changes in direction, and at branch connections. Where pipe is
suspended by non-rigid hangers more than 18 inches long, provide lateral support at 25-foot maximum
spacing. Lateral support shall consist of either 1) a sway brace or 2) either a change in direction or a
branch connection that provides the required lateral support.
2. Steel threaded pipe—3/4-inch size and smaller—10-foot intervals. One-inch size and larger—12-
foot intervals.
3. Copper tube (1-1/4 inch size and smaller)—6-foot intervals.
4. Copper tube (1-1/2 inch size and larger)—10-foot intervals.
5. Lead pipe—on continuous metal or wood strips for its entire length.
6. Plastic pipe—see Section 8.7.
7. Flexible plastic tubing—32 inches.
8. Stainless steel drainage pipe—10 foot intervals, changes of direction and branch connections.

8.4 MATERIAL
a. Hangers, anchors, and supports shall be of metal or other material of sufficient strength to support
the piping and its contents.
b. Piers shall be of concrete, brick, or other masonry construction.
8.5 STRAIN AND STRESSES IN PIPE

Piping in the plumbing system shall be installed so as to prevent strains and stresses that will exceed the struc-
tural strength of the pipe. Provision shall be made for expansion and contraction of the piping. (See Sections
4.1.3 and 4.2.16.) See Figures 8.5-A through -C
Figure 8.5 - A
AN EXPANSION LOOP IN A HOT WATER PIPE LINE
Figure 8.5 - B
AN EXPANSION COMPENSATOR IN A HOT WATER PIPE LINE

Figure 8.5 - C
A FLEXIBLE EXPANSION LOOP TO ABSORB THERMAL EXPANSION
8.6 BASE OF STACKS

Bases of cast-iron stacks shall be supported on concrete, brick laid in cement mortar, metal brackets attached
to the building construction, or by other methods approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Other piping
material shall be so anchored as to support the stack at the base.
8.7 SUPPORT OF PLASTIC PIPE

a. Plastic drain, waste, vent, and pressure pipe shall be installed and supported as recommended by the
manufacturer's instructions.
b. Maximum horizontal support spacing shall be based on the pipe schedule or wall thickness, the pipe
size, the system operating temperature, the ambient temperature, and any concentrated loads.
c. Vertical pipe shall be maintained in straight alignment.with supports at each story height. Interme-
diate supports shall be provided where required for stability.
d. Pipe shall also be supported at changes of direction or elevation.
e. Supports shall not compress, distort, cut, or abrade the piping and shall allow free movement.
f. Provisions shall be made for expansion and contraction of the piping.
g. Fixture trap arms longer than three feet shall be supported as close as possible to the trap.
8.8 UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION

See Section 2.6.
8.9 SEISMIC SUPPORTS FOR PIPING

Where earthquake loads are applicable in accordance with the adopted building code, plumbing piping sup-
ports shall be designed and installed for the seismic forces in accordance with the adopted building code.
8.10 ALTERNATE PIPE HANGER AND SUPPORT SPACING

In lieu of the pipe hanger and support spacing required by Section 8.2 for vertical piping and Section 8.3 for
horizontal piping, the pipe support spacing shall be permitted to comply with MSS SP-69 and the pipe manu-
facturer's recommendations. The spacing for water piping, waste and sanitary drain piping, and storm water
piping shall be based on full-flow water service. The spacing for vent piping shall be permitted to be based on
vapor service.

Blank Page

Chapter 9
Indirect Waste Piping and Special Wastes

9.1 INDIRECT WASTES
9.1.1 General
Drains from fixtures, fixture compartments, equipment, appliances, appurtenances, and other devices
requiring protection against contamination from backflow or flooding from the drainage system or other
source shall not be directly connected to any soil, waste, or vent pipe. Such drains shall discharge sepa-
rately through an air gap or, where permitted, an air break.
9.1.2 Air Gaps

The clear air gap between a drain outlet or indirect waste pipe and the flood level rim of an indirect waste
receptor or other point of disposal shall be not less than twice the diameter of the effective opening of the
drain served, but not less than one inch.
9.1.3 Air Breaks

Where air breaks are permitted, the waste pipe shall be permitted to terminate below the flood level rim
of the receptor but shall maintain an air space above the top of the receptor’s trap seal. Such indirect
waste pipes shall be permitted to connect to the inlet side of the receptor’s trap.
9.1.4 Where Indirect Wastes Are Required

Indirect wastes shall be provided for food-handling or food-storage equipment, medical or other sterile
equipment, clear-water wastes or discharges, and other drains as required herein.
9.1.5 Food Handling Areas

a. Fixtures and appliances used for the storage, processing, preparation, serving, dispensing, or sale
of food shall be drained indirectly. Examples of such fixtures include refrigerated cases, steam kettles,
dishwashing machines, culinary sinks and/or sink compartments used for rinsing, sanitizing, soaking or
washing food, ice machines, ice storage bins, drink dispensers, and similar equipment or appliances. A
separate indirect waste pipe shall be provided for each fixture and/or compartment drain and each shall
discharge separately through an air gap or air break into a trapped and vented receptor.
b. Where bar sinks, glass-washing sinks, or other counter sinks cannot be vented according to the
requirements of Chapter 12, they shall be permitted to each discharge separately to a trapped and vented
receptor through indirect waste pipes providing either an air break or an air gap. See Figures 9.1.5 - A
through - C

Figure 9.1.5 - A
INDIRCT WASTE PIPING IN A FOOD HANDLING AREA
Figure 9.1.5 - B
INDIRECT WASTES FOR COUNTER SINKS AND COUNTER-MOUNTED EQUIPMENT
202 2009National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

NOTES:
1. If there is a stoppage in the soil or waste stack, the sewage will overflow from the floor drain before
it backs up into the food prep or dishwashing sink.
Figure 9.1.5 - C
PROTECTING A FOOD PREP OR
DISHWASHING SINK FROM SEWAGE BACKUP
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) For multi-compartment commercial sinks, only the compartment used for washing pots, tableware,
kitchenware, and utensils shall discharge to the drainage system through a grease interceptor in accor-
dance with Sections 6.1.1 and 6.2.
(2) The rinsing and sanitizing compartments of multi-compartment commercial sinks shall be drained
indirectly, in accordance with Section 9.1.1.
(3) If a properly vented floor drain is installed immediately adjacent to a sink used for washing, a prop-
erly trapped and vented sink or sink compartment shall be permitted to connect directly to the drainage
system, on the sewer side of the floor drain trap.
(4) Indirect drains shall not be required for domestic kitchen sinks or domestic dishwashers.
9.1.6 Walk-in Coolers and Freezers

a. If floor drains are located in walk-in coolers or walk-in freezers used for the storage of food or other
products for human consumption, they shall be indirectly connected to the sanitary drainage system.
b. Separate indirect waste pipes shall be provided for the floor drains from each cooler or freezer, and
each shall discharge separately through an air gap or air break into a trapped and vented receptor.
c. Traps shall be provided in the indirect waste pipe when required under Section 9.2.3.
d. Indirectly connected floor drains may be located in freezers or other spaces where freezing tempera-
tures are maintained, provided that traps are not required under Section 9.2.3. Otherwise, the floor of the
freezer shall be sloped to a floor drain located outside the storage compartment.
e. The above requirements do not apply to refrigerated food preparation areas or work rooms.
9.1.7 Medical and Other Sterile Equipment

Stills, sterilizers, and other sterile equipment requiring drainage shall each discharge separately through
an air gap into a trapped and vented receptor.

9.1.8 Potable Clear-Water Wastes
Discharges of potable water from the water distribution system, water storage or pressure tanks, water
heaters, water pumps, water treatment equipment, boilers, relief valves, backflow prevention devices, and
other potable water sources shall be indirect through an air gap.
EXCEPTION: An air break shall be permitted where the potable water supply to boilers, water-cooled
equipment, heating and air-conditioning systems, and similar cross-connections is protected by a back-
flow prevention device in accordance with Section 10.5.
9.1.9 Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers

Drinking fountains and water coolers shall be permitted to discharge indirectly through an air break or air
gap. Where such fixtures are connected to a dedicated drainage stack, the fixtures may connect directly to
the stack and the stack shall terminate with an air break or air gap.
9.1.10 Air Conditioning Equipment

Where condensate or other drainage from air conditioning or cooling equipment discharges to a drainage
system, it shall discharge indirectly to a trapped and vented receptor through an air break or air gap.
EXCEPTION: An air break shall not be permitted where the drain connects to a point in the air condi-
tioning equipment that operates at a pressure below atmospheric.
See Figure 9.1.10
Figure 9.1.10
DRAINING AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE
9.1.11 Swimming Pools

Drainage from swimming pools or wading pools, including pool drains, filter backwash, overflows, and
pool deck drains, shall discharge indirectly through an air gap to a trapped and vented receptor.
9.1.12 Relief Valve Discharge Piping

Discharge piping from relief valves and any associated indirect waste piping shall be in accordance with
Section 10.16.6.

9.2 INDIRECT WASTE PIPING
9.2.1 Materials and Installation
Indirect waste piping shall be of materials approved for sanitary drainage under Section 3.5.
9.2.2 Pipe Size

Indirect waste piping shall be not less than the nominal size of the drain outlet on the fixture or equip-
ment served.
9.2.3 Fixture Traps

Traps shall be provided at fixtures and equipment connections where the developed length of indirect
waste piping exceeds ten feet.
EXCEPTION: Drain lines used for clear-water wastes.
9.2.4 Provisions for Cleaning

Indirect waste piping shall be installed in a manner to permit ready access for flushing and cleaning.
Where necessary, cleanouts shall be provided in accordance with Section 5.4.
9.3 INDIRECT WASTE RECEPTORS

9.3.1 General
a. Receptors for indirect wastes shall be properly trapped and vented floor drains, floor sinks, stand-
pipes, open-hub drains, air gap fittings, or other approved fixtures.
b. Receptors shall be of such size, shape, and capacity as required to prevent splashing or flooding by
the discharge from any and all indirect waste pipes served by the receptor.
c. Plumbing fixtures that are used for domestic or culinary purposes shall not be used as receptors for
indirect wastes, except as follows:
EXCEPTIONS:
1) In a dwelling unit, a kitchen sink trap, or food waste grinder, shall be permitted to receive the dis-
charge from a dishwasher.
(2) In a dwelling unit, a laundry sink, provided that an air gap is maintained for any potable clear-water
waste, shall be an acceptable receptor for:
a. Air conditioning condensate.
b. Automatic clothes washer.
c. Water treatment unit.
d. Water heater relief valve discharge.
(3) A service sink or mop basin shall be an acceptable receptor for air conditioning condensate and any
infrequent potable clear-water waste if the required air gap is provided for potable clear-water wastes.
See Figures 7.15.2, 7.15.3, 7.15.4, 9.1.5-A, 9.1.5-B, and 9.1.10
9.3.2 Strainers or Baskets

Floor sinks and floor drains that handle other than clear-water wastes shall include an internal or a re-
movable metal basket to retain solids. See Figure 9.3.2

NOTES:
1. Receptors may have a partially open top grate.
2. Domed bottom strainers help to reduce splashing.
3. In the receptor with a basket, the optional flat bottom strainer protects the drain line while the basket
is removed.
Figure 9.3.2
FLOOR SINKS WITH STRAINER OR BASKET
9.3.3 Prohibited Locations

Receptors for indirect wastes shall not be located in a toilet room or in any confined, concealed, inacces-
sible, or unventilated space.
EXCEPTION: Air conditioning condensate in dwellings shall be permitted to drain to a tub waste and
overflow or lavatory tailpiece in accordance with Section 9.4.3.c.5.
9.3.4 Standpipes
A standpipe, 2-inch minimum pipe size and extending not more than 48 inches nor less than 18 inches
above its trap, shall be permitted to serve as a receptor for a domestic clothes washer. In a dwelling, a
laundry sink shall be permitted to drain into the standpipe. See Figure 9.3.4

NOTES:
1. Standpipes shorter than 18" may cause splashing and overflow.
2. Standpipes taller than 48" may cause the trap to self-siphon. They may also retain waste particles
and create an odor problem.
Figure 9.3.4
STANDPIPE RECEPTORS
9.3.5 Open-hub Drains

A trapped and vented open-end drain pipe extending not less than 2 inches above the surrounding floor
shall be permitted to serve as a receptor for clear-water wastes.
9.3.6 Minimum Receptor Pipe Size

a. The minimum drain pipe size for an indirect waste receptor shall be at least one pipe size larger than
the indirect waste pipe that it serves.
EXCEPTION: A laundry sink receiving the discharge from an automatic clothes washer under Section
9.3.1.c(2).b.
b. Where a receptor receives indirect drainage from two or more fixtures, the cross-sectional area of the
receptor drain shall be not less than the aggregate cross-sectional area of all indirect waste pipes served
by the receptor. For the purposes of this requirement, 1-1/4" pipe = 1.2 in2, 1-1/2" pipe = 1.8 in2, 2" pipe
= 3.1 in2, 2-1/2" pipe = 4.9 in2, 3" pipe = 7.1 in2, 4" pipe = 12.6 in2, 5" pipe = 19.6 in2, and 6" pipe =
28.3 in2. See Figure 9.3.6

NOTES:
1. The aggregate cross-sectional area of three 1-1/2" indirect waste pipes is 3 x 1.8 = 5.4 square
inches. A 2" outlet size is only 3.1 square inches. The minimum receptor outlet pipe size is 3" with
7.1 square inches.
Figure 9.3.6
MINIMUM RECEPTOR OUTLET PIPE SIZE
9.3.7 Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) Values

The drainage fixture unit values used to combine the loading of indirect waste receptors with other fix-
tures shall be the sum of the DFU values for all fixtures that are indirectly drained into the receptor.
9.4 SPECIAL WASTES

9.4.1 Treatment of Corrosive Wastes
Corrosive liquids, spent acids, or other harmful chemicals that may damage a drain, sewer, soil or waste
pipe, create noxious or toxic fumes, or interfere with sewage treatment processes shall not be discharged
into the plumbing system without being thoroughly neutralized or treated by passing through a properly
constructed and approved neutralizing device. Such devices shall be provided automatically with a suf-
ficient supply of neutralizing medium, so as to make its contents non-injurious before discharge into the
drainage system. The nature of the corrosive or harmful waste and proposed method of its treatment shall
be submitted to and approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction prior to installation. See Figures
9.4.1 and 1.2.55

NOTES:
1. The automatic system can neutralize acids or caustic, depending on what neutralizing solution is
used. If the system had two chemical feeders, it could neutralize both acid and caustic wastes.
Figure 9.4.1
AN AUTOMATIC WASTE TREATMENT NEUTRALIZING TANK
9.4.2 High Temperature Wastes

No waste at temperatures above 140°F shall be discharged directly into any part of a drainage system.
Such wastes shall be discharged to an indirect waste receptor and a means of cooling shall be provided
where necessary.
9.4.3 Air Conditioning Condensate

a. Indirect waste piping from air conditioning units shall be sized according to the condensate-generat-
ing capacity of the units served. Branches from individual units shall be no smaller than the drain open-
ing or drain connection on the unit. Traps shall be provided at each air conditioning unit or cooling coil
to maintain atmospheric pressure in the waste piping.
b. Condensate waste piping shall be sloped not less than 1/8" per foot. Drainage fittings shall be used in
sizes 1-1/4" and larger. Minimum pipe sizing shall be as follows:
3/4" pipe size through 3-ton cooling capacity
1" pipe size through 20-ton cooling capacity
1-1/4" pipe size through 100-ton cooling capacity
1-1/2" pipe size through 300-ton cooling capacity
2" size pipe through 600-ton cooling capacity
c. Discharge of air conditioning condensate shall not be permitted to create a nuisance such as by flow-
ing across the ground or paved surfaces. Unless expressly prohibited by the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion, the point of indirect discharge for air conditioning condensate shall be one of the following:

1. The building sanitary drainage system.
2. The building storm drainage system.
3. A sump pump.
4. A subsurface absorption pit or trench.
5. Within dwellings, a tub waste and overflow or lavatory tailpiece within the same dwelling.
NOTES:
1. The condensate drain traps on air conditioning (cooling) units must have sufficient trap seal depth to
offset the static pressure (positive or negative) at the condensate drain connection of the unit. The
traps are shown with a seal depth for a negative pressure
Figure 9.4.3 - A
SIZING INDIRECT WASTE PIPING FOR AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE

Figure 9.4.3 - B
DISCHARGING AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE

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Chapter 10
Water Supply and Distribution

10.1 QUALITY OF WATER SUPPLY
Only potable water shall be supplied to plumbing fixtures used for drinking, bathing, culinary use or the process-
ing of food, medical or pharmaceutical products.
10.2 IDENTIFICATION OF POTABLE AND NON-POTABLE WATER

a. In buildings where dual water distribution systems are installed, one potable and the other non-potable,
each system shall be identified either by color marking, or metal tags, or other appropriate methods such as
may be approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Each outlet on the non-potable water line that may be
used for drinking or domestic purposes shall be posted: DANGER (red background) - UNSAFE WATER -
DO NOT DRINK.
b. Color coding of piping shall be based on ANSI A13.1. System designations and background colors shall
be as follows or the equivalent:
Potable Water = GREEN
Non-Potable Water = YELLOW
Cold Water Supply = GREEN
Hot Water Supply = YELLOW
Hot Water Return = YELLOW
Sanitary Drain = GREEN
Plumbing Vent = GREEN
Waste = GREEN
Waste (corrosive) = YELLOW
Storm Drain = GREEN
Roof Drain = GREEN
10.3 WATER REQUIRED

10.3.1 Buildings
Plumbing fixtures shall be provided with a potable supply of water in the amounts and at the pressures speci-
fied in this Chapter.
10.4 PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY

10.4.1 General
A potable water supply shall be designed, installed and maintained to prevent contamination from non-pota-
ble liquids, solids or gases by cross connections.

10.4.2 Interconnections
Interconnections between two or more public water supplies shall be permitted only with the approval of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction.
10.4.3 Cross Connection Control

Potable water supplies shall be protected in accordance with the cross connection control program of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction and the provisions of this Code. Cross connection control shall be provided
at individual outlets, and where required, by containment of the premises. Each potential cross connection
within the premises shall be protected. Where containment is required, the potable water supply shall be pro-
tected by a backflow protection device installed immediately downstream of the meter or between the service
shutoff valve and the first outlet or branch connection. See Figures 10.4.3 - A and - B
NOTES:
1. Individual outlet protection is required by this Code. It protects the potable water distribution piping from
being contaminated by a cross connection within the property.
Figure 10.4.3 - A
CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL BY INDIVIDUAL OUTLET PROTECTION

NOTES:
1. Cross connection control by containment protects the public water supply from being contaminated by a
cross connection within a customer's property.
Figure 10.4.3 - B
CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL BY CONTAINMENT OF THE BUILDING
10.4.4 Private Supplies

a. Private potable water supplies (i.e., wells, cisterns, lakes, streams) shall require the same backflow pro-
tection that is required for a public potable water supply.
b. Cross connection between a private potable water supply and a public potable water supply shall not be
made unless specifically approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
Comment: Interconnections between private water supplies and public water supplies are generally
prohibited because private supplies are usually not monitored continuously for water quality.
10.4.5 Toxic Materials

a. Piping conveying potable water shall be constructed of non-toxic material.
b. The interior surface of a potable water tank shall not be lined, painted, or repaired with any material that
will affect either the taste, odor, color or potability of the water supply when the tank is placed in or returned
to service.
Comment: The toxicity rating of a piping material can be found in the material standard listed in Table
3.1.3. The piping materials listed in Table 3.4 are non-toxic and are suitable for conveying potable
water.
10.4.6 Reserved
10.4.7 Reserved

10.4.8 Used Materials
Materials that have been used for any purpose other than conveying potable water shall not be used for con-
veying potable water.
10.4.9 Water As a Heat-Transfer Fluid

Potable water may be used as a heat-transfer fluid provided that the potable water system is protected against
cross connection.
10.5 BACKFLOW PREVENTION

10.5.1 Plumbing Fixtures, Appliances, Water Supply Outlets
The water supply shall be protected from back-siphonage by a fixed air gap between the potable water outlet
and the overflow level of the fixture or receptor.
10.5.2 Requirements for Air Gaps

a. How Measured: The air gap shall be measured vertically from the lowest end of a potable water outlet to
the flood rim or line of the fixture or receptor into which it discharges.
b. Minimum Size (distance): The minimum required air gap shall be twice the effective opening of a po-
table water outlet unless the outlet is a distance less than 3 times the effective opening away from a wall or
similar vertical surface, in which case, the minimum required air gap shall be 3 times the effective opening of
the outlet. In no case shall the minimum required air gap be less than that shown in Table 10.5.2.
See Figures 10.5.2
Table 10.5.2
MINIMUM AIR GAPS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES
Minimum Air Gap
Fixture When not Affected by a When Affected by a
Near Wall1 (Inches) Near Wall2 (Inches)
Lavatories with effective opening not greater than 1/2 inch diameter 1 1-1/2
Sink, laundry trays, goose-neck bath faucets and other fixtures with effective
1-1/2 2-1/4
openings not greater than 3/4” diameter
Over rim bath fillers and other fixtures with effective openings not greater
2 3
than 1 inch diameter
Drinking water fountains-single orifice not greater than 7/16 (0.437) in. diam-
eter or multiple orifices having total area of 0.150 square inches (area of circle 1 1-1/2
7/16 in. diameter)
Effective openings greater than one inch 2X diameter of 3X diameter of
effective opening effective opening

1. Side walls, ribs or similar obstructions do not affect air gaps when spaced from inside edge of the spout opening a
distance greater than three times the diameter of the effective opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four times
the diameter of the effective opening for two intersecting walls.
2. Vertical walls, ribs, or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the horizontal plane of the spout
opening require a greater air gap when spaced closer to the nearest inside edge of the spout opening than specified in Note
1. above. The effect of three or more such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined. In such cases, the air gap shall be
measured from the top of the wall.

NOTES:
1. Diameter "d" is the opening on the faucet aerator, tub spout, or outlet pipe
Figure 10.5.2
MINIMUM REQUIRED AIR GAPS
10.5.3 Required Backflow Prevention Devices

The following requirements shall apply:
A. Backsiphonage, Non-Continuous Pressure, Non-Health Hazard
1. Atmospheric vacuum breaker - ASSE 1001 (AVB)
2. Hose connection vacuum breaker - ASSE 1011
3. Any backflow protection device approved for protection against backsiphonage with non-continuous
or continuous pressure and a non-health hazard or health hazard.
B.Backsiphonage, Continuous Pressure, Non-Health Hazard
1. Pressure vacuum breaker - ASSE 1020 (PVB)
2. Spill-resistant vacuum breaker - ASSE 1056 (SVB)
3. Backflow preventer with intermediate atmospheric port - ASSE 1012
4. Double check valve assembly ASSE 1015 (DC and DCVA)
5. Any backflow protection device approved for protection against backsiphonage with continuous pres-
sure and a non-health hazard or health hazard.
C. Backsiphonage, Non-Continuous Pressure, Health Hazard
1. Atmospheric vacuum breaker - ASSE 1001 (AVB)
2. Hose connection backflow preventer - ASSE 1052
3. Any backflow protection device approved for protection against backsiphonage with non-continuous
or continuous pressure and a health hazard.

D. Backsiphonage, Continuous Pressure, Health Hazard
1. Pressure vacuum breaker - ASSE 1020 (PVB)
2. Spill-resistant vacuum breaker - ASSE 1056 (SVB)
3. Reduced pressure backflow preventer assembly - ASSE 1013 (RP, RPZ, and RPBA)
4. Any backflow protection device approved for protection against backsiphonage with continuous pres-
sure and a health hazard.
E. Back Pressure, Non-Health Hazard
1. Dual check backflow preventer - ASSE -1024 (DuCh)
2. Double check valve assembly - ASSE 1015 (DC)(DCVA)
3. Reduced pressure backflow preventer assembly - ASSE 1013 (RP)(RPZ)(RPBA)
F. Back Pressure, Health Hazard
1. Reduced pressure backflow preventer assembly - ASSE 1013 (RP)(RPZ)(RPBA)
10.5.4 Approval of Devices

Backflow prevention devices shall be listed or certified by a recognized certification body as complying with
the appropriate standards in Table 3.1.3 - Part IX.
10.5.5 Installation of Backflow Preventers

a. Devices of All Types: All backflow prevention devices shall be accessible for testing (if testable),
maintenance, repair, and replacement. Clearances shall be as recommended by the manufacturer. Backflow
prevention devices having atmospheric vents shall not be installed in pits, vaults, or similar potentially sub-
merged locations. Vacuum breakers and other devices with vents shall not be located within fume hoods.
b. Atmospheric Vacuum Breakers: Pipe applied atmospheric vacuum breakers shall be installed with the
critical level at least six inches above the flood level rim or highest point of discharge of the fixture being
served. Approved deck-mounted and pipe-applied vacuum breakers and vacuum breakers within equipment,
machinery and fixtures where the critical level is a specified distance above the source of contanination shall
be installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions with the critical level not less than one inch above
the flood level rim. Such devices shall be installed on the discharge side of the last control valve to the fixture
and no shut-off valve or faucet shall be installed downstream of the vacuum breaker. Vacuum breakers on
urinals shall be installed with the critical level six inches above the flood level rim.
See Figures 10.5.5 - A through - F. Also Figures 10.5.10 - A through - C
c. Pressure Type Vacuum Breakers: Pressure type vacuum breakers shall be installed with the critical level
at a height of at least 12 inches above the flood level rim for ASSE 1020 devices and with the critical level at
least six inches above the flood level rim or highest point of discharge of the fixture being served for ASSE
1056 devices. Deck-mounted and pipe-applied pressure type (ASSE 1056) vacuum breakers within equip-
ment, machinery and fixtures where the critical level is a specified distance above the source of contamina-
tion shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions with the critical level not less than one
inch above the flood level rim. See Figure 10.5.5 - G. Also Figures 10.5.10 - D and - E
d. Double Check Valves and Reduced Pressure Principle Valves: Such devices shall be installed at not less
than 12 inches above the floor or permanent platform with the maximum of 60 inches above floor or perma-
nent platform. See Figures 10.5.5 - H and - I. Also 10.5.10 - F
e. Spill-resistant Vacuum Breakers: Approved deck mounted and pipe-applied spill-resistant vacuum break-
ers within equipment, machinery and fixtures where the critical level is a specified distance above the source
of contamination shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions with the critical level not
less than one inch above the flood level rim.

NOTES:
1. If the critical level (C-L) is not marked on the vacuum breaker body, the bottom of the valve is consid-
ered to be the C-L reference.
2. Atmospheric vacuum breakers are not rated for periods of more than 12 hours of continuous water pres-
sure.
Figure 10.5.5 - A
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A COMMERCIAL FOOD WASTE GRINDER
PROTECTED BY AN ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER
NOTES:
1. Atmospheric vacuum breakers are not rated for periods of more than 12 hours of continuous water pres-
sure.
Figure 10.5.5 - B
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A SERVICE SINK

PROTECTED BY AN ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREA
NOTES:
1. Atmospheric vacuum breakers are not rated for periods of more than 12 hours under continuous water
pressure.
Figure 10.5.5 - C
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A LAB SINK
NOTES:
pressure.
Figure 10.5.5 - D
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO AN ASPIRATING DEVICE

NOTES:
pressure.
Figure 10.5.5 - E
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A WATER CLOSET OR URINAL
Figure 10.5.5 - F
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A WATER CLOSET GRAVITY FLUSH TANK
PROTECTED BY AN ANTI-SIPHON BALLCOCK WITH INTEGRAL VACUUM BREAKER

NOTES:
1. ASSE 1020 anti-siphon pressure vacuum breakers can be located where subjected to continuous pres-
sure.
2. The critical level (C-L) of the vacuum breaker must be at least 12" higher than the highest downstream
piping.
3. Shutoff valves are permitted downstream from pressure vacuum breakers.
4. ASSE 1020 pressure vacuum breakers should not be located where water spillage from the atmospheric
vent will cause damage or create a nuisance. If necessary, use ASSE 1056 spill-resistant vacuum break-
ers.
Figure 10.5.5 - G
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT
PROTECTED BY AN ANTI-SIPHON PRESSURE VACUUM BREAKER
NOTES:
1. Double check valve assemblies or reduced pressure backflow preventor assemblies are required for back
pressure applications.
2. Double check valve assemblies must be installed between 12" and 60" above the floor or other working
surface to provide sufficient access for periodic testing and maintenance.
3. Double check valve assemblies subject to back-siphonage require an intermediate vacuum breaker and a
relief vent.
4. Double check valve assemblies with an intermediate vacuum breaker and relief vent must not be located
in pit or other area subject to flooding. The relief vent will create a cross-connection if submerged.
Figure 10.5.5 - H
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A NON-HEALTH HAZARD BACKFLOW APPLICATION
PROTECTED BY A DOUBLE CHECK VALVE ASSEMBLY

NOTES:
1. Double check valve assemblies are not permitted for health hazard applications.
2. Reduced pressure zone principle backflow prevention devices must be installed between 12" and 60"
above the floor or other working surface to provide sufficient access for periodic testing and mainte-
nance.
3. RPZ devices must not be installed in pits or other area subject to flooding. The relief vent will create a
cross-connection if submerged.
4. If occasional spillage from the relief vent will cause damage or be a nuisance, the vent must be
equipped with an air gap fitting and indirectly drained to an acceptable point of disposal.
Figure 10.5.5 - I
THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY TO A HEALTH HAZARD BACKFLOW APPLICATION
PROTECTED BY A REDUCED PRESSURE BACKFLOW PREVENTER ASSEMBLY
10.5.6 Maintenance and Testing of Backflow Prevention Devices

a. Devices installed in a building potable water supply distribution system for protection against backflow
shall be maintained in good working condition by the person or persons responsible for the maintenance of
the system.
b. Devices that are designed to be field tested shall be tested prior to final inspection of the initial installa-
tion and once each year thereafter, using field test procedures conforming to ASSE 5010 Series Professional
Qualifications Standards or equivalent.
NOTE: Testable devices are those backflow prevention devices having test cocks and include, but are not
limited, to the following:

1. Pressure vacuum breakers
2. Spill-resistant vacuum breakers
3. Double check valve assemblies
4. Double check detector assemblies
5. Reduced pressure backflow preventer assemblies
6. Reduced pressure detector assemblies
c. Where tests indicate that the device is not functioning properly, it shall be serviced or repaired in accor-
dance with the manufacturer’s instructions and be retested.
d. Testing and repair of devices shall be performed by certified individuals approved by an agency accept-
able to the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Certification for testing shall be in accordance with ASSE 5000 or
equivalent. Certification for repair shall be in accordance with ASSE 5030 or equivalent. Certification shall
include not less than 32 hours of combined classroom and practice training and successful completion of a
written and practical examination.
e. Copies of test reports for the initial installation shall be sent to the Authority Having Jurisdiction and the
water supplier. Copies of annual test reports shall be sent to the water supplier.
f. Where a continuous water supply is critical and cannot be interrupted for the periodic testing of a back-
flow prevention device, multiple backflow prevention devices or other means of maintaining a continuous
supply shall be provided that does not create a potential cross connection.
10.5.7 Tanks and Vats—Below Rim Supply

a. Where a potable water outlet terminates below the rim of a tank or vat and the tank or vat has an over-
flow of a diameter not less than given in Table 10.8.3, the overflow pipe shall be provided with an air gap as
close to the tank as possible.
b. The potable water supply outlet to the tank or vat shall terminate a distance not less than 1-1/2 times the
height to which water can rise in the tank above the top of the overflow. This level shall be established at the
maximum flow rate of the supply to the tank or vat and with all outlets closed except the air-gapped overflow
outlet.
c. The distance from the outlet to the high water level shall be measured from the critical point of the po-
table water supply outlet.
See Figure 10.5.7. Also Sections 10.8.3, 10.8.4, 10.8.5, and 10.8.6

NOTES:
1. The covers of potable water tanks or vats must have screened vent pipes with internal areas not less
than that of the outlet pipe.
2. The size of the overflow pipe must comply with Table 10.8.3, based on the maximum makeup water flow
rate.
3. The air gap at the tank overflow discharge must be 2 X the inside diameter of the overflow pipe.
4. The maximum overflow water level must be established based on the size of the overflow pipe and the
maximum available makeup water flow. Calculated required static head or rise above the invert of the
overflow should be confirmed by operational tests under actual full flow conditions with the tank outlet(s)
closed.
5. The required air gap at the water inlet to the tank or vat must be at least 1-1/2 times the rise in water
level above the invert of the overflow outlet under maximum overflow conditions, measured from the
invert of the tank overflow.
Figure 10.5.7
A POTABLE WATER TANK OR VAT WITH ITS INLET BELOW THE OVERFLOW RIM
10.5.8 Connections to Carbonated Beverage Dispensers

a. The water supply to a carbonated beverage dispenser shall be protected against backflow with an integral
backflow preventer conforming to ASSE 1022 or an air gap. Carbonated beverage dispensers and carbonated
beverage dispensing systems without an integral backflow preventer conforming to ASSE 1022 or an air gap
shall have the water supply protected with a double check valve with atmospheric vent conforming to ASSE
1022.
b. Where an ASSE 1022 device must be installed in the water supply piping external to a carbonated bever-
age dispenser, the piping from the device to the beverage dispenser shall be acid resistant and not copper.

10.5.9 Protection from Fire Systems
a. Potable water supplies to water-based fire protection systems, including but not limited to standpipes and
automatic sprinkler systems, shall be protected from back-pressure and back-siphonage by one of the following
testable devices:
1. double check fire protection backflow preventer assembly – ASSE 1015 (DCF)
2. double check detector fire protection backflow preventer assembly – ASSE 1048 (DCDF)
3. reduced pressure fire protection backflow preventer assembly – ASSE 1013 (RPF)
4. reduced pressure detector fire protection backflow preventer assembly – ASSE 1047 (RPDF)
EXCEPTIONS
(1) ASSE 1024 dual check valves shall be permitted in stand-alone residential sprinkler systems that
comply with NFPA 13D or NFPA 13R, do not supply plumbing fixtures, and do not include a fire department
connection.
(2) Backflow preventers shall not be required in multi-purpose or network residential sprinkler systems
that supply both plumbing fixtures and residential fire sprinklers in accordance with NFPA 13D. The piping in
such systems shall be approved for potable water. Such systems shall not have a fire department connection.
(3) ASSE 1024 dual check valves shall be permitted in limited area sprinkler systems that comply with
NFPA 13 and do not have a fire department connection.
(4) Where fire protection systems include a fire department connection, reduced pressure assemblies (RPF
or RPDF) shall be required.
(5) Where fire protection systems are filled with solutions that are considered to be health hazards as defined
in Section 1.2, reduced pressure assemblies (RPF or RPDF) shall be required.
b. Whenever a backflow protection device is installed in a potable water supply to a fire protection system,
the hydraulic design of the fire protection system shall account for the pressure drop through the backflow
protection device.
c. If backflow protection devices are retrofitted for an existing fire protection system, the hydraulics of the
fire protection system shall be checked to verify that there is sufficient water pressure available for satisfactory
operation of the fire protection system.
10.5.10 Protection from Lawn Sprinklers and Irrigation Systems

a. Potable water supplies to systems having no pumps or connections for pumping equipment, and no
chemical injection or provisions for chemical injection, shall be protected from backflow by one of the fol-
lowing devices:
1. Atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB)
2. Pressure vacuum breaker (PVB)
3. Spill-resistant vacuum breaker (SVB)
4. Reduced pressure backflow preventer assembly (RP, RPZ, RPBA)
b. Where sprinkler and irrigation systems have pumps, connections for pumping equipment, auxiliary air
tanks or are otherwise capable of creating back-pressure, the potable water supply shall be protected by the
following type of device if the backflow device is located upstream from the source of back-pressure.
c. Where systems have a backflow device installed downstream from a potable water supply pump or a
potable water supply pump connection, the device shall be one of the following:
1. Atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB)
2. Pressure vacuum breaker (PVB)
3. Spill-resistant vacuum breaker (SVB)
d. Where systems include a chemical injector or any provisions for chemical injection, the potable water
supply shall be protected by the following:

10.5.11 Domestic Water Heat Exchangers
a. Heat exchangers used for heat transfer, heat recovery, or solar heating shall protect the potable water
system from being contaminated by the heat transfer medium, in accordance with either subparagraph b or c
below.
b. Single-wall heat exchangers shall be permitted if they satisfy all of the following requirements:
1. The heat transfer medium is either potable water or contains only substances that
are recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
2. The pressure of the heat transfer medium is maintained less than the normal minimum
operating pressure of the potable water system.
EXCEPTION: Steam complying with subparagraph b.1.
3. The equipment is permanently labeled to indicate that only additives recognized as
safe by the FDA shall be used in the heat transfer medium.
c. Double-wall heat exchangers shall separate the potable water from the heat transfer medium by provid-
ing a space between the two walls that is vented to the atmosphere.
10.5.12 Hose Connections

A pressure-type or atmospheric-type vacuum breaker or a permanently attached hose connection vacuum breaker
shall protect hose bibbs, sill-cocks. wall hydrants and other openings with a hose connection.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Water heater and boiler drain valves that are provided with hose connection threads and that are intended
only for tank or vessel draining shall not be required to be equipped with a backflow preventer.
(2) This section shall not apply to water supply valves intended for connection to clothes washing machines
where backflow prevention is otherwise provided or is integral with the machine.
10.5.13 Protection for Special Equipment

The water supply for any equipment or device that creates a cross-connection with the potable water supply
shall be protected against backflow as required in Section 10.5. Such equipment and devices includes, but is
not limited to, chemical dispensers, portable cleaning equipment, sewer and drain cleaning equipment, and
dental pump equipment.
a. Chemical Dispensing Systems
Chemical dispensing systems with connections to the potable water distribution system shall protect the water
distribution system from backflow in accordance with ASSE 1055.
b. Portable Cleaning Equipment
Where the water distribution system connects to portable cleaning equipment, the water supply system shall be
protected against backflow in accordance with Section 10.5, which allows for an atmospheric vacuum breaker,
pressure vacuum breaker, double check valve, or a reduced pressure principle assembly.
EXCEPTION: Atmospheric vacuum breakers shall not be used where there are shutoff valves or other shutoff
devices downstream or where they are subject to continuous pressure for more than 12 hours at a time.
c. Dental Pump Equipment
Where the water distribution system connects to dental pumping equipment, the water supply system shall be
protected against backflow in accordance with Section 10.5, which allows for an atmospheric vacuum breaker,
pressure vacuum breaker, double check valve, or a reduced pressure principle assembly.
EXCEPTION: Atmospheric vacuum breakers shall not be used where there are shutoff valves or other shutoff
devices downstream or where they are subject to continuous pressure for more than 12 hours at a time.
10.6 WATER SERVICE

10.6.1 Separation of Water Service and Building Drain or Building Sewer
The water service pipe and building drain or building sewer shall not have less than one foot horizontal dis-
tance between the piping. See Figures 10.6.1 - A and - B

NOTES:
1. Improvements in the integrity of underground drainage system pipe joints has permitted the separation
from potable water piping to be reduced to 12 inches.
Figure 10.6.1 - A
THE MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN AN UNDERGROUND WATER SERVICE
AND A BUILDING DRAIN OR BUILDING SEWER
NOTES:
1. The minimum clearance is 12 inches.
2. Where possible, the water service should cross over the building drain or building sewer.
3. If necessary, the water service can cross under the building drain or building sewer.
4. The 12" minimum separation prevents direct contact between the pipe lines, even with considerable
settlement.
Figure 10.6.1 - B
CROSSING A WATER SERVICE OVER (OR UNDER)
A BUILDING DRAIN OR BUILDING SEWER

10.6.2 Water Service Near Sources of Pollution
Potable water service piping shall not be located in, under, or above cesspools, septic tanks, septic tank drain-
age fields, or drainage pits. A separation of ten feet shall be maintained from such systems. When a water
line parallels or crosses over or under a sewer, a minimum clearance of 12 inches in all directions shall be
maintained. See Figure 10.6.2
Figure 10.6.2
MINIMUM CLEARANCE BETWEEN A WATER SERVICE PIPE
AND SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
10.6.3 Stop-and-Waste Valves Prohibited

Combination stop-and-waste valves or cocks shall not be installed underground in water service piping.
Comment: Open waste outlets on underground water service shutoff valves would permit ground water
to contaminate the potable water supply.
10.6.4 Water Service Pipe Sleeves

Pipe sleeves shall be provided where water service pipes penetrate foundation walls or floor slabs to protect
against corrosion of the pipe and allow clearance for expansion, contraction and settlement. The sleeve shall
form a watertight bond with the wall or floor slab. The annular space between the pipe and the sleeve shall
be resiliently sealed watertight. Where water service piping is plastic, the wall sleeve shall be not less than
five feet long extended outside beyond the wall. See Figure 10.6.4

NOTES
1. The pipe sleeve must be sealed watertight to the wall or floor slab.
2. A 1/2" minimum annular space around the water pipe, between the pipe and the sleeve, is required and
must be sealed watertight.
3. Sleeves for plastic water service pipe must extend outside beyond foundation walls to undisturbed earth
and be at least 5 feet long.
Figure 10.6.4
WATER SERVICE PIPE SLEEVES FOR METALLIC AND PLASTIC PIPING
10.6.5 Water Service Sizing

The water service pipe shall be of sufficient size to furnish water to the building in the quantities and at the
pressures required elsewhere in this Code. The pipe size shall not be less than 3/4 inch nominal.
10.7 WATER PUMPING AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT

10.7.1 Pumps and Other Appliances
Water pumps, filters, softeners, tanks and other appliances and devices used to handle or treat potable water
shall be protected against contamination as per Section 10.5.
10.7.2 Prohibited Location of Potable Supply Tanks

Potable water gravity tanks or manholes of potable water pressure tanks shall not be located directly under
any soil or waste piping.

10.8 WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER SYSTEMS
10.8.1 Water Pressure Booster Systems Required
a. When the water pressure in the public water main or individual water supply system is insufficient to
supply the potable peak demand flow to plumbing fixtures and other water needs freely and continuously
with the minimum pressure and quantities specified in Section 10.14.3, or elsewhere in this Code, and in ac-
cordance with good practice, the rate of supply shall be supplemented by one of the following methods:
1. An elevated water tank.
2. A hydro-pneumatic pressure booster system.
3. A water pressure booster pump.
10.8.2 Reserved
10.8.3 Overflows for Water Supply Tanks

Gravity or suction water supply tanks shall be provided with an overflow having a diameter not less than that
shown in Table 10.8.3. The overflow outlet shall discharge above and within not less than 6 inches of a roof
or roof drain, floor or floor drain, or over an open water-supplied fixture. The overflow outlet shall be covered
by a corrosion-resistant screen of not less than 16 x 20 mesh to the inch and by 1/4 inch hardware cloth, or it
shall terminate in a horizontally installed 450 angle-seat check valve. Drainage from overflow pipes shall be
directed so as not to freeze on roof walkways. See Figure 10.5.7
Table 10.8.3
SIZES1 OF OVERFLOW PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY TANKS
Table 10.8.3
1
Sizes Of Overflow Pipes For Water Supply Tanks
Maximum Capacity of Diameter of Maximum Capacity of Diameter
Water Supply Line Overflow Pipe Water Supply Line Overflow Pipe
to Tank (Inches ID) to Tank (Inches ID)
0-13 gpm 1-1/2 356-640 gpm 5
14-55 gpm 2 641-1040 gpm 6
56-100 gpm 2-1/2 over 1040 gpm 8
101-165 gpm 3
166-355 gpm 4
1
Computed by the method of NBS Mono. 31, for vertical pipes flowing not greater than 1/2 full at terminal velocity.
(1/3 full for 1-1/2 in. pipe).
10.8.4 Covers
All water supply tanks shall be covered to keep out unauthorized persons, dirt, and vermin. The covers of
gravity tanks shall be vented with a return bend vent pipe having an area not less than the area of the down
feed riser pipe and the vent shall be screened with corrosion resistant screen having not less than 14 and not
more than 20 openings per linear inch. See Figure 10.5.7
10.8.5 Potable Water Inlet Control and Location

Potable water inlets to gravity tanks shall be controlled by a ball cock or other automatic supply valve so
installed as to prevent the tank from overflowing. The inlet shall be terminated so as to provide an accepted
air gap but in no case less than 4 inches above the overflow. See Figure 10.5.7

10.8.6 Tank Drain Pipes
Each tank shall be provided at its lowest point with a valved pipe to permit emptying the tank. See Figure
10.5.7
10.8.7 Low Pressure Cut-Off Required on Booster Pumps

Booster pumps shall be protected by a low pressure cut-off switch to shut-off the pump(s) if the suction pres-
sure drops to an unsafe value.
10.8.8 Pressure Tanks—Vacuum Relief

Domestic water pressure tanks shall be provided with vacuum relief if required by Section 10.16 .7 or the
tank manufacturer.
10.8.9 Pressure Tanks—Pressure Relief

All water pressure tanks shall be provided with approved pressure relief valves set at a pressure not in excess
of the tank working pressure.
10.9 FLUSHING AND DISINFECTING POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS

10.9.1 Flushing
The water service piping and distribution piping to all fixtures and outlets shall be flushed until the water runs
clear and free of debris or particles. Faucet aerators or screens shall be removed during flushing operations.
10.9.2 Disinfecting
a. Where required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, the water service piping and the hot and cold water
distribution piping in new or renovated potable water systems shall be disinfected after flushing and prior to
use. The procedure used shall be as follows or an approved equivalent:
1. All water outlets shall be posted to warn against use during disinfecting operations.
2. Disinfecting shall be performed by persons experienced in such work.
3. The water supply to the piping system or parts thereof being disinfected shall be valved-off from the
normal water source to prevent the introduction of disinfecting agents into a public water supply or portions
of a system that are not being disinfected.
4. The piping shall be disinfected with a water-chlorine solution. During the injection of the disinfecting
agent into the piping, each outlet shall be fully opened several times until a concentration of not less than 50
parts per million chlorine is present at every outlet. The solution shall be allowed to stand in the piping for at
least 24 hours.
5. An acceptable alternate to the 50 ppm/24-hour procedure described in Section 10.9.2.a.4 shall be to
maintain a level of not less than 200 parts per million chlorine for not less than three hours. If this alternate
procedure is used, the heavily concentrated chlorine shall not be allowed to stand in the piping system for
more than 6 hours. Also, special procedures shall be used to dispose of the heavily concentrated chlorine in
an environmentally acceptable and approved manner.
6. At the end of the required retention time, the residual level of chlorine at every outlet shall be not less
than five parts per million. If the residual is less than five parts per million, the disinfecting procedure shall
be repeated until the required minimum chlorine residual is obtained at every outlet.
7. After the required residual chlorine level is obtained at every outlet, the system shall be flushed to re-
move the disinfecting agent. Flushing shall continue until the chlorine level at every outlet is reduced to that
of the incoming water supply.
8. Any faucet aerators or screens that were removed under Section 10.9.1 shall be replaced.
9. A certification of performance and laboratory test report showing the absence of coliform organisms
shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction upon satisfactory completion of the disinfecting
operations.

10.10 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM MATERIALS
See Section 3.4.3.
10.11 ALLOWANCE FOR CHARACTER OF SOIL AND WATER

When selecting the material and size for water service supply pipe, tube, or fittings, due consideration shall be
given to the action of the water on the interior of the pipe and of the soil, fill or other material on the exterior of
the pipe. (Appendix B gives recommendations concerning allowances to be made in sizing water piping because
of the properties of the water.)
Comment: The chemical composition of the service water should be considered when selecting the water
service pipe material. Refer to Appendix Section B.2.3. The aggressive nature of the soil or fill material
around the water service pipe should be evaluated when considering if additional corrosion protection is
need for the exterior surfaces of the pipe.
10.12 WATER SUPPLY CONTROL VALVES

10.12.1 Curb Valve
On the water service from the street main to the building, an approved gate valve or ground key stopcock or
ball valve shall be installed near the curb line between the property line and the curb. This valve or stopcock
shall be provided with an approved curb valve box. See Figure 1.2.82
10.12.2 Building Valve

The building water service shall be provided with a readily accessible gate valve with bleed or other full-way
valve with bleed located inside the building near the point where the water service enters. When the build-
ing water service enters a crawl space, the building valve shall be readily accessible. Where there are two or
more water services serving one building, a check valve shall be installed on each service in addition to the
above shutoff valves. See Figure 1.2.82
10.12.3 Water Supply Tank Valve

A shutoff valve shall be provided at the outlet of any tank serving as a water supply source, either by gravity
or pressure. See Figure 10.5.7
10.12.4 Valves in Dwelling Units

a. In single dwelling units, the building valve required by Section 10.12.2 shall shutoff the water supply to
all fixtures and outlets.
b. In multiple dwelling units, one or more shutoff valves shall be provided in the main supply or main
branches in each dwelling unit so that the water supply to any plumbing fixture or group of fixtures in that
dwelling unit can be shut off without stopping the water supply to fixtures in other dwelling units. These
valves shall be accessible in the dwelling unit that they control.
c. Except as permitted in Section 10.12.4.d, individual fixture shutoff or stop valves shall be provided for
water closets, lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry trays, bar sinks, bidets, clothes washing machines, sill cocks,
wall hydrants, appliances, and equipment connected to the water supply system. Valves for fixtures, appli-
ances, and equipment shall be accessible without having to move the appliance or equipment.
EXCEPTION: Appliances shall be permitted to be moved for access to shutoff valves for ice makers.
d. Unless individual fixture shutoff valves are provided for fixtures in powder rooms or bathroom groups
in accordance with Section l0.12.4.c, shutoff valves may be provided for the each powder room or bathroom
group in lieu of individual fixture shutoff valves. In individual dwelling units where powder rooms or bath-

room groups are located adjacent to each other or one directly above the other, they may be considered as a
single group and shall be permitted to have a single set of shutoff valves.
e. Self-piercing and needle-type saddle valves shall be prohibited.
See Figures 10.12.4-A and-B
NOTES
1. The building shutoff valve must be a full-way type with a bleed to drain the piping within the building.
2. The water heater shutoff valve must not be a globe valve.
3. Additional shutoff valves can be provided to isolate the water heater and branches of the water distribu-
tion piping.
4. Shutoff valves for powder rooms and bathroom groups are not required if all fixtures within the group
have individual shutoff valves. One set of shutoff valves can serve two bathroom groups if they are
piped as one group of fixtures without separate branch pipes for each group.
5. Water closets and lavatories usually have individual supply stop valves where the fixture supply tube
connects to the fixture branch supply pipe.
6. Where manifold-type parallel water distribution systems are used, the individual fixture shutoff valves
are located on the manifold.
Figure 10.12.4 - A
REQUIRED WATER SHUTOFF VALVES IN SINGLE DWELLING UNITS

NOTES
1. Riser shutoff valves are required where risers serve dwelling units on two or more floors.
2. Shutting off a fixture in one dwelling unit must not stop the water supply to a fixture in another dwelling
unit.
3. Main shutoff valves are not mandatory for each dwelling unit if all fixtures within the unit have a means
of shutoff.
4. Shutoff valves for powder rooms and bathroom groups are not mandatory if all fixtures within the group
have individual shutoff valves. One set of shutoff valves can serve two bathroom groups within the
same dwelling unit if they are piped as one group of fixtures without separate branch pipes for each
group.
5. Water closets and lavatories usually have individual supply stop valves where the fixture supply tube
connects to the fixture branch supply pipe.
6. All shutoff valves for the fixtures in each dwelling unit must be accessible within the dwelling unit that
they serve.
Figure 10.12.4 - B
REQUIRED WATER SHUTOFF VALVES IN MULTI-DWELLING UNITS
10.12.5 Riser Valves

Shutoff valves shall be provided for isolating each water supply riser serving fixtures on two or more floors.
EXCEPTION: Risers within individual dwelling units that serve fixtures only in that unit. See Figure 1.2.49
10.12.6 Individual Fixture Valves

a. In a building used or intended to be used for other than dwelling purposes, the water distribution pipe to
each fixture or other piece of equipment shall be provided with a valve or fixture stop to shut off the water
to the fixture or to the room in which it is located. These valves shall be accessible. Each sill cock and wall
hydrant shall be separately controlled by a valve inside the building.
b. Self-piercing and needle-type saddle valves shall be prohibited.

Comment: In buildings or portions thereof that are used for other than dwelling purposes, each fixture
or equipment connection must have an individual shutoff means. Shutoff valves in such systems cannot
shutoff a group of fixtures that do not have individual shutoff means. The guest rooms in hotels and
motels are considered to be dwelling units.
10.12.7 Water Heating Equipment Valve

A shutoff valve shall be provided in the cold water supply to each water heater. If a shutoff valve is also pro-
vided in the hot water supply from the heater, it shall not isolate any safety devices from the heater or storage
tank. Shutoff valves for water heaters shall be the gate, ball, plug, or butterfly type.. See Figure 10.12.7
NOTES:
1. The cold water shutoff valve permits the water heater to be serviced or replaced, but requires that the
hot water distribution piping be drained.
2. The optional hot water shutoff valve permits the water heater to be serviced or replaced without draining
the hot water distribution piping.
3. The water heater relief valve must not be isolated from the water heater tank by any shutoff valves.
4. Water heater shutoff valves must be the full-flow type. Globe valves are not permitted.
Figure 10.12.7
WATER HEATER SHUTOFF VALVE(S)
10.12.8 Meter Valve

A gate valve or other full-way valve shall be installed in the line on the discharge side of each water meter.
The valve shall not be less in size than the building water service pipe. See Figures 10.12.8-A and -B

NOTES:
1. The stop valve on the inlet side of the water meter is normally provided by the water service utility. It
can be the curb valve required by Section 10.12.1.
2. The distinction between small and large water services is dictated by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
For small water services, the shutoff valve on the outlet side of the water meter can be the building
valve required by Section 10.12.2. See Figure 10.12.8 - B for larger water services.
3. Adapter fittings are required where the pipe material for the water service to the building is different from
the pipe material provided by the water utility.
Figure 10.12.8 - A
METER SHUTOFF VALVES IN A SMALL WATER SERVICE

NOTES:
1. The shutoff valve on the inlet side of the water meter is normally provided by the water utility.
2. The bypass valve is optional. It can be used to provide continuous water service while the meter is be-
ing repaired or replaced.
3. The bypass valve and shutoff valve on the meter outlet permit the meter to be repaired or replaced with-
out interrupting the water service to the facility.
Figure 10.12.8 - B
METER SHUTOFF VALVES IN A LARGE WATER SERVICE
10.12.9 Valve Accessibility

Water supply control valves shall be placed so as to be accessible for service and maintenance.
Comment: Access to water supply shutoff valves can require the use of tools to remove access panels or
doors.
10.13 FLEXIBLE WATER CONNECTORS

Flexible water connectors exposed to continuous pressure shall conform to ASME A112.18.6. Access shall be pro-
vided to all flexible water connectors.
10.14 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
10.14.1 Maximum Velocity (See Appendix B.6)
Water distribution piping within buildings shall be sized for a maximum velocity of 8 feet per second at the
design flow rate unless the pipe manufacturer’s sizing recommendations call for the maximum velocity to be
less than 8 feet per second.

10.14.2 Size of Individual Fixture Supply Branches
a. Individual fixture supply branch pipe sizes shall be based on the minimum available flowing water pres-
sure at the point of connection to the water distribution system, any elevation difference between that con-
nection and the fixture, and the allowable pressure loss in the fixture supply branch. The minimum fixture
supply branch pipe sizes shall be as indicated in Table 10.14.2A. For design purposes, the required pressure
at each fixture inlet shall be 15 psig minimum with flow for all fixtures, except 20 psig flowing for flushom-
eter valves on siphon jet water closets and 25 psig flowing for flushometer valves on blowout water closets
and blowout urinals. Flushometer tank (pressure assisted) water closets require a minimum of 25 psig static
pressure. The following water flow rates shall be used for the purpose of sizing individual fixture supply
branch pipes:
5.0 gpm for hose bibbs and wall hydrants;
4.0 gpm for bath faucets and clothes washers;
0.75 gpm for drinking fountains and water coolers;
2.2 gpm for sink faucets;
2.5 gpm for showers;
2.2 gpm for lavatory faucets;
3.0 gpm for water closets other than the flushometer valve type;
12.0 gpm for flushometer valve urinals;
30.0 gpm for flushometer valve water closets
b. Fixture supply branches shall extend from the distribution system to within 30 inches of the point of
connection to the fixture or device served and be within the same area and physical space as the point of con-
nection to the fixture or device. Fixture supply tubes and flexible water connectors shall be not less than the
size recommended by the manufacturer of the fixture, faucet, appliance or device served.

Table 10.14.2A
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
AND MINIMUM FIXTURE BRANCH PIPE SIZES
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
MINIMUM BRANCH PIPE SIZE

BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF WATER CLOSETS
OTHER THAN THE FLUSHOMETER VALVE TYPE
Half-Bath or Powder Room 3.5 2.5
1 Bathroom Group 5.0 3.5
1-1/2 Bathroom Groups 6.0 4.0

2 Bathroom Groups 7.0 4.5
Each Additional Half-Bath 0.5 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0 1.0

BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF (or higher) GRAVITY TANK
WATER CLOSETS
Each Additional Half-Bath 0.5 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0 1.0

OTHER GROUPS OF FIXTURES
Bathroom Group with 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 6.0 4.0
Bathroom Group with 3.5 GPF (or higher) Flushometer Valve 8.0 6.0
Kitchen Group with Sink and Dishwasher 2.0 1.5
Laundry Group with Sink and Clothes Washer 5.0 3.0

Table 10.14.2A (continued)
AND MINIMUM FIXTURE BRANCH PIPE SIZES
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
MINIMUM BRANCH PIPE SIZE
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
Bar Sink 3/8” 1.0 0.5
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower 1/2” 4.0 3.5
Bidet 1/2” 1.0 0.5
Clothes Washer, Domestic 1/2” 4.0 2.5 4.0
Dishwasher, Domestic 1/2” 1.5 1.0 1.5
Drinking Fountain or Water Cooler 3/8” 0.5 0.75
Hose Bibb (first) 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5
Hose Bibb (each additional) 1/2” 1.0 1.0 1.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic 1/2” 1.5 1.0 1.5
Laundry Sink 1/2” 2.0 1.0 2.0
Lavatory 3/8” 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0
Service Sink or Mop Basin 1/2” 3.0
Shower 1/2” 2.0 2.0 2.0
Shower, continuous use 1/2” 5.0
Urinal, 1.0 GPF 3/4” 4.0 5.0
Urinal, greater than 1.0 GPF 3/4” 5.0 6.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity Tank 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Tank 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 1” 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Gravity Tank 1/2” 3.0 3.0 5.5 7.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve 1” 7.0 7.0 8.0 10.0
Whirlpool Bath or Combination Bath/Shower 1/2” 4.0 4.0
NOTES FOR TABLE 10.14.2.A:

1. A Bathroom Group, for the purposes of this Table, consists of not more than one water closet, up to two lavatories, and either one bathtub, one bath/
shower combination, or one shower stall. Other fixtures within the bathing facility shall be counted separately to determine the total water supply fixture unit
load.
2. A Half-Bath or Powder Room, for the purposes of this Table, consists of one water closet and one lavatory.
3. For unlisted fixtures, refer to a listed fixture having a similar flow and frequency of use.
4. The listed fixture unit values for Bathroom Groups and Individual Fixtures represent their load on the cold water service. The separate cold water and
hot water fixture unit values for fixtures having both cold and hot water connections shall each be taken as 3/4 of the listed total value for the individual
fixture..
5. When WSFU values are added to determine the demand on the water distribution system or portions thereof, round the sum to the nearest whole num-
ber before referring to Table 10.14.2B for the corresponding gallons per minute (gpm) flow. WSFU values of 0.5 or more should be rounded up to the next
higher whole number (9.5 = 10 WSFU). Values of 0.4 or less should be rounded down to the next lower whole number (9.4 = 9 WSFU).
6. The listed minimum supply branch pipe sizes for individual fixtures are the nominal (I.D.) pipe size in inches.
7. "Other Than Dwelling Units" applies to business, commercial, industrial, and assembly occupancies other than those defined under "Heavy-Use As-
sembly." Included are the public and common areas in hotels, motels, and multi-dwelling buildings.
8. "Heavy-Use Assembly" applies to toilet facilities in occupancies that place heavy, but intermittent, time-based demands on the water supply system,
such as' schools, auditoriums, stadiums, race courses, transportation terminals, theaters, and similar occupancies where queuing is likely to occur during
periods of peak use.
9. For fixtures or supply connections likely to impose continuous flow demands, determine their required flow in gallons per minute (gpm) and add it
separately to the demand (in gpm) for the distribution system or portion thereof.

Table 10.14.2B
TABLE FOR CONVERTING DEMAND IN WSFU TO GPM¹
GPM GPM GPM GPM
WSFU WSFU
Flush Tanks2 Flush Valves3 Flush Tanks2 Flush Valves3
3 3 120 49 74
4 4 140 53 78
5 4.5 22 160 57 83
6 5 23 180 61 87
7 6 24 200 65 91
8 7 25 225 70 95
9 7.5 26 250 75 100
10 8 27 300 85 110
11 8.5 28 400 105 125
12 9 29 500 125 140
13 10 29.5 750 170 175
14 10.5 30 1000 210 210
15 11 31 1250 240 240
16 12 32 1500 270 270
17 12.5 33 1750 300 300
18 13 33.5 2000 325 325
19 13.5 34 2500 380 380
20 14 35 3000 435 435
25 17 38 4000 525 525
30 20 41 5000 600 600
40 25 47 6000 650 650
50 29 51 7000 700 700
60 33 55 8000 730 730
80 39 62 9000 760 760
100 44 68 10,000 790 790
NOTES FOR TABLE 10.14.2B:

1. This table converts water supply demands in water supply fixture units (WSFU) to required water flow in gallons per min-
ute (GPM) for the purpose of pipe sizing.
2. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush tank type (gravity or pressure) or
there are no water closets, and to hot water piping.
3. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush valve type.

10.14.3 Sizing Water Distribution Piping
a. The supply demand in gallons per minute in the building hot and cold water distribution system shall
be determined on the basis of the load in terms of water supply fixture units (WSFU) as shown in Table
10.14.2A and the relationship between the load in WSFU and the supply demand in gallons per minute
(GPM) as shown in Table 10.14.2B. Refer to Appendix M for a more detailed table of WSFU and equivalent
GPM. For fixtures having both hot water and cold water connections, the separate hot and cold water loads
shall be taken as 75% of the listed WSFU value.
b. Main risers and branches of the water distribution system shall be sized based on the minimum available
water pressure at the source, any elevation differences between the source and the fixtures, pressure losses in
the distribution system, and the pressure (with flow) required at each connection of the fixture supply branch-
es.
10.14.4 Inadequate Water Pressure

Whenever water pressure from the street main or other sources of supply is insufficient to provide flow pres-
sures at fixture outlets as required under Section 10.14.3, a booster pump and pressure tank or other approved
means shall be installed on the building water supply system.
10.14.5 Variable Street Pressures

Where street water main pressures fluctuate, the building water distribution system shall be designed for the
minimum pressure available.
10.14.6 Excessive Pressures

a. Pressure reducing valves complying with ASSE 1003 shall be provided if required to limit the water
supply pressure at any fixture appliance, appurtenance, or outlet to not more than 80 psi under no-flow condi-
tions.
b. The requirement of Section 10.14.6.a above shall not prohibit supply pressures higher than 80 psi to wa-
ter pressure booster systems under Section 10.14.4 or in high pressure distribution systems, provided that the
pressure at the fixtures served is subsequently reduced to 80 psi maximum. Where operating water pressures
exceed 80 psi, the working pressure rating of materials and equipment shall be suitable for the maximum
pressure that may be encountered, including temporary increases or surges.
c. Where pressure reducing valves are installed and the downstream piping is not rated for the maximum
upstream pressure, a pressure relief valve shall be installed downstream from the pressure reducing valve.
The relief valve shall be set not higher than the working pressure rating of the downstream piping and sized
for not less than the flow capacity of the pressure reducing valve. Relief valves shall discharge in accordance
with Sections 10.16.6a, b, c, and d.
d. When a pressure reducing valve is installed, a gauge port or pressure gauge with pressure range of 0 -
150 psi shall be installed within 24 inches down stream of the reducing valve.
See Figures 10.14.6-A and -B

NOTES:
1. Example: A pressure booster pump is required to deliver domestic water to the 18th floor.
2. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Floors are supplied with street pressure and a separate hot water heater.
3. Without pressure reducing valves, the water supply pressure on the 4th through 13th Floors would ex-
ceed 80 psig.
4. Generally, up to five floors can be zoned with one set of pressure reducing valves without having exces-
sive pressure differences between the top and bottom floors of the zone.
5. The pressure in the hot water recirculation line is essentially the same as in the adjacent hot water sup-
ply riser.
6. The figure 10.14.6-B shows only the hot water riser recirculated. If hot water must be circulated from
the individual floors, pressure booster pumps would be required to pump the recirculated water from
each reduced pressure zone back into the higher-pressure return riser (the downcomer).
Figure 10.14.6 - A
INSTALLATION OF A WATER PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
WHERE THE WATER SUPPLY PRESSURE EXCEEDS 80 PSIG

NOTES:
1. Example: A pressure booster pump is required to deliver domestic water to the 18th floor.
2. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Floors are supplied with street pressure and a separate hot water heater.
3. Without pressure reducing valves, the water supply pressure on the 4th through 13th Floors would ex-
ceed 80 psig.
4. Generally, up to five floors can be zoned with one set of pressure reducing valves without having exces-
sive pressure differences between the top and bottom floors of the zone.
5. The pressure in the hot water recirculation line is essentially the same as in the adjacent hot water sup-
ply riser.
6. The figure 10.14.6-B shows only the hot water riser recirculated. If hot water must be circulated from
the individual floors, pressure booster pumps would be required to pump the recirculated water from
each reduced pressure zone back into the higher-pressure return riser (the downcomer).
Figure 10.14.6 - B
ONE POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENT OF PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES
IN A HIGH-RISE BUILDING
10.14.7 Water Hammer

a. Approved water hammer arresters, complying with ANSI/ASSE 1010, shall be installed on water distri-
bution piping in which quick closing valves are installed.
EXCEPTION: Single lever faucets, domestic clothes washers, and domestic dishwashers.
b. Water hammer arresters shall be placed as close as possible to the quick acting valve, at the end of long
piping runs, or near batteries of fixtures.
c. Arresters shall be accessible for replacement.
See Figure 10.14.7

NOTES:
1. Water hammer arrestors should be sized and installed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
2. PDI Standard WH201 establishes PDI Sizes "A" through "F" with recommendations on the number of
fixture units served by each size. Most manufacturers rank their products to the PDI Sizes.
3. Water hammer arrestors can be installed vertically or horizontally. They should be installed on the run
of a tee fitting so that the unobstructed shock path is directly into the water hammer arrestor. See Fig-
ure 1.2.3.
4. The number of elbows upstream from a water hammer arrestor should be minimized because they cre-
ate points of shock before the arrestor.
5. Water hammer arrestors must be accessible and have a means of shutoff to permit replacement if nec-
essary. The means of shutoff can be a shutoff valve for a group of fixtures.
Figure 10.14.7
WATER HAMMER ARRESTORS
10.15 HOT WATER
10.15.1 Hot Water Supply System

In residences and buildings intended for human occupancy, hot water shall be supplied to all plumbing
fixtures and equipment used for bathing, washing, culinary purposes, cleansing, laundry or building mainte-
nance.
EXCEPTION: In buildings other than dwelling units, tempered water supply systems may be installed in
lieu of hot and cold water systems with the approval of the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
10.15.2 Temperature Maintenance Where Required

a. Heated water distribution systems in buildings where developed length of heated water piping from the
source of the heated water to the farthest fixture exceeds 100 feet shall maintain heated water temperature in
all supply piping to within 25 feet of any heated water outlet. See Figure 10.15.2
b. An approved electric heat tracing system shall be permitted to be used to satisfy the requirements of Sec-
tion 10.15.2a.

NOTES:
1. The aquastat or time/temperature controller starts the circulator when the recirculated line cools. The
circulator stops when the line temperature rises.
2. The check valve in the cold water supply to the hot water source keeps recirculated hot water from flow-
ing into the cold water main due to pressure fluctuations in the distribution system.
3. If the recirculation piping has more than one branch, balancing cocks in each branch permit the flows to
be adjusted.
4. A means of measuring the return temperature should be provided.
Figure 10.15.2
HOT WATER TEMPERATURE MAINTAINENCE BY RECIRCULATION
10.15.3 Minimum Requirements for Hot Water Storage Tanks

a. Hot water storage tanks shall be adequate in size, when combined with the BTUH input of the water
heating equipment, to provide the rise in temperature necessary.
b. Water heaters and storage tanks shall be sized to provide sufficient hot water to provide both daily re-
quirements and hourly peak loads of the occupants of the building.
c. Storage tanks shall be protected against excessive temperatures and pressure conditions as specified in
this Code. (See Sections 3.3.8 and 3.3.10)
10.15.4 Drainage of Hot Water Storage Tanks

Hot water storage tanks shall be equipped with a valve capable of draining the tank completely. See Figure
10.12.7
10.15.5 Pressure Marking of Hot Water Storage Tanks

Hot water storage tanks shall be permanently marked in an accessible place with the maximum allowable
working pressure, in accordance with the applicable standard as listed in Table 3.1.3.

10.15.6 Mixed Water Temperature Control
a. Showers and Bath/Shower Combinations: All showers and bath/shower combinations shall be pro-
vided with individual balanced pressure, thermostatic, or combination automatic compensating valves that
comply with ASSE 1016 or ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1. These valves shall include a means to limit the
maximum discharge temperature of the water and shall be installed and field-adjusted in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions to a temperature no higher than 120oF. No further mixing of water shall be
permitted downstream of the automatic compensating valve.
EXCEPTION: Where multiple showers are supplied by a one-pipe tempered water distribution system,
the tempered water distribution system shall be controlled by an automatic temperature control mixing valve
complying with ASSE 1069. These valves shall include a means to limit the maximum discharge tempera-
ture of the water and shall be installed and field-adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
to a temperature no higher than 105ºF. No further mixing of water shall be permitted downstream of the
automatic temperature controlled mixing valve.
b. Bathtubs and Whirlpool Baths: The water discharged into bathtubs and whirlpool baths, with or without
deck-mounted hand sprays, shall be controlled to a temperature no higher than 120ºF by a device complying
with CSA B125.3, ASSE 1070, ASME B112.18.1/CSA B125.1, or ASSE 1016.
c. Public-Use Hand Washing Facilities: Water discharged from public-use hand washing facilities shall
be limited to a temperature no higher than 110ºF using a water temperature limiting device complying with
ASSE 1070.
d. Commercial Hair/Shampoo Sink Sprays: The temperature of water discharged from commercial hair/
shampoo sink sprays shall be limited to a temperature no higher than 110ºF by a water temperature-limiting
device complying with ASSE 1070, ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1, or CSA B125.3.
e. Temperature Actuated Flow Reduction (TAFR) Devices: Where temperature actuated flow reduction
(TAFR) devices are installed to limit the maximum discharge temperature to 120°F for individual fixture fit-
tings, such devices shall comply with ASSE 1062. These devices alone shall not supersede the other require-
ments of Section 10.15.6.
f. In-Line Pressure Balancing Valves: Where in-line pressure balancing valves are installed to compensate
for water pressure fluctuations to stabilize the temperature discharges from their individual faucet or fixture
fitting, such devices shall comply with ASSE 1066. These devices shall be installed in an accessible location
and alone shall not supersede the other requirements of Section 10.15.6
g. Temperature-Actuated Mixing Valves: Where temperature-actuated mixing valves are installed to control
the in-line hot water supply temperature in the water distribution system. they shall comply with ASSE 1017.
Such devices shall be installed at the hot water source and alone shall not supersede the other requirements of
Section 10.15.6 for mixed water temperature control.
h. The temperature control devices for water heaters and other hot water supply sources shall not be per-
mitted to be used to meet this Section’s requirements for mixed water temperature control.
i. Alternative Methods: The use of a combination of water temperature control or limiting devices that
comply with the standards listed in Table 3.1.3 and satisfy the performance requirements of Section 10.15.6
shall be subject to the approval of the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
10.15.7 Thermal Expansion Control

Where a water pressure regulator (with or without an internal thermal expansion bypass), a backflow preven-
tion device, or a check valve is installed in the supply to water heating equipment such that a closed system is
created, a device for controlling thermal expansion shall be provided.
EXCEPTION: Instantaneous water heaters.

a. Plastic piping used for hot water distribution shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.4 and Table
3.4. Piping shall be water pressure rated for not less than 100 psi at 180ºF and 160 psi at 73º.
NOTE: The working pressure rating for certain approved plastic piping materials varies depending on
material composition, pipe size, wall thickness and method of joining. See Table 3.4.3.

b. Plastic pipe or tube shall not be used downstream from instantaneous water heaters, immersion water heat-
ers or other heaters not having approved temperature safety devices.
c. Piping within six inches of flue or vent connectors shall be approved metallic pipe or tube.
d. The normal operating pressure in water distribution piping systems utilizing approved plastic pipe or tube
for hot water distribution shall be not more than 80 psi. Where necessary, one or more pressure reducing valves
shall be provided to regulate the hot and cold water supply pressure to not more than 80 psi.
e. The pressure in the hot water distribution piping shall be limited by a pressure relief valve set no higher
than 150 psi. When the water heater is protected by a pressure relief valve or combination pressure temperature
relief valve having a pressure setting higher than 150 psi, a separate pressure relief valve shall be provided to
protect the piping. The relief valve for the piping shall comply with Section 10.16.2 except that it shall be set
no higher than 150 psi. Thermal expansion shall be controlled as required under Section 10.15.7.
10.15.9 Drip Pans
10.15.9.1 Where Required

Where tank-type water heaters or hot water storage tanks are installed in locations where leakage will
cause structural damage to the building, the tank or water heater shall be installed in a drip pan in ac-
cordance with Section 10.15.9.2 and 10.15.9.3.
10.15.9.2 Construction
a. Drip pans shall be watertight and constructed of corrosion-resistant materials. Metallic pans shall
be 24 gage minimum. Non-metallic pans shall be .0625-inch minimum thickness. Pans shall be not
less than 1-1/2" deep and shall be of sufficient size to hold the heater without interfering with drain
valves, burners, controls, and any required access.
b. High impact plastic pans shall be permitted under gas-fired water heaters where the heater is listed
for zero clearance for combustible floors and the application is recommended by the pan manufacturer.
10.15.9.3 Drainage
a. Drip pans shall have drain outlets not less than ¾” size, with indirect drain pipes extending to
an approved point of discharge, a suitably located indirect waste receptor, or floor drain, or extend to
within 2 to 6 inches above the adjacent floor.
b. Discharge from a relief valve into a water heater pan shall be prohibited.
10.15.10 Water Heaters Used for Space Heating

a. Water heaters used for space heating shall be listed for such use.
b. Piping and components connected to a water heater for space heating application shall be suitable for use
with potable water.
c. Where required, a water temperature control valve shall be installed in every combination water heating-
space heating system application to limit domestic hot water temperature to 140°F. The temperature control
device shall be an ASSE 1017 listed device.
10.16 SAFETY DEVICES FOR PRESSURE VESSELS

10.16.1 Tank Protection
a. Pressure vessels used for heating water or storing water at pressures above atmospheric shall be
protected by approved safety devices in accordance with one of the following methods:
1. A separate pressure relief valve and a separate temperature relief valve; or
2. A combination pressure and temperature relief valve; or
3. Either “1” or “2” above and an energy cut-off device.
4. Tank construction conforming to a standard that does not require a temperature or pressure safety or
relief valve.
Comment: If a pressure relief valve, temperature relief valve, or combination pressure/temperature
relief valve is installed for a water heater storage tank, there must not be any shutoff valves between
the relief valve(s) and the tank that they protect. Also, there must not be any shutoff valves in any relief
valve discharge piping.
10.16.2 Pressure Relief Valves

a. Pressure relief valves shall comply with the applicable standards listed in Table 3.1.3.
b. The valves shall have a relief setting of not more than the pressure rating of the tank, or 150 psig maxi-
mum, and shall be installed either directly in a tank tapping or in the hot or cold water piping close to the
tank. Pressure relief valves installed in hot water piping shall be rated not less than 180 degrees F.
c. There shall be no shutoff valve between the pressure relief valve and the tank.
d. The pressure relief valve shall be set to open at not less than 25 psig above the street main pressure or
not less than 25 psig above the setting of any building water pressure regulating valve.
See Figure 10.16.6
NOTES:
1. Relief valves can discharge to the floor where permitted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2. A shutoff valve in the hot water supply is permitted.
3. Shutoff valves must not isolate relief valves from the tank that they are protecting.
4. Threads are prohibited on the ends of relief valve discharge pipes to prevent the installation of a pipe
cap if the valve begins to leak.
5. Drains or indirect waste pipes that receive the discharge from relief valves must be sized according to
Table 10.16.6, based on the size of the relief valve discharge pipe.
6. The inlet to indirect waste piping must be elevated to establish sufficient static head above the horizon-
tal portion of the drain to prevent spillage.
7. Where two indirect waste pipes from relief valves are joined, the cross-sectional area of the common
drain must be equal to or larger than the sum of the areas of the individual waste pipes. Refer to Sec-
tion 9.3.6.b.
Figure 10.16.6
WATER HEATER RELIEF VALVES AND DISCHARGE PIPING

10.16.3 Temperature Relief Valves
a. Temperature relief valves shall be of adequate relief rating, expressed in BTU/HR, for the equipment
served.
b. The valves shall be installed so that the temperature sensing element is immersed in the hottest water
within the top 6 inches of the tank.
c. The valves shall be set to open when the stored water temperature reaches a maximum of 210°F. (See
Section 3.3.10.)
d. The valves shall conform to an approved standard and shall be sized so that when the valve opens, the
water temperature cannot exceed 210°F with the water heating equipment operating at maximum input.
See Figure 10.16.6
10.16.4 Combination Pressure-Temperature Relief Valves

Combination pressure-temperature relief valves shall comply with all the requirements of the separate pres-
sure and temperature relief valves. (See Section 3.3.10.) See Sections 10.16.2 and 10.16.3
10.16.5 Tankless Water Heaters

a. Tankless instantaneous water heaters shall have an overheat prevention device to shutoff the unit in the event
of unsafe high water temperature. The pressure and temperature tank protection required by Section 10.16.1
shall not be necessary unless required by the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
b. The outlet temperature control device for tankless water heaters shall be set no higher than 140ºF hot
water.
10.16.6 Relief Valve Discharge Piping

a. Piping from the outlet of a relief valve to the point of disposal shall be of a material suitable for potable
water (see Section 3.4). Discharge pipes from temperature relief valves and combination pressure-temper-
ature relief valves shall be listed in Table 3.4 for hot water distribution, and shall be suitable for conveying
water at 210°F to an open discharge. The pressure rating of the pipe at 210 deg F is not required to equal or
exceed the pressure setting of the relief valve.
b. There shall be no shut-off valve, check valve or other restricting device between a relief valve and the
pressure vessel or piping system being protected.
c. The discharge end of the pipe shall be no smaller than the outlet size of its relief valve and shall extend
to a point of disposal without valves, traps or rises that would prevent the discharge piping from draining by
gravity. The discharge end of the pipe shall not be threaded.
d. An air gap shall be provided where relief valves discharge into an indirect waste pipe, floor drain, trench
drain, service sink, mop basin, laundry sink, standpipe or other approved receptor. The minimum size of fix-
ture drains or waste pipes that receive the discharge from relief valves shall be as indicated in Table 10.16.6.
e. Where relief valves discharge to the floor, the discharge pipe shall terminate not more than 6 inches nor
less than 2 inches above the floor.
f. If the point of disposal is not within the space or room in which the relief valve is located, an indirect
gravity drain shall be provided from the room or space to the point of disposal. Indirect waste pipes shall
be sized according to Table 10.16.6 and shall be of a material approved for potable water, sanitary drainage
or storm drainage (see Tables 3.4, 3.5, and 3.7). A visible air gap shall be provided in the room or space in
which the relief valve is located.
EXCEPTION: Where water heaters are located above ceilings, the relief valve discharge pipe shall extend
to a point of disposal or indirect waste that is readily observable in an area below the heater.
g. Where two or more relief valves serving independent systems are located in the same area, each shall be
discharged separately. Where such relief valves for independent systems are discharged into a common grav-
ity drain or indirect waste pipe, the drain or waste pipe shall be sized according to the largest discharge pipe
served.
See Figure 10.16.6

Table 10.16.6
SIZE OF DRAINS OR WASTE PIPES RECEIVING RELIEF VALVE DISCHARGE
Minimum Drain or
Discharge Pipe Size
Indirect Waste Size
3/4” 2”*
1” 3”
1-1/2” 4”
2” 4”
2-1/2” 6”
*EXCEPTION: A laundry sink with 1-1/2” waste pipe.
10.16.7 Vacuum Relief Valves

Where a hot water storage tank or an indirect water heater is located at an elevation above the fixture outlets
in the hot water system, a vacuum relief valve shall be installed on the storage tank or heater. See Figure
10.16.7
NOTES:
1. Vacuum relief valves at water heaters prevent vacuum conditions that could siphon water from a tank,
causing it to be damaged from dry firing or collapse.
2. Vacuum relief valves are tested and rated under ANSI Z21.22 - Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Sys-
tems.
3. Backflow prevention vacuum breakers are not intended for use as vacuum relief valves.
4. Vacuum relief valves must be mounted higher than the tank being protected.
Figure 10.16.7
VACUUM RELIEF VALVES ON OVERHEAD WATER HEATER TANKS

10.16.8 Replacement of Relief Valves
a. Relief valves shall be maintained in proper working order and shall be replaced when necessary.
b. Whenever a water heater is replaced, its temperature relief valve and pressure relief valve, or combina-
tion temperature-pressure relief valve shall also be replaced and shall not be reused.
10.17 MANIFOLD-TYPE PARALLEL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

10.17.1 General
a. Parallel water distribution systems shall provide individual hot and cold water supply lines from a mani-
fold to each fixture served.
b. Manifolds shall be specifically designed and manufactured for parallel water distribution.
c. Manufacturer’s of such systems shall provide complete sizing and installations instructions, including
any limitations or restrictions on use.
d. Piping materials shall be as recommended by the system manufacturer and be listed in Table 3.4 for hot
and cold water distribution.
10.17.2 Sizing
See Appendix B for sizing manifolds and distribution lines. Distribution line sizes shall be as recommend-
ed by the system manufacturer to provide the fixture flow rates listed in Section 10.14.2a. The minimum line
size shall be 3/8” nominal.
10.17.3 Valving
a. Each manifold outlet that is equipped with a shutoff valve shall identify the fixture being supplied. Ad-
ditional shut-off or stop valves at the fixtures shall be provided as required by Section 10.12.4.
EXCEPTION: Additional shut-off or stop valves at the fixtures shall not be required if a manifold with
shutoff valves is located within the same room as the fixtures, or in an adjacent closet.
b. Manifolds having shutoff valves shall be readily accessible.
10.17.4 Support
a. Tube bundles for manifold systems shall be supported in accordance with Chapter 8 of this Code.
b. Supports at changes in direction shall be in accordance with the system manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions.
10.17.5 Combined Distribution Systems

Manifold-type parallel water distribution systems shall be permitted to be combined with conventional main/
branch piping systems that serve one or more fixture(s) through common main and branch piping.
10.18 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT UNITS

10.18.1 Compliance with Standards
Drinking water treatment units shall comply with the standards listed in Table 3.1.3.
10.18.2 Air Gap Discharge

Discharge from all drinking water treatment units shall be installed with an air gap.
EXCEPTION: Reject water connections from reverse osmosis drinking water treatment units shall be
through an air gap or alternate air gap device in accordance with the requirements of NSF 58.

10.18.3 Connection Tubing
The tubing to and from the drinking water treatment unit shall be of a size and material as recommended by
the manufacturer. The tubing shall comply with NSF 14, NSF 58 or NSF 61.
10.19 SIZING OF RESIDENTIAL WATER SOFTENERS

Residential-use water softeners shall be sized per Table 10.19.
Table 10.19
SIZING OF RESIDENTIAL WATER SOFTENERS
1
Required Size of Softener Connection (in.) Number of Bathroom Groups Served
2
3/4 Up to 2
3
1 Up to 4
¹ Installation with a kitchen sink and dishwasher, laundry tray and automatic clothes washer.
² An additional water closet and lavatory shall be permitted without an increase in sizing.
³ Over four Bathroom Groups, the softener shall be engineered for the specific installation.

Chapter 11
Sanitary Drainage Systems
11.1 MATERIALS
See Section 3.1.
11.2 BUILDING SEWERS AND BUILDING DRAINS

11.2.1 Sewer or Drain in Filled Ground
Building sewers or building drains that are installed in filled or unstable ground shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 2.6.
11.2.2 Existing Building Sewers and Building Drains

Existing building sewers and building drains may be used in connection with new building sewer and drain-
age systems only when found by examination to conform to the new system in quality of material prescribed
by this Code.
11.2.3 Building Sewer and Building Drain Size

The size of the building sewer and the size of the building drain shall be determined by fixture unit loads
connected in accordance with Table 11.5.1A. See Figures 11.5.1 - A and - B
11.3 DRAINAGE PIPING INSTALLATION

11.3.1 Slope of Horizontal Drainage Piping
a. Horizontal drainage piping shall be installed in uniform alignment at uniform slopes not less than 1/4
inch per foot for 2-inch size and smaller, and not less than 1/8 inch per foot for 3-inch size and larger.
b. Where conditions do not permit building drains and sewers to be laid with slope as great as that speci-
fied, a lesser slope may be permitted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
See Appendix K for approximate discharge rates and flow velocities in drains at various slopes.
11.4 FIXTURE UNITS

11.4.1 Load on Drainage Piping
The load on drainage system piping shall be computed in terms of drainage fixture unit values in accordance
with Table 11.4.1 and Section 11.4.2.
11.4.2 Conversion of Flow in GPM to DFU

Where the discharge rate of fixtures or equipment is expressed in gallons per minute (GPM), two (2) drainage
fixture units (DFU) shall be allowed for each gallon per minute (GPM) of flow.

Table 11.4.1
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) VALUES
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF GRAVITY-TANK WATER CLOSETS
Half-Bath or Powder Room 3 2
1 Bathroom Group 5 3
1-1/2 Bathrooms 6
2 Bathrooms 7
2-1/2 Bathrooms 8
3 Bathrooms 9
Each Additional Half-Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF PRESSURE-TANK WATER CLOSETS
1-1/2 Bathrooms 6.5
2 Bathrooms 7.5
2-1/2 Bathrooms 8.5
3 Bathrooms 9.5
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF (or higher) GRAVITY TANK WATER
CLOSETS
Half-Bath or Powder Room 3 2
1 Bathroom Group 6 4
1-1/2 Bathrooms 8
2 Bathrooms 10
2-1/2 Bathrooms 11
3 Bathrooms 12
BATH GROUP (1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve) 5 3
BATH GROUP (3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve) 6 4

Table 11.4.1 (Continued)
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower, 1-1/2” Trap 2 2
Bidet, 1-1/4” Trap 1 1
Clothes Washer, Domestic, 2” Standpipe 3 3 3
Dishwasher, Domestic, with Independent Drain 2 2 2
Drinking Fountain or Watercooler 0.5
Food-Waste-Grinder, Commercial, 2” Min Trap 3
Floor Drain, Auxiliary 0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with One 1-1/2” Trap 2 2 2
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Food-Waste-Grinder 2 2 2
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Dishwasher 3 3 3
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Grinder and Dishwasher 3 3 3
Laundry Sink, One or Two Compartments, 1-1/2” Waste 2 2 2
Laundry Sink, with Discharge from Clothes Washer 2 2 2
Lavatory, 1-1/4” Waste 1 1 1 1
Mop Basin, 3” Trap 3
Service Sink, 3” Trap 3
Shower Stall, 1-1/2” Trap 2 2 2
Shower Stall, 2” Trap 2 2 2
Showers, Group, per Head (Continuous Use) 5
Sink, 1-1/2” Trap 2 2 2
Sink, 2” Trap 3 3 3
Sink, 3” Trap 5
Trap Size, 1-1/4” (Other) 1 1 1
Trap Size, 1-1/2” (Other) 2 2 2
Trap Size, 2” (Other) 3 3 3
Trap Size, 3” (Other) 5
Trap Size, 4” (Other) 6
Urinal, 1.0 GPF 4 5
Urinal, Greater Than 1.0 GPF 5 6
Wash Fountain, 1-1/2” Trap 2
Wash Fountain, 2” Trap 3
Wash Sink, Each Set of Faucets 2

Table 11.4.1 (Continued)
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity or Pressure Tank 3 3 4 6

Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 3 3 4 6
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Gravity Tank 4 4 6 8
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve 4 4 6 8
Whirlpool Bath or Combination Bath/Shower, 1-1/2” Trap 2 2
NOTES FOR TABLE 11.4.1:

1. A Bathroom Group, for the purposes of this Table, consists of not more than one water closet, up to two lavatories, and either one
bathtub, one bath/shower combination, or one shower stall. Other fixtures within the bathing facility shall be counted separately to
determine the total drainage fixture unit load.
2. A Half-Bath or Powder Room, for the purposes of this Table, consists of one water closet and one lavatory.
3. For unlisted fixtures, refer to a listed fixture having a similar flow and frequency of use.
4. When drainage fixture unit (DFU) values are added to determine the load on the drainage system or portions thereof, round the
sum to the nearest whole number before referring to Tables 11.5.1A, 11.5.1B, or 12.16.6A for sizing the drainage and vent piping.
Values of 0.5 or more should be rounded up to the next higher whole number (9.5 = 10 DFU). Values of 0.4 or less should be rounded
down to the next lower whole number (9.4 = 9 DFU).
5. "Other Than Dwelling Units" applies to business, commercial, industrial, and assembly occupancies other than those defined
under "Heavy-Use Assembly." Included are the public and common areas in hotels, motels, and multi-dwelling buildings.
6. "Heavy-Use Assembly" applies to toilet facilities in occupancies that place heavy, but intermittent, time-based loads on the drain-
age system, such as; schools, auditoriums, stadiums, race courses, transportation terminals, theaters, and similar occupancies where
queuing is likely to occur during periods of peak use.
7. Where other than water-supplied fixtures discharge into the drainage system, allow 2 DFU for each gallon per minute (gpm) of
flow. (See Section 11.4.2.)
11.4.3 Diversity Factors

In certain structures such as hospitals, laboratory buildings, and other special use or special occupancy build-
ings where the ratio of plumbing fixtures to occupants is proportionally more than required by the building
occupancy and in excess of 1,000 drainage fixture units, the Authority Having Jurisdiction may permit the
use of a diversity factor for sizing branches, stacks, building drains, and building sewers.
Comment: The Authority Having Jurisdiction may permit the use of a diversity factor in systems where
the number of fixtures per person is higher than normal. A hospital is such an example where toilet
facilities are provided in each patient room for the convenience of the patients. The load on the drain-
age system is created by the number of persons served, not by the number of plumbing fixtures that are
installed.
11.5 DETERMINING DRAINAGE PIPE SIZES

11.5.1 Selecting the Size of Drainage Piping
Pipe sizes shall be determined from Table 11.5.1A and 11.5.1B on the basis of the drainage fixture unit load
(DFU) computed from Table 11.4.1 and Section 11.4.1. Sanitary drainage pipe sizes shall not be reduced in
the direction of flow.
EXCEPTION: Drain pipe sizes for individual fixtures shall be not less than the minimum trap size required
in Section 5.2. See Figures 11.5.1 - A and - B o

Table 11.5.1A
BUILDING DRAINS AND SEWERS1
Maximum Number of Drainage Fixture Units (DFU) That May Be
Connected to Any Portion of the Building Drain or the Building Sewer.
Slope Per Foot Slope Per Foot Slope Per Foot Slope Per Foot
Pipe Size- Inches
1/16-Inch 1/8-Inch 1/4-Inch 1/2-Inch
2 21 26
3 36 2
42 2
502
4 180 216 250
5 390 480 575
6 700 840 1,000
8 1,400 1,600 1,920 2,300
10 2,500 2,900 3,500 4,200
12 3,900 4,600 5,600 6,700
15 7,000 8,300 10,000 12,000
NOTES FOR TABLE 11.5.1A

1. On-site sewers that serve more than one building may be sized according to the current standards and specifications of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction for the public sewers.
2. See Sections 11.5.6.d, 11.5.6.e, and 11.5.6.f
Table 11.5.1B
HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCHES AND STACKS
Maximum Number of Drainage Fixture Units (DFU) That May Be
Connected to Any Horizontal Fixture Branch, a Stack of Three Branch
Intervals or Less, or Stacks of more than Three Branch Intervals
Stacks with more than
Three Branch Intervals
Any Horizontal One Stack of

Total in One
Pipe Size- Inches Three Branch Total for Stack
Fixture Branch1 Intervals or Less
Branch Interval
1-1/4 1 1 1 1
1-1/2 3 4 8 2
2 6 10 24 6
3 202 483 723 203
4 160 240 500 90
5 360 540 1,100 200
6 620 960 1,900 350
8 1,400 2,200 3,600 600
10 2,500 3,800 5,600 1,000
12 3,900 8,400 8,400 1,500
15 7,000
NOTES FOR TABLE 11.5.1B

1. Does not include branches of the building drain.
2. See Section 11.5.6.b.
3. See Section 11.5.6.c.

EXAMPLE OF SIZING DRAINAGE PIPING
(Refer to Figures 11.5.1-A and -B)
1. To size the drainage system, start at the top floor and work down to the building drain.
2. Draw a diagram of the system showing the various fixtures.
3. Assign a drainage fixture unit (DFU) value to each fixture or fixture group using Table 11.4.1. Where a spe-
cific fixture type is not listed, use the “Sink” or “Trap Size” values.
4. Size the horizontal fixture branches on each floor using the pipe sizes in Table 11.5.1.B for the number of
DFUs listed in the second column.
5. Size the stacks using the pipe size in Table 11.5.1.B for the number of DFUs listed in columns 3,4, or 5,
depending on the number of branch intervals. Check the limits on DFUs in any one branch interval and the
total for the stack. Size the stack accordingly.
6. For Stack A in Figure 11.5.1-B, each horizontal branch drain has 90 DFU and is 4" size. The stack is 4" size
from top to bottom.
7. For Stack B in Figure 11.5.1-B, the horizontal branch drains are all 4" size. Although the total number of
DFUs is the same as Stack A (450 DFU), the lowest branch interval has more than 90 DFU and must be 5"
size. The stack cannot be smaller than any of its branches and thus must be 5" size at the base. The upper
portions of the stack can be 4" size.
8. For Stack C in Figure 11.5.1-B, although the total number of DFUs is less than Stack A and Stack B, the top
horizontal branch drain must be 5" size because it has 200 DFUs. The entire stack must 5" size, even though
4" would have been adequate for the total number of DFUs.
9. Stack D in Figure 11.5.1-B only has three branch intervals and can be sized using column 3 in Table 11.5.1.B.
Each of the 3" horizontal fixture branches is limited to four 1.6 GPF water closets per Section 11.5.6.b. Each
branch interval of the 3" stack is limited to four 1.6 GPF water closets and the entire 3" stack is limited to
twelve 1.6 GPF water closets per Section 11.5.6.c. If the number of water closets on any branch or the stack
exceed the limits for 3" pipe, the branch and downstream stack must be increased to 4" size.
10. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Stack A is 4" size with 450 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.A, Branch A of the building drain must
be 5" size sloped 1/4" per foot. If 1/4" slope cannot be maintained, the branch must be increased to 6" size
sloped 1/8" per foot.
11. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Stack B is 5" size with 450 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.A, Branch B of the building drain can
remain 5" size if sloped 1/4" per foot. Otherwise, the size must be increased if run at less slope.
12. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Section B-C of the building drain is 450 + 450 = 900 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.A, it needs to
be 8" size, but the slope can be reduced to 1/8" per foot.
13. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Stack C is 5" size with 404 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.A, Branch C can remain 5" size, but
must be sloped at 1/4" per foot. Otherwise, the size must be increased if run at less slope.
14. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Section C-D of the building drain is 900 + 404 = 1304 DFUs. Section C-D of the building
drain must be at least 8" size because Section B-C is 8" size. In Table 11.5.1.A, 8" size is adequate at 1/8" or
1/16" per foot slope. Section 11.3.1 requires 1/8" slope for pipe 4" and larger. However, Table K-1 indicates
that the velocity in Section C-D when flowing 1/2 full at 1/16" slope is not less than the 2 feet per second mini-
mum and the reduced slope might be approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
15. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Stack D is 3" size with 48 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.A, branch D of the building drain could
remain 3" if sloped 1/2" per foot. However, Section 11.5.6a limits it to four 1.6 GPF water closets. Otherwise,
it would have to be increased to 4" size.
16. In Figure 11.5.1-A, Section D-E of the building drain is 1304 + 48 = 1352 DFUs. Section D-E must be at least
8" size because Section C-D is 8" size. In Table 11.5.1.A, 8" size is still adequate for 1352 DFUs.
17. In Figure 11.5.1-A, horizontal fixture branch E is 4 + 1 + 4 + 1 = 10 DFUs. In Table 11.5.1.B, the branch
needs to be 3" size. It has less than the allowable number of water closets in Section 11.5.6.b.
18. In Figure 11.5.1-A, the load on the last section of the building drain and the building sewer is 1352 + 10 =
1362 DFUs. The 8" size of Section D-E is still adequate for the final section of the building drain and for the
building sewer.

Figure 11.5.1 - A
SIZING BUILDING DRAINS AND SEWERS

Figure 11.5.1 - B
SIZING DRAINAGE STACKS

11.5.2 Minimum Size of Soil and Waste Stacks
Soil and waste stacks shall be sized according to Table 11.5.1B. based on the number of branch intervals and
drainage fixture unit load.
EXCEPTION: Sections of stacks shall not be smaller than their largest branch connection. except that stack
sizes shall not be reduced in the direction of flow.
See Figure 11.5.2
NOTES:
1. The figure shows a sanitary drainage piping system with one branch interval.
2. The horizontal branch drain with 30 DFU must be 4" minimum size per Table 11.5.1B.
3. The stack size must be 4" minimum size, even though Table 11.5.1B indicates that a 3" stack with one
branch interval could handle 48 DFU.
4. The building drain must be 4" minimum size, even though Table 11.5.1A indicates that a 3" building drain
could handle 42 DFU at 1/4" slope.
5. The stack vent must be 2" minimum size, which is 1/2 the size of the 4" drainage stack.
Figure 11.5.2
MINIMUM SANITARY DRAINAGE PIPE SIZES
11.5.3 Horizontal Fixture Branches and Branches of the Building Drain:

Horizontal fixture branches shall be sized according to Table 11.5.1B to the point where they connect to the
building drain or a branch of the building drain. Building drain piping that serves two or more horizontal fixture
branches are branches of the building drain and may be sized according to Table 11.5.1A.
11.5.4 Provision for Future Fixtures

When provision is made for the future installation of fixtures, those provided for shall be considered in deter-
mining the required sizes of drain and vent pipes. Construction to provide for such future installation shall be
terminated with a plugged fitting or fittings. See Figure 11.5.4
Comment: Drainage or vent piping installed with plugged or capped fittings for the connection of future
fixtures does not constitute a dead end. Such piping should be accessible.

Figure 11.5.4
DRAIN AND VENT PROVISIONS FOR FUTURE FIXTURES
11.5.5 Minimum Size of Underground Drainage Piping

No portion of the drainage system installed underground shall be less than two inch pipe size.
EXCEPTION: Condensate waste, tub and shower traps and trap arms, and piping that receives the discharge
from relief valves after an air gap.
11.5.6 Restrictions on the Number of Water Closets on 3" Drains

a. 3" Horizontal Fixture Branches
No more than four water closets or bathroom groups shall be installed on a 3" horizontal fixture branch.
EXCEPTION: Where the water closets are rated 3.5 gallons or more per flush, no more than two water closets
or bathroom groups shall be permitted.
b. 3" Stacks
No more than four water closets or bathroom groups shall be installed within any branch interval of a 3" stack,
and no more than a total of twelve on the stack.
EXCEPTION: Where the water closets are rated 3.5 gallons or more per flush, no more than two water closets
or bathroom groups shall be permitted in any branch interval, and no more than a total of six on the stack.
c. 3" Building Drains and Sewers
1. In single dwelling units, no more than six water closets or bathroom groups shall be installed on a 3"
building drain or building sewer, or branches thereof.
EXCEPTION: Where the water closets are rated 3.5 gallons or more per flush, no more than three water
closets or bathroom groups shall be permitted.
2. In other than single dwelling units, no more than four water closets or bathroom groups shall be
installed on a 3" building drain or building sewer, or branches thereof.
EXCEPTION: Where the water closets are rated 3.5 gallons or more per flush, no more than two water
closets or bathroom groups shall be permitted.
d. Mixed Water Closets on 3" Drains
Where 3" drainage piping serves a mixture of 1.6 GPF water closets and 3.5 (or higher) GPF water closets,
the 3.5 (or higher) GPF water closets shall be counted as two water closets for the purpose of determining the
total number of water closets on the 3" drainage piping. The drainage fixture unit (DFU) load for each 3.5 (or
higher) GPF water closet shall be as indicated in Table 11.4.1
11.5.7 Stack Size Reduction

a. Stacks shall be sized according to the total accumulated drainage fixture unit load (DFU) at each story or
branch interval.
b. The stack size shall be permitted to be reduced as the DFU load decreases on the upper portion of the
stack.
EXCEPTION: No portion of a stack shall be less than one-half of the required size at the base of the stack.

11.6 SIZING OF OFFSETS IN DRAINAGE PIPING
11.6.1 Vertical Offsets
An offset in a stack that is 45 degrees or more from horizontal shall be sized as a straight vertical stack in ac-
cordance with Table 11.5.1B.
See Figure 11.6.1
NOTES:
1. Vertical offsets in drainage stacks do not affect the stack size.
2. If a drain stack with ten or more branch intervals above a vertical offset has fixtures or horizontal
branches connected within two feet above or below the offset, a relief vent must be provided for the
lower portion of the stack.
Figure 11.6.1
VERTICAL OFFSETS IN DRAINAGE STACKS
11.6.2 Reserved
11.6.3 Offsets Above the Highest Branch

An offset in a stack above the highest horizontal branch drain connection shall not affect the size of the stack,
only the developed length of the stack vent.
See Figure 11.6.3
11.6.4 Reserved

NOTES:
1. The offset does not affect the size of the stack, only its developed length.
Figure 11.6.3
OFFSETS IN STACKS ABOVE THE HIGHEST BRANCH DRAIN CONNECTION
11.6.5 Horizontal Offsets

a. A stack with an offset of less than 45 degrees from the horizontal shall be sized as follows:
1: The portion of the stack above the offset shall be sized as a regular stack based on the total
number of fixture units above the offset.
2. The offset shall be sized as a building drain (See Table 11.5.1A).
3. The portion of the stack below the offset shall be sized as the offset or based on the total num-
ber of fixture units on the entire stack, whichever is the larger.
4. A relief vent shall be provided for the offset as required by Section 12.3.3.
See Figure 11.6.5

NOTES:
1. A horizontal offset is one that is less than 45 degrees from horizontal.
2. Vents for the branch drains and required cleanouts are not shown in the Figure.
3. The upper portion of the stack (A-B) is sized based on either the total number of drainage fixture units
(DFU) in each branch interval or the total accumulated load on the upper portion of the stack per Table
11.5.1.B. The stack size can be reduced as it rises, up to 1/2 size in accordance with Section 11.5.7.
4. The horizontal offset (B-C) must be sized as a building drain per Table 11.5.1.A, based on the total
drainage fixture units (DFU) above the offset.
5. The lower portion of the stack (C-D) cannot be smaller than the size of the horizontal offset. The lower
portion must be sized based on either the size of the horizontal offset, the total drainage fixture units
(DFU) in each branch interval of the lower portion, or the total accumulated load on the upper and lower
portions of the stack per Table 11.5.1.B, whichever is larger. The stack size can be reduced as it rises,
up to 1/2 size in accordance with Section 11.5.7.
6. The stack offset must be vented The upper and lower portions of the stack can be vented separately in
accordance with Section 12.3.3.a.
7. An alternate vent for the lower portion of the stack can be a yoke vent below the offset that connects to
the vent stack at least 3 feet above the offset. The 3 foot elevation reduces the possibility of spillover
from the drain stack into the vent stack.
Figure 11.6.5
HORIZONTAL OFFSETS IN STACKS

11.7 SUMPS AND EJECTORS
11.7.1 Building Subdrains
a. Building sanitary drains that cannot be discharged by gravity shall be discharged into a sump pit from
which the contents shall be lifted and discharged into the building gravity drainage system by automatic
pumping equipment or by an equally efficient method approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
b. Only drains that must be lifted for gravity discharge shall be connected to such sump pits. All other
drains shall discharge by gravity.
EXCEPTION: Existing buildings.
c. Sump pits shall be a minimum of 15 inches in diameter and 18 inches deep, and be accessible, tightly
covered, and vented.
See Figure 11.7.1
NOTES:
1. Sewage pumps and ejectors must have audible, visual, or combination high level alarms per Section
11.7.11.
Figure 11.7.1
A BUILDING SUBDRAIN AND SEWAGE PUMP
11.7.2 Reserved
11.7.3 Reserved

11.7.4 Venting
Building subdrain systems shall be vented according to Chapter 12 of this Code.
Comment: Sump pits with centrifugal sewage pumps must be vented in accordance with Section 12.14.2
and Table 12.14.2. Pneumatic sewage ejectors must be separately vented according to Section 12.14.3.
11.7.5 Reserved
11.7.6 Grinder Pump Ejector

a. Grinder pumps shall be permitted to be used when installed according to the manufacturer’s recommen-
dations.
b. The rated flow velocity for grinder pump discharge piping shall be not less than 2 feet per second.
c. The size of grinder pump discharge piping shall be:
1. 1-1/4" size for up to 25 gallons per minute.
2. 1-1/2" size for up to 35 gallons per minute.
3. 2" size for up to 65 gallons per minute.
d. The discharge piping from a grinder pump ejector shall include a backwater valve and a full-way shutoff
valve.
11.7.7 Pneumatic Ejectors

Vents from pneumatic ejectors shall be carried separately to the open air as a vent terminal in accordance
with Section 12.14.2.
11.7.8 Sewage Ejectors or Sewage Pumps

a. A sewage ejector or sewage pump receiving the discharge from a water closet or urinal shall have a mini-
mum capacity of 20 gallons per minute.
b. The discharge piping from a sewage ejector and sewage pump shall include a backwater valve and a full-
way shutoff valve.
c. Ejectors or pumps other than grinders in single dwelling units shall be capable of passing a 1-1/2 inch
diameter solid.
d. In other than single dwelling units, ejectors and pumps other than grinders shall be capable of passing a
2 inch diameter solid.
11.7.9 Individual Fixture Ejector or Pump

a. Individual fixtures other than water closets, urinals, and similar fixtures, may discharge directly into an
approved fixture-mounted ejector or pump, or into receptors having ejectors or pumps.
b. The discharge piping from a sewage ejector or sewage pump for an individual fixture shall be sized on a
hydraulic basis and include a backwater valve and full-way shutoff valve.
c. Direct-mounted equipment may be manually or automatically operated.
d. The installation of manually or automatically operated equipment shall not be subject to the venting
requirements of this Code, but shall be vented only as required for proper operation of the equipment.
e. A vent on the fixture side of the trap may terminate locally in the area served.
f. If the equipment provides a proper water seal, additional traps are not required.
See Figure 11.7.9

NOTES:
1. Individual fixture drain pumps should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
2. Traps and vents should be installed when recommended by the pump manufacturer.
3. Manufacturers generally require screens on the sink outlet and lint filters on washing machine discharg-
es to prevent clogging the pump.
Figure 11.7.9
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE DRAIN PUMPS
11.7.10 Macerating Toilet Systems

a. The sump for macerating toilets shall be vented with a 1-1/4" vent.
b. The discharge line from the sump shall be not less than 3/4" size and include a check valve and full-way
shutoff valve.
c. The distance from a macerating toilet system to a gravity drain shall not exceed the recommendations of
the manufacturer of the macerating toilet system
11.7.11 High Water Alarms

All sewage ejector or sewage pump systems shall be provided with an audible, visual, or combination high
water alarm device.
EXCEPTION: Sewage ejectors and sewage pumps serving individual fixtures and macerating toilet systems.
11.8 RESERVED
11.9 BRANCH CONNECTIONS NEAR THE BASE OF STACKS
a. Horizontal branch drain connections shall not be made within 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base
of a stack.
b. A relief vent shall be provided for stacks of five or more branch intervals, either above the base of the stack
or within 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the stack.
c. Branch drains shall not connect between the base of a stack and its relief vent.
See Figures 11.9 and 12.3.1

NOTES:
1. Because of "hydraulic jump", stable flow does not occur in the horizontal drain until a distance of up to
10 times the pipe size "D" from the base of the stack.
2. "Hydraulic jump" can completely close the horizontal drain.
3. "Hydraulic jump" can occur in stacks sized for as few as 4 drainage fixture units (DFU).
4. Branch drain connections are prohibited within 10 x "D" of the base of the stack where hydraulic jump
can occur.
Figure 11.9
HYDRAULIC JUMP AT THE BASE OF DRAINAGE STACKS
11.10 BRANCH CONNECTIONS TO OFFSETS IN STACKS

a. Branch drains shall be permitted to connect to a horizontal stack offset, provided that the connection is not
less than 10 pipe diameters downstream from the upper portion of the stack
b. Where stacks have five or more branch intervals above a horizontal offset, there shall be no branch connec-
tions to the stack within 2 feet above or below the offset.
c. Where stacks having five or more branch intervals above a vertical offset have branch connections to the
stack within 2 feet above or below the offset, the offset shall be vented as required for a horizontal offset.
11.11 SUDS PRESSURE ZONES

11.11.1 General
Where suds-producing fixtures on upper floors discharge into a soil or waste stack, suds pressure zones shall
exist as described in Section 11.11.2. Fixture or branch drain connections shall not be made to such stacks in
the suds pressure zones except where relief vents complying with Section 12.15 are provided. Suds-produc-
ing fixtures include kitchen sinks, laundry sinks, automatic clothes washers, dishwashers, and other fixtures
that could discharge sudsy detergents.

Comment #1: The most likely fixtures to create suds pressure problems in drainage stacks are clothes
washers, dishwashers, kitchen sinks, and laundry sinks. Where liquid wastes in tall buildings include
high-sudsing detergents, the detergent is vigorously mixed with the liquid waste and air in the stack. The
liquid waste is heavier than the suds and does not carry them along with the flow. The suds will settle in
the lower portions of the drainage system, including any horizontal offsets. The air that is flowing with
the liquid waste compresses the suds and builds up pressure in the stack that can blow trap seals if not
relieved. Zones of the drainage and vent piping where suds pressure can exist are described in Section
11.11.2 and illustrated in Figure 11.11.2.
Comment #2: Suds pressure relief vents in Section 12.15 are larger than ordinary vents for drainage
systems because the suds are heavier than air. Suds can weight from 2 to as much as 19 pounds per
cubic foot.
11.11.2 Locations in Stacks Serving Suds-Producing Fixtures

a. Zone 1 - at offsets greater than 45 degrees from vertical. A suds pressure zone shall extend 40 pipe diam-
eters up the stack above the offset, 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the upper portion of the
stack, and in the horizontal offset, 40 pipe diameters upstream from the top of the lower portion of the stack.
b. Zone 2 - at the base of a soil or waste stack. A suds pressure zone shall extend 40 pipe diameters up the
stack above its base.
c. Zone 3 - in the horizontal drain beyond the base of a soil or waste stack. A suds pressure zone shall
extend 10 pipe diameters from the base of the stack. Also, if a turn greater than 45 degrees occurs in the
horizontal drain less than 50 feet from the base of the stack, suds pressure zones shall exist 40 pipe diameters
upstream and 10 pipe diameters downstream from the horizontal turn.
d. Zone 4 - in a vent stack at the base of a soil or waste stack. Where a vent stack connects above or beyond
the base of a soil or waste stack, a suds pressure zone shall extend up the vent stack to a level equal to the
level of the suds pressure zone in the soil or waste stack.
See Figure 11.11.2

Figure 11.11.2
THE LOCATIONS OF SUDS PRESSURE ZONES IN DRAIN AND VENT PIPING
11.11.3 Separate Stacks

Where soil or waste stacks serving suds-producing fixtures extend six or more floors above the base of the
stack or above a horizontal offset in the stack, the lowest four floors above the base or horizontal offset shall
be drained by a separate stack. In the case of a horizontal offset, the separate stack for the four floors above
the offset may be reconnected to the main stack below the offset, provided that the point of connection is not
a suds pressure zone in either stack. See Figure 11.11.3

Figure 11.11.3
SEPARATE DRAINAGE STACKS FOR LOWER FLOORS
WHERE THERE ARE SUDS PRODUCING FIXTURES ABOVE

NOTES:
1. There should be no branch drain connections within 10 pipe diameters of the base of a drainage stack.
2. Portion D-1 of the upper floor offset between the 8th and 9th floors must be sized as a building drain,
based on the DFU load for the upper floors above that portion of the offset.
3. Portion D-2 of the upper floor offset between the 8th and 9th floors must be sized as a building drain
based on the DFU load for all floors above the offset.
4. Portion D-3 of the building drain must be sized based on the DFU load for the drainage stack above that
portion of the building drain.
5. Portion D-4 of the building drain must be sized based on the DFU for the entire drainage stack.
Figure 11.11.3
SEPARATE DRAINAGE STACKS FOR LOWER FLOORS
WHERE THERE ARE SUDS PRODUCING FIXTURES ABOVE
11.11.4 Exceptions
The requirements of Sections 11.11 and 12.15 shall not apply to the following:
a. Stacks that are less than three stories in height.
b. Stacks in individual dwellings having their own building sewer.

Blank Page

Chapter 12
Vents and Venting

12.1 MATERIALS
See Section 3.6.
12.2 PROTECTION OF TRAP SEALS

12.2.1 Protection Required
a. The protection of trap seals from siphonage, aspiration, or back-pressure shall be accomplished by the
appropriate use of soil or waste stacks with adequate venting in accordance with the requirements of this
Code.
b. Venting systems shall be designed and installed so that at no time will trap seals be subjected to a pneu-
matic pressure differential of more than one inch of water column under design load conditions.
c. If a trap seal is subject to loss by evaporation, means shall be provided to prevent the escape of sewer
gas. (See Section 5.3.6.)
NOTES:
1. Trap at rest with 2" trap seal.
2. Trap subjected to 1" suction from building drainage piping.
3. Trap at rest with 1/2" loss of trap seal. Trap will continue to spillover and lose trap seal when subjected
to 1" suction until the trap seal is reduced to 1". The 2" initial trap seal permits the trap to withstand 1"
suction and still maintain a trap seal of at least 1".
Figure 12.2.1 - A
TRAP SEAL REDUCTION FROM 1" NEGATIVE PRESSURE

1. Trap at rest with 2" trap seal.
2. Trap subjected to 1" positive pressure from building drainage piping.
3. When pressure is removed, some spillover occurs from the momentum of the trap legs equalizing.
4. Trap will continue to spillover and lose trap seal when subjected to 1" positive pressure until the trap
seal is reduced to 1". The 2" initial trap seal permits the trap to withstand 1" positive pressure and still
maintain a trap seal of at least 1".
Figure 12.2.1 - B
TRAP SEAL REDUCTION FROM 1" POSITIVE PRESSURE
12.3 VENTING OF DRAINAGE STACKS

12.3.1 Stack Vents and Vent Stacks
a. A vent stack shall be provided for drainage stacks having five or more branch intervals.
b. Where drainage stacks have five or more branch intervals, the vent stack shall connect to the drainage
stack as a relief vent, either:
1. To the drainage stack at or below the lowest fixture branch or,
2. To the building drain within 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the stack.
c. Vent stacks shall also be permitted to be provided for drainage stacks having less than five branch inter-
vals.
See Figure 12.3.1

Figure 12.3.1
VENT STACKS FOR DRAINAGE STACKS
HAVING 5 OR MORE BRANCH INTERVALS
12.3.2 Relief Vents for Stacks Having Ten or More Branch Intervals
a. Where drainage stacks have ten or more branch intervals, a relief vent shall be provided for each ten
branch intervals, starting at the top of the stack.
b. The lower end of each relief vent shall connect to the drainage stack as a yoke vent below its tenth
branch interval.
c. The upper end of the relief vent shall connect to the vent stack at an elevation not less than 3 feet above
the floor level served by the branch interval.
See Figure 12.3.2

NOTES:
1. A branch interval is the vertical distance between branch connections to a soil or waste stack, generally
a story height, but never less than 8 feet. The stack has 15 branch intervals.
2. A relief vent is required for the upper ten branch intervals.
3. The relief vent connects as a yoke vent below the 6th Floor branch drain connection and connects to the
vent stack at least 3 feet above the floor on the 6th Floor.
4. The 3-foot vertical rise in the yoke vent keeps pressure surges in the soil or waste stack from causing
spill-over of drainage into the vent stack.
5. Stack relief vents must be the same size as the vent stack. See Section 12.16.4 for sizing vent stacks.
Figure 12.3.2
RELIEF VENTS FOR DRAINAGE STACKS HAVING TEN OR MORE BRANCH INTERVALS

12.3.3 Horizontal Offsets
a. Horizontal offsets in stacks having five or more branch intervals discharging above the offset shall be
vented either:
1. by considering the stack as two separate stacks, one above and one below the offset, and venting each
separately.
2. by providing a yoke vent from the drainage stack below the offset to the vent stack required by Section
12.3.1 not less than 3 feet above the offset. This relief vent may be a stack vent for the lower portion of the
drainage stack. See Figures 12.3.3-A and -B
NOTES:
1. The vent stack must be sized for the entire DFU load on the drain stack per Table 12.16.4.
2. The relief vents for the upper and lower portions of the drain stack are required to relief backpressure
from the hydraulic effect of the offset. The relief vents must be the same size as the vent stack.
3. The vent stack must connect to the base of the drainage stack, either below the lowest branch connec-
tion above the base of the stack or within 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the stack.
Figure 12.3.3 - A
RELIEF VENTS FOR HORIZONTAL OFFSETS IN DRAINAGE STACKS HAVING ONE VENT STACK

NOTES:
1. The drain stack has separate vent stacks for the upper and lower portions of the stack.
2. The vent stack for the upper portion of the drain stack can be sized for only the DFU load on the upper
portion of the stack. Only vents for upper floor fixtures can be connected to the upper vent stack.
3. The lower portion of the drain stack carries the DFU load of the upper and lower portions of the stack.
Its vent stack must be sized for the entire DFU load on the drain stack.
4. The relief vent for the lower portion of the drain stack must be the same size as the vent stack for the
lower portion of the stack.
5. The vent stacks must connect to the base of each drainage stack, either below the lowest branch con-
nection above the base of the stack or within 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the stack.
Figure 12.3.3 - B
RELIEF VENTS FOR HORIZONTAL OFFSETS IN DRAINAGE STACKS
HAVING TWO VENT STACKS

12.3.4 Vertical Offsets
Where vertical offsets in drainage stacks having five or more branch intervals above the offset have branch
connections within 2 feet above or below the offset, a relief vent shall be provided for the lower portion of
the stack below the offset.
12.3.5 Vent Headers

Vents may be connected into a common header at the top of one or more stacks and then be extended to the
open air at one point.
12.3.6 Other Use Prohibited

The plumbing vent system shall not be used for purposes other than venting of the plumbing system.
12.4 VENT TERMINALS

12.4.1 Extension Above Roofs
Vent pipes shall terminate not less than 6 inches above the roof, measured from the highest point where the
vent intersects the roof.
EXCEPTION: Where a roof is used for any purpose other than weather protection and maintaining equip-
ment, vents shall extend at least 7 feet above the roof and shall be properly supported. See Figure 12.4.1
NOTES:
1. Refer to Section 12.5 for provisions to prevent frost closure.
Figure 12.4.1
VENT EXTENSIONS THROUGH THE ROOF
12.4.2 Waterproof Flashings

Vent terminals shall be made watertight with the roof by proper flashing.
12.4.3 Flag Poling Prohibited

Vent terminals shall not be used for the purpose of flag poling, TV aerials, or similar purposes.

12.4.4 Location of Vent Terminal
a. Vent terminals shall not be located where vapors can enter the building.
b. No vent terminal shall be located directly beneath any door, window, or other ventilating opening of a
building or of another building, nor shall any such vent terminal be within 10 feet horizontally of such open-
ing unless it is at least 2 feet above the top of such opening.
c. Where a vent terminal is within 10 feet horizontally and less than 2 feet above a ventilation opening
described in Section 12.4.4b and the line-of-sight from the vent terminal to the ventilation opening is inter-
rupted by the continuous ridge of a roof, the ridge shall be at least 2 feet above the top of the opening. Other-
wise, the vent terminal shall comply with Section 12.4.4b.
d. Where a vent terminal is within 10 feet horizontally and less than 2 feet above a ventilation opening
described in Section 12.4.4b and the line of sight from the vent terminal to such ventilation opening is inter-
rupted by a solid wall or solid barrier, the top of the wall or barrier shall be at least 2 feet above the top of the
ventilation opening and the shortest travel distance around the wall or barrier from the vent terminal to the
nearest edge of the ventilation opening shall be at least 10 feet. Otherwise, the vent terminal shall comply
with Section 12.4.4b.
See Figure 12.4.4
NOTES:
1. The separation of vent terminals from doors, windows, and air intake and exhaust openings keeps foul
odors from entering the building.
2. The vent terminal is less than 2 feet above the window, but the window is 10 feet or more from the vent
terminal horizontally.
3. The air intake or exhaust opening can be within 10 feet horizontally from the vent terminal if the vent
terminal is 2 feet or more above the top of the opening.
Figure 12.4.4
ALLOWABLE LOCATIONS FOR VENT TERMINALS
12.4.5 Sidewall Venting

Vent terminals shall be permitted to extend through a wall on an existing building. They shall be at least 10
feet horizontally from any lot line, 10 feet above existing grade, and terminate with a corrosion-resistant bird
screen. Vent terminals shall not terminate under an overhang of a building. They shall be located in accor-
dance with Section 12.4.4.

12.4.6 Extensions Outside Building
No soil, waste, or vent pipe extension shall be installed on the outside of a wall of any new building, but
shall be carried up inside the building
EXCEPTION: In those localities where the outdoor temperature does not drop below 320F, the Authority
Having Jurisdiction may approve the installation outside the building.
12.4.7 Flashing Roof Vent Terminals

a. Vent terminals through the roof shall be made watertight to the roof by sealing the flashing to either
the exterior or interior of the vent terminal.
b. Vent terminals that are externally sealed shall employ manufactured vent stack flashing sleeves, roof
couplings, or no-caulk roof vent flashings.
c. Where vent terminals are sealed by counter-flashing over the top of the vent terminal, the counter
flashing shall not decrease the interior free area of the minimum required vent terminal size. Vent ter-
minals shall be increased at least one pipe size when counter-flashed. Interior counter flashing shall be
sealed gas-tight to prevent the entrance of sewer gas into the building through the flashing.
12.5 FROST CLOSURE

Where the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires protection against frost closure, vent terminals less
than 3" pipe size shall be increased at least one pipe size to not less than 2" size. Where an increase is
necessary, the increase in size shall be made inside the building at least one foot below a roof or ceiling
that is thermally insulated and in an area not subject to freezing temperatures. See Figure 12.5
NOTE:
1. Where pipe size increases are necessary to avoid frost closure, the increase in pipe size must be
one foot below an area subject to freezing temperatures.
Figure 12.5
MINIMUM VENT EXTENSION SIZE TO PREVENT FROST CLOSURE

12.6 VENT SLOPES AND CONNECTIONS
12.6.1 Vent Slope
Vent and branch vent pipes shall be free from drops and sags and be sloped and connected as to drain by
gravity to the drainage system.
See Figure 12.6.1
NOTE:
1. Vent piping that is sloped allows condensation and moisture that may form in the piping to drain to the
drainage system.
2. Vent piping must not have any trapped sections. Water may collect in trapped piping, fill the piping, and
render the vent ineffective.
3. Vent piping can slope back to the fixture served or forward away from the fixture, as long as it drains to
the drainage system.
Figure 12.6.1
VENT PIPING SLOPE
12.6.2 Vertical Rise

Every vent shall rise vertically to a minimum of 6 inches above the flood level of the rim of the fixture being
served before connecting to another vent.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Horizontal portions of a vent below the flood level rim of the fixture served that are installed in accor-
dance with Sections 12.6.2.1, 12.6.2.2, and 12.6.2.3.
(2) Island sink vents in accordance with Section 12.18.

NOTES:
1. Connecting the vent above the centerline of a horizontal drain reduces the possibility of the vent con-
nection being fouled by the flow in the drain.
Figure 12.6.2 - A
VENT PIPE CONNECTIONS TO HORIZONTAL DRAINS
NOTES:
1. A separate vent will be required for the bathtub if the developed length of its trap arm exceeds the maxi-
mum allowable length in Table 12.8.1.
2. If a vent is required for the bathtub, it can have a horizontal offset below the flood level rim of the bath-
tub, but it must be 6 inches above the flood level rim of the lavatory before it connects to another vent.
The horizontal offset below the flood level rim must be sloped so that it drains to the drainage system.
Figure 12.6.2 - B
HORIZONTAL VENT PIPING
BELOW THE FLOOD LEVEL RIM OF FIXTURES
12.6.2.1 Horizontal Vent Below Fixture Flood Level Rim

Where a vent pipe connects to a horizontal fixture drain branch, and conditions require a horizontal
offset in the vent below the flood level rim of the fixture served, the vent shall be taken off so that the
invert of the horizontal portion of the vent pipe is at or above the centerline of the horizontal soil or
waste pipe.

12.6.2.2 Slope of Horizontal Vent
The portion of the horizontal vent installed below the flood level rim as permitted in Section 12.6.2.1
shall be installed with the required slope to drain by gravity to the drainage system. See Figure
12.6.2 - B
12.6.2.3 Cleanouts
Cleanouts shall be provided in the vent piping so that any blockages in the vent piping below the flood
level rim of the fixture served can be cleared into the drainage system.
12.6.3 Vent Connection Height Above Fixtures

Connections between any horizontal vent pipe, including individual vents, branch vents, relief vents, circuit
vents or loop vents, and a vent stack or stack vent shall be made at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of
the highest fixture on the floor level.
12.6.4 Side-Inlet Closet Bends

a. Side-inlet closet bends shall be permitted only in cases where the fixture connection thereto is vented.
b. In no case shall the side-inlet be used to vent a bathroom group without being washed by a fixture.
EXCEPTION: As allowed in Sections 12.10 and 12.11.
12.7 ADJACENT FIXTURES

Two fixtures set adjacent within the distance allowed between a trap and its vent, may be served with one com-
mon vent, provided that each fixture connects separately into an approved double fitting having inlet openings at
the same level. (See Section 12.9.2 for inlet openings at different levels.) See Figure 12.7
Comment: Suitable double fittings for connecting adjacent fixtures such as lavatories, sinks, tubs, showers,
urinals, or floor-outlet water closets to a stack are double sanitary tees, double fixture fittings (plastic), and
sanitary crosses. These fittings have high branch openings into the stack that keep the top of the vent
opening above the weir of the traps to prevent self-siphonage.
Figure 12.7
VENTING ADJACENT FIXTURES
CONNECTED TO A VERTICAL DRAIN AT THE SAME LEVEL

12.8 FIXTURE VENTS
12.8.1 Venting of Fixture Drains
Fixture drains shall have a vent so located that the vent connects above the top weir of the trap and the devel-
oped length of the trap arm is within the limits set forth in Table 12.8.1.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Water closets and similar siphonic fixtures.
(2) Combination waste and vent systems. (see Section 12.17)
(3) Vents may be connected below the top weir of the fixture trap if the following conditions are met:
a) The vertical section of the drain pipe shall be at least one pipe size larger than the trap inlet size.
b) The horizontal pipe connected to the trap outlet shall be at least two pipe diameters long.
c) The developed length of the trap arm shall not exceed the values in Table 12.8.1.
NOTES:
1. Trap arm lengths are limited by Table 12.8.1 to prevent self-siphonage of the fixture trap.
2. The top of the opening at the vent pipe must not be below the elevation of the trap weir. The maximum
trap arm lengths in Table 12.8.1 are based on using sanitary tees or other short turn fittings to connect
trap arms to the drainage system. Long turn fittings should not be used with Table 12.8.1.
3. The trap arm length is the developed length along its centerline, including any changes in direction.
Figure 12.8.1 - A
THE MAXIMUM LENGTH OF TRAP ARMS
Table 12.8.1
MAXIMUM LENGTH OF TRAP ARM
Size of Trap Arm (Inches) Length – Trap Arm to Vent Slope – Inches per Foot
1- 1/4 3’ 6" 1/4
1-1/2 5’ 1/4
2 8’ 1/4
3 10’ 1/8
4 12’ 1/8
NOTES FOR TABLE 12.8.1:

This table has been expanded in the "length" requirements to reflect expanded application of the wet venting
principles. Slope shall not exceed 1/4" per foot.

NOTES:
1. "A" is the trap pipe size.
2. "B" is the horizontal pipe between the trap outlet and the vertical leg. Its length must be at least two
times the trap pipe size to avoid creating an "S" trap.
3. "C" is the vertical drop. It must be one size larger than the trap pipe size.
4. "D" is the connection to a vented drain line. The horizontal portion of "D" must be the same size as "C".
The distance from the weir of the trap to the vent connection at "D" must be within the limits of Table
12.8.1, based on the size of the trap.
Figure 12.8.1 - B
EXAMPLES OF EXCEPTION #3 TO SECTION 12.8.1
(VENT CONNECTIONS BELOW THE WEIR OF A TRAP)
12.8.2 Provision for Venting Future Fixtures

On new construction of residential dwelling units with basements, a 2" minimum size vent shall be installed
between the basement and attic or tied into an existing, properly sized vent and capped for future use.
12.8.3 Crown Venting Limitation

A vent shall not be installed within two pipe diameters of the trap weir. See Figure 12.8.3
NOTES:
1. Vents connected too close to the crown or weir of a trap are subject to clogging, thereby rendering the
vent ineffective. Vent connections must be at least two pipe diameters from the weir of the trap.
Figure 12.8.3
CROWN VENTS ARE PROHIBITED

12.8.4 Water Closets and Other Siphonic Fixtures
For water closets and other fixtures that operate by siphonic action, the distance between the outlet of the
fixture and its vent connection shall not exceed 3 feet vertically and 9 feet horizontally.
12.9 COMMON VENTS
12.9.1 Individual Vent as Common Vent

An individual vent, installed vertically, may be used as a common vent for two fixture traps when both fixture
drains connect with a vertical drain at the same level.
12.9.2 Fixtures Drains Connected at Different Levels

A common vent may be used for two fixtures installed on the same floor but connecting to a vertical drain at
different levels, provided that the vertical drain is one pipe size larger than the upper fixture drain but in no
case smaller than the lower fixture drain. See Figure 12.9.2
NOTES:
1. When the upper fixture is 3 DFU and the lower is 1 DFU, the vertical drain must be 3" instead of 2" so
that the 1 DFU fixture is wet vented during the heavier discharge from the 3 DFU fixture.
Figure 12.9.2
VENTING FIXTURES CONNECTED TO A
VERTICAL DRAIN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
12.10 WET VENTING

12.10.1 Single Bathroom Groups
a. An individually vented lavatory in a single bathroom group shall be permitted to serve as a wet vent for
either the water closet, the bathtub or shower stall, the water closet and bathtub/shower if all of the following
conditions are met.
1. The wet vent is 1-1/2" minimum pipe size if the water closet bend is 3" size or it shall be 2" minimum
pipe size if the water closet bend is 4" pipe size.
2. A horizontal branch drain serving both the lavatory and the bathtub or shower stall is 2" minimum pipe
size.

3. The length of the trap arm for the bathtub or shower stall is within the limits of Table 12.8.1. If not, the
bathtub or shower stall shall be individually vented.
4. The distance from the outlet of the water closet to the connection of the wet vent is within the limits
established by Section 12.8.4. Otherwise, the water closet shall be individually vented.
5. A horizontal branch serving the lavatory and the bathtub or shower stall shall connect to the stack at
the same level as the water closet, or it may connect to the water closet bend, or the lavatory and bathtub or
shower stall may individually connect to the water closet bend.
6. When the bathroom group is the topmost load on a stack, a horizontal branch serving the lavatory and
the bathtub or shower stall may connect to the stack below the water closet bend, or the lavatory and the
bathtub or shower stall may individually connect to the stack below the water closet bend.
See Figures 12.10.1-A through -C
NOTES:
1. The vent for the bathroom group is 1-1/2", which is 1/2 the size of the 3" drain for the bathroom group.
Figure 12.10.1 - A
A WET VENTED BATHROOM GROUP WITH A 3" CLOSET BEND
(SINGLE STORY OR TOP FLOOR)
NOTES:
1. The vent for the bathroom group is 2", which is 1/2 the size of the 4" drain for the bathroom group. Even
though the bathroom group could have had a 3" drain with a 1-1/2" vent, installing a 1-1/2" vent on the
4" drain would cause unnecessary confusion for the installer and inspector.
Figure 12.10.1 - B
A WET VENTED BATHROOM GROUP WITH A 4" CLOSET BEND

Figure 12.10.1 - C
A WET VENTED BATHROOM GROUP WITH 3" OR 4" CLOSET BEND
12.10.2 Double Bathtubs and Lavatories

Two lavatories and two bathtubs or showers back-to-back may be installed on the same horizontal branch
with a common vent for the lavatories and with no back vent for the bathtubs or shower stalls provided the
wet vent is 2" in size and the lengths of the tub/shower drains conform to Table 12.8.1. See Figure 12.10.2
Figure 12.10.2
WET VENTED BACK-TO-BACK BATHROOM GROUPS
12.10.3 Multi-Story Bathroom Groups

a. On the lower floors of a stack, the waste pipe from one or two lavatories may be used as a wet vent for
one or two bathtubs or showers as provided in Section 12.10.2.
b. Each water closet below the top floor shall be individually back vented.
EXCEPTION: The water closets in bathroom groups shall not be required to be back vented if the follow-
ing conditions are met:

1. The 2" waste serving the tubs/showers and lavatories connect directly into the water closet bend with a
45° wye tap in the direction of flow or,
2. A special stack fitting is used that consists of a 3" or 4" closet opening and two side inlets each 2" in
size and the inverts of which are above the center, and below the top of the water closet opening; and one of
the 2" inlets is connected to the tub/shower drains, and the other is connected to the waste pipe from a maxi-
mum of two lavatories that are vented to a vent stack or stack vent; or,
3. In lieu of the special stack fitting of Section 12.10.3b(2) above, 4" closet bends with two 2" wye taps
may be used.
See Figures 12.10.3-A through -E
Figure 12.10.3 - A
WET VENTED BACK-TO-BACK BATHROOM GROUPS ON A LOWER FLOOR
WITH BACK VENTED WATER CLOSETS
(ONE ARRANGEMENT)

Figure 12.10.3 - B
WET VENTED BACK-TO-BACK BATHROOM GROUPS ON A LOWER FLOOR
WITH BACK VENTED WATER CLOSETS
(ANOTHER ARRANGEMENT)
NOTES:
1. This is an example of Exception #1 to Section 12.10.3.
2. Two adjacent bathroom groups are shown but individual bathroom groups can also be wet vented in this
manner.
3. A lower floor is shown, but the arrangement can be used at the top of a stack.
Figure 12.10.3 - C
ADJACENT BATHROOM GROUPS WET VENTED WITH 45 DEGREE WYE TAPS

NOTES:
2. The side inlets to the special stack fitting are slightly higher than the water closet connection and the
side connection that is wet vented vents all of the fixtures that are connected to the fitting.
3. A lower floor is shown, but the special stack fitting can be used at the top of a stack.
Figure 12.10.3 -D
A BATHROOM GROUP WET VENTED WITH A SPECIAL STACK FITTING
NOTES:
2. The oversized 4" water closet fixture drain permits the tub/shower on one side of the drain to be wet
vented by the lavatory on the other side of the drain.
3. Two adjacent bathroom groups are shown, but individual bathroom groups can be wet vented in this
manner.
4. A lower floor is shown, but the arrangement can be used at the top of a stack.
Figure 12.10.3 -E
ADJACENT BATHROOM GROUPS WET VENTED WITH 4" CLOSET BENDS
HAVING TWO 2" WYE TAPS

12.10.4 Bathtubs and Water Closets
a. An individually-vented bathtub in a single bathroom group shall be permitted to serve as a wet vent for
the water closet if all of the following conditions are met:
1. The wet vent is 2" minimum size.
2. The distance from the outlet of the water closet to the connection of the wet vent is within the limits
established by Section 12.8.4. Otherwise, the water closet shall be individually vented.
See Figure 12.10.4
NOTES:
1. The maximum distance from the water closet outlet to its vent connection is 9 feet horizontal and 3 feet
vertical.
2. A lower floor is shown, but the arrangement can be used at top of stack.
Figure 12.10.4
A WATER CLOSET WET VENTED BY A BATHTUB
12.10.5 Reserved
12.10.6 Floor Drains and Floor Sinks

a. A lavatory or sink shall be permitted to serve as a wet vent for a floor drain or floor sink if all of the fol-
lowing conditions are met:
1. The wet vent shall be not less than 1-1/2” size for a 1 DFU lavatory or 2” for 2 DFU sink.
2. The wet vent shall be larger than 1/2 the size of the drain for the floor drain or floor sink.
3. The distance from the outlet of the floor drain or floor sink to the connection of the wet vent shall be
within the limits established by Table 12.8.1.
12.11 STACK VENTING

12.11.1 Fixture Groups
a. A single bathroom group and a kitchen sink (with or without a disposer and/or dishwasher) located back-
to-back, or two bathroom groups back-to-back may be installed without individual fixture vents in a one-
story building or on the highest branch of a stack provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Each fixture drain connects independently to the stack.
2. The tub and/or shower and water closet enter the stack at the same level.
3. The requirements of Table 12.8.1 are met.
4. A side inlet connection into a 4" closet bend shall be considered to be an independent connection to the
stack.
NOTES:
1. The arrangement shown is permitted in a one-story building or at the top of a stack.
2. Each fixture must connect independently to the stack except that the tub/shower connection to the 4"
water closet fixture drain is considered to be a connection to the stack because the 4" drain is oversized
for the water closet.
3. The length of all trap arms from their trap weir to their vent opening at the stack must not exceed the
limits in Table 12.8.1. The vent distance for the water closet must be in accordance with Section 12.8.4.
4. Bathroom groups without kitchen sinks can also be stack vented as shown.
Figure 12.11.1 - A
STACK VENTING A BATHROOM GROUP AND AN ADJACENT KITCHEN SINK
NOTES:
1. The arrangement shown is permitted in a one-story building or at the top of a stack.
2. Each fixture must connect independently to the stack except that the tub/shower connections to the 4"
water closet fixture drains are considered to be connections to the stack because the 4" drains are over-
sized for the water closets.
3. The length of all trap arms from their trap weir to their vent opening at the stack must not exceed the
limits in Table 12.8.1. The vent distance for the water closets must be in accordance with Section
12.8.4.
4. Bathroom groups without kitchen sinks can also be stack vented as shown.
Figure 12.11.1 - B
STACK VENTING ADJACENT BATHROOM GROUPS AND AN ADJACENT KITCHEN SINK

12.11.2 Lower Floors
a. Lower floor bathroom groups may be vented as provided in Section 12.11.1, provided the following
conditions are met:
1. A wye is installed in the stack with an upright one-eighth bend continuing from the wye branch to
serve the stack group.
2. A 2" relief vent is connected to the wye branch at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of the high-
est fixture on the wye branch.
NOTES:
1. Each fixture in the stack group must connect independently to the sub-stack except that the connection
to the 4" water closet fixture drain is considered to be a connection to the sub-stack because it is over-
sized for the water closet.
2. The length of all trap arms from their trap weir to their stack must not exceed the limits in Table 12.8.1.
The vent distance for the water closet must be in accordance with Section 12.8.4.
Figure 12.11.2 - A
STACK VENTING A BATHROOM GROUP ON A LOWER FLOOR OF A DRAIN STACK

Figure 12.11.2 - B
STACK VENTED AND WET VENTED BATHROOM GROUPS ON A DRAIN STACK
12.12 FIXTURE REVENTING

12.12.1 Reserved
12.12.2 Horizontal Branches

Three lavatories or one sink within 8 feet developed length of a main-vented line may be installed on a 2"
horizontal waste branch without reventing, provided the branch is not less than 2 inches in diameter through-
out its length, and provided the wastes are connected into the side of the branch and the branch leads to its
stack connection with a grade of not more than 1/4 inch per foot. See Figure 12.12.2

NOTES:
1. The horizontal branch must have not more than 8 feet developed length, be 2" minimum size, and be
sloped not more than 1/4" per foot to avoid self-siphonage of the fixture trap.
Figure 12.12.2
FIXTURES ON HORIZONTAL BRANCHES OF A STACK WITHOUT REVENTS
12.12.3 Fixtures without Revents Above Highest Bathtubs and Water Closets
a. Fixtures without revents may be connected to a soil or waste stack above the highest water closet or
bathtub connection if all the following conditions are met:
1. The total load does not exceed 3 dfu's.
2. The soil or waste stack is 3" or larger.
3. The total load on the stack is in accordance with Table 11.5.1B.
4. The waste piping of the fixture above the water closet or bathtub connection is in accordance with Sec-
tions 12.8.1 and 12.12.2.
See Figure 12.12.3

NOTES:
1. One or more fixtures totaling up to 3 DFU can be connected to a 3" minimum stack above the high-
est bathtub or water closet without individual vents (revents) if the horizontal waste branch(s) from the
fixture(s) is 2" size with 8 feet maximum developed length and sloped no more than 1/4" per foot.
2. The stack must be larger than 3" size if required by Table 11.5.1.B.
Figure 12.12.3
UNVENTED FIXTURES ABOVE THE HIGHEST BATHTUBS AND WATER CLOSETS
12.12.4 Vent Washdown

a. Fixtures other than kitchen sinks or food-waste-grinders shall be permitted to wash down a vertical loop
vent, circuit vent or relief vent associated with a battery-vented horizontal soil or waste branch without
reventing, provided that:
1. Not more than 2 drainage fixture units are drained to a 2" vent, nor more than 4 drainage fixture units
are drained to a 3" vent;
2. The fixture trap arm lengths comply with Section 12.8.1;
3. The fixtures drained to the vent are within the same branch as the other fixtures served by the vent; and
4. No other fixtures are drained to the vent.

12.13 CIRCUIT AND LOOP VENTING
12.13.1 Battery Venting
a. A maximum of eight floor-outlet water closets, showers, bathtubs, or floor drains connected in battery on
a horizontal branch drain shall be permitted to be battery vented.
EXCEPTION: Blowout type water closets.
b. Each fixture drain shall connect horizontally to the horizontal branch drain being so vented.
c. The horizontal branch drain shall be considered as a vent extending from the most downstream fixture
drain connection to the most upstream fixture drain connection.
d. Back-outlet water closets shall be permitted to be battery vented provided that no floor-outlet fixtures are
connected to the same horizontal branch drain.
EXCEPTION: Back-outlet blowout type water closets.
e. The battery vent shall be a circuit or loop vent connected to the horizontal branch drain between the two
most upstream fixture drains and shall be installed in accordance with Section 12.6.
f. The entire length of the vent section of the horizontal branch drain shall be uniformly sized for the total
drainage discharge connected thereto.
g. The maximum slope of the horizontal branch drain shall be 1 inch per foot.
h. A relief vent shall be provided on battery-vented horizontal branch drains on lower floors that have four
or more water closets connected.
i. The relief vent shall connect to the horizontal branch drain between the stack and the most downstream
fixture drain connection.
j. Relief vents shall be installed in accordance with Section 12.6.
k. Circuit, loop, and relief vents shall be permitted to be a fixture drain or fixture branch for fixtures located
within the same branch interval as the battery-vented horizontal branch drain.
EXCEPTION: No more than four drainage fixture units (DFU) shall discharge to the vent. (See Section
12.12.4).
l. Lavatories and similar fixtures shall be permitted to connect to the horizontal branch drain, either hori-
zontally or vertically.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Fixtures that are not located on the same floor as the battery-vented fixtures.
(2) Fixtures that do not have an individual, common, or continuous vent.
m. Batteries of more than eight battery-vented fixtures shall have a circuit or loop vent for each group of
eight or less fixtures.
n. Where there are two or more groups of battery-vented fixtures, the horizontal branch drain for each
downstream group shall be sized for the total discharge into that group, including all upstream groups and the
fixtures within the group being sized.
See Figure 12.13.1 and the definitions of "Battery of Fixtures", "Vent, Circuit", and "Vent, Loop".

NOTES:
1. Battery vented horizontal branch drains can serve a mixture of two to eight water closets, floor drains,
bathtubs, shower stalls, and other floor-outlet fixtures.
2. Battery vented fixtures must connect horizontally to the horizontal branch drain.
3. The entire length of the horizontal branch drain must be sized for the total DFU load for the branch. The
slope of the drain must not exceed 1" per foot.
4. The developed length of fixture trap arms must be within the limits of Table 12.8.1 for the given pipe
size.
5. Lavatories, sinks, and wall-mounted urinals can connect horizontally or vertically to the horizontal
branch drain, but they must be independently vented.
6. Relief vents are required where horizontal branch drains on lower floors serve more than four water
closets.
7. Fixtures are permitted to drain into circuit, loop and relief vents. A 2" vent can drain 2 DFU. A 3" vent
can drain 4 DFU.
8. Back outlet water closets and wall mounted urinals that are battery vented must connect horizontally to
the horizontal drain branch.
Figure 12.13.1
CIRCUIT AND LOOP VENTING BATTERIES OF FIXTURES

12.13.2 Joining Parallel Branches
Where parallel branches of up to eight battery-vented fixtures each are joined prior to connecting to a stack or
building drain, the common downstream piping shall be sized for the combined total fixture unit load of both
branches. A relief vent shall be provided on the common downstream piping when the parallel branches serve
a combined total of four or more water closets and connect to a stack receiving drainage from an upper floor.
12.13.3 Vent Connections

Circuit, loop, and relief vent connections to battery-vented horizontal drain branches shall be taken off at a
vertical angle or from the top of the horizontal drain. See Figure 12.16.2.
12.13.4 Fixtures Back-to-Back in Battery

When fixtures are connected to one horizontal branch through a double wye or a sanitary tee in a vertical
position, a common vent for each two fixtures back-to-back or double connection shall be provided. The
common vent shall be installed in a vertical position as a continuation of the double connection.
12.14 VENTING OF BUILDING SUBDRAIN SYSTEMS

12.14.1 Fixture Venting
Fixtures and gravity drainage piping in a building subdrain system shall be vented in the same manner as a
conventional gravity drainage system and shall be permitted to connect to vent piping for fixtures and gravity
drainage piping that are not part of the subdrain system.
12.14.2 Sump Pits

a. The minimum size and maximum length of vents for atmospheric sump pits shall be as indicated in Table
12.14.2
b. Where subdrain systems utilize pneumatic sewage ejectors, atmospheric sump pits or surge tanks shall
be provided if water closets, urinals, or other fixtures are close enough to the ejector that they will overflow if
flushed while the ejector is discharging.
c. The atmospheric vents from sump pits and surge tanks shall be permitted to be connected to gravity vent
piping for fixtures other than those served by the sump pit.

Table 12.14.2
SIZE AND LENGTH1 OF SUMP VENTS
Discharge Capacity Diameter of Vent, (inches)
of Sump Pump
(gpm) 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 4
10 NL 2
NL 2
NL 2
NL 2
NL 2
NL2
20 270 NL2 NL2 NL2 NL2 NL2
40 72 160 NL2 NL2 NL2 NL2
60 31 75 270 NL2 NL2 NL2
80 16 41 150 380 NL2 NL2
100 <103 25 97 250 NL2 NL2
150 NP4 <103 44 110 370 NL2
200 NP4 NP4 20 60 210 NL2
250 NP4 NP4 10 36 132 NL2
300 NP4 NP4 <103 22 88 380
400 NP4 NP4 NP4 <103 44 210
500 NP4 NP4 NP4 NP4 24 130
NOTES FOR TABLE 12.14.2.

1. The lengths in the table are the developed lengths of the vent pipes. An allowance has been made for entrance
losses and friction for the pipe and fittings.
2. No Limit; actual values greater than 500 feet.
3. Less than 10 feet.
4. Not Permitted.
12.14.3 Pneumatic Sewage Ejectors

Pressure release vents for pneumatic sewage ejectors shall extend to a vent terminal that is separate from
any gravity system vents. Such pressure release vents shall be of sufficient size to reduce the ejector tank to
atmospheric pressure within 10 seconds, but shall be not less than 1-1/4" pipe size.
12.15 SUDS PRESSURE VENTING

12.15.1 Relief Venting
Where fixture or branch drains connect to a soil or waste stack within a suds pressure zone as described in
Section 11.11.2, a suds relief vent shall be provided for the fixture or branch drain. Suds relief vents shall
be 2" minimum size but not less than one pipe size smaller than the drain branch that they serve. Such relief
vents shall connect to the drain branch between the suds pressure zone and the first fixture trap on the branch.
See Figure 12.15.1
Comment: Suds pressure relief vents in Section 12.15 are larger than ordinary vents for drainage sys-
tems because the suds are heavier than air. Suds can weight from 2 to as much as 19 pounds per cubic
foot.

NOTES:
1. Relief vents must be sized according to Table 12.15.1.
2. Relief vents must not connect to a suds pressure zone in a vent stack
Figure 12.15.1
RELIEF VENTS FOR DRAIN CONNECTIONS IN A SUDS PRESSURE ZONE
Table 12.15.1
SUDS PRESSURE RELIEF VENTS
Drain Size (inches) Relief Vent Size (inches)
1-1/2 2
2 2
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
8 6
12.15.2 Prohibited Vent Connections

Connections shall not be made within the suds pressure zone of a vent stack that connects at or downstream
from the base of a soil or waste stack, as described in Section 11.11.2.d.

12.16 SIZE AND LENGTH OF VENTS
Table 12.16
SIZE AND LENGTH OF VENTS
Size of Drainage Diameter of Vent Required (inches)
Fixture Drain, Fixture for the Maximum Length of Vent (feet)
Drainge Stack, Units
or Building Drain Connected 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”
(inches)
1-1/4” 1 (1)
1-1/2” 8 50 150
2” 12 30 75 200
2” 20 26 50 150
3” 10 30 100 200 600
3” 30 60 200 500
3” 60 50 80 400
4” 100 35 100 260 1000
4” 200 30 90 250 900
4” 500 20 70 180 700
5” 200 35 80 350 1000
5” 500 30 70 300 900
5” 1100 20 50 200 700
6” 350 50 200 400 1300
6” 620 30 125 300 1100
6” 960 24 100 250 1000
6” 1900 20 70 200 700
8” 600 50 150 500 1300
8” 1400 40 100 400 1200
8” 2200 30 80 350 1100
8” 3600 25 60 250 800
10” 1000 75 125 1000
10” 2500 50 100 500
10” 3800 30 80 350
10” 5600 25 60 250
NOTES FOR TABLE 12.16
(1) The length of the vent is not limited.
12.16.1 Size of Fixture Vents

a. Vents for individual fixtures shall be sized according to Table 12.16.
b. Vents shall be not less than 1-1/4" size nor less than one-half the size of the fixture drain that they serve.
c. Where a vent pipe serves two or more fixtures, the size of the combined vent pipe shall be based on the
sum of the drainage fixture units (DFU) for all of the drains served.
d. Where the fixtures being vented are not connected to the same drain stack, the stack size used in Table
12.16 shall be the equivalent stack size for their total combined DFU load, based on Table 11.5.1B.
EXCEPTION: As otherwise provided in this Code.

NOTES:
1. Vents for individual fixtures must be at least 1/2 of the size of the drain that they serve, but not less that
1-1/4"
Figure 12.16.1 - A
THE SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE VENTS
NOTES:
1. Two groups of public toilet rooms are connected to a combined vent.
2. The size of the vent for the 4" drain stack from each group with more than 100 DFU must be 3" if the
overall length to the vent terminal is 100 feet. (Table 12.16).
3. The size of an equivalent drainage stack with 300 DFU is 5" (Table 11.5.1B).
4. The size of the combined vent for the 5" equivalent stack with 300 DFU and 100 feet is 4" in Table 12.16
Figure 12.16.1 - B
THE SIZE OF VENTS FOR MULTIPLE FIXTURES ON DIFFERENT STACKS

12.16.2 Size of Circuit or Loop Vents
Circuit or loop vents shall be not less than one-half the size of the horizontal drainage branch that they serve.
See Figure 12.16.2
NOTES:
1. A lower floor is shown. It requires a relief vent because there are more than 4 water closets on the
branch.
2. The horizontal branch drain is 4" size
3. The circuit vent must be 2" minimum size per Section 12.16.2.
4. The relief vent must be 2" minimum size per Section 12.16.3.
Figure 12.16.2
THE SIZE OF CIRCUIT AND LOOP VENTS
12.16.3 Size of Relief Vents

a. The size of relief vents for circuit or loop vented branches of the drainage system shall be not less than
one-half the size of the branch drain being served.
b. Relief vents for stacks having ten or more branch intervals and relief vents for horizontal offsets in such
stacks shall be the same size as the vent stack to which they connect.
See Figure 12.16.2
12.16.4 Size of Stack Vents and Vent Stacks

The minimum required size of stack vents and vent stacks shall be in accordance with Table 12.16. For the
purpose of sizing, the length of a vent stack or stack vent shall be the developed length from its lowest con-
nection with the drainage system to its termination in the open air, including any vent headers.
12.16.5 Vent Headers

a. Vent headers or portions thereof shall be sized according to Table 12.16.
b. The number of fixture units (DFU) used to size vent headers shall be the sum of all fixture units (DFU)
on all stacks served by each section of the header.

c. The developed length of vent headers shall be the longest vent length from the vent connection at the
base of the most distant stack to the vent terminal in the open air.
d. The soil or waste stack size used to size vent headers shall be the equivalent size capable of handling the
fixture unit load (DFU) on the vent header, based on Table 11.5.1B.
12.16.6 Aggregate Size of Vent Terminals

a. Each building sewer shall be vented by one or more vents extending from the drainage system, or
branches thereof, to the open air above the roof.
b. Stack vents and vent stacks shall be sized according to Table 12.16.
c. The aggregate cross-sectional area of all vent terminals serving a sewer shall be not less than the cross-
sectional area of the minimum required size of the building drain that they serve, at the point where it con-
nects to the building sewer. (See Table 12.16.6 for the cross-sectional areas of pipes).
EXCEPTION: The aggregate cross-sectional area requirement shall be exclusive of any requirements to
prevent frost closure of the vent terminal under Section 12.5.
d. One or more vent terminals having the aggregate cross-sectional area of a 3" vent terminal shall be permit-
ted to vent a 4" building drain if the drainage fixture unit load (DFU) and number of bathroom groups served
by the building drain does not exceed the maximum number allowed on a 3" building drain, as permitted by
Section 12.16.6.c.
Table 12.16.6
NOMINAL PIPE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (Sq. Inches)
Nominal Pipe Size (ID) Cross Sectional Area (sq in.)
1-1/4” 1.2
1-1/2” 1.8
2” 3.1
2-1/2” 4.9
3” 7.1
4” 12.6
5” 19.6
6” 28.3
8” 50.3
10” 78.5
12” 113.1
15” 176.7
12.16.7 Underground Vent Piping

The minimum size of vent piping installed underground shall be 1-1/2".
12.17 COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM

12.17.1 Where Permitted
a. A combination waste and vent system shall be permitted only where conditions preclude the installation
of a conventionally vented drainage system as otherwise required by this Code.
b. Combination waste and vent systems shall be limited to floor drains and other floor receptors, sinks,
lavatories, and standpipes.
12.17.2 Trap Size

Traps in a combination waste and vent system shall be the normal size for the particular fixture. See Table
5.2.

12.17.3 Trap Arms
a. Fixtures shall be considered to be vented at the point that they connect to a combination waste and vent
system.
b. Where fixtures have conventionally sized trap arms, the maximum length of the trap arm from the weir
of its trap to the point of connection to the combination waste and vent systems shall be as limited in Table
12.8.1.
c. In the case of fixtures with above-the-floor outlets, the vertical drop at the end of the trap arm shall be
one size larger than the trap arm and be considered as the beginning of the combination waste and vent sys-
tem.
d. Floor-outlet fixtures shall also be permitted to drop into a vertical combination waste and vent that is at
least one size larger than the trap arm.
e. Where a fixture trap arm is sized as a combination waste and vent, its length shall not be limited and it
shall be considered as a branch of the combination waste and vent system.
f. The maximum vertical drop from a fixture trap arm to a horizontal drain below shall be 6 feet.
12.17.4 Pipe Sizing

The piping in a combination waste and vent system shall be sized according to Table 12.17.4, based on the
number of drainage fixture units (DFU) served and the slope of the piping.
EXCEPTION: No pipe shall be smaller than any section of piping upstream, including vertical drops from
trap arms.
Table 12.17.4
PIPE SIZING FOR COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEMS
slope slope slope slope
Load
1/8” per ft 1/4” per ft 3/8” per ft 1/2” per ft
3 dfu 4” 2” 2” 2”
12 dfu 4” 4” 3” 3”
20 dfu 5” 4” 4” 4”
180 dfu 5” 5” 4” 4”
218 dfu 6” 5” 5” 5”
390 dfu 8” 8” 5” 5”
480 dfu 8” 8” 6” 6”
700 dfu 8” 8” 6” 6”
840 dfu 10” 8” 8” 8”
1600 dfu 10” 10” 8” 8”
1920 dfu 12” 10” 10” 10”
12.17.5 Maximum Slope

All piping in a combination waste and vent system shall be horizontal and sloped at not greater than 1/2 inch
per foot.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Vertical drops at the end of trap arms.
(2) Vertical drops of not greater than 45 degrees from horizontal where the vertical drop is not greater than
6 feet and the offset is at least 10 pipe diameters from any turn or branch connection.
12.17.6 Branch Connections

a. Connections to mains and branches within combination waste and vent systems shall be made horizon-
tally at a slope not greater than 1/2 inch per foot.
b. Branch connections shall not be made in vertical drops or offsets.

12.17.7 Minimum Distances
The distance between turns, offsets, and branch connections in combination waste and vent piping shall be
not less than 10 pipe diameters.
12.17.8 Connections to Conventional Drainage Systems

a. Combination waste and vent systems shall extend to the point of connection to a conventionally sized
and conventionally vented drainage system.
b. At the point of connection, the pipe size of the conventional system shall be at least as large as the com-
bination system, and sized to accept the added drainage load from the combination system.
c. Such connection from the combination system to the conventional system shall be made at an angle
above horizontal of not less than 22-1/2 degrees nor more than 45 degrees.
12.17.9 Connection of Individual Fixtures

Where drains from individual fixtures are designed as a combination waste and vent and are connected to
a conventional drainage system, the connection from the fixture to the conventional system shall be made
according to Section 12.17.8.
12.18 ISLAND SINK VENTING

12.18.1 Where Permitted
Island sink venting shall be permitted for sinks and lavatories where the vent pipe cannot rise 6 inches above
the flood level rim of the fixture before turning horizontal. Kitchen sinks in dwelling units with dishwasher
connections, food-waste-grinder connections, or both, shall be permitted to be island vented. Also see Sec-
tion 12.8.1 EXCEPTION (3). See Figure 12.18
Figure 12.18
ISLAND SINK VENTING

12.18.2 Arrangement of Vent Piping;
The island vent pipe shall rise vertically under the sink at the end of the fixture trap arm to at least 4 inches
above the outlet of the fixture. The vent shall then turn downward and connect to the horizontal drain line be-
low the floor downstream from the fixture drain connection so that the vertical vent drop will drain by gravity
to the drainage system. A horizontal vent pipe shall be extended under the floor from the vertical vent drop to a
point where it can rise vertically. The vertical rise at the end of the horizontal vent portion shall extend upward
to at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of the fixture being vented before turning horizontal and connect-
ing to a vent to the outdoors. The horizontal portion of the vent under the floor shall pitch back to the sink so
that it will drain by gravity through the vertical vent drop connection to the drainage system.
12.18.3 Size of Island Vent Pipes

Island vent pipes shall be sized as individual or common vents in accordance with Section 12.16.1.
12.18.4 Cleanouts Required

Cleanouts shall be provided in the vertical vent drop under the sink and in the vertical rise beyond the horizontal
portion of the vent so that any blockages in the vent piping can be rodded into the drainage system.
12.19 WASTE STACK VENTING

12.19.1 Permitted Fixtures
Lavatories, bathtubs, showers, kitchen sinks with and without food waste grinders and dishwashers, laundry
sinks, clothes washer standpipes, drinking fountains, floor drains, and similar fixtures shall be permitted to be
vented by a waste stack that is sized and installed in accordance with the requirements of this Section.
12.19.2 Prohibited Fixtures

Water closets and urinals shall not be vented by waste stacks.
12.19.3 Waste Stacks

a. Waste stacks shall be uniformly sized from bottom to top according to the total connected fixture drainage
load in accordance with Table 12.9.5.
b. Waste stacks shall be vertical for their entire height without offsets of any degree, except for the base of
the stack below the lowest fixture connection.
12.19.4 Connections to the Stack

a. Each fixture shall individually connect to the stack through a single or double sanitary tee.
b. The maximum length of the trap arms from the individual fixtures shall be in accordance with Table
12.8.1.
12.19.5 Waste Stack Sizes

Waste stack sizes shall be in accordance with Table 12.19.5.

Table 12.19.5
WASTE STACK SIZES FOR WASTE STACK VENTING
Total DFU into one Branch
Stack Size (inches) Total DFU into the Stack
Interval
1-1/2 1 2
2 2 4
3 6 24
4 6 50
5 6 75
6 6 100
12.19.6 Waste Stack Vents

a. Each waste stack shall be vented by a stack vent that is the same size as the waste stack.
b. Offsets shall be permitted in stack vents that vent waste stacks above the connection of the top-most
fixture on the stack.
See Figure 12.19.6.
Figure 12.19.6
WASTE STACK VENTING
12.20 OTHER DESIGNS

Venting systems not described in this Code may be permitted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction if they
provide the protection required by Section 12.2.1 and are individually designed by a licensed professonal
engineer. (See Appendix E - SPECIAL DESIGN PLUMBING SYSTEMS.)

Blank Page

Chapter 13
Storm Water Drainage

13.1 GENERAL
Roofs, paved areas, yards, courts, and courtyards shall be drained to either a storm sewer where available, a
combined sewer where necessary, or to a place of disposal satisfactory to the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
EXCEPTION: Storm water from one- and two-family dwellings may be discharged on lawns or streets pro-
vided that the storm water flows away from the dwelling and does not otherwise create a nuisance.
13.1.2 Storm Water Drainage to Sanitary Sewer Prohibited

Storm water shall not be drained into sewers intended for sewage only, except as approved by the Authority
Comment #1: The peak storm water flows in combined sanitary and storm sewer systems can overload
the sewage treatment facility, causing it to bypass untreated sewage into its point of discharge.
Comment #2: In many cities with combined sewers, it is impractical to install separate sewers in the
downtown areas because of the number of existing utilities under the streets.
Comment #3: Some jurisdictions with combined sewers require that new or renovated buildings have
separate sanitary and storm building drains so that they could be connected to separate sewers in the
future.
13.1.3 Sanitary and Storm Sewers

Where separate systems of sanitary drainage and storm water are installed in the same property, the storm
and sanitary building sewers and drains may be laid side by side in the same trench.
13.1.4 Reserved
13.1.5 Foundation Drains

a. Foundation drains shall be provided around the perimeter of basements, cellars, crawl spaces, or any
building space below grade. The drains shall be positioned either inside or outside of the footings, and shall
be of perforated or open-joint approved drain tile or pipe not less than 3" pipe size. The top of foundation
drains shall be not less than 2 inches below the underside of the floor slab being protected.
b. Weep holes
(1) Where foundation drains are located on the interior side of hollow-core concrete masonry units,
1/2”—3/4” diameter weep holes shall be located through the inside face of the foundation wall at the
footing on 16 inch centers.
(2) Where foundation drains are located on the interior side of a poured concrete foundation wall,
1-1/2" pipes shall be installed through the footing on six foot centers.

c Foundation drains shall be laid in a filter bed of gravel, crushed stone, slag, approved 3/4" crushed re-
cycled glass aggregate, or other approved porous materials. The bottom of the filter bed shall be no higher
than the bottom of the base course beneath the floor slab. There shall be not less than 2 inches of filter bed
beneath the foundation drain. Where foundation drains are located outside of the footings, there shall be at
least 6 inches of filter bed above the top of the pipe.
d. Drainage from foundations shall be discharged to a storm drain, street, alley, approved water course, or
at grade. When discharged at grade, the point of discharge shall be at least 10 feet from any property line and
shall not create a nuisance.
e. Where foundation drains are below the required point of discharge, one or more automatic sump pumps
shall be provided. The pump or pumps shall have adequate capacity to convey all drainage to its point of
discharge. The minimum pump capacity shall be 15 gallons per minute at the required discharge head. Sump
pits shall be sized to accommodate the pump(s), as recommended by the pump manufacturer, but shall be not
less than 15 inches in diameter nor less than 18 inches deep. Sump pits shall be provided with fitted cov-
ers. Pits shall be located to avoid foot traffic where their covers do not have sufficient strength to carry such
weight. Discharge lines from sump pumps shall be sized according to the design pump capacity and shall be
not less than 1-1/4" pipe size. A check valve shall either be incorporated into each sump pump or be installed
in the discharge line from each sump pump, except that check valves may be eliminated where the discharge
pipe would be subject to freezing. Under such conditions, the sump pit shall be adequately sized to prevent
short cycling of the pump.
f. Where sump pumps discharge at grade on unpaved surfaces, the discharge pipe shall extend to a splash
block or equivalent, which shall be designed to contain the discharge, reduce its velocity, and avoid disturb-
ing adjacent areas. Where necessary, the discharge pipe shall terminate with an elbow to direct the flow
along the splash block. Splash blocks shall be at least 24 inches long.
g. The water supply to water-operated storm water sump pumps shall be protected from backflow in ac-
cordance with Section 10.5.

NOTES:
1. The invert of the foundation drain must be at least 2 inches below the underside of the floor slab.
2. The filter bed must be at least 2" beneath the bottom of the drain pipe and at least 6" above the top of
the pipe. Installing a filter fabric over the filter bed will keep fine soil particles from clogging the porous
openings in the bed.
3. Foundation drains require the same earth cover as drainage piping.
Figure 13.1.5 - A
A FOUNDATION DRAIN OUTSIDE OF A FOOTING
NOTES:
1. Where subject to freezing weather, the discharge pipe should be sloped downward so that the outlet
drains by gravity.
Figure 13.1.5 - B
A SUMP PUMP FOR FOUNDATION DRAINS

13.1.6 Areaway Drains
a. Drainage shall be provided for open areaways below grade where storm water may accumulate. Area-
ways include outdoor spaces that provide access to basements or floor levels of a building that are below
grade. Drains in such areas shall be sized according to Table 13.6.2 and shall include strainers as required for
roof drains or floor drains.
b. Areaway drains shall not connect to a foundation drain.
EXCEPTION: Areaways not exceeding 100 square feet in area.
See Figure 13.1.6
NOTES:
1. The foundation drains can be inside or outside of the footings. See Figures 13.1.5 - A and 13.1.5 - B.
2. The areaway drain can connect to a foundation drain if the size of the areaway (and any adjacent areas
that drain into the areaway) is 100 square feet or less. It must discharge separately if the area being
drained is larger than 100 square feet.
3. Drain pipes for areaways must be sized according to Table 13.6.2, based on the rainfall rate and the
size of the areaway and any adjacent areas that may drain into the areaway. The minimum drain pipe
sizes are 2" if sloped 1/4 in./ft or more and 3" if sloped 1/8 in./ft.
Figure 13.1.6
THE ARRANGEMENT OF AN AREAWAY DRAIN
13.1.7 Window Well Drains

Window wells shall be drained as required for areaways, except that window wells not greater than 10 square
feet in area shall be permitted to drain into a foundation drain, either directly by means of a 2" minimum size
drain, or indirectly through a porous filter bed. See Figures 13.1.7-A and -B

NOTES:
1. The foundation drains can be inside or outside of the footings. See Figures 13.1.5 - A and
13.1.5 - B.
2. The window well drain can connect to a foundation drain if the size of the window well (and any adjacent
areas that drain into the window well) is 10 square feet or less. It must discharge separately if the area
being drained is larger than 10 square feet.
3. Drain pipes for window wells must be sized according to Table 13.6.2, accounting for the rainfall rate
and the size of the window well and any adjacent areas that may drain into the window well. The mini-
mum drain pipe sizes are 2" if sloped 1/4 in./ft or more and 3" if sloped 1/8 in./ft.
Figure 13.1.7 - A
A WINDOW WELL DIRECTLY DRAINED
NOTES:
1. The foundation drain must be outside of the footings. See Figure 13.1.5 - B.
2. The porous filter bed must extend from the area drain in the window well to the foundation drain. Install-
ing a filter fabric between the earth and the filter bed will keep the porous bed from becoming clogged
with fine soil particles.
Figure 13.1.7 - B
A WINDOW WELL INDIRECTLY DRAINED

13.1.8 Parking and Service Garages
Storm water drainage from parking and service garages shall be in accordance with Sections 6.3.1.d and
6.3.1.e.
13.1.9 Reserved
13.1.10 Roof Drainage
13.1.10.1 Primary Roof Drainage

Roof areas of buildings shall be drained by roof drains or scuppers unless gutters and downspouts or
other non-plumbing drainage is provided. The location and sizing of roof drains and scuppers shall be
coordinated with the structural design and slope of the roof. Roof drains, scuppers, vertical conductors
or leaders, and horizontal storm drainage piping for primary drainage shall be sized based on a storm
of 60 minutes duration and a 100-year return period. (See Appendix A).
13.1.10.2 Secondary Roof Drainage

a. Where parapet walls or other construction extend above the roof and create areas where storm
water would become trapped if the primary roof drainage system failed to provide sufficient drainage,
an independent secondary roof drainage system consisting of scuppers, standpipes, or roof drains shall
be provided. Secondary roof drainage shall be sized for a 100-year, 15-minute storm (see Appendix A).
The capacity of the primary system shall not be considered in the sizing of the secondary system.
b. Where secondary drainage is provided by means of roof drains or standpipes, the secondary
system shall be separate from the primary system and shall discharge independently at grade or other
approved point of discharge.
c. Where secondary roof drainage is provided, the overflow level(s) into the secondary system shall
be established by the amount of ponding that is allowed in the structural design of the roof, including
roof deflection. An allowance shall be made to account for the required overflow head of water above
the secondary inlets. The elevation of the secondary inlet plus the required overflow head shall not
exceed the maximum allowable water level on the roof.
d. Scuppers shall be sized as rectangular weirs, using hydraulic principles to determine the required
length and resulting overflow head (see Appendix A). Secondary roof drains and standpipes shall be
sized according to Table 13.6.1 Where standpipes are used, the head allowance required under Section
13.1.10.2.c shall be not less than 1-1/2 inches.
e. Strainers shall not be required on open standpipes when used for secondary inlets.
f. Where secondary roof drainage is provided by roof drains or standpipes, they shall be permitted to
discharge horizontally, similar to scuppers, but below the roof level.
13.1.10.3 Vertical Walls

Where vertical walls drain onto roofs, an allowance based on 50% of the maximum projected wall area
shall be added to the roof area onto which each wall drains.
13.1.10.4 Equivalent Systems

When approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, the requirements of Sections 13.1.10.1 and
13.1.10.2 shall not preclude the installation of an engineered roof drainage system that has sufficient
capacity to prevent water from ponding on the roof in excess of that allowed in the roof structural
design during a 100-year, 15-minute storm.

13.1.11 Continuous Flow
Where continuous flow from a spring or ground water is encountered in a foundation drainage system or
other subsoil drain, the discharge shall be piped to a storm sewer or approved water course.
13.1.12 Backwater Valves

Where foundation drains, areaway drains, window well drains, or other storm water drains discharge by
gravity and are subject to backflow from their point of discharge, a backwater valve shall be provided in the
discharge line. Backwater valves shall comply with the requirements of Section 5.5.
13.2 MATERIALS
See Section 3.7.
See Table 3.7 for approved materials for storm water drainage.
13.3 TRAPS IN STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

13.3.1 General
a. Traps shall be installed in a storm drainage system if it connects to a combined sewer conveying both
sewage and storm water.
EXCEPTION: Traps shall not be required where roof drains, rain leaders, and other inlets are at locations
allowed under Section 12.4.4 for vent terminals.
b. Floor drains or other receptors within a building shall be individually trapped if they are connected to a
storm drainage system, regardless of whether or not the sewer is combined.
c. Traps required under this section shall comply with the requirements of Section 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.5
and 13.3.2. Traps shall have accessible cleanouts or other means of clearing the trap.
Comment: Floor drains or other receptors that are connected to a storm drainage system or combined
sewer and are subject to evaporation of the trap seal must be provided with a deep seal trap or other
means of maintaining the trap seal. See Section 5.3.6.
13.3.2 Location of Traps

Where traps are required under Section 13.3.1.a, they shall be installed either on individual branches of the
storm drainage system or in the building storm drain or building storm sewer before it connects to the com-
bined sewer. Traps shall not be installed in locations where they will be subject to freezing. Where traps are
required for rain leaders, the minimum earth cover shall be as required in Section 2.16.b.
See Figure 13.3.2

NOTES:
1. The trap is required when any of the storm water inlets are at locations where sanitary vent terminals
would not be permitted in Section 12.4.4. If all storm water inlets are at locations where sanitary vent
terminals would be permitted, the trap is not required. The storm water inlets will be the same as vent
terminals for the sanitary drainage system. Only those inlets in prohibited locations for sanitary vent
terminals need to be trapped.
2. The connection between the building storm drain and the building sanitary drain needs to be a horizon-
tal wye fitting that is at least 10 feet downstream from any soil stack.
Figure 13.3.2
A TRAP IN A STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM CONNECTED TO A COMBINED SEWER
13.3.3 Size of Traps

Traps shall be the same size as the drain pipe in which they are installed.
13.4 LEADERS OR CONDUCTORS AND CONNECTIONS
13.4.1 Not to be Used Improperly

Leaders or conductors shall not be used as soil, waste, or vent pipes nor shall soil, waste, or vent pipes be
used as leaders.
13.4.2 Protection of Rain Water Leaders

Rain water leaders installed along alleyways, driveways, or other locations where they may be exposed to
damage shall be protected by metal guards, shall be recessed into the wall, or shall be constructed from fer-
rous alloy pipe to a point 5 foot above grade. See Figure 13.4.2
Comment #1: The "10 feet downstream" requirement allows the sanitary discharge to stabilize before
mixing with the storm water flow. It also reduces the backpressure on the sanitary drainage system that
may be caused by heavy storm water discharges.
Comment #2: The horizontal wye connection between the two drainage systems permits the flows to mix
more uniformly without blocking the drain.
13.4.3 Combining Storm with Sanitary Drainage

The sanitary and storm drainage system of a building shall be entirely separate, except that where a combined
sewer is used, the building storm drain shall connect horizontally to the combined building drain through a
single wye fitting that is at least 10 feet downstream from any soil stack.

Figure 13.4.2
PROTECTION OF RAIN WATER LEADERS
13.4.4 Double Connections of Storm Drains

Where the sanitary and storm drains are connected on both sides of the combined sewer, single wyes shall
be used and the requirements of Section 13.4.3 relative to the location of connections shall also apply. See
Figure 1.2.15
Comment: Double pattern wye fittings are not permitted to connect sanitary drains and storm drains to a
combined drain. This is to prevent a heavy flow in one drain branch from causing a backpressure in the
other drain branch.
13.5 ROOF DRAINS

13.5.1 Compliance and Materials
Roof drains shall comply with ASME A112.6.4 and be constructed of coated or galvanized cast iron, bronze,
stainless steel, plastic, or other corrosion-resisting materials. Drains shall include any deck clamps or other
appurtenances necessary for installation and coordination with the roofing system.
13.5.2 Dome Strainers

Roof areas shall be drained to roof drains having raised dome strainers with dome free areas complying with
ASME A112.6.4. The minimum free dome area shall be one and one-half (1-1/2) times the area of the drain
outlet connection.
EXCEPTIONS
(1) Pitched roofs draining to hanging gutters.
(2) Roof areas subject to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic.
13.5.3 Flat Grates

Roof drains on patios, sun decks, parking decks, and other areas subject to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic
shall have flat grates with a free inlet area complying with ASME 112.6.4. The minimum grate free area shall
be two times the cross-sectional area of the drain outlet. Such drains shall not be located where they cannot be
readily inspected and maintained on a regular basis.
13.5.4 Roof Drain Flashings

The connection between roofs and roof drains that pass through the roof and into the interior of the building
shall be made watertight by the use of proper flashing material.

13.5.5 Roof Drain Restrictions
The roof drain size shall not be restricted by insertion of any roofing material or other objects to insure water
flow into the drain.
13.5.6 Roof Drain Outlet Pipe Size

The outlet pipe size of roof drains having vertical conductors shall be not less than the size required for verti-
cal conductors in Table 13.6.1.
13.6 SIZE OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STORM DRAIN PIPING

13.6.1 Vertical Conductors
Vertical storm water conductors shall be sized according to Table 13.6.1. Where a vertical pipe section is
smaller than the preceding horizontal pipe section, the reduction in size shall be made in the vertical pipe
section.
13.6.2 Size of Horizontal Storm Drain Piping

a. Horizontal storm drain piping shall be sized according to Table 13.6.2 – Part 1 or Part 2. Such piping
includes horizontal offsets in storm water conductors, building drains, building sewers, and branches thereof.
b. The size of horizontal drain piping shall not be reduced in the direction of flow.
c. The design flows in Table 13.6.2 – Parts 1 and 2 are based on fairly rough pipe with a Manning friction
coefficient "n" = 0.015.
Table 13.6.1
SIZE OF VERTICAL STORM WATER CONDUCTORS
Nominal Allowable Projected Roof Areas (sq ft)
Flow Capacity
Diameter at Various Rates of Rainfall per Hour (inches)
(GPM)
(inches) 1” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
2” 23 2,180 1,090 727 545 436 363
3” 67 6,426 3,213 2,142 1,607 1,285 1,071
4” 144 13,840 6,920 4,613 3,460 2,768 2,307
5” 261 25,094 12,547 8,365 6,273 5,019 4,182
6” 424 40,805 20,402 13,602 10,201 8,161 6,801
8” 913 87,878 43,939 29,293 21,970 17,576 14,646
10” 1655 159,334 79,667 53,111 39,834 31,867 26,556
12” 2692 259,095 129,548 86,365 64,774 51,819 43,183
15” 4880 469,771 234,886 156,590 117,443 93,954 78,295
7” 8” 9” 10” 11” 12”
2” 23 311 272 242 218 198 182
3” 67 918 803 714 643 584 536
4” 144 1,977 1,730 1,538 1,384 1,258 1,153
5” 261 3,585 3,137 2,788 2,509 2,281 2,091
6” 424 5,829 5,101 4,534 4,080 3,710 3,400
8” 913 12,554 10,985 9,764 8,788 7,989 7,323
10” 1655 22,762 19,917 17,704 15,933 14,485 13,277
12” 2692 37,014 32,387 28,788 25,910 23,554 21,591
15” 4880 67,110 58,721 52,197 46,977 42,706 39,146

(1) Flow capacities are based on stacks flowing 7/24 full.
(2) Interpolatrion between rainfall rates is permitted.

Table 13.6.2 Part 1
SIZE OF HORIZONTAL STORM DRAINS (for 1"/hr to 6"/hr rainfall rates)
Size of Design
Allowable Projected Roof Area at Various Rates of Rainfall per Hour
Drain Flow of
(Square Feet of Roof)
(inches) Drain
Slope 1/16 inch/foot
GPM 1”/hr 2”/hr 3”/hr 4”/hr 5”/hr 6”/hr
2
3
4 53 5,101 2,551 1,700 1,275 1,020 850
5 97 9,336 4,668 3,112 2,334 1,867 1,556
6 157 15,111 7,556 5,037 3,778 3,022 2,519
8 339 32,629 16,314 10,876 8,157 6,526 5,438
10 615 59,194 29,597 19,731 14,798 11,839 9,866
12 999 96,154 48,077 32,051 24,039 19,231 16,026
15 1812 174,405 87,203 58,135 43,601 34,881 29,068
Slope 1/8 inch/foot
Size GPM 1”/hr 2”/hr 3”/hr 4”/hr 5”/hr 6”/hr
2
3 35 3,369 1,684 1,123 842 674 561
4 75 7,219 3,609 2,406 1,805 1,444 1,203
5 137 13,186 6,593 4,395 3,297 2,637 2,198
6 223 21,464 10,732 7,155 5,366 4,293 3,577
8 479 46,104 23,052 15,368 11,526 9,221 7,684
10 869 83,641 41,821 27,880 20,910 16,728 13,940
12 1413 136,002 68,001 45,334 34,000 27,200 22,667
15 2563 246,689 123,345 82,230 61,672 49,338 41,115
Slope 1/4 inch/foot
2 17 1,636 818 545 409 327 273
3 50 4,813 2,406 1,604 1,203 963 802
4 107 10,299 5,149 3,433 2,575 2,060 1,716
5 194 18,673 9,336 6,224 4,668 3,735 3,112
6 315 30,319 15,159 10,106 7,580 6,064 5,053
8 678 65,258 32,629 21,753 16,314 13,052 10,876
10 1229 118,292 59,146 39,431 29,573 23,658 19,715
12 1999 192,404 96,202 64,135 48,101 38,481 32,067
15 3625 348,907 174,454 116,302 87,227 69,781 58,151
Slope 1/2 inch/foot
2 24 2,310 1,155 770 578 462 385
3 70 6,738 3,369 2,246 1,684 1,348 1,123
4 151 14,534 7,267 4,845 3,633 2,907 2,422
5 274 26,373 13,186 8,791 6,593 5,275 4,395
6 445 42,831 21,416 14,277 10,708 8,566 7,139
8 959 92,304 46,152 30,768 23,076 18,461 15,384
10 1738 167,283 83,641 55,761 41,821 33,457 27,880
12 2827 272,099 136,050 90,700 68,025 54,420 45,350
15 5126 493,379 246,689 164,460 123,345 98,676 82,230
NOTES FOR TABLE 13.6.2 – Part 1:

1. Design flows are based on fairly rough pipe with a Manning friction coefficient of n = 0.015.

Table 13.6.2 Part 2
SIZE OF HORIZONTAL STORM DRAINS (for 7"/hr to 12"/hr rainfall rates)
Size of Design
Allowable Projected Roof Area at Various Rates of Rainfall per Hour
Drain Flow of
(Square Feet of Roof)
(inches) Drain
Slope 1/16 inch/foot
2
3
4 53 729 638 567 510 464 425
5 97 1,334 1,167 1,037 934 849 778
6 157 2,159 1,889 1,679 1,511 1,374 1,259
8 339 4,661 4,079 3,625 3,263 2,966 2,719
10 615 8,456 7,399 6,577 5,919 5,381 4,933
12 999 13,736 12,019 10,684 9,615 8,741 8,013
15 1812 24,915 21,801 19,378 17,441 15,855 14,534
Slope 1/8 inch/foot
2
3 35 481 421 374 337 306 281
4 75 1,031 902 802 722 656 602
6 223 3,066 2,683 2,385 2,146 1,951 1,789
8 479 6,586 5,763 5,123 4,610 4,191 3,842
10 869 11,494 10,455 9,293 8,364 7,604 6,970
12 1413 12,429 17,000 15,111 13,600 12,364 11,334
15 2563 35,241 30,836 27,410 24,669 22,426 20,557
Slope 1/4 inch/foot
2 17 234 205 182 164 149 136
3 50 688 602 535 481 438 401
4 107 1,471 1,287 1,144 1,030 936 858
5 194 2,668 2,334 2,075 1,867 1,698 1,556
6 315 4,331 3,790 3,369 3,032 2,756 2,527
8 678 9,323 8,157 7,251 6,526 5,933 5,438
10 1229 16,899 14,787 13,144 11,829 10,754 9,858
12 1999 27,486 24,051 21,378 19,240 17,491 16,034
15 3625 49,844 43,613 38,767 34,891 31,719 29,076
Slope 1/2 inch/foot
2 24 330 289 257 231 210 193
3 70 963 842 749 674 613 562
4 151 2,076 1,817 1,615 1,453 1,321 1,211
5 274 3,768 3,297 2,930 2,637 2,398 2,198
6 445 6,119 5,354 4,759 4,283 3,894 3,569
8 959 13,186 11,538 10,256 9,230 8,391 7,692
10 1738 23,898 20,910 18,587 16,728 15,208 13,940
12 2827 38,871 34,012 30,233 27,210 24,736 22,675
15 5126 70,483 61,672 54,820 49,338 44,835 41,115
NOTES FOR TABLE 13.6.2 – Part 2:

1. Design flows are based on fairly rough pipe with a Manning friction coefficient of = 0.015.

13.7 RESERVED
13.8 SIZING FOR CONTINUOUS OR INTERMITTENT FLOWS

Continuous or intermittent flows from a sump pump, air conditioning condensate drain, or other approved dis-
charge into a storm drainage system shall be determined in gallons per minute flow. Air conditioning condensate
drainage shall be based on not less than 0.006 gpm/ton. Such flows shall be added to the stormwater load on the
storm drainage system, which shall also be determined on the basis of gallons per minute according to Table A.1
and Section A.3 in Appendix A.
13.9 CONTROLLED FLOW STORM WATER SYSTEM
13.9.1 Application
In lieu of sizing the storm drainage system on the basis of actual maximum projected roof areas as previously
described in this Chapter, the roof drainage system, or part thereof may be sized on equivalent or adjusted
maximum projected roof areas that result from controlled flow and storage of storm water on the roof pro-
vided flow control devices are used.
13.9.2 Design
A controlled flow storm water system shall be designed, installed, inspected and certified as an engineered
special design plumbing system as outlined in Appendix E of this Code.

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Chapter 14
Special Requirements For Health Care Facilities

14.1 GENERAL
This Chapter applies to special fixtures and systems that occur in health care facilities and to the special plumb-
ing requirements in such facilities. Ordinary plumbing in such facilities shall comply with the other applicable
Chapters of this Code.
14.2 WATER SERVICE

Where required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, hospitals and similar health care facilities shall have dual
water service lines to maintain a water supply in the event of a water main failure. Where possible, the service
pipelines shall be connected to different water mains so that a single water main break can be isolated and re-
paired without shutting off all water service to the facility.
14.3 MEDICAL GAS AND VACUUM PIPING SYSTEMS

14.3.1 General
The installation of medical gas and vacuum piping systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of
either NFPA 99 - Standard for Health Care Facilities or NFPA 99C - Gas and Vacuum Systems.
14.3.2 Professional Qualifications of Installers, Inspectors and Verifiers

Installers (including brazers), inspectors, and verifiers of medical gas and vacuum systems shall meet the
requirements of ANSI/ASSE Series 6000 - Professional Qualification Standard for Medical Gas Systems
Installers, Inspectors, and Verifiers, or the equivalent.
14.4 PROTRUSIONS FROM WALLS

Drinking fountains, control valves, medical gas station outlets, vacuum inlet stations, risers, cleanout covers, and
other devices shall be fully-recessed in corridors and other areas where patients may be transported on a gurney,
hospital bed, or wheelchair. Protective guards shall be provided where necessary.
14.5 MENTAL PATIENT ROOMS

Piping and drain traps in mental patient rooms shall be concealed. Fixtures and fittings shall be vandal-proof.
Comment: Plumbing that is accessible to mental patients must be suicide-proof, vandal-proof, and
sound-proof. Piping is installed in chases that are not accessible to the patients. Special fixtures, such
as combination lavatory/toilets, are available for such applications. The fixtures are pushbutton operat-
ed to avoid faucet handles. Most fixtures are constructed of stainless steel. The plumbing fixtures used
in mental facilities are similar to those used in correctional institutions.

14.6 PROHIBITED LOCATIONS FOR ICE STORAGE
Ice makers or ice storage chests shall not be located in a Soiled Utility Room or similar areas where subject to
possible contamination.
14.7 CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL AND BACKFLOW PREVENTION

a. Backflow prevention shall be in accordance with Section 10.5.
b. Vacuum breakers for bedpan washers shall be not less than 5 feet above the floor.
14.8 CLINICAL SINKS AND BEDPAN WASHERS

14.8.1 General
a. Clinical sinks and bedpan washers, and flushing-rim service sinks shall be installed in the same manner
as water closets. Where such fixtures have a vent connection on the inlet side of their trap, a local vent shall
be provided in accordance with Section 14.9.
b. Clinical sinks shall not be used as a substitute for non-flushing service sinks, nor shall a non-flushing
service sink be utilized to clean bedpans.
c. Vacuum breakers for bedpan washers shall be installed in accordance with Section 14.7.b.
See Figure 14.8

NOTES:
1. The divertor type of bedpan washer is typically installed in a patient toilet room. When the divertor is
fully raised, the flush valve supplies the water closet bowl in the normal manner. When the divertor is
lowered, the flush valve supplies the divertor to rinse the bedpan. After the bedpan has been rinsed
into the water closet, the divertor can be raised and the water closet flushed. The elevation of the flush
valve vacuum breaker above the overflow rim level of the water closet should be as recommended by
the manufacturer.
2. The wall control type of bedpan washer is typically installed in a patient toilet room. The bedpan is
rinsed into the water closet bowl using the hand spray from the wall control unit. The water closet is
then flushed using the flush valve. Section 14.7.b requires that the vacuum breaker in the wall control
unit be at least 5 feet above the floor to prevent a cross connection.
3. The foot control type of bedpan washer is typically installed in a soiled utility room with a clinical sink.
The bedpan is rinsed into the water closet bowl using the hand spray and foot control valve. The clinical
sink is then flushed using the flush valve. Section 14.7.b requires that the vacuum breaker for the hose
spray be at least 5 feet above the floor to prevent a cross connection. The sink faucet allows the clinical
sink to be used as a service sink for housekeeping purposes.
Figure 14.8
TYPES OF BEDPAN WASHERS

14.9 LOCAL VENTS AND STACKS FOR CLINICAL SINKS
OR BEDPAN WASHERS
14.9.1 General
Where clinical sinks or bedpan washers have provisions for a local vent, a local vent shall be extended to the
outdoors above the roof. Local vents shall terminate in accordance with Section 12.4. Local vents from clini-
cal sinks or bedpan washers shall not be connected to vapor vents for sterilizers or to any drainage system
vent.
14.9.2 Material
Local vent piping shall be of a material acceptable for sanitary vents in accordance with Section 3.6.
14.9.3 Required Size and Arrangement

A local vent serving a single clinical sink or bedpan washer shall be not less than 2" pipe size. Where such
fixtures are installed back-to-back or are located above each other on more than one floor, a local vent stack
may be provided to serve multiple fixtures. A 2" local vent stack may serve up to three fixtures. A 3" local
vent stack may serve up to six fixtures. A 4" local vent stack may serve up to twelve fixtures. In multiple in-
stallations, the connections to the local vent stack shall be made using sanitary tee or tee-wye fittings oriented
for upward flow from the branch. A branch connection to a local vent stack shall extend not more than 5 feet
horizontally and shall be sloped not less than 1/4 inch per foot back towards the fixture served.
14.9.4 Provisions for Drainage

Provisions shall be made for the drainage of vapor condensation within local vent piping. A local vent serv-
ing a single fixture may drain back to the fixture served. The base of a local vent stack serving one or more
fixtures shall be directly connected to a trapped and vented waste branch of the sanitary drainage system. The
trap and waste branch shall be the same size as the local vent stack. The trap seal depth shall be not less than
3 inches. The vent for the waste branch shall be 1-1/4" minimum size, but not less than one-half the size of
the waste branch.
14.9.5 Trap Priming

The waste trap required under Section 14.9.4 shall be primed by at least one clinical sink or bedpan washer
on each floor served by the local vent stack. A priming line not less than 1/4" OD size shall be extended from
the discharge or fixture-side of the vacuum breaker protecting the fixture water supply to the local vent stack.
A trap having not less than a 3-inch water seal shall be provided in the priming line. The line shall prime the
trap at the base of the local vent stack each time that a fixture is flushed.
14.10 STERILIZERS
14.10.1 General
The requirements of this Section apply to sterilizers and bedpan steamers. Such equipment shall be installed
in accordance with this Code and the manufacturer’s instructions.
14.10.2 Indirect Waste Connections

All waste drainage from sterilizers and bedpan steamers shall be indirectly connected to the sanitary drainage
system through an air gap, in accordance with Chapter 9. Indirect waste pipes shall be not less than the size
of the drain connection on the fixture. Separate waste pipes shall be provided for each fixture, except that up
to three sterilizers may have a common indirect waste pipe if its developed length does not exceed 8 feet. The
size of such common indirect waste pipes shall be not less than the aggregate cross-sectional area of the indi-
vidual sterilizer drain connections. Except for bedpan steamers, indirect waste pipes shall not require traps.

14.10.3 Floor Drains
a. A trapped and vented floor drain, not less than 3" pipe size, shall be provided in each recess room or
space where recessed or concealed portions of sterilizers are located. The floor drain shall drain the entire
floor area and shall receive the indirect waste from at least one sterilizer. Where an air gap fitting is provided,
the waste pipe from the fitting may connect to the body of the floor drain above its trap seal.
b. Where required by the sterilizer manufacturer, a floor drain shall be located directly beneath the sterilizer
within the area of its base.
14.10.4 Cooling Required

Waste drainage from condensers or steam traps shall be cooled below 140°F before being discharged indi-
rectly to the sanitary drainage system.
14.10.5 Traps Required for Bedpan Steamers

A trap having a minimum seal of 3 inches shall be provided in the indirect waste pipe for a bedpan steamer,
located between the fixture and the air gap at the indirect waste receptor.
14.11 VAPOR VENTS AND STACKS FOR STERILIZERS

14.11.1 General
Where sterilizers have provisions for a vapor vent and such a vent is required by their manufacturer, a vapor
vent shall be extended to the outdoors above the roof. Sterilizer vapor vents shall terminate in accordance
with Section 12.4 and shall not be connected to local vents for clinical sinks or bedpan washers or to any
drainage system vent.
14.11.2 Material
Sterilizer vapor vent piping shall be of a material acceptable for sanitary vents in accordance with Section
3.6.
14.11.3 Required Size and Arrangement

a. Sterilizer vapor vents and stacks for individual sterilizers shall be not less than the size of the sterilizer
vent connection, except that stacks shall be not less than 1-1/2" pipe size. Where vapor vent stacks serve
more than one sterilizer, the cross-sectional area of the stack shall be not less than the aggregate cross-sec-
tional areas of the vapor vents for all of the sterilizers served.
b. In single and multiple installations, the connections to the vapor vent stack shall be made using sanitary
tee or tee-wye fittings oriented for upward flow from the branch. A branch connection to a sterilizer vapor
vent stack shall extend not more than 5 feet horizontally and shall be sloped not less than 1/4 inch per foot
away from the sterilizer and toward the vent stack.
14.11.4 Provisions for Drainage

Provisions shall be made for the drainage of vapor condensation within sterilizer vapor vent piping. The base
of stacks shall drain indirectly through an air gap to a trapped and vented waste receptor connected to the
sanitary drainage system.

14.12 DRAINAGE FROM CENTRAL VACUUM SYSTEMS
14.12.1 General
Provisions for drainage from medical, surgical, dental, and similar central vacuum systems shall be as
required by either NFPA 99 - Health Care Facilities or NFPA 99C - Gas and Vacuum Systems. In addition,
drainage from dental and other vacuum systems that collect fluid waste centrally shall comply with Sections
14.12.2 through 14.12.4.
14.12.2 Positive Pressure Drainage from Air/Waste Separators in Dental Vacuum Systems
a. The waste outlet from an air/waste separator on the discharge side of a vacuum pump or blower shall be
direct-connected to the sanitary drainage system through a deep-seal trap that is conventionally vented within
the plumbing system. The trap vent shall extend vertically to not less than 6 inches above the top of the separator
before making any horizontal turns. The vacuum exhaust air flow from the separator shall be separately vented
to outodoors as required under NFPA 99 and NFPA 99C.
b. The trap and drain branch size shall be at least two pipe sizes larger than the waste pipe from the separator,
but not less than 1-1/2" pipe size. The vent shall be the full size of the trap and drain. The trap seal shall be at
least two times the exhaust backpressure in the separator, but not less than 4 inches deep.
14.12.3 Gravity Drainage from Waste Holding Tanks in Dental Vacuum Systems
a. The drainage from waste holding tanks shall extend from the vacuum check valve on the waste outlet
of the tank and be direct-connected to the sanitary drainage system through a deep-seal trap that is conven-
tionally vented within the plumbing system. In addition, a vent shall be installed between the vacuum check
valve and the drain trap, on the inlet side of the trap, to seal the check valve when the holding tank is operat-
ing under vacuum and collecting waste. This vent shall be connected to the plumbing system vents. Both
vents shall extend vertically to not less than 6 inches above the top of the holding tank before making any
horizontal turns.
b. The trap and drain size shall be at least two pipe sizes larger than the waste outlet and vacuum check valve,
but not less than 2" pipe size. The trap shall be not less than 4 inches deep. The vent for the vacuum check
valve shall be not less than the size of the check valve. The trap vent shall be not less than one-half the size of
the trap and drain branch.
14.12.4 Protection from Sewage Backup in Dental Vacuum Systems

A floor drain or other trapped and vented receptor shall be provided near the connection of the drain from a
dental vacuum air/waste separator or waste holding tank to the sanitary drainage system that will overflow in
the event of a backup in the sanitary drainage system and prevent the backup from reaching the level of the
trap for the air /waste separator or the drain check valve for the waste holding tank. The trap of the floor drain
or receptor shall be primed if it does not receive an indirect waste discharge.
14.13 ASPIRATORS
Provisions for aspirators or other water-supplied suction devices shall be installed only with the specific approval
of the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Where aspirators are used for removing body fluids, they shall include a
collection bottle or similar fluid trap. Aspirators shall indirectly discharge to the sanitary drainage system through
an air gap, in accordance with Chapter 9. The potable water supply to an aspirator shall be protected by a vacuum
breaker or equivalent, in accordance with Sections 14.7 and 10.5.3.

Chapter 15
Tests and Maintenance

15.1 EXPOSURE OF WORK
New, altered, extended or replaced plumbing shall be left uncovered and unconcealed until it has been tested and
approved. Where such work has been covered or concealed before it is tested and approved, it shall be exposed for
testing.
15.2 EQUIPMENT, MATERIAL AND LABOR FOR TESTS

Equipment, material and labor required for testing a plumbing system or part thereof shall be furnished by the
installing contractor.
15.3 TESTING OF PLUMBING SYSTEMS

15.3.1 General
New plumbing systems and parts of existing systems that have been altered, extended or repaired shall be
tested as prescribed hereinafter to disclose leaks and defects only when required by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
15.3.2 Exceptions
a. When required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, where an existing concealed sewer or drain is reused
as part of a new or renovated drainage system, the line shall be traced to its point of termination and shall be
tested to determine that:
1. It is connected to the proper drainage system, such as sanitary or storm,
2. It will withstand a leak test, and,
3. It is free-flowing and not restricted.
15.4 METHODS OF TESTING THE DRAINAGE AND VENT SYSTEMS

15.4.1 Rough Plumbing
a. Except for perforated or open jointed drain tile, the piping of plumbing drain and vent systems shall be
tested upon completion of the rough piping installation by water or, for piping systems other than plastic, by
air and proved watertight. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require the removal of any cleanout plugs
to ascertain if the pressure has reached all parts of the system. One of the following test methods shall be
used:
1. The water test shall be applied to the drainage system either in its entirety or in sections after rough
piping has been installed. If applied to the entire system, all openings in the piping shall be tightly closed,
except the highest opening, and the system filled with water to point of overflow. If the system is tested in
sections, each opening shall be tightly plugged except the highest opening of the section under test, and

each section shall be filled with water, but no section shall be tested with less than a 10-foot head of water.
In testing successive sections, at least the upper 10 feet of the next preceding section shall be tested, so that
no joint or pipe in the building (except the uppermost 10 feet of the system) shall have been submitted to a
test of less than 10-foot head of water. The water shall be kept in the system or in the portion under test for
at least 15 minutes before inspection starts; the system shall then be tight at all points.
2. The air test shall be made by attaching an air compressor testing apparatus to any suitable opening and
after closing all other inlets and outlets to the system, forcing air into the system until there is a uniform
gauge pressure of 5 pounds per square inch or sufficient to balance a column of mercury 10 inches in
height. This pressure shall be held without introduction of additional air for a period of at least 15 minutes.
15.4.2 Finished Plumbing

a. When the rough plumbing has been tested in accordance with section 15.4.1, a final test of the finished
plumbing system may be required to insure that the final fixture connections to the drainage system are gas-
tight.
b. After the plumbing fixtures have been set and their traps filled with water, their connections shall be
tested and proved gas and watertight. A final smoke or peppermint test shall be required, except in the case
of a previous on site-inspected water or air tested system. If a smoke or peppermint test is required, the fol-
lowing test methods shall be employed:
1. A smoke test shall be made by filling all traps with water and then reintroducing into the entire sys-
tem a pungent, thick smoke produced by one or more smoke machines. When the smoke appears at stack
openings on the roof, they shall be closed and a pressure equivalent to a one-inch water column shall be
developed and maintained for the period of the inspection.
2. Where the Authority Having Jurisdiction, due to practical difficulties or hardships, finds that a smoke
test cannot be performed, a peppermint test shall be substituted in lieu thereof. Such peppermint test shall
be conducted by the introduction of two ounces of oil of peppermint into the roof terminal of every line
or stack to be tested. The oil of peppermint shall be followed at once by ten quarts of hot (140OF) wa-
ter whereupon all roof vent terminals shall be sealed. A positive test, which reveals leakage, shall be the
detection of the odor of peppermint at any trap or other point on the system. Oil of peppermint or persons
whose person or clothes have come in contact with oil of peppermint shall be excluded from the test area.
Comment: The smoke or peppermint tests on the finished plumbing can be waived by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction when they are considered to be unnecessary. However, the finished plumbing tests
should be performed if the installation appears to be improper or there is the odor of sewer gas.
15.5 METHOD OF TESTING BUILDING SEWERS

The building sewer shall be tested by insertion of a test plug at the point of connection with the public sewer, pri-
vate sewer, individual sewage disposal system, or other point of disposal. It shall then be filled with water under
a head of not less than 10 feet. The water level at the top of the test head of water shall not drop for at least 15
minutes. Where the final connection of the building sewer cannot reasonably be subjected to a hydrostatic test, it
shall be visually inspected.
15.6 METHODS OF TESTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

a. Upon completion of a section or the entire water supply system, it shall be tested and proved tight under
a water pressure not less than the working pressure under which it is to be used or 80 pounds per square inch,
whichever is greater.

b. For metallic pipe and where the Authority Having Jurisdiction determines that providing potable water for the
test represents a hardship or practical difficulty, the system may be tested with air to the pressures noted above, as
allowed by the pipe manufacturer.
c. For plastic pipe, testing by compressed gas or air pressure shall be prohibited.
d. Piping shall be disinfected after testing per Section 10.9.
15.7 DEFECTIVE PLUMBING

Where there is reason to believe that the plumbing system of any building has become defective, it shall be sub-
jected to test or inspection and any defects found shall be corrected.
15.8 MAINTENANCE
15.8.1 General
The plumbing and drainage systems shall be maintained at all times in compliance with the provisions of this
Code.
15.8.2 Exception
Existing plumbing installed under prior regulations or lack thereof, may remain unchanged unless immediate
hazards to health, life, or property are evident.

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Chapter 16
Regulations Governing Individual Sewage Disposal

Systems for Homes and Other Establishments Where
Public Sewage Systems Are Not Available
16.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
16.1.1 General
In the absence of State or other local laws governing the installation, use and maintenance of private sewage
disposal systems, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply.
16.1.2 Sewage Disposal

“Sewage disposal” under this section shall mean all private methods of collecting and disposing of domestic
sewage, including septic tanks.
16.1.3 Domestic Sewage

Domestic sewage shall be disposed of by an approved method of collection, treatment and effluent discharge.
Domestic sewage or sewage effluent shall not be disposed of in any manner that will cause pollution of the
ground surface, ground water, bathing areas, lakes, ponds, watercourses, tidewater, or create a nuisance. It
shall not be discharged into any abandoned or unused well, or into any crevice, sink hole, or other opening
either natural or artificial in a rock formation.
Comment: Federal and local environmental agencies have criteria for the allowable contaminant levels
that can be discharged into a water course or other point of discharge. Improper disposal of sewage can
result in; (1) contamination of public or private water supplies, (2) spread of disease by insects or ver-
min, (3) creation of objectionable odors, (4) pollution of public water resources, or (5) other conditions
that are detrimental to public health and safety.
16.1.4 Non-Water-Carried Sewage

When water under pressure is not available, all human body wastes shall be disposed of by depositing them
in approved privies, chemical toilets, or such other installations acceptable to the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion.
16.1.5 Water-Carried Sewage

Water-carried sewage from bathrooms, kitchens, laundry fixtures and other household plumbing shall pass
through a septic or other approved sedimentation tank prior to its discharge into the soil or into a sand filter.
Where underground disposal or sand filtration is not feasible, consideration shall be given to special methods
of collection and disposal.

16.1.6 Responsibility
The installing contractor is responsible for compliance with these regulations.
16.1.7 Abandoned Disposal Systems

Abandoned disposal systems shall be disconnected from the buildings, pumped out and filled with earth.
Comment: This requirement applies to all abandoned dry wells, septic tanks, cesspools, distribution
boxes, seepage pits, and other structures that have handled sewage or sewage by-products.
16.1.8 Absorption Capacity

No property shall be improved in excess of its capacity to properly absorb sewage effluent in the quantities
and by means provided for in this Code. (See Section 2.19.2.) See Sections 16.5 and 16.6
Comment: The development of properties must be limited by the ability of the soil to absorb the effluent
of the required sewage disposal system. Bacterial action within the soil provides secondary treatment of
the effluent from septic tanks.
16.2 RESERVED
16.3 DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE SYSTEM

16.3.1 Design
The design of the individual sewage disposal system must take into consideration location with respect to
wells or other sources of water supply, topography, water table, soil characteristics, area available, and maxi-
mum occupancy of the building. See Sections 16.4 through 16.12
Comment #1: The primary factors in the design of private sewage disposal systems are; (1) the location
of the disposal system, (2) the absorption capacity of the soil, (3) the size of the drainage field, (4) the
size of the septic tank, (5) the elevation of the ground water table, (6) the location of water supplies for
the property and neighboring properties, (7) the use and population of the building(s) served, (8) the
topography of the property.
Comment #2: Problems with topography (elevation differences) can be overcome by sewage pumps,
which can pump to elements of the disposal system that are at higher elevations than others.
16.3.2 Type of System

The type of system to be installed shall be determined on the basis of location, soil permeability, and ground-
water elevation. See Sections 16.4 and 16.5
16.3.3 Sanitary Sewage

The system shall be designed to receive all sanitary sewage, including laundry waste, from the building.
Drainage from footings or roofs shall not enter the system.
Comment: Storm water and foundation drains must not be connected to a private sewage disposal sys-
tem.

16.3.4 Discharge
The system shall consist of a septic tank discharging into either a subsurface disposal field or one or more
seepage pits or into a combination of both, if found adequate as such and approved by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction. See Figure 1.2.45 and the definitions of "Septic Tank" and "Leaching Well or Pit.
16.3.5 Backflow
Plumbing fixtures connected to a private sewage disposal system that are subject to backflow, shall be pro-
tected by a backwater valve or a sewage ejector.
Comment: Where plumbing fixtures connected to a private sewage disposal system are subject to back-
flow from a blockage in the disposal system, they must be protected by a backwater valve. Sewage pumps
and ejectors having check valves provide this protection for the fixtures that they serve.
16.3.6 Reserved
16.3.7 Design Criteria

Design criteria for sewage flows shall be selected according to type of establishment. (See Table 16.3.7.)

Table 16.3.7
SEWAGE FLOWS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF ESTABLISHMENT
Schools (toilets and lavatories only) 15 Gal. per day per person
Schools (with above plus cafeteria) 25 Gal. per day per person
Schools (with above plus cafeteria and showers) 35 Gal. per day per person
Day workers at schools and offices 15 Gal. per day per person
Day camps 25 Gal. per day per person
Trailer parks or tourist camps (with built-in bath) 50 Gal. per day per person
Trailer parks or tourist camps (with central bathhouse) 35 Gal. per day per person
Work or construction camps 50 Gal. per day per person
Public picnic parks (toilet wastes only) 5 Gal. per day per person
Public picnic parks (bathhouse, showers and flush toilets) 10 Gal. per day per person
Swimming pools and beaches 10 Gal. per day per person
Country clubs 25 Gal. per day per person
Luxury residences and estates 150 Gal. per day per person
Rooming houses 40 Gal. per day per person
Boarding schools 50 gal. per day per person
Hotels (with connecting baths) 50 Gal. per day per person
Hotels (with private baths–2 persons per room 100 Gal. per day per person
Boarding schools 100 Gal. per day per person
Factories (gallons per person per shift–exclusive of industrial waste) 25 Gal. per day per person
Nursing homes 75 Gal. per day per person
General hospitals 150 Gal. per day per person
Public Institutions (other than hospitals) 100 Gal. per day per person
Restaurants (toilet and kitchen wastes per unit of serving capacity) 25 Gal. per day per person
Kitchen wastes from hotels, camps, boarding houses, etc. serving three meals per day 10 Gal. per day per person
Motels 50 Gal. per day per bed space
Motels with bath, toilet, and kitchen wastes 60 Gal. per day per bed space
Drive-in theatres 5 Gal. per day per car space
Stores 400 Gal. per day per toilet room
Service stations 10 Gal. per day per vehicle served
Airport Terminals 3-5 Gal. per day per passenger
Assembly halls 2 Gal. per day per seat
Bowling alleys 75 Gal. per day per lane
Churches (small) 3-5 Gal. per day per sanctuary seat
Churches (large with kitchen) 5-7 Gal. per day per sanctuary seat
Dance halls 2 Gal. per day per person
Laundries (coin operated) 400 Gal. per day per machine
Service stations 1000 Gal. (First Bay) per day
500 Gal. (Each add'l Bay)
Sub-divisions or individual homes 75 Gal. per day per person
Marinas–Flush toilets 36 Gal. per fixture per hr
Urinals 10 Gal. per fixture per hr
Wash basins 15 Gal. per fixture per hr
Showers 150 Gal. per fixture per hr

16.4 LOCATION OF INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
16.4.1 Reserved
16.4.2 Reserved
16.4.3 Minimum Distances

The minimum distances that shall be observed in locating the various components of the disposal system
shall be as given in Table 16.4.3.
Table 16.4.3
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN COMPONENTS
OF AN INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM (in feet)1
Single
Shallow Deep Distribution Disposal Seepage Property
Suction Septic Tank Dry well Building
Well Well Box Field Pit Line
Line
Bldg. Sewer
other than 50 50 50 - - - - - - -
cast-iron
Bldg. Sewer
10 10 10 - - - - - - -
cast-iron
Septic Tank 100 50 50 - 5 10 10 10 10 10
Distribution
100 50 50 5 - - 5 5 10 20
Box
Disposal
100 50 50 10 5 - - - 10 20
Field
Seepage Pit 100 50 50 10 5 - - - 10 20
Dry well 100 50 50 10 5 - - - 10 20
Shallow Well - - - 100 100 100 100 100 - -
Deep Well - - - 50 50 50 50 50 - -
Suction Line - - - 50 50 50 50 50 - -
1
Minimum distances may be reduced if approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
16.4.4 General
All sewage disposal systems shall conform with the following general principles regarding the site:
16.4.4.1 Location
Sewage disposal systems shall be located at the lowest point on the premises consistent with the
general layout topography and surroundings, including abutting lots. Locations at a higher elevation
through employment of a forced system may be used with the specific approval of the Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction.
16.4.4.2 Watersheds
Sewage disposal facilities shall not be located on any watershed for a public water supply system.

16.4.4.3 Septic Tanks and Underground Disposal
Septic tanks and underground disposal means shall not be within 200 feet measured horizontally from
the high water level in a reservoir or the banks of tributary streams when situated less than 3,000 feet
upstream from an intake structure.
16.4.4.4 Beyond 3,000 feet

Sewage disposal facilities situated beyond 3,000 feet upstream from intake structures shall be located
no less than 100 feet measured horizontally from the high water level in the reservoir or the banks of
tributary streams.
16.4.4.5 Percolation Test

Prior to approval, the soil must prove satisfactory by the standard percolation test when underground
disposal is used.
See Section 16.5
16.5 PERCOLATION TEST

Percolation tests to determine the absorption capacity of soil for septic tank effluent shall be conducted in the fol-
lowing manner:
16.5.1 Subsurface Irrigation

When subsurface irrigation is contemplated, a test pit shall be prepared 2 feet square and not less than 1 foot
deep. At the time of conducting the percolation test, a hole 1 foot square and 1 foot deep shall be prepared in
the test pit.
16.5.2 Water Depth

The hole shall be filled with water to a depth of 7 inches. For pre-wetting purposes, the water level shall be
allowed to drop 6 inches before time of recording is started.
16.5.3 Time Expired

The time required for the water level to drop 1 inch from 6 inches to 5 inches in depth shall be noted and the
length of tile in the subsurface irrigation system shall be obtained from Section 16.5.4. In no case, however,
shall less than 100 feet of tile be installed when 1 foot trenches are used.
16.5.4 Trench Length in Disposal Fields

The trench length, in feet for each 100 gallons of sewage per day, shall comply with Table 16.5.4, based on
the time expired during the percolation test in Section 16.5.3
Comment: Determine the total daily sewage flow for the system from Table 16.3.7. Divide this number
by 100 and determine the required length of trenches in the disposal field from Table 16.5.4. Tile lengths
are limited to 100 feet by Section 16.9.4.

Table 16.5.4
REQUIRED LENGTH OF TRENCHS IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL FIELDS
IN FEET FOR EACH 100 GALLONS OF SEWAGE PER DAY
Time in Minutes For 1- foot For 2- foot For 3- foot
for 1-inch Drop Trench Width Trench Width Trench Width
1 25 feet/100 gpd 13 feet/100 gpd 9 feet/100 gpd
16.5.5 Seepage Pits

When seepage pits are contemplated, test pits approximately 5 feet in diameter to permit a man entering the
pit by means of a ladder and to such depth as to reach a porous soil shall be prepared. In the bottom of this
pit, a 1 foot square by 1 foot deep hole shall be made at the time of testing and the percolation test conducted
as indicated under Sections 16.5.1, 16.5.2, and 16.5.3. See the definition of "Leaching Well or Pit" and
Figure 1.2.41.
Comment: Observe safety requirements regarding sheeting, shoring, and bracing for deep excavations.
16.5.6 Seepage Pit Absorption Area

The absorption area of a seepage pit required shall be obtained from Table 16.5.6. In no case, however, shall
the absorption area in the porous soil be less than 125 square feet. The bottom of the pit shall not be consid-
ered part of the absorption area.
Comment: The absorption area of a seepage or leaching pit is the square foot area of the sidewalls. The
sidewall area = 3.1416 x diameter x depth (both in feet).
Table 16.5.6
REQUIRED ABSORPTION AREA IN SEEPAGE PITS FOR EACH
100 GALLONS OF SEWAGE PER DAY
Time in Minutes for 1-inch Drop Effective Absorption Area in Square Feet
1 32 sq ft/100 gpd
2 40 sq ft/100 gpd
3 45 sq ft/100 gpd
5 56 sq ft/100 gpd
10 75 sq ft/100 gpd
15 96 sq ft/100 gpd
20 108 sq ft/100 gpd
25 139 sq ft/100 gpd
30 167 sq ft/100 gpd

16.5.7 Thickness of Porous Soil
The thickness of the porous soil below the point of percolation test must be determined by means of digging
a pit or using a soil auger. The effective absorption area shall be calculated only within this porous soil.
16.6 CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANKS

16.6.1 Liquid Capacity
The liquid capacity of all septic tanks shall conform to Tables 16.3.7 and 16.6.1 as determined by the number
of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies and the occupant load or the number of plumbing
fixture units as determined from Table 11.4.1, (whichever is greater) in other building occupancies.
Comment: The septic tank sizes in Table 16.6.1 have allowances for sludge storage space and the use of
domestic food waste disposal units.
Table 16.6.1
CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANKS
Single family dwelling- Multiple dwellings units or Other uses, maximum Minimum septic tank
number of bedrooms apartments-one bedroom each fixture units served capacity in gallons
1-3 20 1000
4 2 units 25 1200
5 or 6 3 33 1500
7 or 8 4 45 2000
5 55 2250
6 60 2500
7 70 2750
8 80 3000
9 90 3250
10 100 3500
Extra bedroom: 150 gallons each.
Extra dwelling units over 10: 250 gallons each.
Extra fixture units over 100: 25 gallons per fixture unit.
16.6.2 Reserved
16.6.3 Multiple Compartment

In a tank of more than one compartment, the inlet compartment shall have a capacity of not less than two-
thirds of the total tank capacity.
Comment: Septic tanks with two compartments operate more efficiently than single-compartment tanks
at removing solids in the effluent. The liquid that enters the second compartment is already substantially
clarified. There is less turbulence in the second chamber, which permits finer suspended solids to settle
out.
16.6.4 Septic Tank Materials

See Sections 3.3.11, 16.6.5 and 16.6.6.
Comment: Modern septic tanks are typically constructed of concrete (pre-cast), polyethylene, or fiber-
glass. Steel septic tanks are prohibited by many jurisdictions because of leakage due to corrosion.

16.6.5 Steel Tanks
Comment: Steel septic tanks are no longer approved by most jurisdictions because of leakage due to cor-
rosion. The average life expectancy of a steel septic tank is only 7 years.
16.6.5.1 Welding
All steel tanks shall be continuous welded. (No spot welding is permitted.)
16.6.5.2 Wall Thickness

The minimum wall thickness of any steel septic tank shall be No. 12 U.S. gauge (0.109").
16.6.5.3 Coatings
Metal tanks shall be coated inside and out with an approved coating.
16.6.5.4 Baffles
The inlet and outlet baffles shall be at least 12 inches in diameter at the point opposite the opening in
the tank.
16.6.5.5 Pumpout Opening

The pumpout opening in the top shall be large enough to permit a 6-inch cast-iron pumpout pipe to be
inserted with a shoulder to support this pipe.
16.6.5.6 Tank Opening

The tank opening shall not be smaller than 6 inches with a 3-inch collar.
16.6.5.7 Outside Diameter of Collar

The outside diameter of this collar shall be 8 inches.
16.6.5.8 Pumpout Pipe

The pumpout pipe shall terminate at the surface and a 6-inch iron body brass cleanout shall be caulked
into the hub of this pipe with oakum and molten lead; the cleanout nut shall be solid brass no smaller
than one inch.
16.6.5.9 Manhole
There shall be a 24 x 24-inch manhole held in position by four 3/8" bolts securely welded in place.
16.6.5.10 Partition
There shall be a supporting partition welded in the center of these tanks as per drawings.
16.6.5.11 Partition Openings

This partition shall have 2-inch openings at intervals at the top for air circulation.
16.6.5.12 Capacity, Gauge Metal and Weight

The capacity, gauge metal, and weight must be stamped on a brass plate and welded to the top of metal
septic tanks.

16.6.6 Concrete Tanks
16.6.6.1 Baffles
Concrete tanks shall have the same size baffles and pumpout openings as for steel tanks.
16.6.6.2 Tops
The tops shall have a 24-inch manhole with handle to remove same, or be cast in three or four sections
cemented in place.
16.6.6.3 Wall Thickness

The minimum thickness of the walls shall be 2-3/4 inches.
16.6.6.4 Tops and Bottoms

The tops and bottoms shall be 4 inches thick unless placed under a driveway, then they shall be a mini-
mum of 6 inches.
16.6.6.5 Walls and Bottoms

All tank walls and bottoms shall be reinforced with approved reinforcing.
16.6.6.6 Top Reinforcing

The tops shall have 3/8 inch steel reinforcing on 6-inch centers.
16.6.6.7 Watertight
The tank shall be watertight.
16.6.7 Depth of Septic Tank

The top of the septic tank shall be brought to within 36 inches of the finished grade. Where a greater depth is
permitted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, the access manhole must be extended to the finished grade
and the manhole shall have a concrete marker at grade.
Comment: The typical depth of cover on the top of a septic tank is 12" - 18". Where the depth of cover
exceeds 36", the structural design of the tank must be adequate for the imposed earth loads.
16.6.8 Limitation
No septic tank shall serve more than one property unless authorized by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
16.6.9 Effluent
The effluent from all septic tanks shall be disposed of underground by subsurface irrigation or seepage pits or
both.
16.7 DISTRIBUTION BOX

16.7.1 When Required
A distribution box shall be required when more than one line of subsurface irrigation or more than one seep-
age pit is used.
Comment: The minimum distances from distribution boxes to the septic tank, disposal field, seepage pit,
dry well, potable water wells, or suction lines from potable water wells must be in accordance with Table
16.4.3.

16.7.2 Connection
Each lateral line shall be connected separately to the distribution box and shall not be subdivided.
16.7.3 Invert Level

The invert of all distribution box outlets shall be at the same level and approximately 2 inches above the bot-
tom of the box. The inlet invert shall be at least 1 inch above the invert of the outlets. The size of the distribu-
tion box shall be sufficient to accommodate the number of lateral lines.
16.7.4 Watertight
The distribution box shall be of watertight construction arranged to receive the septic tank effluent and have
an outlet or connecting line serving each trench or seepage pit.
16.7.5 Baffle
A baffle at least 6 inches high and 12 inches long shall rest on the bottom of the box and be placed at right
angles to the direction of the incoming tank effluent and 12 inches in front of it.
16.7.6 Reserved
16.7.7 Inspection
The sides of the box shall extend to within a short distance of the ground surface to permit inspection, and
shall have a concrete marker at grade.
16.8 SEEPAGE PITS

16.8.1 Use
Seepage pits may be used either to supplement the subsurface disposal field or in lieu of such field where
conditions favor the operation of seepage pits, as may be found necessary and approved by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction. See Figure 1.2.41 and the definition of "Leaching Well or Pit"
16.8.2 Water Table

Seepage pits shall not penetrate the water table.
16.8.3 Septic Tank Effluent Disposal

Where seepage pits are used for septic tank effluent disposal, the number, diameter and depth of the pits shall
be determined after percolation tests have been made to ascertain the porosity of the soil. See Section 16.5.5
16.8.4 Excavation
The excavation for a seepage pit shall be greater in diameter than the outside diameter of the vertical side-
walls to allow for the footing.
16.8.5 Annular Space

The annular space between the outside of the vertical walls and the excavation shall be backfilled with bro-
ken stone, coarse gravel, or other suitable material.
16.8.6 Construction
Seepage pits shall be constructed with the bottom being open with an outer ring, or footing, to support the
sidewalls.

16.8.7 Sidewalls
The sidewalls shall be made of pre-cast concrete, stone, concrete or cinder blocks, or brick laid in cement
mortar for strength, with openings at sufficient intervals to permit the septic tank effluent to pass out through
the wall to the surrounding porous soil.
16.8.8 Cover Strength

All septic tank tops and seepage pit covers shall be of sufficient strength to carry the load imposed. Seepage
pit covers shall be at least as required in Sections 16.8.9, 16.8.10, and 16.8.11.
16.8.9 Pre-Cast Top

Seepage pit tops shall be pre-cast, reinforced concrete (2,500 pounds per square inch minimum compres-
sive strength) not less than 5 inches thick and designed to support an earth load of not less than 400 pounds
per square foot. Each such cover shall extend not less than 3 inches beyond the sidewalls of the pit, shall be
provided with a 6-inch minimum inspection hole with pipe extended to the surface, and a 6-inch cast-iron
standpipe with cleanout at grade.
16.8.10 Depth Below Grade

The top shall be at least 36 inches below finished grade, except where less is permitted by the Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction.
16.8.11 Field Fabricated Slabs

Where field fabricated slabs are used, Table 16.8.11 indicates the requirements.
Table 16.8.11
DESIGN OF SEEPAGE PIT COVERS
Reinforcing Steel Required in
Pit Diameter Pit Wall Thickness Cover Thickness Cover Weight
Two Perpendicular Directions
5ft. 4” 5” 1230 lb #5 @ 10-1/2” c/c
6ft. 8” 5” 1770 lb #5 @ 9” c/c
8ft. 8” 6” 3780 lb #5 @ 7-1/2” c/c
10ft. 8” 8” 7850 lb #5 @ 6-1/2” c/c
16.9 ABSORPTION TRENCHES
16.9.1 General
Absorption trenches shall be designed and constructed on the basis of the required effective percolation area.
16.9.2 Filter Material

The filter material shall cover the tile and extend the full width of the trench and shall be not less than 6
inches deep beneath the bottom of the drain tile, and 2 inches above the top of the tile. The filter material
may be washed gravel, crushed stone, slag, or clean bank-run gravel ranging in size from 1/2 to 2-1/2 inches.
The filter material shall be covered with burlap, filter cloth, 2 inches of straw, or equivalent permeable mate-
rial prior to backfilling the excavation.
16.9.3 Absorption Field

The size and minimum spacing requirements for absorption fields shall conform to those given in Table
16.9.3.

Table 16.9.3
SIZE AND SPACING FOR DISPOSAL FIELDS
Width of trench at bottm Recommended depth of trench Spacing of trenches1 Effective absorption area
(in.) (in.) (feet) per lineal ft. of trench (sq. ft.)
18 18 to 30 6.0 1.5
24 18 to 30 6.0 2.0
30 18 to 36 7.5 2.5
36 24 to 36 9.0 3.0
1. A greater spacing is desirable where available area permits.
16.9.4 Lateral Length

Length of laterals shall not exceed 100 feet.
Comment; Where the required length of trenches from Section 16.5.4 would require lateral tiles longer
than 100 feet, two or more laterals must be provided.
16.9.5 Absorption Lines

Absorption lines shall be constructed of 4" pipe of open jointed or perforated vitrified clay pipe, open jointed
or horizontally split or perforated clay tile, perforated plastic pipe or open jointed cast iron soil pipe, all
conforming to approved standards. In the case of clay tile, open jointed clay pipe, or open jointed cast-iron
soil pipe, the sections shall be spaced not more than 1/2 inch apart, and the upper half of the joint shall be
protected by asphalt-treated paper while the piping is being covered.
16.9.6 Grade
The trench bottom shall be uniformly graded to slope from a minimum of 2 inches to a maximum of 4 inches
per 100 feet.
16.10 RESERVED
16.11 PIPING MATERIAL

See Chapter 3.
Comment: Refer to Section 3.5 and Table 3.5 for approved materials for drainage piping. Refer to Sec-
tion 16.9.5 and Table 3.8 for approved materials for sub-soil drainage and absorption lines.
16.12 SAND FILTERS

16.12.1 General Specifications for Design and Construction of a Sand Filter with Chlorination
16.12.1.1 General
A sand filter shall consist of a bed of clean, graded sand on which septic tank effluent is distributed by
means of a siphon and pipe, with the effluent percolating through the bed to a series of underdrains
through which it passes to the point of disposal.

16.12.1.2 Filter Size
The filter size shall be determined on the basis of 1.15 gallons per square foot per day if covered, and
2.3 gallons per square foot per day if an open filter is to be used.
16.12.1.3 Dosing Tank Size

The septic tank effluent shall enter a dosing siphon tank of a size to provide a 2-inch coverage of the
sand filter.
16.12.1.4 Siphon
The siphon shall be of a commercial type and shall discharge the effluent to the sand filter intermit-
tently. The siphon shall be omitted if a pump is used to lift the septic tank effluent to the sand filter.
16.12.1.5 Surge Tank

A surge tank shall be used to receive the pump discharge prior to dosing on the sand filter.
16.12.1.6 Underdrains
Four-inch diameter vitrified clay pipe in 2-foot lengths laid with 1/2 inch open joints or unglazed farm
tile in 1-foot lengths laid with open joints, with the top half of each joint covered with 4-inch wide
strips of tar paper, burlap, or copper screen, or perforated bituminized-fiber pipe or other approved
material shall be used for the underdrains.
16.12.1.7 Underdrain Bed

The underdrains shall be laid at the bottom of the sand filter, surrounded by washed gravel, crushed
stone, slag, or clean bank-run gravel ranging in size from 1/2 inch to 2-1/2 inches and free of fines,
dust, ashes or clay. The gravel shall extend from at least 2 inches below the bottom of the tile to a
minimum of 2 inches above the top of the tile.
16.12.1.8 Underdrain Slope and Spacing

The underdrains shall have a slope from 2 inches to 4 inches per 100 feet and shall be placed at 6-foot
to 8-foot intervals.
16.12.1.9 Underdrain Fill

Above the gravel or other material surrounding the underdrain shall be placed 2 feet of washed and
graded sand having an effective size of from 0.35-0.5 mm and a uniformity coefficient of not over 3.5.
(The effective size of a sand filter is that size of which 10% by weight is smaller and the uniformity
coefficient is the ratio of that size of which 60% by weight is smaller to the effective size.)
16.12.1.10 Distribution Pipes

The distribution pipes shall be laid at the surface of the sand filter, surrounded by gravel as specified
for the underdrains.
16.12.1.11 Gravel Cover

The gravel should be covered with untreated building paper and the entire area covered with a mini-
mum of 12 inches of earth if the filter is to be covered.

16.12.1.12 Open Filter
If the filter is an open one, the four sides shall be constructed of wood or concrete to prevent earth ero-
sion from entering the sand filter bed.
16.12.1.13 Chlorine Contact Tank

The chlorine contact tank for disinfection of sand filter effluent shall provide 20 minutes detention at
average flow, but in no case shall it be smaller than 50 gallons capacity. Chlorine control should be
provided by the use of hypochlorite or chlorine machines commercially available.

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Chapter 17
Potable Water Supply Systems

17.1 GENERAL REGULATION
17.1.1 Jurisdiction
The regulations in this chapter apply to any potable water supply system where plumbing fixtures are in-
stalled for human occupancy.
Comment: This chapter applies to private water supply systems serving one or more buildings
independent of any public water supply.
17.1.2 Pumps
Pumps shall be installed only in wells, springs and cisterns that comply with the rules and regulations as
determined by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
17.2 QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED

17.2.1 Single Dwelling Units
The minimum capacity of the system in gallons per minute shall equal the number of fixtures installed.
Comment: A capacity of 1 GPM per fixture in a single dwelling unit is a rough rule of thumb.
The peak demand should be verified using Tables 10.14.2A and 10.14.2B. See Section 17.2.4
where well yields do not satisfy the peak demand.
17.2.2 Other Than a Single Dwelling Unit

In other than a single dwelling unit, the water system shall be designed in accordance with Tables 10.14.2A,
and 10.14.2B and shall be capable of supplying the maximum demand to the system according to usage, but,
in no case, less than for a minimum period of 30 minutes.
Comment: See Section 10.14.3 for determining the peak demand on the potable water supply
system.
17.2.3 Available Water

Total water available during any 24-hour period shall not be less than the requirements of Table 16.3.7.
Comment: Table 16.3.7 indicates the daily design sewage flows from various establishments.
The available water supply must be able to satisfy this daily volume requirement, as well as the
peak GPM demand.

17.2.4 Secondary Sources of Water
a. When the available primary source of water does not meet the minimum requirement of Sections 17.2.1,
17.2.2, and 17.2.3, one of the following methods shall be used:
1. Pressure tank of sufficient size.
2. Gravity tank, see Section 10.8.
3. Two pump system.
(a) The capacity of the first pump shall not exceed the flow capacity of the well. It shall supply water
to a tank that stores the water at atmospheric pressure and has a level control to start and stop the pump.
(b) The second pump shall supply a hydro-pneumatic tank at the required pressure and volume to sup-
ply the water distribution system.
Comment: Where the primary potable water supply source cannot provide sufficient volume
to satisfy the 24-hour demand of the water distribution system, water storage facilities must be
provided.
17.3 PRESSURE
Pressure shall be as required in Section 10.14.3.b.
Comment: Private potable water supply systems must provide adequate pressure for fixtures to
deliver the flow rates for the various fixtures listed in Section 10.14.2.
17.4 PIPING MATERIALS

Piping from a well or other water source to a building water distribution system shall be in accordance with Sec-
tion 3.4.2.
Comment: See Sections 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 for general requirements. See Table 3.4 for approved
materials for water service piping.
17.5 STORAGE TANKS

Storage equipment shall be as follows:
17.5.1 Certified Tanks

All tanks shall be certified under Water Systems Council Standards for size and pressure.
17.5.2 Tank Material

All tanks shall be coated or made of material to resist corrosion.
17.5.3 Pressure Rating

Hydropneumatic tanks shall have a working pressure rating in excess of the maximum required system pres-
sure.
17.5.4 Non-Toxic Materials

All tanks shall be constructed of materials and/or coatings that are non-toxic.
17.5.5 Drain Required

All tanks shall be provided with a means for draining.

17.5.6 Covers
Atmospheric storage tanks shall be provided with a cover as required in Section 10.8.4.
17.6 PUMPS
17.6.1 Certified Pumps
Pumps shall be certified under Water Systems Council Rating and Rating Standards.
Comment #1: Well pumps for private water supplies include shallow well jet pumps, deep well
jet pumps, and submersible pumps.
Comment #2: Jet pumps circulate water through an ejector fitting that develops a vacuum and
draws water from the well. Shallow well jet pumps are used for wells less than 25 feet deep and
have the ejector fitting located outside of the well. Deep well jet pumps can be used for wells up
to 75 feet deep and have the ejector fitting located within the well casing. Some jet pumps are
convertible and can be used for either one-pipe shallow well or two-pipe deep well installations,
although their rated capacity is less for deep wells than for shallow wells.
Comment #3: Submersible well pumps are located at the bottom of the drop pipe within the
well casing. Submersible well pumps can lift water up to 500 feet or more.
17.6.2 Installation
Pumps shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
17.6.3 Equipment Installation

Pumping equipment shall be installed to prevent the entrance of contamination or objectionable material
either into the well or into the water that is being pumped.
17.6.4 Pump Location

Pumps shall be located to facilitate necessary maintenance and repair. Vertical well pumps shall include over-
head clearance for removal of drop pipes.
17.6.5 Pump Mounting

Pumps shall be suitably mounted to avoid objectionable vibration and noise, and to prevent damage to pump-
ing equipment.
17.6.6 Pump Accessories

Pump controls and/or accessories shall be protected from weather.
17.7 PUMP DOWN CONTROL

17.7.1 Tailpipe
Thirty (30) feet of tailpipe shall be installed below the jet on deep well installation.

17.7.2 Switches
A low pressure cut-off switch and/or water level cut-off switch shall be installed.
17.7.3 Suction Pipe

Provide a vertical suction pipe of 30-foot length on shallow well jet installation.
17.8 CONTROLS
a. The following controls are required on all pump installations:
1. Pressure switch
2. Thermal overload switch
3. Pressure relief valve on positive displacement pumps
4. Low water cut-off switch where the pump capacity exceeds the source of water.
17.9 WELL TERMINAL

17.9.1 Upper Well Terminal
Well casing, curbs and pitless adapters shall terminate not less than eight inches above the finished ground
surface or pump house floor and at least 24 inches above the maximum high water level where flooding oc-
curs. No casing shall be cut off or cut in below ground level except to install a pitless adapter.
17.9.2 Pitless Adapter

17.9.2.1 Design
Pitless adapters designed to replace a section of well casing or for attachment to the exterior of a well
casing shall be constructed of materials that provide strength and durability equal to the well casing.
17.9.2.2 Installation
Installation shall be by threaded, welded or compression-gasketed connection to cutoff casing or at-
tachment to the exterior wall of the casing and shall be watertight.
17.9.2.3 Adapter Units

Adapter units designed to replace a section of the well casing shall extend above the finished ground
surface as provided in Section 17.9.1. The top of the adapter unit shall be capped with a cover having
a downward flange that will overlap the edge of the unit. The cover shall be securely fastened to the
unit and shall fit sufficiently snug to the unit to be vermin proof. The cover shall provide for watertight
entrance of electrical cables and vent piping or air line if installed.
17.9.3 Hand Pumps

17.9.3.1 General
Hand pumps shall be of the force type equipped with a packing gland around the pump rod, a delivery
spout that is closed and downward directed, and a one-piece bell type base that is part of the pump
stand or is attached to the pump column in a watertight manner.
17.9.3.2 Installation
The bell base of the pump shall be bolted with a gasket to a flange that is securely attached to the cas-
ing or pipe sleeve.

17.9.4 Power Driven Pumps
17.9.4.1 General
The design and operating principles of each type of power driven pump determines where each may
be located with respect to a well. The location selected for the pump determines what factors must be
considered to make an acceptable installation.
17.9.4.2 Location Above Well

Any power driven pump located over a well shall be mounted on the well casing, pipe sleeve, pump
foundation or pump stand such that a watertight closure is or can be made for the open end of the cas-
ing or sleeve.
17.9.4.3 Pump Base

The pump base bolted with a neoprene or rubber gasket or equivalent watertight seal to a foundation or
plate provides an acceptable seal.
17.9.4.4 Large Pump Installation

On large pump installations, the bolting may be omitted when the weight of the pump and column is
sufficient to make a watertight contact with the gasket.
17.9.4.5 Pump Location Other Than Over Casing

If the pump unit is not located over the casing or pipe sleeve, and the pump delivery or suction pipes
emerge from the top of the well, a watertight expanding rubber seal or equivalent shall be installed
between the well casing and piping to provide a watertight closure.
17.9.4.6 Seal Top

The top of the seal shall not extend below the uppermost edge of the casing or pipe sleeve.
17.9.5 Location in Well For Submersible Pumps

17.9.5.1 General
This type of location is permissible for submersible pumps only.
17.9.5.2 Top Discharge Line

When the discharge line leaves the well at the top of the casing, the opening between the discharge
line and casing or pipe sleeve shall be sealed watertight with an expanding rubber seal or equivalent
device.
17.9.5.3 Underground Discharge

When an underground discharge is desired, a properly installed pitless adapter shall be used. A check-
valve shall be installed in the discharge line above the pump in the well.
17.9.5.4 Top Discharge Line Sloped to Drain to Well

When the discharge pipe leaves the well at the top, remains above ground, and slopes to drain back to
the well, the check valve can be located beyond the well.

17.9.6 Offset from Well
17.9.6.1 Location
Pumps offset from the well, if not located in an above-ground pump house or other building, may
be located in an approved basement provided the pump and all suction pipes are elevated at least 12
inches above the floor.
17.9.6.2 Buried Lines

All portions of suction lines buried below the ground surface between the well and the pump and that
are not enclosed in a protective pipe shall be located the same minimum distance from sources of con-
tamination as are prescribed for the well in Section 16.4.3.
17.9.6.3 Protective Pipe

When these minimum distances cannot be obtained, the suction line shall be enclosed in a protective
pipe of standard thickness from the well to the pump. The protective pipe shall be sealed watertight
at both ends. This requirement shall be considered satisfied if the suction line lies within a pressure
discharge line.
17.10 VENTS
17.10.1 Size
All vent piping shall be of adequate size to allow equalization of air pressure in the well and shall not be less
than one-half inch in diameter.
17.10.2 Toxic or Flammable Gases

Particular attention shall be given to proper venting of wells and pressure tanks in areas where toxic or flam-
mable gases are known to be a characteristic of the water. If determined that either of these types of gases are
present, all vents when located in buildings shall be extended to discharge outside of the building at a height
where they will not be a hazard.
17.10.3 Vent Extension

The vent shall extend above the upper terminal of the well with the end downturned and covered with not
less than 16 mesh screen wire. The point of entry into the well shall be sealed watertight.
17.11 PUMP BEARING LUBRICATION

17.11.1 General
Lubrication of bearings of power driven pumps shall be with water or oil that will not adversely affect the
quality of the water to be pumped.
17.11.2 Water Lubrication

If a storage tank is required for the lubrication water, it shall be designed to protect the water from contami-
nation.
17.11.3 Oil Lubrication

The reservoir shall be designed to protect the oil from contamination. The oil shall not contain substances
that will cause odor or taste to the water pumped.

17.12 WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT
On wells of large capacity where access for measuring the water level in the well is provided, piping for this
purpose shall terminate above the upper well terminal, be capped or otherwise closed, and all openings around the
piping at the point of entry into the well sealed watertight.
17.13 PROHIBITED PUMPS

No pitcher or chain-bucket pump shall be installed on any water supply.
17.14 PUMP HOUSING

17.14.1 Watertight
A separate structure housing the water supply and pumping equipment shall have an impervious floor and
rain-tight walls and roof.
17.14.2 Pump Pit

A pump pit shall be of watertight construction and provided with a positive drain or sump pump to keep the
pit dry.
17.15 CROSS CONNECTION

17.15.1 Restriction
There shall be no cross-connection between an individual water supply system and other individual or public
water supply system.
17.15.2 Limitations
No water supply shall serve more than one property unless authorized by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

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Chapter 18
Mobile Home & Travel Trailer Park

Plumbing Requirements
The primary objective of this Chapter is to assure sanitary plumbing installations in trailer parks. Reference
should be made to the Authority Having Jurisdiction and the regulations promulgated by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction governing the establishment and operation of trailer parks.
18.1 DEFINITIONS
Comment: The requirements of this chapter are intended as general requirements for parks and camp-
grounds that serve travel trailers, recreational vehicles, and mobile homes. Travel trailers and recre-
ational vehicles are used as temporary dwellings for travel or recreational purposes. Mobile homes
are movable structures or units that are designed as living quarters. The requirements of the Authority
Having Jurisdiction may vary for the different types of parks and campgrounds.
Service Buildings
A building housing toilet, laundry and any other such facilities as may be required.
Sewer Connection
Sewer connection is that portion of the drainage piping that extends as a single terminal under the trailer
coach for connection with the trailer park drainage system.
Trailer Coach
Any camp-car, trailer, or other vehicle with or without motive power, designed and constructed to travel on
the public thoroughfares in accordance with provisions of the Vehicle Code and designed or used for human
habitation.
Trailer Coach, Dependent

One which is not equipped with a water closet for sewage disposal.
Trailer Coach, Independent

One which is equipped with a water closet for sewage disposal.
Trailer Coach Drain Connection

The removable extension connecting the trailer coach drainage system to the trailer connection fixture.
Trailer Coach, Left Side

The side farthest from the curb when the trailer home is being towed or in transit.

Trailer Connection Fixture
A connection to a trap that is connected to the park drainage system, and receives the water, liquid or other
waste discharge from a trailer coach.
Trailer Park Drainage System

The entire system of drainage piping used to convey sewage or other waste from a trailer connection fixture
to the sewer.
Trailer Park Branch Line

That portion of drainage piping that receives the discharge from not more than two trailer connection fixtures.
Trailer Park
Any area or tract of land where space is rented or held-out for rent, or occupied by two or more trailer
coaches.
Trailer Park Sewer System

That piping that extends from the public or private sewage disposal system to a point where the first trailer
park drainage system branch fitting is installed.
Trailer Park Water Service Main

That portion of the water distribution system that extends from the street main, water meter, or other source
of supply to the trailer site water service branch.
Trailer Site
That area set out by boundaries on which one trailer can be located.
Trailer Site Water Service Branch

That portion of the water distributing system extended from the park service main to a trailer site, and in-
cludes connections, devices, and appurtenances thereto.
Water Service Connection

That portion of the water supply piping that extends as a single terminal under the trailer coach for connec-
tion with the trailer coach park water supply system.
18.2 STANDARDS
18.2.1 General
Plumbing systems hereafter installed in trailer home parks shall conform to the provisions set forth in the
preceding chapters of this Code, where applicable, and also to the provisions set forth in this Chapter. Trailer
home park plumbing and drainage systems shall, in addition, conform to all other applicable Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction regulations.
18.2.2 Plans and Specifications

Before any plumbing or sewage disposal facilities are installed or altered in any trailer park, plans and speci-
fications shall be filed, and required permits obtained from the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Plans shall
show the following in detail:

18.2.2.1 Plot Plan
Plot plan of the park, drawn to scale, indicating elevations, property lines, driveways, existing or pro-
posed buildings, and sizes of trailer sites.
18.2.2.2 Plumbing Layout

Complete specifications and piping layout of proposed plumbing system or alteration.
18.2.2.3 Sewage Disposal Layout

Complete specifications and piping layout of proposed sewer system or alteration. See Sections 3.4,
3.5, 3.6, and 3.7.
18.2.2.4 Conformance
Trailer park plumbing systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of
this Code and shall, in addition, conform to all other pertinent local ordinances and State regulations.
18.2.3 Materials
Materials shall conform to the approved standards set forth in other sections of this Code.
18.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

18.3.1 Design and Installation
The trailer park drainage system shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of this
Code.
18.3.2 Alternate
The trailer park drainage system may be installed by the use of a combination waste and vent drainage system
(see Section 12.17), which shall consist of an installation of waste piping, as hereinafter provided in this Sec-
tion, in which the traps for one or more trailer connection fixtures are not separately or independently vented,
but which is vented through the waste piping of such size to provide free circulation of air therein. See Sec-
tion 12.17 for combination waste and vent systems
18.3.3 Each Independent Trailer Site

Each independent trailer site shall be provided with a trapped trailer connection that shall consist of a three-
inch horizontal iron pipe-size threaded connection, installed a minimum of three inches and a maximum of
six inches (from the bottom of the connection), above the finished grade. The vertical connection to the trailer
connection fixture shall be anchored in a concrete slab four inches thick, and 18" x 18" square.
18.3.4 Above Ground

Any part of the plumbing system extending above the ground shall be protected from damage when deemed
necessary by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
18.3.5 Trap Connections

Each trailer site shall be provided with a three-inch I.P.S. male or female threaded connection, extended
above the surrounding grade, from a three- inch minimum size vented p-trap.

18.3.5.1 Location
Traps shall be located with reference to the immediate boundary lines of the designated space or area
within each trailer site that will actually be occupied by the trailer. Each such trap shall be located in
the rear third-quarter section along the left boundary line of the trailer parking area not less than one
foot or more than three feet from the road side of the trailer and shall be a minimum of five feet from
the rear boundary of the trailer site. This location may be varied by permission of the Authority Hav-
ing Jurisdiction when unusual conditions are encountered.
18.3.5.2 Material
All traps, tail pipes, vertical vents, the upper five feet of any horizontal vent, and the first five feet of
any trap branch shall be fabricated from materials approved for use within a building. See Sections
3.5 and 3.6
18.3.6 Restriction
No vertical pipe shall be used in a special waste and vent system, except the vent pipe, and the connection to
the trailer connection fixture.
18.3.7 Drain Connections

Mobile home and travel trailer drain connections shall be of approved semi-rigid or flexible reinforced hose
having smooth interior surfaces and not be less than a 3-inch inside diameter. Main connections shall be
equipped with a standard quick-disconnect screw or clamp type fitting, not smaller than the outlet. Main
connections shall be gas-tight and no longer than necessary to make the connection between the trailer coach
drain connection and the trailer connector fixture on the site.
18.3.8 Cleanouts
Cleanouts shall be provided as required by Chapter 5 of this Code, except cleanouts shall be provided in the
vent stacks one foot above grade.
18.3.9 Fixture Unit Loading

For the purpose of determining pipe sizes, each trailer site connection shall be assigned a waste loading
value of six fixture units and each trailer park drainage system shall be sized as provided in Table 18.3.12.
Private sewage disposal shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 16 of this Code. See Table 18.3.12
and Chapter 16
18.3.10 Slope
The grade on sewers shall provide a minimum velocity of two feet per second when the pipe is flowing half
full. See Table K-2 in Appendix K
18.3.11 Discharge
The discharge of the park drainage system shall be connected to a public sewer. Where a public sewer is not
available within 300 feet for use, an individual sewage disposal system of a type that is acceptable and ap-
proved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be installed.
Comment: It is preferred that trailer parks be connected to public sewers, even if more than 300 feet
away. Trailer sites are typically densely spaced to maximize the use of the property, which leaves little
space for an adequate on-site sewage disposal system.

18.3.12 Minimum Pipe Size
Minimum pipe sizes in the drainage system shall be as set forth in Table 18.3.12. See Table 18.3.12 and
Chapter 16
Table 18.3.12
DRAIN PIPE SIZING
Maximum Number of Trailers, Maximum Number of Trailers,
Size of Drain
Individually Vented Systems Wet-Vented Systems
2 1 3”
30 10 4”
100 50 6”
400 - 8”
1000 - 10”
18.3.13 Trailer Connections

Each trailer connection fixture outlet shall be provided with a screw-type plug or cap, and be effectively
capped when not in use.
18.4 VENTING
18.4.1 Location
Each wet-vented drainage system shall be provided with a vent not more than 15 feet downstream from its
upper trap, and long mains shall be provided with additional relief vents at intervals of not more than 100
feet thereafter. The minimum size of each vent serving a wet-vented system shall be as set forth in Table
18.4.1.
Table 18.4.1
VENT SIZING
Size of Wet-Vented Drain Minimum Size of Vent
3” 2”
4” 3”
5” 4”
6” 5”
18.4.2 Reserved
18.4.3 Reserved
18.4.4 Reserved
18.4.5 Vent Connections

All vent intersections shall be taken off above the center line of the horizontal pipe. All vent stacks shall be
supported by a four-inch by four-inch redwood post, set in at least two feet of concrete extending at least
four inches above the ground, or supported by another approved method.
Comment: Treated lumber is considered to be the equivalent of redwood.

18.4.6 Galvanized Steel Vent Pipe
Galvanized steel vent pipe may extend below the ground vertically, and may directly intersect a drainage line
with an approved fitting, if the entire section around both the drain and the galvanized pipe is encased in con-
crete to prevent any movement. Galvanized steel pipe encased in concrete shall be first coated with bitumi-
nous paint, or equivalent protective material.
18.4.7 Location of Vent Pipes

Vent pipes shall terminate at least 10 feet above grade and be at least 10 feet from any property line. No vent
shall terminate directly beneath any door, window, or ventilation opening of any building, nor shall any vent
terminal be within 10 feet horizontally from such openings unless it is at least 2 feet above the top of such
opening.
18.4.8 Reserved
18.4.9 Wet Vented Branch Drain Lines

No three-inch branch drain shall exceed six feet in length, and no four-inch branch drain shall exceed 15 feet
in length, unless they are properly vented.
18.5 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

18.5.1 Conformance
Each trailer park water distribution system shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 10 of this Code and
shall be so designed and maintained as to provide a residual pressure of not less than 20 psi at each trailer site
under normal operating conditions. (See Section 10.14.3.) Refer to Appendix B for sizing water distribu-
tion systems
18.5.2 Individual Water Service Branch

Every trailer site shall be provided with an individual water service branch line that shall not be less than 3/4"
size, delivering safe, potable water.
18.5.3 Connection Components

A control valve shall be installed on the water service branch, followed by an approved backflow preventer
in accordance with ASSE 1024 or CSA B64.6 on the discharge side of the control valve, with a pressure
relief valve located on the discharge side of the backflow preventer; with a hose connection or other approved
attachment on the trailer side of the relief valve. Each such pressure relief valve shall be equipped with a
full-size drain with the end of the pipe not more than two feet or less than six inches above the ground and
pointing downward. Such drain may terminate at other approved locations. No part of such drain pipe shall be
trapped. No shut-off valve shall be installed between any such pressure relief valve and the trailer it serves.
The backflow device and relief valve shall be located not less than 12 inches above the grade.
18.5.4 Connection Details

The service connection shall not be rigid. Flexible metal tubing is permitted. Fittings at either end shall be of
a quick disconnect type not requiring any special tools or knowledge to install or remove.
18.5.5 Water Fixture Units

Each trailer outlet on the water distribution system shall be rated as six water supply fixture units (WSFU).

18.5.6 Location of Water Connection
The trailer park water outlet for each trailer coach space shall be located near the center of the left side of
each trailer coach.
18.5.7 Fire Protection

In the design of the water distribution system in a trailer park, consideration for fire outlet stations through-
out the park should be made relative to the location and quantity of water necessary during an emergency
period.
18.5.8 Backflow Protection

All requirements as described in Chapter 10 of this Code shall be considered a part of this Section.
18.6 RESERVED
18.7 TESTING
Installations shall be tested and inspected as required by this Code.
18.8 SANITARY FACILITIES

18.8.1 Public Water Closets, Showers, and Lavatories
Separate public water closets, showers, and lavatories shall be installed and maintained for each sex in ac-
cordance with the following ratio of trailer sites:
18.8.1.1 Dependent Trailer

Trailer parks constructed and operated exclusively for dependent trailers shall have one water closet,
one shower, and one lavatory for each 10 sites or fractional part thereof.
Comment: Dependent trailers are not equipped with a water closet and lavatory and are dependant on
the trailer park for such facilities.
18.8.1.2 Independent Trailer

Trailer parks constructed and operated exclusively for independent trailers shall have one water
closet, one shower, and one lavatory for each 100 sites or fractional part thereof.
Comment: Independent trailers are equipped with a water closet and lavatory and are not dependent on
the trailer park for such facilities.
18.8.1.3 Combined Trailer Use

Trailer parks constructed and operated for the combined use of dependent and independent trailers
shall have facilities as shown in Table 18.8.1.3.

Table 18.8.1.3
FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR COMBINED TRAILER USE
Sites Water Closets Showers Lavatories
2-25 1 1 1
26-70 2 2 2
18.8.1.4 Additional Water Closets

For combined trailer use, one additional water closet shall be provided for each 100 sites or fractional
part thereof in excess of 70 sites.
Comment: Section 18.8.1.4 applies to trailer parks with combined trailer use, as in Section 18.8.1.3.
18.8.2 Exclusivity
Each toilet facility shall be for the exclusive use of the occupants of the trailer sites in the trailer park.
18.8.3 Showers
In every trailer park, shower bathing facilities with hot and cold running water shall be installed in separate
compartments. Every compartment shall be provided with a self-closing door or otherwise equipped with a
waterproof draw curtain.
18.8.4 Laundry Facilities

Every trailer park shall be provided with an accessory utility building containing at least one clothes washer
or laundry tray equipped with hot and cold running water for every 20 trailer sites or fractional part thereof,
but in no case shall there be less than two laundry trays in any trailer park.
18.8.5 Shower Compartments

The inner face of walls of all shower compartments shall be finished with concrete, metal, tile or other ap-
proved waterproof materials extending to a height of not less than six feet above the floor. Floors or shower
compartments shall be made of concrete or other similar impervious material. Floors shall be waterproof and
slope 1/4 inch per foot to the drains.
18.9 MAINTENANCE
All required devices or safeguards shall be maintained in good working order. The owner, operator, or lessee of
the trailer park, or his designated agent shall be responsible for the maintenance.
18.10 OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITY - VIOLATIONS

When it is evident that there exists, or may exist, a violation of any pertinent regulation, the owner, operator, les-
see, person in charge of the park, or any other person causing a violation shall immediately disconnect the trailer
water supply and sewer connections from the park systems and shall employ such other corrective measures as
may be ordered by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

Appendix A
Sizing Storm
Drainage Systems

A.1 Rainfall Rates for Cities
The rainfall rates in Table A.1, RAINFALL RATES FOR CITIES, are based on U.S. Weather Bureau Technical
Paper No. 40, specifically Chart 14: 100-YEAR 1 HOUR RAINFALL (inches) and Chart 7: 100-YEAR
30-MINUTE RAINFALL (inches). The data in Chart 7 were multiplied by 0.72 to determine the rainfall for a
15-minute period, then multiplied by 4 to establish the corresponding rainfall rate in inches per hour. The flow
rates in gallons per minute (gpm) were established by dividing the inches per hour by 12 to determine cubic feet
per hour per square foot, then multiplying by 7.48 gallons per cubic foot to determine gallons per hour per square
foot, then dividing by 60 minutes per hour to determine the equivalent gallons per minute.
A.2 Roof Drainage
Primary roof drainage systems are sized for a 100-year, 60-minute storm. Secondary roof drainage systems are sized
for a more severe 100-year, 15-minute storm. The rainfall rates in Table A.1 should be used for design unless higher
rates are established locally.
A.3 Sizing by Flow Rate

Storm drainage systems may be sized by stormwater flow rates, using the appropriate GPM/SF of rainfall listed in
Table A.1 for the local area. Multiplying the listed GPM/SF by the roof area being drained (in square feet) produces
the gallons per minute (gpm) of required flow for each drain inlet. The flow rates (gpm) can then be added to de-
termine the flows in each section of the drainage system. Required pipe sizes can be determined from Table 13.6.1
and Table 13.6.2.
A.4 Sizing by Roof Area

Storm drainage systems may be sized using the roof area served by each section of the drainage system. Required
pipe sizes can be determined from Table 13.6.1 and Table 13.6.2. Using this method, it may be necessary to inter-
polate between the various listed rainfall rates (inches per hour). To determine the allowable roof area for a listed
size pipe at a listed slope, divide the allowable square feet of roof area for a 1" rainfall rate by the listed rainfall rate
for the local area. For example, the allowable roof area for a 6" drain at 1/8" slope with a rainfall rate of 3.2 inches/
hour is 21400/3.2 = 6688 square feet.
A.5 Capacity of Rectangular Scuppers

Table A.5 lists the discharge capacity of various width rectangular roof scuppers with various heads of water. The
maximum allowable level of water on the roof should be obtained from the structural engineer, based on the design
of the roof.

Table A.1 RAINFALL RATES FOR CITIES
PRIMARY STORM DRAINAGE SECONDARY STORM DRAINAGE
60-MIN. DURATION 15-MIN. DURATION
STATES AND CITIES 100-YR RETURN 100-YR RETURN
IN/HR GPM/SF IN/HR GPM/SF

ALABAMA
Birmingham 3.7 0.038 7.8 0.081
Huntsville 3.3 0.034 7.5 0.078
Mobile 4.5 0.047 10.1 0.105
Montgomery 3.8 0.039 8.4 0.087
ALASKA
Aleutian Islands 1.0 0.010 2.5 0.026
Anchorage 0.6 0.006 1.5 0.016
Bethel 0.8 0.008 2.0 0.021
Fairbanks 1.0 0.010 2.5 0.026
Juneau 0.6 0.006 1.5 0.016
ARIZONA
Flagstaff 2.3 0.024 5.2 0.054
Phoenix 2.2 0.023 4.9 0.051
Tucson 3.0 0.031 5.8 0.060
ARKANSAS
Eudora 3.8 0.039 8.6 0.089
Ft. Smith 3.9 0.041 8.9 0.092
Jonesboro 3.5 0.036 7.5 0.078
Little Rock 3.7 0.038 8.6 0.089
CALIFORNIA
Eureka 1.5 0.016 3.7 0.038
Lake Tahoe 1.3 0.014 2.9 0.030
Los Angeles 2.0 0.021 4.3 0.045
Lucerne Valley 2.5 0.026 4.3 0.045
Needles 1.5 0.016 3.7 0.038
Palmdale 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
Redding 1.5 0.016 3.7 0.038
San Diego 1.5 0.016 3.7 0.038
San Francisco 1.5 0.016 3.5 0.036
San Luis Obispo 1.5 0.016 3.7 0.038
COLORADO
Craig 1.5 0.016 3.5 0.036
Denver 2.2 0.023 4.6 0.048
Durango 1.8 0.019 4.3 0.045
Stratton 3.0 0.031 6.6 0.069
CONNECTICUT
Hartford 2.8 0.029 6.6 0.069
New Haven 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
DELAWARE
Dover 3.5 0.036 7.8 0.081
Rehobeth Beach 3.6 0.037 8.6 0.089
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
FLORIDA
Daytona Beach 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
Ft. Myers 4.0 0.042 10.1 0.105
Jacksonville 4.3 0.045 8.6 0.089
Melbourne 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
Miami 4.5 0.047 11.5 0.119
Palm Beach 5.0 0.052 11.5 0.119
Tampa 4.2 0.044 10.1 0.105
Tallahassee 4.1 0.043 9.2 0.096
GEORGIA
Atlanta 3.5 0.036 7.8 0.081
Brunswick 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
Macon 3.7 0.038 8.1 0.084
Savannah 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
Thomasville 4.0 0.042 8.6 0.089
HAWAII
Hawaiian Islands (1)

Table A.1 RAINFALL RATES FOR CITIES, continued
100-YR RETURN 100-YR RETURN
STATES AND CITIES
IDAHO
Boise 1.0 0.010 2.3 0.024
Idaho Falls 1.2 0.012 3.2 0.033
Lewiston 1.0 0.010 2.9 0.030
Twin Falls 1.1 0.011 2.3 0.024
ILLINOIS
Chicago 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Harrisburg 3.1 0.032 6.9 0.072
Peoria 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Springfield 3.0 0.031 6.6 0.069
INDIANA
Evansville 3.0 0.031 6.9 0.072
Indianapolis 2.8 0.029 6.3 0.065
Richmond 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
South Bend 2.7 0.028 6.0 0.062
IOWA
Council Bluffs 3.7 0.038 8.1 0.084
Davenport 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
Des Moines 3.4 0.035 7.8 0.081
Sioux City 3.6 0.037 7.8 0.081
KANSAS
Goodland 3.5 0.036 7.5 0.078
Salina 3.8 0.039 8.6 0.089
Topeka 3.8 0.039 8.6 0.089
Wichita 3.9 0.041 8.9 0.092
KENTUCKY
Bowling Green 2.9 0.030 6.9 0.072
Lexington 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Louisville 2.8 0.029 6.3 0.065
Paducah 3.0 0.031 6.9 0.072
LOUISIANA
Monroe 3.8 0.039 8.9 0.092
New Orleans 4.5 0.047 10.1 0.105
Shreveport 4.0 0.042 9.5 0.099
MAINE
Bangor 2.2 0.023 4.9 0.051
Kittery 2.4 0.025 5.8 0.060
Millinocket 2.0 0.021 4.3 0.045
MARYLAND
Baltimore 3.6 0.037 8.6 0.089
Frostburg 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Ocean City 3.7 0.038 8.6 0.089
MASSACHUSETTS
Adams 2.6 0.027 6.0 0.062
Boston 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Springfield 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
MICHIGAN
Cheboygan 2.1 0.022 4.6 0.048
Detroit 2.5 0.026 5.5 0.057
Grand Rapids 2.6 0.027 5.5 0.057
Kalamazoo 2.7 0.028 6.0 0.062
Traverse City 2.2 0.023 4.9 0.051
MINNESOTA
Duluth 2.6 0.027 6.0 0.062
Grand Forks 2.5 0.026 6.0 0.062
Minneapolis 3.0 0.031 6.9 0.072
Worthington 3.4 0.035 7.5 0.078
MISSISSIPPI
Biloxi 4.5 0.047 10.1 0.105
Columbus 3.5 0.036 7.8 0.081
Jackson 3.8 0.039 8.6 0.089

STATES AND CITIES
MISSOURI
Independence 3.7 0.038 8.4 0.87
Jefferson City 3.4 0.035 7.8 0.081
St. Louis 3.2 0.033 7.2 0.075
Springfield 3.7 0.038 8.1 0.084
MONTANA
Billings 1.8 0.019 3.7 0.038
Glendive 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
Great Falls 1.8 0.019 3.7 0.038
Missoula 1.3 0.014 2.9 0.030
NEBRASKA
Omaha 3.6 0.037 8.1 0.084
North Platte 3.5 0.036 7.5 0.078
Scotts Bluff 2.8 0.029 6.0 0.062
NEVADA
Las Vegas 1.5 0.016 3.5 0.036
Reno 1.2 0.012 2.9 0.030
Winnemucca 1.0 0.010 2.3 0.024
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Berlin 2.2 0.023 5.2 0.054
Manchester 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
NEW JERSEY
Atlantic City 3.4 0.035 8.1 0.084
Paterson 3.0 0.031 6.9 0.072
Trenton 3.2 0.033 7.2 0.075
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque 2.0 0.021 4.0 0.042
Carlsbad 2.6 0.027 6.0 0.062
Gallup 2.1 0.022 4.9 0.051
NEW YORK
Binghamton 2.4 0.025 5.5 0.057
Buffalo 2.3 0.024 5.2 0.054
New York 3.1 0.032 6.9 0.072
Schenectady 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
Syracuse 2.4 0.025 5.2 0.054
NORTH CAROLINA
Ashville 3.2 0.033 7.2 0.075
Charlotte 3.4 0.035 8.1 0.084
Raleigh 4.0 0.042 8.9 0.092
Wilmington 4.4 0.046 9.5 0.099
NORTH DAKOTA
Bismarck 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Fargo 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Minot 2.6 0.027 5.8 0.060
OHIO
Cincinnati 2.8 0.029 6.3 0.065
Cleveland 2.4 0.025 5.5 0.057
Columbus 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Toledo 2.6 0.027 5.8 0.060
Youngstown 2.4 0.025 5.8 0.060
OKLAHOMA
Boise City 3.4 0.035 7.8 0.081
Muskogee 4.0 0.042 9.2 0.096
Oklahoma City 4.1 0.043 9.2 0.096
OREGON
Medford 1.3 0.014 3.2 0.033
Portland 1.3 0.014 3.2 0.033
Ontario 1.0 0.010 2.3 0.024

STATES AND CITIES
PENNSYLVANIA
Erie 2.4 0.025 5.5 0.057
Harrisburg 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Philadelphia 3.2 0.033 7.2 0.075
Pittsburg 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
Scranton 2.8 0.029 6.0 0.062
RHODE ISLAND
Newport 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
Providence 2.9 0.030 6.9 0.072
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston 4.1 0.043 7.8 0.081
Columbia 3.5 0.036 8.4 0.087
Greenville 3.3 0.034 9.2 0.096
SOUTH DAKOTA
Lemmon 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Rapid City 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Sioux Falls 3.4 0.035 7.5 0.078
TENNESSEE
Knoxville 3.1 0.032 7.2 0.075
Memphis 3.5 0.036 7.5 0.078
Nashville 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
TEXAS
Corpus Christi 4.6 0.048 10.7 0.111
Dallas 4.2 0.044 9.5 0.099
El Paso 2.0 0.021 4.9 0.051
Houston 4.6 0.048 10.7 0.111
Lubbock 3.3 0.034 7.5 0.078
San Antonio 4.4 0.046 9.8 0.102
UTAH
Bluff 2.0 0.021 4.3 0.045
Cedar City 1.5 0.016 3.5 0.036
Salt Lake City 1.3 0.014 2.6 0.027
VERMONT
Bennington 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
Burlington 2.3 0.024 5.2 0.054
Rutland 2.4 0.025 5.5 0.057
VIRGINIA
Charlottesville 3.4 0.035 7.8 0.081
Richmond 4.0 0.042 8.9 0.092
Roanoke 3.3 0.034 7.8 0.081
Norfolk 4.0 0.042 9.5 0.099
WASHINGTON
Seattle 1.0 0.010 2.3 0.024
Spokane 1.0 0.010 2.6 0.027
Walla Walla 1.0 0.010 2.9 0.030
WEST VIRGINIA
Charleston 2.9 0.030 6.6 0.069
Martinsburg 3.0 0.031 7.2 0.075
Morgantown 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
WISCONSIN
La Cross 2.9 0.030 6.9 0.072
Green Bay 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.060
Milwaukee 2.7 0.028 6.3 0.065
Wausau 2.5 0.026 5.8 0.60
WYOMING
Casper 1.9 0.020 4.3 0.045
Cheyenne 2.5 0.026 5.5 0.057
Evaston 1.3 0.014 2.9 0.030
Rock Springs 1.4 0.015 3.5 0.036
1. Rainfall rates in Hawaiian Islands vary from 1.5 in/hr to 8.0 in/hr depending on location and elevation. Consult local data.

Table A.5
DISCHARGE FROM RECTANGULAR SCUPPERS -
GALLONS PER MINUTE
WATER HEAD WIDTH OF SCUPPER - (Inches)
(Inches) 6 12 18 24 30 36
0.5 6 13 19 25 32 38
1 17 35 53 71 89 107
1.5 31 64 97 130 163 196
2 98 149 200 251 302
2.5 136 207 278 349 420
3 177 271 364 458 551
3.5 339 457 575 693
4 412 556 700 844
NOTES:
1. Table A.5 is based on discharge over a rectangular weir with end contractions.
2. Head is depth of water above bottom of scupper opening.
3. Height of scupper opening should be 2 times the design head.
4. Coordinate the allowable head of water with the structural design of the roof.

Blank Page

Appendix B
Sizing the Building Water

Supply System
B.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................383
B.2 Preliminary Information ..........................................................................................................................383
B.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................383
B.2.2 Materials For System...............................................................................................................................383
B.2.3 Characteristics Of The Water Supply ......................................................................................................383
B.2.4 Location And Size Of Water Supply Source ...........................................................................................383
B.2.5 Developed Length Of System .................................................................................................................384
B.2.6 Pressure Data Relative To Source Of Supply ..........................................................................................384
B.2.7 Elevations ................................................................................................................................................384
B.2.8 Minimum Pressure Required At Water Outlets .......................................................................................384
B.2.9 Provision Of Necessary Information On Plans .......................................................................................384
B.3 Demand At Individual Outlets .................................................................................................................384
Table B.3 Maximum Demand at Individual Water Outlets ..........................................................385
B.4 Reserved ..................................................................................................................................................385
B.5 Estimating Demand .................................................................................................................................385
B.5.1 Standard Method .....................................................................................................................................385
B.5.2 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) Assigned To Fixtures ...................................................................386
Table B.5.2 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) And Minimum Fixture Branch Pipe Size For
Individual Fixtures ........................................................................................................................387
B.5.3 Water Supply Fixture Units for Groups of Fixtures ...............................................................................388
Table B.5.3 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) for Groups of Fixtures ..................................389
B.5.4 Demand (GPM) Corresponding to Fixture Load (WSFU) .....................................................................388
Table B.5.4 Table for Converting Demand to WSFU to GPM ...................................................390
B.5.5 Total Demand Including Continuous Flow ............................................................................................388
B.6 Limitation Of Velocity.............................................................................................................................391
B.6.1 Consideration Of Velocity In Design ......................................................................................................391
B.6.2 Good Engineering Practice ......................................................................................................................391
B.6.3 Manufacturers' Recommendations For Avoiding Erosion/Corrosion .....................................................391
B.7 Simplified Method For Sizing Systems In Relatively Low Buildings ....................................................392
B.7.1 Application ..............................................................................................................................................392
B.7.2 Simplified Method Based On Velocity Limitations.................................................................................392
B.7.3 Sizing Tables Based On Velocity Limitations .........................................................................................392
Table B.7.3.A - Galvanized Steel Pipe - Std Wt ...........................................................................393
Table B.7.3.B - Type K Copper Tube ...........................................................................................393
Table B.7.3.C - Type L Copper Tube ............................................................................................394
Table B.7.3.D - Type M Copper Tube ..........................................................................................394
Table B.7.3.E - CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE Plastic Pipe - Schedule 40 ..............................................394
Table B.7.3.F - CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE Plastic Pipe - Schedule 80 ..............................................395
Table B.7.3.G - CPVC Plastic Tubing (Copper Tube Size) - SDR 11 ..........................................395
Table B.7.3.H - PEX Plastic Tubing (Copper Tube Size) SDR 9 .................................................395
Table B.7.3.I - Composite Plastic Pipe (PE-AL-PE and PEX-AL-PEX) .....................................395
B.7.4 Step-By-Step Procedure Of Simplified Sizing Metod .............................................................................. 396

B.8 Illustration Of Simplified Sizing Method Application ........................................................................396
B.8.1 Example ...............................................................................................................................................396
Figure B.8.1 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU)...................................................................397
Data For Figure B.8.1 – Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) ................................................398
B.8.2 Solution ...............................................................................................................................................399
Figure B.8.2 Design Flow (GPM) and Pipe Sizes ........................................................400
Table B.8.2 Pressure Drops In The Basic Design Circuit In Figure B.8.2 ...............................401
B.8.3 Supplementary Check Of Friction Loss In Main Lines and Risers .....................................................399
B.8.4 Application To Systems In High Buildings .........................................................................................399
B.9 Limitation Of Friction .........................................................................................................................399
B.9.1 Basic Criterion .....................................................................................................................................399
B.9.2 Maximum Permissible Friction Loss ..................................................................................................402
B.9.3 Basic Design Circuit ............................................................................................................................402
B.9.4 Friction Loss In Equipment .................................................................................................................402
B.9.5 Estimating Pressure Loss In Displacement Type Cold-Water Meters .................................................403
B.9.6 Uniform Pipe Friction Loss .................................................................................................................403
B.9.7 Equivalent Length Of Piping ............................................................................................................ 403
Table B.9.7.A Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in
Threaded Fittings and Valves .................................................................................................. 404
Table B.9.7.B Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in
Copper Tube Fittings and Valves ........................................................................................... 404
Table B.9.7.C Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in
Schedule 40 CPVC Fittings .................................................................................................... 404
Table B.9.7.D Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in
Schedule 80 CPVC Fittings .................................................................................................... 405
Table B.9.7.E Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in
CPVC SDR 11 CTS Tubing Fittings ........................................................................................405
B.9.8 Determination Of Flow Rates Corresponding To Uniform Pipe Friction Loss ................................. 405
B.9.8.1 Chart B.9.8.1 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – Galvanized Steel ASTM A53 ........................................ 406
B.9.8.2 Chart B.9.8.2 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – Type K Copper Tube ..................................................... 407
B.9.8.3 Chart B.9.8.3 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – Type L Copper Tube ...................................................... 408
B.9.8.4 Chart B.9.8.4 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – Type M Copper Tube .................................................... 409
B.9.8.5 Chart B.9.8.5 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE Schedule 40 Pipe ........................ 410
B.9.8.6 Chart B.9.8.6 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE Schedule 80 Pipe ........................... 411
B.9.8.7 Chart B.9.8.7 - Flow Vs. Pressure Drop – CPVC Tubing (Copper Tube Size) SDR11 ........................ 412
B.10 Detailed Sizing Method For Systems In Buildings Of Any Height ................................................. 413
B.11 Illustration Of Detailed Sizing Method Application ......................................................................... 414
B.11.1 Example ............................................................................................................................................. 414
B.11.2 Solution ............................................................................................................................................. 414
Table B.11.2 Type L Copper Tubing For "Fairly Smooth" Condition .................................... 415
B.12 Manifold Type Parallel Water Distribution Systems ......................................................................... 415
B.12.1 Manifolds........................................................................................................................................... 415
Table B.12.1 Manifold Sizing ................................................................................................. 415
B.12.2 Distribution Lines .............................................................................................................................. 416

B.1 GENERAL
Note that there are two questions regarding water supply to a building: first, total consumption of water (hot or
cold or both) over a period of time, or second, peak flow at any instant of time. This appendix considers only the
second question.
Proper design of the water-distributing system in a building is necessary to avoid excessive installed cost and in
order that the various fixtures may function properly under normal conditions. The instantaneous flow of either
hot or cold water in any building is variable, depending on the type of structure, usage, occupancy, and time of
day. The correct design results in piping, water heating, and storage facilities of sufficient capacity to meet the
probable peak demand without wasteful excess in either piping or maintenance cost.
For additional information on this subject, the reader is referred to:
National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 65 (1940), Methods of Estimating
Loads in Plumbing Systems, by R. B. Hunter
National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 79 (1941), Water-Distributing Sys-
tems for Buildings, by R. B. Hunter
New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal Building Codes Bureau Technical Report No. 1,
(1964), A Simplified Method for Checking Sizes of Building Water Supply Systems, by Louis S. Nielsen.
B.2 PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

B.2.1 General
The information necessary for sizing the building water supply system is described in B.2.2 through B.2.9.
Correct sizing is contingent upon accuracy and reliability of the information applied. Thus, such information
should be obtained from responsible parties and appropriate local authorities recognized as sources of the
necessary information.
B.2.2 Materials for System

Determine what kind or kinds of piping materials are to be installed in the system. This is a matter of selec-
tion by the owner of the building or his authorized representative, who may be the architect, engineer, or
contractor, as the case may be.
B.2.3 Characteristics of the Water Supply

The corrosivity and the scale-forming tendency of a given water supply with respect to various kinds of
piping materials is information that most officials, architects, engineers, and contractors in a water district
normally have at their fingertips, as a result of years of experience. For anyone without such experience and
knowledge, significant characteristics of the water supply, such as its pH value, CO2 content, dissolved air
content, carbonate hardness, Langelier Index, and Ryznar Index, may be applied to indicate its corrosivity
and scale-forming tendency. The most appropriate source of such information is the local water authority
having jurisdiction over the system supplying the water, or over the wells from which water is pumped from
the underground water table.
B.2.4 Location and Size of Water Supply Source

Location and size of the public water main, where available, should be obtained from the local water author-
ity. Where a private water supply source, such as a private well system, is to be used, the location and size as
designed for the premises should be determined.

B.2.5 Developed Length of System
Information should be obtained regarding the developed length of the piping run from the source of water
supply to the service control valve of the building (i.e., the developed length of the water service pipe as
shown on site plans). Also, determine the developed length of the piping run from the service control valve
to the highest and/or the most remote water outlet on the system. This may be established by measurement of
the piping run on the plans of the system.
B.2.6 Pressure Data Relative to Source of Supply

Maximum and minimum pressures available in the public main at all times should be obtained from the wa-
ter authority, as it is the best source of accurate and reliable information on this subject.
Where a private well water supply system is to be used, the maximum and minimum pressures at which it
will be adjusted to operate may be applied as appropriate in such cases.
B.2.7 Elevations
The relative elevations of the source of water supply and the highest water supply outlets to be supplied in
the building must be determined. In the case of a public main, the elevation of the point where the water
service connection is to be made to the public main should be obtained from the local water authority. It has
the most authoritative record of elevations of the various parts of the public system, and such elevations are
generally referred to a datum as the reference level, usually related to curb levels established for streets.
Elevation of the curb level directly in front of the building should be obtained from building plans, as such
information is required to be shown on the building site plans. Elevations of each floor on which fixtures are
to be supplied also may be determined from the building plans.
B.2.8 Minimum Pressure Required at Water Outlets

Information regarding the minimum flowing pressure required at water outlets for adequate, normal flow
conditions consistent with satisfactory fixture usage and equipment function may be deemed to be as follows:
15 psig flowing for all water supply outlets at common plumbing fixtures, except 20 psig for flushometer
valves on siphon jet water closets and 25 psig for flushometer valves for blowout water closets and blowout
urinals. Flushometer tank (pressure assisted) water closets require a minimum of 25 psig static pressure. For
other types of water supplied equipment, the minimum flow pressure required should be obtained from the
manufacturer.
B.2.9 Provision of Necessary Information on Plans

The basis for designing sizes of water supply piping should be provided on plans of the water supply sys-
tem when submitted to plumbing plan examiners for proposed installations. Provision of such information
permits the examiner to quickly and efficiently check the adequacy of sizes proposed for the various parts of
the building water supply system.
B.3 DEMAND AT INDIVIDUAL OUTLETS

Maximum possible flow rates at individual fixtures and water outlets have become generally accepted as industry
practice, which have since become maximum rates set by law. Recognized flow rates at individual water outlets
for various types of typical plumbing fixtures and hose connections are given in Table B.3.
For older faucets, if the applied pressure is more than twice the minimum pressure required for satisfactory water
supply conditions, an excessively high discharge rate may occur. Such rates may cause the actual flow in the
piping to exceed greatly the estimated probable peak demand rate determined in accordance with the standard
method discussed in Section B.5. Such excessive velocity of flow and friction loss in piping may adversely affect
performance and durability of the system.
More recent faucets, however, are equipped with flow limiting devices that control the discharge rate at a nearly
constant value over a large range of pressures.
Where necessary, it is recommended that means to control the rate of supply should be provided in the fixture sup-
ply pipe (or otherwise) wherever the available pressure at an outlet is more than twice the minimum pressure re-
quired for satisfactory supply. For this purpose, individual regulating valves, variable orifice flow control devices,
or fixed orifices may be provided. They should be designed or adjusted to control the rate of supply to be equal to
or less than the maximum rates set by law.
Table B.3
MAXIMUM DEMAND AT INDIVIDUAL WATER OUTLETS
Type of Outlet Maximum Demand, (gpm)
Metering lavatory faucet 0.25 gal/cycle
Public lavatory faucet 0.5 @ 60 psi
Drinking fountain jet 0.75
Private lavatory faucet 2.2 @ 60 psi
Kitchen sink faucet 2.2 @ 60 psi
Shower head 2.5 @ 80 psi
Ballcock in water closet flush tank 3.0
Dishwashing machine (domestic) 4.0
Laundry machine (8 or 16 lbs.) 4.0
Laundry sink faucet 5.0
Service sink faucet 5.0
Bath faucet, 1/2" 5.0
Hose bibb or sillcock (1/2") 5.0
1/2" flush valve (15 psi flow pressure) 15.0
1" flush valve (15 psi flow pressure) 27.0
1" flush valve (25 psi flow pressure) 35.0
NOTES:
1. The “total” WSFU values for fixtures represent their load on the water service. The separate cold water and hot water supply fixture
units for fixtures having both hot and cold connections are each taken as 3/4 of the listed total value for the individual fixture.
B.4 RESERVED
B.5 ESTIMATING DEMAND
B.5.1 Standard Method

A standard method for estimating the maximum probable demand in building water supply systems has
evolved and become recognized as generally acceptable. In 1923, the fixture unit method of weighting fix-
tures in accordance with their load-producing effects was proposed by Roy B. Hunter, of the National Bureau
of Standards. After studying application of the method in the design of federal buildings over a period of
years, the method was revised by Hunter in 19401, and then recommended for general application. With ap-
propriate modifications recently made for modern fixtures, the method fills the need for a reliable, rational
way to estimate probable peak demand in water supply systems for all types of building occupancy.
Note that the concept of maximum probable demand is one of probability. We are saying, in effect, that the
calculated flow rate at any point in a water piping system will not be exceeded more than, say, 0.1% of the
time. For most systems designed by the method described herein, the design flow rates are never reached.
Therefore, the method gives a conservative approach that still does not result in wasteful oversizing.
B.5.2 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) Assigned to Fixtures
Individual fixture branch piping should be sized to provide the flow rates listed in Table B.3 for the particular
fixture. Minimum fixture branch pipe sizes are listed in Table B.5.2.
Peak demand in building water supply systems serving multiple fixtures cannot be determined exactly. The
demand imposed on a system by intermittently used fixtures is related to the number, type, time between
uses, and probable number of simultaneous uses of the fixtures installed in the building. In the standard
method, fixtures using water intermittently under several conditions of service are assigned specific load
values in terms of water supply fixture units. The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that
the load-producing effects of different kinds of fixtures under their conditions of service can be expressed ap-
proximately as multiples of that factor. WSFUs for two or more fixtures can then be added to determine their
combined effect on the water supply system.
Values assigned to different kinds of fixtures and different types of occupancies are shown in Table B.5.2.
The total WSFUs represent the fixture’s demand on the domestic water service to the building. For fixtures
having both hot and cold water supplies, the values for separate hot and cold water demands are taken as
being three-quarters (3/4) of the total value assigned to the fixture in each case, rounded to the nearest tenth
of a WSFU. As an example, since the value assigned to a kitchen sink in an individual dwelling unit is 1.5
WSFU, the separate demands on the hot and cold water piping thereto are taken as being 1.1 WSFU.
Another consideration, added in 1994, is the nature of the application of the plumbing fixture. Table B.5.2 in-
cludes columns for Individual Dwelling Units, More Than 3 Dwelling Units, Other Than Dwelling Units, and
Heavy-Use Assembly. The concept behind these added classifications is that the maximum probable demand
created by plumbing fixtures varies depending on the type of occupancy in which they are installed.
1. National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 6, Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems, by R. B. Hunter.

TABLE B.5.2
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU) AND MINIMUM FIXTURE BRANCH PIPE SIZE FOR
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
Minimum In Individual In 3 or More In Other Than In
Branch Dwelling Dwelling Dwelling Heavy-Use
Pipe Size Units Units Units Assembly
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES Cold Hot Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
Bar Sink 3/8” 3/8” 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower 1/2” 1/2” 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 2.6 2.6
Bidet 1/2” 1/2” 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4
Clothes Washer, Domestic 1/2” 1/2” 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.9 4.0 3.0 3.0
Dishwasher, Domestic 1/2” 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5

Drinking Fountain or Water Cooler 3/8” 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8
Hose Bibb (first) 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Hose Bibb (each additional) 1/2” 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic 1/2” 1/2” 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.1
Laundry Sink 1/2” 1/2” 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.5 1.5
Lavatory 3/8” 3/8” 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8
Service Sink Or Mop Sink 1/2” 1/2” 3.0 2.3 2.3
Shower 1/2” 1/2” 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5
Shower, Continuous Use 1/2” 1/2” 5.0 3.8 3.8
Urinal, 1.0 GPF 3/4” 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Urinal, Greater Than 1.0 GPF 3/4” 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity Tank 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Tank 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 1” 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 8.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF (or higher) Gravity Tank 1/2” 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.5 5.5 7.0 7.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF (or higher) Flushometer Valve 1” 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0
Whirlpool Bath or Combination Bath/Shower 1/2” 1/2” 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0
NOTES:
1. The fixture branch pipe sizes in Table B.5.2 are the minimum allowable. Larger sizes may be necessary if the water supply pressure at the fixture will be too low due to the
available building supply pressure or the length of the fixture branch and other pressure losses in the distribution system.
2. Gravity tank water closets include the pump assisted and vacuum assisted types.
387
B.5.3 Water Supply Fixture Units for Groups of Fixtures
Table B.5.3 lists water supply fixture unit values for typical groups of fixtures in bathrooms, kitchens, and
laundries in dwelling units. There is more diversity in the use of the fixtures in these groups than is reflected
by WSFU values for the individual fixtures. The “Total WSFU” represents the demand that the group places
on the domestic water service to the building. The separate cold and hot WSFU’s for the group are each
taken as 3/4 of the WSFU values for the individual fixtures in the group according to Table B.5.3, but not
greater than the “Total WSFU” for the group. An exception is that the hot WSFU values for bathroom groups
having 3.5 GPF (or greater) water closets are the same as those having 1.6 GPF water closets, since the hot
WSFU’s are not affected by the demand of the water closet.
B.5.4 Demand (GPM) Corresponding to Fixture Load (WSFU)

To determine the maximum probable demand in gallons per minute corresponding to any given load in water
supply fixture units, reference should be made to Table B.5.4, in which the values have been arranged for
convenient conversion of maximum probable demand from terms of water supply fixture units of load to gal-
lons per minute of flow. Refer to the increased number of WSFU to GPM listings in Appendix M to avoid the
need to interpolate between the values in Table B.5.4.
Note in the table that the maximum probable demand corresponding to a given number of water supply fix-
ture units is generally much higher for a system in which water closets are flushed by means of direct-supply
flushometer valves than for a system in which the water closets are flushed by other types of flushing devices.
The difference in maximum probable demand between the two systems diminishes as the total number of
fixture units of load rises. At 1,000 water supply fixture units, the maximum probable demand in both types
of systems is the same, 210 gpm.
Where a part of the system does not supply flushometer water closets, such as in the case with hot water sup-
ply piping and some cold water supply branches, the maximum probable demand corresponding to a given
number of water supply fixture units may be determined from the values given for a system in which water
closets are flushed by flush tanks.
B.5.5 Total Demand Including Continuous Flow

To estimate the maximum probable demand in gpm in any given water supply pipe that supplies outlets at
which demand is intermittent and also outlets at which demand is continuous, the demand for outlets that
pose continuous demand during peak periods should be calculated separately and added to the maximum
probable demand for plumbing fixtures used intermittently. Examples of outlets that impose continuous de-
mand are those for watering gardens, washing sidewalks, irrigating lawns, and for air conditioning or refrig-
eration apparatus.
Note that some continuous-flow outlets may be controlled to be used only during low-flow periods in the
system. Such time-controlled loads should not be added to the maximum probable demand for intermittently
used fixtures, since they will not occur at the same times. In such cases, it will be necessary to consider both
situations and size the piping for the worse case.

Table B.5.3
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU) FOR GROUPS OF FIXTURES
In Individual Dwelling Units In 3 or More Dwelling Units
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF GRAVITY-TANK Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
WATER CLOSETS WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU
Half-Bath or Powder Room 3.5 3.3 0.8 2.5 2.5 0.4
1 Bathroom Group 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0
1-1/2 Bathroom Groups 6.0 6.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0
2 Bathroom Groups 7.0 7.0 7.0 4.5 4.5 4.5
2-1/2 Bathroom Groups 8.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
3 Bathroom Groups 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.5 5.5 5.5
Each Additional Half-Bath 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF (or higher) Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
GRAVITY-TANK WATER CLOSETS WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU
Half-Bath or Powder Room 4.0 3.8 0.8 3.0 3.0 0.4
1 Bathroom Group 6.0 6.0 3.8 5.0 5.0 3.0
1-1/2 Bathroom Groups 8.0 8.0 4.5 5.5 5.5 4.0
2 Bathroom Groups 10.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 4.5
2- Bathroom Groups 11.0 11.0 8.0 6.5 6.5 5.0
3 Bathroom Groups 12.0 12.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 5.5
Each Additional Half-Bath 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
OTHER GROUPS OF FIXTURES
WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU
Bathroom Group with 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 6.0 6.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.0
Bathroom Group with 3.5 GPF (or higher) Flushometer Valve 8.0 8.0 3.8 6.0 6.0 3.0
Kitchen Group with Sink and Dishwasher 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.5
Laundry Group with Sink and Dishwasher 5.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 2.6 2.6
NOTES:
1. The “Total WSFU” values for fixture groups represent their load on the water service. The separate cold and hot water supply fixture units for the
group are each taken as 3/4 of the WSFU values for the individual fixtures in the group according to Table B.5.2, but not greater than the “Total WSFU” for the group in Table
B.5.3, except that the hot WSFU for groups having 3.5 GPF water closets are the same as those having 1.6 GPF water closets.
2. The WSFU values for tank-type water closets apply to gravity tanks and pressurized tanks, flushometer tanks (pressure assisted), pump assisted tanks, and vacuum as-
sisted tanks.
389
Table B.5.4
TABLE FOR CONVERTING DEMAND IN WSFU TO GPM1, 4
GPM GPM GPM GPM
WSFU 2 3 WSFU 2
Flush Tanks Flush Valves Flush Tanks Flush Valves 3
3 3 120 49 74
4 4 140 53 78
5 4.5 22 160 57 83
6 5 23 180 61 87
7 6 24 200 65 91
8 7 25 225 70 95
9 7.5 26 250 75 100
10 8 27 300 85 110
11 8.5 28 400 105 125
12 9 29 500 125 140
13 10 29.5 750 170 175
14 10.5 30 1000 210 210
15 11 31 1250 240 240
16 12 32 1500 270 270
17 12.5 33 1750 300 300
18 13 33.5 2000 325 325
19 13.5 34 2500 380 380
20 14 35 3000 435 435
25 17 38 4000 525 525
30 20 41 5000 600 600
40 25 47 6000 650 650
50 29 51 7000 700 700
60 33 55 8000 730 730
80 39 62 9000 760 760
100 44 68 10,000 790 790
NOTES:
1. This table converts water supply demands in water supply fixture units (WSFU) to required water flow in gallons per
minute (GPM) for the purpose of pipe sizing.
2. This column applies to the following portions of piping systems:
(a). Hot water piping;
(b). Cold water piping that serves no water closets; and
(c). Cold water piping that serves water closets other than flush valve type.
3. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush valve type.
4. Refer to Appendix M for WSFU to GPM listings between those in Table B.5.4 to avoid the need to interpolate between
the values in Table B.5.4.

B.6 LIMITATION OF VELOCITY
B.6.1 Consideration of Velocity in Design

Velocity of flow through water supply piping during periods of peak demand is an important factor that must
be considered in the design of building water supply systems. Limitation of water velocity should be ob-
served in order to avoid objectionable noise effects in systems, shock damage to piping, equipment, tanks,
coils, and joints, and accelerated deterioration and eventual failure of piping from corrosion. (Also see Sec-
tion 10.14.1)
B.6.2 Good Engineering Practice

In accordance with good engineering practice, it is recommended generally that maximum velocity at maxi-
mum probable demand in supply piping be limited to 8 fps. This is deemed essential in order to avoid such
objectionable effects as the production of whistling line noise, the occurrence of cavitation, and associated
excessive noise in fittings and valves.
Note that this velocity is too great for systems where the flow is continuous, as in the case of recirculated hot
water piping. The continuous flow rate for hot water with modest chemical content should be limited to not
more than 2 fps for such continuous systems. That is, verify that the flow rate in the system as a result of the
circulation pump only does not exceed 2 fps at any point.
It is also recommended that maximum velocity be limited to 4 fps in water supply piping that supply a
quick-closing device, such as a solenoid valve, pneumatic valve, or a quick-closing valve or faucet of the
self-closing, push-pull, push-button, or other similar type. This limitation is necessary in order to avoid
excessive and damaging shock pressures in the piping and equipment when flow is suddenly shut off. Plumb-
ing equipment and systems are not designed to withstand the very high shock pressures that may occur as the
result of sudden cessation of high velocity flow in piping. (Also see Section 10.14.1)
B.6.3 Manufacturers’ Recommendations for Avoiding Erosion/Corrosion

Velocity limits recommended by pipe manufacturers to avoid accelerated deterioration of their piping materi-
als due to erosion/corrosion should be observed. Recent research studies have shown that turbulence accom-
panying even relatively low flow velocities is an important factor in causing erosion/corrosion, and that this
is especially likely to occur where the water supply has a high carbon dioxide content (i.e., in excess of 10
ppm), and where it has been softened to zero hardness. Another important factor is elevated water tempera-
ture (i.e., in excess of 110°F).
To control erosion/corrosion effects in copper water tube, and copper and brass pipe, pipe manufacturers’
recommendations are as follows:
(1) Where the water supply has a pH value higher than 6.9 and a positive scale-forming tendency, such as
may be shown by a positive Langelier Index, peak velocity should be limited to 8 fps;
(2) Where the water supply has a pH value lower than 6.9 and may be classified as aggressively corro-
sive, or where the water supply has been softened to zero hardness by passage through a water softener, peak
velocity should be limited to 4 fps; and
(3) The velocity in copper tube conveying hot water at up to 140oF should be limited to 5 fps because of
the accelerated corrosion rate with hot water. Velocities should be limited to 2 - 3 fps for temperatures above
140o F.
Note that the above values apply to velocities at maximum probable demand. For continous flow circulating
systems, do not exceed 2 fps flow rate for the flow produced by the circulator.

B.7 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR SIZING SYSTEMS IN RELATIVELY
LOW BUILDINGS
B.7.1 Application
A simplified method for sizing building water supply systems in accordance with the maximum probable de-
mand load, in terms of water supply fixture units, has been found to constitute a complete and proper method
for adequately sizing the water supply systems of a specific category of buildings. In this category are all
buildings supplied from a source at which the minimum available water pressure is adequate for supplying
the highest and most remote fixtures satisfactorily during peak demand. Included are almost all one- and
two-family dwellings, most multiple dwellings up to at least three stories in height, and a considerable por-
tion of commercial and industrial buildings of limited height and area, when supplied from a source at which
the minimum available pressure is not less than 50 psi. Under such conditions, the available pressure gener-
ally is more than enough for overcoming static head and ordinary pipe friction losses, so that pipe friction is
not an additional factor to consider in sizing.
B.7.2 Simplified Method Based on Velocity Limitations

This method is based solely on the application of velocity limitations that are:
(1) Recognized as good engineering practice; and
(2) Authoritative recommendations issued by manufacturers of piping materials regarding proper use of
their products in order to achieve durable performance and avoid failure in service, especially in water areas
where the supply is aggressively corrosive. These limitations have been detailed in Section B.6. (Also see
Section 10.14.1.)
B.7.3 Sizing Tables Based on Velocity Limitations

Tables B.7.3.A through G provide a means of sizing water supply piping on the basis of flow velocities rang-
ing from 4 fps to 8 fps. The velocity in copper water tube for hot water up to 140ºF should not exceed 5 fps.
The water flow rates, flow velocities, and pressure loss rates are based on Tables B.9.8.1 through B.9.8.7 for
the various piping materials. The allowable water supply fixture unit (WSFU) fixture loadings are based on
Table B.5.4.
The pressure loss data in the B.7.3 tables is based on friction for straight pipe and tube and does not include
allowances for fittings, valves, and appurtenances. The equivalent length of the piping can be determined by
adding the equivalent length of fittings and valves in Tables B.9.7.A, B, C, D, and E. If the exact layout of the
piping systems cannot be determined, allowances for fittings and valves range up to 50% of the pipe length for
smooth bore piping such as copper and solvent cement joint plastic piping and up to 75% of the pipe length for
steel and plastic piping with threaded joints.
In Tables B.7.3.A through B.7.3.G, the columns headed “WSFU (tanks)” apply to piping that serves water closets
having gravity or pressure-type flush tanks and no fixtures that are flushed by flushometer valves. The columns
headed “WSFU (valves)” apply to piping that serves fixtures that are flushed by flushometer valves.

Table B.7.3.A - GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE - STD WT
4 FPS VELOCITY 8 FPS VELOCITY
PIPE PIPE
SIZE WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD SIZE
(tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft
1/2” 4 3.8 7.6 9 7.6 27.3 1/2”
3/4” 8 6.6 5.5 19 13.3 19.7 3/4”
1” 15 10.8 4.1 33 5 21.5 14.9 1”
1-1/4” 28 18.6 3.0 74 24 37.3 10.8 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 41 8 25.4 2.5 129 49 50.8 9.1 1-1/2”
2” 91 31 41.8 1.9 293 163 83.7 6.8 2”
2-1/2” 174 73 59.7 1.5 472 363 119.4 5.5 2-1/2”
3” 336 207 92.2 1.2 840 817 184.4 4.3 3”
4” 687 634 158.7 0.9 1925 1925 317.5 3.1 4”
5” 1329 1329 249.4 0.7 3710 3710 498.9 2.4 5”
6” 2320 2320 360.2 0.5 7681 7681 720.4 1.9 6”
Table B.7.3.B - TYPE K COPPER TUBE

4 FPS VELOCITY 5 FPS VELOCITY 8 FPS VELOCITY
TUBE TUBE
SIZE WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD SIZE
(tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft
3/8” 1.6 8.4 2.0 12.7 3 3.2 30.4 3/8”
1/2” 2.7 6.1 3 3.4 9.3 6 5.4 22.1 1/2”
3/4” 6 5.4 4.1 8 6.8 6.2 15 10.9 14.8 3/4”
1” 13 9.7 2.9 16 12.1 4.4 29 19.4 10.6 1”
1-1/4” 22 15.2 2.3 28 19.0 3.4 53 14 30.4 8.1 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 33 5 21.5 1.8 45 10 26.9 2.8 96 33 43.0 6.7 1-1/2”
2” 75 24 37.6 1.3 112 40 47.0 2.0 251 126 75.2 4.8 2”
2-1/2” 165 69 58.1 1.0 238 115 72.6 1.6 456 341 116.1 3.7 2-1/2”
3” 289 159 82.8 0.8 392 267 103.4 1.3 725 682 165.5 3.0 3”
4” 615 541 145.7 0.6 826 801 182.1 0.9 1678 1678 291.4 2.2 4”
5” 1134 1134 226.1 0.5 1605 1605 282.6 0.7 3191 3191 452.2 1.7 5”
6” 1978 1978 322.8 0.4 2713 2713 403.5 0.6 5910 5910 645.5 1.4 6”

Table B.7.3.C - TYPE L COPPER TUBE
TUBE TUBE
SIZE WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD SIZE
3/8” 1.8 7.8 2 2.3 11.7 4 3.6 28.0 3/8”
1/2” 3 2.9 5.9 4 3.6 8.9 7 5.8 21.3 1/2”
3/4” 7 6.0 3.9 9 7.5 5.8 16 12.1 13.9 3/4”
1” 14 10.3 2.8 18 12.9 4.3 31 20.6 10.2 1”
1-1/4” 23 15.7 2.2 29 19.5 3.3 56 15 31.3 8.0 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 34 5 22.2 1.8 47 11 27.7 2.7 101 36 44.4 6.5 1-1/2”
2” 79 26 38.6 1.3 117 43 48.2 2.0 261 136 77.2 4.7 2”
2-1/2” 173 73 59.5 1.0 247 120 74.4 1.5 470 360 119.0 3.7 2-1/2”
3” 300 170 84.9 0.8 406 281 106.2 1.3 749 713 169.9 3.0 3”
4” 635 567 149.3 0.6 854 833 186.7 0.9 1739 1739 298.7 2.2 4”
5” 1189 1189 232.7 0.5 1674 1674 290.9 0.7 3338 3338 465.5 1.7 5”
6” 2087 2087 334.6 0.4 2847 2847 418.2 0.6 6382 6382 669.1 1.4 6”
Table B.7.3.D - TYPE M COPPER TUBE

TUBE TUBE
WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD
SIZE SIZE
3/8” 2.0 7.3 2.5 11.1 4 4.0 26.6 3/8”
1/2” 3 3.2 5.6 4 4.0 8.5 7 6.3 20.2 1/2”
3/4” 7 6.4 3.7 10 8.1 5.6 18 12.9 13.4 3/4”
1” 15 10.9 2.7 19 13.6 4.1 34 5 21.8 9.9 1”
24 16.3 2.2 30 20.4 3.3 59 17 32.6 7.8
36 6 22.8 1.8 49 12 28.5 2.7 107 38 45.7 6.4
2” 82 28 39.5 1.3 122 46 49.4 2.0 270 144 79.1 4.7 2”
180 77 61.0 1.0 256 131 76.2 1.5 485 380 121.9 3.6
3” 310 180 87.0 0.8 419 294 108.8 1.2 775 743 174.0 3.0 3”
4” 648 583 151.6 0.6 872 854 189.5 0.9 1783 1783 303.3 2.1 4”
5” 1215 1215 235.8 0.5 1706 1706 294.8 0.7 3407 3407 471.6 1.7 5”
6” 2125 2125 338.7 0.4 2894 2894 423.4 0.6 6548 6548 677.4 1.3 6”
Table B.7.3.E - CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE PLASTIC PIPE - SCHEDULE 40

PIPE 4 FPS VELOCITY 8 FPS VELOCITY PIPE
(tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100 ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft
1/2” 4 3.6 5.2 9 7.3 18.7 1/2”
3/4” 7 6.4 3.7 18 12.9 13.4 3/4”
1” 14 10.5 2.8 32 4 20.9 10.1 1”
1-1/4” 27 18.2 2.0 71 22 36.4 7.3 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 40 8 24.9 1.7 124 47 49.7 6.1 1-1/2”
2” 89 30 41.1 1.3 286 157 82.2 4.6 2”
2-1/2” 168 70 58.5 1.0 460 347 117.1 3.7 2-1/2”
3” 328 198 90.6 0.8 820 795 181.2 2.9 3”
4” 675 618 156.5 0.6 1881 1881 313.1 2.1 4”
5” 1303 1303 246.4 0.5 3642 3642 492.8 1.6 5”
6” 2284 2284 356.2 0.4 7413 7413 712.4 1.3 6”

Table B.7.3.F - CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE PLASTIC PIPE - SCHEDULE 80
PIPE PIPE
WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD
SIZE SIZE
(tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft
1/2” 3 2.7 6.1 7 5.5 22.1 1/2”
3/4” 6 5.1 4.2 14 10.3 15.3 3/4”
1” 11 8.6 3.1 25 17.2 11.3 1”
1-1/4” 22 15.4 2.2 55 15 30.8 8.1 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 33 4 21.3 1.9 95 33 42.7 6.7 1-1/2”
2” 70 21 35.8 1.4 233 112 71.7 4.9 2”
2-1/2” 132 51 51.4 1.1 389 264 102.7 4.0 2-1/2”
3” 277 149 80.3 0.9 698 648 160.7 3.1 3”
4” 585 503 140.4 0.6 1590 1590 280.7 2.2 4”
5” 1105 1105 222.6 0.5 3114 3114 445.3 1.7 5”
6” 1942 1942 319.2 0.4 5767 5767 638.3 1.4 6”
Table B.7.3.G - CPVC PLASTIC TUBING (Copper Tube Size) - SDR 11

TUBE 4 FPS VELOCITY 8 FPS VELOCITY TUBE
(CTS) (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100ft (CTS)
1/2” 2 2.4 6.6 6 4.8 23.9 1/2”
3/4” 6 4.9 4.4 13 9.8 15.8 3/4”
1” 10 8.1 3.3 24 16.2 11.8 1”
1-1/4” 16 12.1 2.6 38 7 24.2 9.3 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 25 16.9 2.1 62 18 33.7 7.7 1-1/2”
2” 50 12 28.9 1.6 164 68 57.8 5.6 2”
Table B.7.3.H - PEX Plastic Tubing (Copper Tube Size) SDR 9

TUBE 8 FPS VELOCITY TUBE
SIZE WSFU WSFU FLOW PD SIZE
(CTS) (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100 ft (CTS)
3/8” 1 2.4 35.3 3/8”
1/2” 5 4.5 24.8 1/2”
3/4” 11 8.8 16.8 3/4”
1” 21 14.5 12.5 1”
1-1/4” 33 21.6 9.9 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 53 14 30.2 8.2 1-1/2”
2” 134 52 51.7 6.0 2”
Table B.7.3.I - Composite Plastic Pipe (PE-AL-PE and PEX-AL-PEX)

PIPE PIPE
WSFU WSFU FLOW PD WSFU WSFU FLOW PD
SIZE SIZE
(tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100 ft (tanks) (valves) GPM psi/100 ft
3/8” 1 1.1 10.3 1 2.2 37.0 3/8”
1/2” 2 2.4 6.6 5 4.7 23.9 1/2”
3/4” 7 6.2 3.8 17 12.4 13.7 3/4”
1” 13 10.1 2.9 31 20.3 10.3 1”
1-1/4” 22 15.5 2.2 55 15 30.9 8.1 1-1/4”
1-1/2” 41 5 25.3 1.7 128 49 50.7 6.0 1-1/2”
2” 81 27 39.2 1.3 267 142 78.4 4.7 2”
2-1/2” 147 58 54.2 1.1 417 292 108.4 3.9 2-1/2”

B.7.4 Step-by-Step Procedure of Simplified Sizing Method
For sizing systems in relatively low buildings, the simplified sizing method consists of the following
seven steps:
1. Obtain all information necessary for sizing the system. Such information should be obtained from
responsible parties and appropriate local authorities recognized as sources of the necessary information. (See
Section B.2.)
2. Provide a schematic elevation of the complete water supply system. Show all piping connections
in proper sequence and all fixture supplies. Identify all fixtures and risers by means of appropriate letters,
numbers, or combinations thereof. Identify all piping conveying water at a temperature above 150°F, and all
branch piping to such water outlets as solenoid valves, pneumatic valves, or quick-closing valves or faucets.
Provide on the schematic elevation all the necessary information obtained in Step 1. (See Section B.2.9.)
3. Mark on the schematic elevation, for each section of the complete system, the hot and cold water loads
conveyed thereby in terms of water supply fixture units in accordance with Table B.5.2.
4. Mark on the schematic elevation, adjacent to all fixture unit notations, the demand in gallons per min-
ute corresponding to the various fixture unit loads in accordance with Table B.5.3.
5. Mark on the schematic elevation, for appropriate sections of the system, the demand in gallons per
minute for outlets at which demand is considered continuous, such as outlets for watering gardens, irrigating
lawns, air conditioning apparatus, refrigeration machines, and similar equipment using water at a relatively
continuous rate during peak demand periods. Add the continuous demand to the demand for intermittently
used fixtures, and show the total demand at those sections where both types of demand occur. (See Section
B.5.4.)
6. Size all individual fixture supply pipes to water outlets in accordance with the minimum sizes permitted
by regulations. Minimum fixture supply pipe sizes for typical plumbing fixtures are given in Table B.5.2.
7. Size all other parts of the water supply system in accordance with velocity limitations recognized as
good engineering practice, and with velocity limitations recommended by pipe manufacturers for avoid-
ing accelerated deterioration and failure of their products under various conditions of service. (Sizing tables
based on such velocity limitations and showing permissible loads in terms of water supply fixture units for
each size and kind of piping material have been provided and may be applied in this step.) (See Section B.6.)
B.8 ILLUSTRATION OF SIMPLIFIED SIZING METHOD APPLICATION

B.8.1 Example
A three-story, nine-family multiple dwelling fronts on a public street and is supplied by direct street pres-
sure from a public main in which the certified minimum pressure is 50 psi. The building has a full basement
and three above-grade stories, each of which is 10’ in height from floor to floor. The first floor is 2’ above
the curb level in front of the building. The public water main is located under the street: 5’ out from and 4’
below the curb.
On each of the above-grade stories there are three dwelling units. Each dwelling unit has a sink and dish-
washer, tank-type water closet, lavatory, and bathtub/shower combination.
The basement contains two automatic clothes washing machines, two service sinks, and a restroom with a
flush-tank water closet and lavatory.
Two lawn faucets are installed, one on the front of the building and one in the rear.
Hot water is to be supplied from a central storage-tank water heater.
The water supply to the building will be metered at the water service entry point to the building.
An isometric drawing of the water piping layout is shown in Figure B.8.1.

DESIGN BASIS DATA for Figure B.8.1 - WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
398
PIPING
Copper water tube, Type L
wrought fittings and lead-free solder
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY Piping Serving Piping Serving Piping Serving
10 inch main, 50 psig minimum pressure Fxtures Fitures in Fitures in 3 or Fitures in Other
1 or 2 Dwellings more Dwellings than Dwellings Units
WATER CHARACTERISTICS
Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
No significant fouling or corrosive agents
Bathroom Group (1.6 GPF tank-type WC) 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0
ELEVATIONS Half Bath (1.6 GPF tank-type WC) 3.5 3.3 0.8 2.5 2.5 0.4
Curb as datum 10.0 ft Kitchen Group (sink & dishwasher) 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.5
Water main 6.0 ft
Clothes Washer 4.0 3.0 3.0
Basement floor 2.0 ft
First floor 12.0 ft Service Sink 3.0 2.3 2.3
Second floor 22.0 ft Hose Bibb 2.5 2.5
Third floor 32.0 ft Hose Bibb, each additional 1.0 1.0
Highest outlet @ “K” 35.0 ft
MINIMUM OUTLET PRESSURE

15 psig required
VELOCITY LIMITATIONS
8 fps WATER SERVICE PIPE SIZING
except 4 fps for branches with quick-closing valves
Fixtures Qty WSFU Total
and 5 fps for hot water up to 140 deg F
Bathroom Groups (1.6 tank-type WC) (1) 9 3.5 31.5
LENGTH OF RUN TO FARTHEST OUTLET Kitchen Groups (sink + dishwasher) (1) 9 1.5 13.5
Main - A 50 ft Clothes Washers (2) 2 4.0 8.0
A-B 12 ft
Service Sinks (2) 2 3.0 6.0
B-C 8 ft
C-D 10 ft Half Bath (2) 1 3.5 3.5
D-E 8 ft Hose Bibb (2) 1 2.5 2.5
E-F 8 ft Hose Bibb (each additional) (2) 1 1.0 1.0
F-G 10 ft
TOTAL WSFU 66.0
G-H 4 ft
H-I 10 ft DEMAND (GPM) 34.8
I-J 10 ft
J-K 10 ft 1) Fixtures in 3 or more dwellings
Total = 140 ft plus fitting allowance (2) Fixtures in other than dwelling units.
Hot water temperature is 140 deg F

controlled by water heater thermosta
B.8.2 Solution
1. All information necessary to develop the design must be obtained from appropriate sources.
2. After the information is known, the isometric drawing (Figure B.8.1) is marked up with general water
supply information, and the mains, risers, and branches are suitably identified.
3. The water supply fixture unit loads are marked on the drawing next to each section of the system. These
values are obtained from Tables B.5.2 and B.5.3. Many designers use parentheses marks for WSFU to distin-
guish them from gpm values.
4. The maximum probable demand in gpm is marked on the drawing for each section next to the WSFU
values. These values are obtained from Table B.5.4, using the columns for flush-tank systems.
5. Where sections of the piping serve more than one hose bibb, each additional hose bibb adds a demand
of 1.0 WSFU to the piping. Wherever a section of piping serves a single hose bibb, it adds a demand of 2.5
WSFU.
6. All individual fixture supply pipes to water outlets are sized in Figure B.8.1 in accordance with the
minimum sizes shown in Table B.5.2.
7. All other parts of the system are sized in accordance with the velocity or pressure limitations estab-
lished for this system as the basis of design. Piping is sized in accordance with the maximum probable
demand for each section of the system. Sizing is done using Table B.7.3A through Table B.7.3H, and specifi-
cally the tables dealing with Copper Water Tube, Type K for sizing the water service pipe; and with Copper
Water Tube, Type L, for sizing piping inside the building since these are the materials of choice as given in
the general information on the drawing.
B.8.3 Supplementary Check of Friction Loss in Main Lines and Risers

A supplementary check of the total friction loss in the main lines and risers is made for the longest run of pip-
ing from the public water outlet to be sure that the sizes determined were adequate. This run has been shown
in heavy lines with letters noted at various points.
The sum of all friction losses due to flow through pipe, valves, and fittings is found to be 17.9 psi, whereas
the amount of excess pressure available for such friction loss is 19.4 psi. Thus, the sizes determined on the
basis of velocity limitations exclusively are proven adequate. Checking of friction loss in this case is per-
formed following steps 8 through 15 of the Detailed Sizing Method for Building of Any Height presented in
Section B.10. The calculations are shown on Figure B.8.2.
B.8.4 Application to Systems in High Buildings

This method of sizing, based upon the velocity limitations that should be observed in design of building
water supply systems, has much broader application than just to systems in one-, two-, and three-story build-
ings where ample excess pressure is available at the source of supply. These velocity limitations should be
observed in all building water supply systems. Thus, the sizes determined by this method are the minimum
sizes recommended for use in any case. Where pipe friction is an additional factor to be considered in design,
larger sizes may be required.
B.9 LIMITATION OF FRICTION
B.9.1 Basic Criterion

The design of a building water supply system must be such that the highest water outlets will have available,
during periods of peak demand, at least the minimum pressure required at such outlets for satisfactory water
supply conditions at the fixture or equipment.

Table B.8.2
PRESSURE DROPS IN THE BASIC DESIGN CIRCUIT IN FIGURE B.8.2
COLD WATER FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FROM MAIN TO “K”
WSFU FLOW LENGTH PIPE VELOCITY PD PRESSURE
SECTION
(1) (gpm) (feet) SIZE (feet/second) (psi/100 ft) DROP (psi)
MAIN - A 66.0 34.8 50 1-1/2” 6.3 4.0 2.0
A-B 66.0 34.8 12 1-1/2” 6.3 4.0 0.5
B-C 57.6 32.0 8 1-1/2” 5.8 3.6 0.3
C-D 52.7 30.1 4 1-1/4” 7.7 8.0 0.3
D-E 44.4 26.8 8 1-1/4” 6.8 6.0 0.5
E-F 33.9 22.0 8 1-1/4” 5.6 4.0 0.3
F-G 15.4 11.4 10 1” 4.4 3.2 0.3
G-H 4.9 10.0 (6) 4 1” (4) 3.9 2.7 0.1
H-I 2.4 5.0 (7) 10 3/4” (4) 3.3 2.7 0.3
I-J 2.2 (2) 5.0 (7) 10 3/4” (4) 3.3 2.7 0.3
J-K 1.1 (2) 2.5 (8) 10 1/2” (4) 3.4 4.3 0.4
Total Pipe Pressure Drop (psig) 5.3
Fitting Allowance (50% of pipe loss, psig) 2.6
Total Pressure Drop Due to Pipe Friction (psig) 7.9
HOT WATER FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FROM MAIN TO “K”
WSFU FLOW LENGTH PIPE VELOCITY PD PRESSURE
SECTION
(1) (gpm) (feet) SIZE (feet/second) (psi/100 ft) DROP (psi)
MAIN - A 66.0 34.8 50 1-1/2” 6.3 4.0 2.0
A-B 66.0 34.8 12 1-1/2” 6.3 4.0 0.5
B - HWH 51.9 29.8 4 1-1/4” 7.6 7.5 0.3
HWH - C 51.9 29.8 4 2” (5) 3.1 0.8 0.0
C-D 47.4 28.0 10 1-1/2” (5) 5.0 2.7 0.3
D-E 39.1 24.6 8 1-1/2” (5) 4.4 2.1 0.2
E-F 30.1 20.1 8 1-1/2” (5) 3.6 1.6 0.1
F-G 13.5 10.3 10 1” (5) 4.0 3.0 0.3
G-H 4.5 4.3 4 3/4” (4) 2.9 2.1 0.1
H-I 4.5 4.3 10 3/4” (4) 2.9 2.1 0.2
I-J 4.0 (2) 4.0 10 3/4” (4) 2.7 1.8 0.2
J-K 2.0 (2) 4.0 (3) 10 3/4” (4) 2.7 1.8 0.2
Total Pipe Pressure Drop (psig) 4.3
Fitting Allowance (50% of pipe loss, psig) 2.2
Total Pressure Drop Due to Pipe Friction (psig) 6.5
NOTES FOR PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS

(1) Water supply fixture units (WSFU) are for sections of piping serving 3 or more dwelling units except as noted by (2).
(2) Water supply fixture units (WSFU) are for sections of piping serving fixtures in less than 3 dwelling units.
(3) Water flow (gpm) for the dishwasher.
(4) Velocity limited to 4 fps because of dishwashers and quick-closing sink faucets.
(5) Velocity in copper tube with 140 deg F domestic hot water is limited to 5 fps using Chart B.9.8.3.
(6) Allowance of 5 gpm for the hose bibb and two sinks at 2.5 gpm each.
(7) Allowance for two sinks at 2.5 gpm each.
(8) Allowance for one sink at 2.5 gpm.

SUMMARY OF PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS
Minimum pressure in water main = 50.0 psig.
Water meter pressure drop = 3.0 psig
Total cold water friction pressure drop from water main to "K" = 7.9 psig
Total hot water friction pressure drop from water main to "K" = 6.5 psig
Elevation pressure drop = (35 ft - 6 ft)(0.433) = 12.6 psig
Cold water pressure available at "K" = 50 - 3 - 7.9 -12.6 = 26.5 psig
Minimum required water pressure at "K" = 15 psig
Therefore, the pipe sizing is satisfactory.
If this calculation had shown that the pressure drop was excessive at "K", it would be necessary to examine the design for sections of the
Basic Design Circuit that had the highest pressure drops and then increasse those segment pipe sizes.
B.9.2 Maximum Permissible Friction Loss

The maximum allowable pressure loss due to friction in the water lines and risers to the highest water outlets
is the amount of excess static pressure available above the minimum pressure required at such outlets when
no-flow conditions exist. This may be calculated as the difference between the static pressure existing at the
highest water outlets during no-flow conditions, and the minimum pressure required at such outlets for satis-
factory supply conditions.
Where water is supplied by direct pressure from a public main, to calculate the static pressure at the highest
outlet, deduct from the certified minimum pressure available in the public main the amount of static pressure
loss corresponding to the height at which the outlet is located above the public main (i.e., deduct 0.433 psi
pressure for each foot of rise in elevation from the public main to the highest outlet).
Where supplied under pressure from a gravity water supply tank located at an elevation above the highest
water outlet, the static pressure at that outlet is calculated as being equal to 0.433 psi pressure for each foot
of difference in elevation between the outlet and the water level in the tank. In this case, the minimum static
pressure at the outlet should be determined as that corresponding to the level of the lowest water level at
which the tank is intended to operate.
B.9.3 Basic Design Circuit

Of all the water outlets on a system, the one at which the least available pressure will prevail during periods
of peak demand is the critical outlet that controls the design. Normally, it is the highest outlet that is supplied
through the longest run of piping extending from the source of supply.
This circuit is called the Basic Design Circuit (BDC) for sizing the main water lines and risers.
In most systems, the BDC will be found to be the run of cold water supply piping extending from the source
of supply to the domestic hot water vessel plus the run of hot water supply piping extending to the highest
and most remote hot water outlet on the system. However, in systems supplied directly from the public main
and having flushometer-valve water closets at the topmost floor, the BDC may be found to be the run of cold
water supply piping extending from the public main to the highest and most remote flushometer valve in the
system.
B.9.4 Friction Loss in Equipment

Where a water meter, water filter, water softener, strainer, or instantaneous or tankless water heating coil is
located in the BDC, the friction loss corresponding to the maximum probable demand through such equip-
ment must be determined and included in pressure loss calculations. Manufacturers’ charts and data sheets
on their products provide such information generally, and should be used as a guide in selecting the best
type and size of equipment to use with consideration for the limit to which pressure loss due to friction may
be permitted to occur in the BDC. The rated pressure loss through such equipment should be deducted from

the friction loss limit to establish the amount of pressure that is available to be dissipated by friction in pipe,
valves, and fittings of the BDC.
B.9.5 Estimating Pressure Loss in Displacement Type Cold-Water Meters

The American Water Works Association standard for cold-water meters of the displacement type is designat-
ed AWWA C 700-64. It covers displacement meters known as nutating- or oscillating-piston or disc meters,
which are practically positive in action. The standard establishes maximum capacity or delivery classification
for each meter size as follows:
5/8" 20 gpm
3/4" 30 gpm
1" 50 gpm
1-1/2" 100 gpm
2" 160 gpm
3" 300 gpm
Also, the standard establishes the maximum pressure loss corresponding to these maximum capacities as fol-
lows:
15 psi for the 5/8", 3/4" and 1" meter sizes
20 psi for the 1-1/2", 2", 3", 4" and 6" sizes.
B.9.6 Uniform Pipe Friction Loss

To facilitate calculation of appropriate pipe sizes corresponding to the permissible friction loss in pipe,
valves, and fittings, it is recommended that the BDC be designed in accordance with the principle of uniform
pipe friction loss throughout its length. In this way, the friction limit for the piping run may be established in
terms of pounds per square inch per 100 feet of piping length. The permissible uniform pipe friction loss in
psi/100' is calculated by dividing the permissible friction loss in pipe, valves, and fittings by the total equiva-
lent length of the basic design circuit, and multiplying by 100.
B.9.7 Equivalent Length of Piping

The total equivalent length of piping is its developed length plus the equivalent pipe length corresponding to
the frictional resistance of all fittings and valves in the piping. When size of fittings are known, or has been
established in accordance with sizes based upon appropriate limitation of velocity, corresponding equivalent
lengths may be determined directly from available tables. Five such tables are included herein for various
piping materials. See Tables B.9.7.A through B.9.7.E.
As a general finding, it has been shown by experience that the equivalent length to be allowed for fittings and
valves as a result of such calculations is approximately fifty percent of the developed length of the BDC in
the case of copper water tube systems, and approximately seventy-five percent for standard threaded pipe
systems.

Table B.9.7.A
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN THREADED FITTINGS & VALVES
Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Pipe Sizes
Fitting or Valve
1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.3 4.1 5.4 6.7 8.1
90 deg Elbow, std 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.0 5.2 6.2 7.7 10.1 12.6 15.2
Tee, run 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.5 4.1 5.1 6.7 8.4 10.1
Tee, Branch 3.1 4.1 5.3 6.9 8.1 10.3 12.3 15.3 20.1 25.2 30.3
Gate Valve 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.0
Globe Valve 17.6 23.3 29.7 39.1 45.6 58.6 70.0 86.9 114 143 172
Angle Valve 7.8 10.3 13.1 17.3 20.1 25.8 30.9 38.4 50.3 63.1 75.8
Butterfly Valve 7.8 9.3 11.5 15.1 18.9 22.7
Swing Check Valve 5.2 6.9 8.7 11.5 13.4 17.2 20.6 25.5 33.6 42.1 50.5
NOTES FOR TABLE B.9.7.A
1) Equivalent lengths for valves are based on the valves being wide open.
Table B.9.7.B
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN COPPER TUBE FITTINGS &VALVES
Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Tube Sizes
Fitting or Valve
1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
45 deg Elbow 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
90 deg Elbow, std 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 9.0 12.5 16.0 19.0
Tee, run 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0
Tee, Branch 2.0 3.0 4.5 5.5 7.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 21.0 27.0 34.0
Gate Valve 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.5
Globe Valve 17.6 23.3 29.7 39.1 45.6 58.6 70.0 86.9 114.0 143.0
Angle Valve 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Butterfly Valve 7.8 10.3 13.1 17.3 20.1 25.8 30.9 38.4 50.3 63.1 75.8
Swing Check Valve 7.5 10.0 15.5 16.0 11.5 13.5
Fitting or Valve 2.0 3.0 4.5 5.5 6.5 9.0 11.5 14.5 18.5 23.5 26.5
NOTES FOR TABLE B.9.7.B
1) Equivalent lengths for valves are based on the valves being wide open.
2) Data based in part on the 2004 Copper Tube Handbook by the Copper Development Association.
Table B.9.7.C
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN SCHEDULE 40 CPVC FITTINGS
Fitting
1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.7 3.3 4.1 5.3 6.7 8.0
90 deg Elbow 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.6 12.5 15.1
Tee, Run 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.7 3.4 4.1 5.1 6.7 8.4 10.1
Tee, Branch 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.8 8.0 10.2 12.2 15.2 25.1 30.2

Table B.9.7.D
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN SCHEDULE 80 CPVC FITTINGS
Fitting
1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
45 deg Elbow 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.8 5.0 6.4 7.6
90 deg Elbow 1.3 1.8 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.8 5.7 7.2 9.5 11.9 14.3
Tee, Run 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.5
Tee, Branch 2.6 3.6 4.7 6.3 7.4 9.6 11.5 14.3 18.9 23.8 28.5
Table B.9.7.E
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE
FOR FRICTION LOSS IN CPVC SDR 11 CTS TUBING FITTINGS
Fitting
1/2” CTS 3/4” CTS 1” CTS 1-1/4” CTS 1-1/2” CTS 2” CTS
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.8
90 deg Elbow 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.0 5.2
Tee, Run 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.5
Tee, Branch 3.1 4.1 5.3 6.9 8.1 10.3
B.9.8 Determination of Flow Rates Corresponding to Uniform Pipe Friction Loss

Flow rates corresponding to any given uniform pipe friction loss may be determined readily for each nominal
size of the kind of pipe selected for the system. Pipe friction charts (B.9.8.1 through B.9.8.7) are presented
herewith for each of the standard piping materials used for water supply systems in buildings. The appropri-
ate chart to apply in any given case depends upon the kind of piping to be used and the effect the water to be
conveyed will produce within the piping after extended service.
These charts are based on piping in average service. If piping is used in adverse service or in retrofit applica-
tions, conservative practice suggests selecting lower flow rates for a given pipe, or larger pipe for a given
required flow rate.
For new work, with the range of materials now available, select a piping material that will not be affected by
the water characteristics at the site.

CHART B.9.8.1
GALVANIZED STEEL - ASTM A53

CHART B.9.8.2
TYPE K COPPER TUBE

CHART B.9.8.3
TYPE L COPPER TUBE

CHART B.9.8.4
TYPE M COPPER TUBE

CHART B.9.8.5
CPVC, PVC, ABS, PE SCHEDULE 40 PIPE

CHART B.9.8.6
CPVC, PVC, ASB, PE SCHEDULE 80 PIPE

CHART B.9.8.7
CPVC TUBING (Copper Tube Size ) SDR 11

B.10 DETAILED SIZING METHOD FOR SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
OF ANY HEIGHT
For sizing water supply systems in buildings of any height, a detailed method may be applied in the design of
modern buildings. The procedure consists of sixteen steps, as follows:
1. Obtain all information necessary for sizing the system. Such information shall be obtained from responsible
parties and appropriate local authorities recognized as sources of the necessary information. (See Section B.2.)
2. Provide a schematic elevation of the complete water supply system. Show all piping connections in proper
sequence and all fixture supplies. Identify all fixtures and risers by means of appropriate letters, numbers, or com-
binations thereof. Identify all piping conveying water at a temperature above 150°F, and all branch piping to such
water outlets as solenoid valves, pneumatic valves, or quick-closing valves or faucets. Provide on the schematic
elevation all the general information obtained per step 1. (See Section B.2.9.)
3. Mark on the schematic elevation, for each section of the complete system, the hot and cold water loads served
in terms of water supply fixture units in accordance with Table B.5.2.
4. Mark on the schematic elevation, adjacent to all fixture unit notations, the probable maximum demand in gal-
lons per minute corresponding to the various fixture unit loads in accordance with Table B.5.4.
5. Mark on the schematic elevation, for appropriate sections of the system, the demand in gallons per minute for
outlets at which demand is considered continuous, such as outlets for watering gardens, irrigating lawns, air-con-
ditioning apparatus, refrigeration machines, and similar equipment. Add the continuous demand to the demand for
intermittently used fixtures, and show the total demand at those sections where both types of demand occur. (See
Section B.5.4.)
6. Size all individual fixture supply pipes to water outlets in accordance with the minimum sizes permitted by
regulations. Minimum fixture supply pipe sizes for typical plumbing are given in Table B.5.2.
7. Size all other parts of the water supply system in accordance with velocity limitations recognized as good
engineering practice, and with velocity limitations recommended by pipe manufacturers for avoiding accelerated
deterioration and failure of their products under various conditions of service. Sizing tables based on such velocity
limitations and showing permissible loads in terms of water supply fixture units for each size and kind of piping
material have been provided and may be applied as a convenient and simplified method of sizing in this step. (See
Section B.6)
Note: These sizes are tentative until verified in Steps 12, 13, 14, 15.
8. Assuming conditions of no-flow in the system, calculate the amount of pressure available at the topmost
fixture in excess of the minimum pressure required at such fixtures for satisfactory supply conditions. This excess
pressure is the limit for friction losses for peak demand in the system (1 foot of water column = 0.433 psi pres-
sure). (See Section B.9.2.)
9. Determine which piping circuit of the system is the basic one for which pipe sizes in main lines and riser
should be designed in accordance with friction loss limits. This circuit is the most extreme run of piping through
which water flows from the public main, or other source of supply, to the highest and most distant water outlet.
This basic design circuit (BDC) should be specifically identified on the schematic elevation of the system. (See
Section B.9.3.)
10. Mark on the schematic elevation the pressure loss due to friction corresponding to the maximum probable
demand through any water meter, water softener, or instantaneous or tankless water heating coil that may be pro-
vided in the BDC. (See Sections B.9.4 and B.9.5.)
11. Calculate the amount of pressure remaining and available for dissipation as friction loss during peak demand
through pipe, valves, and fittings in the BDC. Deduct from the excess static pressure available at the topmost
fixtures (determined in step 8), the friction losses for any water meters, softeners, and water heating coils provided
in the BDC determined in step 10. (See Section B.9.4.)
12. Calculate the total equivalent length of the BDC. Pipe sizes established on the basis of velocity limitation in
step 7 for main lines and risers must be considered just tentative at this stage, but may be deemed appropriate for
determining corresponding equivalent lengths of fittings and valves in this step. (See Section B.9.7.)
13. Calculate the permissible uniform pressure loss for friction in piping of the BDC. The amount of pressure
available in the circuit for dissipation as friction loss due to pipe, fittings, and valves (determined in step 11), is
divided by the total equivalent length of the circuit (determined in step 12). This establishes the pipe friction limit

for the circuit in terms of pressure loss in psi per foot of total equivalent pipe length. Multiply this value by 100 in
order to express the pipe friction limit in terms of psi per 100 feet of length. (See Section B.9.6.)
14. Set up a sizing table showing the rates of flow for various sizes of the kind of piping to be used, correspond-
ing to the permissible uniform pressure loss for pipe friction calculated for the BDC (determined in step 13). Such
rates may be determined from a pipe friction chart appropriate for the piping to be used and for the effects upon
the piping of the quality of the water to be conveyed thereby for extended service. (See Sections B.9.8 and B.2.3.)
15. Check the sizes of all parts of the BDC, and all other main lines and risers that supply water upward to the
highest water outlets on the system, in accordance with the sizing table set up in step 14. Where sizes determined
in this step are larger than those previously established in step 7 (based on velocity limitation), the increased sizes
are applicable for limitation of friction.
16. Due consideration must be given to the action of the water on the interior of the piping, and proper allow-
ance must be made where necessary as a design consideration, such as, where the kind of piping selected and the
characteristics of the water conveyed are such that an appreciable buildup of corrosion products or hard-water
scale may be anticipated to cause a significant reduction in bore of the piping system and inadequate capacity for
satisfactory supply conditions during the normal service life of the system. A reasonable allowance in such cases
is to select at least one standard pipe size larger than the sizes determined in the preceding steps. Where the water
supply is treated in such manner as to avoid buildup of corrosion products or hard-water scale, no allowance need
be made in sizing piping conveying such treated water. (See Sections B.2.3 and B.9.8.)
B.11 ILLUSTRATION OF DETAILED SIZING METHOD APPLICATION

B.11.1 Example
A seven-story building is supplied by direct street pressure from a public water main in which the minimum
available pressure is 60 psi. The highest fixture supplied is 64'-8" above the public main, and requires 12 psi
flow pressure at the fixture for satisfactory supply conditions.
The water supply is to be metered by a meter through which flow at the maximum probable demand rate will
produce a pressure drop of 5.6 psi. Copper tubing, Type L, is to be used for the entire system. Quality of the
water supply is known to be noncorrosive to copper tubing in the water district, and is recognized as being
non-scaling in characteristic.
The entire system has been initially sized in accordance with the simplified method based solely on velocity
limitations. Applying these sizes, the total equivalent length of piping from the public main to the highest and
most remote fixture outlet has been calculated to be 600'.
B.11.2 Solution
Steps 1-7. The first seven steps of the detailed sizing method have already been performed. These steps
constitute the simplified sizing method based solely on velocity limitations established as the design basis.
All that remains is to perform steps 8 through 15 of the detailed sizing method which relate to sizing in
accordance with the frictional limitation which must be observed for this particular system, and with allow-
ances which may be necessary in view of the water characteristics.
Step 8. Assuming conditions of no-flow in the system, the amount of excess pressure available at the top-
most fixture in excess of the minimum required at the fixture for satisfactory supply conditions is determined
as follows:
Excess pressure available = 60 psi - 12 psi - (64.67 x 0.4333 psi/ft) = 20 psi
Step 9. The BDC should be specifically identified on the schematic elevation provided as per step 2.
Step 10. The pressure loss through the water meter selected for this system for flow at maximum probable
demand is given in the example as being 5.6 psi. No other items of equipment through which significant fric-
tion losses may occur have been noted in the example.
Step 11. The amount of pressure remaining for dissipation as friction loss during peak demand through
pipes, valves, and fittings in the basic design circuit is determined as follows:

Pressure available for friction in piping = 20 psi - 5.6 psi = 14.4 psi
Step 12. The total equivalent length of the basic design circuit has been given in the example as being 600
feet, based on the sizes determined in accordance with velocity limitations as per step 7.
Step 13. The permissible uniform pressure loss for friction in piping of the basic design circuit is deter-
mined as follows:
Permissible uniform pipe friction loss = 14.4 psi x (100 ft/600 ft)
= 2.4 psi per 100 ft pipe length
Step 14. A sizing table showing the rates of flow through various sizes of copper tubing corresponding to
a pipe friction loss rate of 2.4 psi per 100 feet of pipe length is given in Table B.11.2. These flow rates were
determined from the chart applicable to such pipe with a “fairly smooth” surface condition after extended
service conveying water having the effect stated in the example.
Step 15. All parts of the BDC should be selected in accordance with the flow rates shown in the table
established in step 14. Usually, all other parts of the system are sized using the same pressure drop limitation.
Table B.11.2
TYPE L COPPER TUBING, FOR "FAIRLY SMOOTH" CONDITION
Nominal Pipe Size Flow Rate Corresponding to Friction Loss of
(in) 2-4 psi/100' (gpm)
1/2 1.4
3/4 3.9
1 7.5
1-1/4 14.0
1-1/2 21.0
2 47.0
2-1/2 78.0
3 130.0
4 270.0
B.12 MANIFOLD TYPE PARALLEL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
B.12.1 Manifolds
The total water supply demand for the dwelling shall be determined in accordance with Section 10.14 and
Appendix B.5. Manifolds shall be sized according to Table B.12.1 based on the total supply demand.
Table B.12.1
MANIFOLD SIZING1
Nominal Size Maximum GPM Available @ Velocity
Inches @ 4 fps @ 8 fps @ 10 fps
1/2 2 5 6
3/4 6 11 14
1 10 20 25
1-1/4 15 31 38
1-1/2 22 44 55
1
Refer to Section 10.14 for maximum velocity permitted.

B.12.2 Distribution Lines
a. The water pressure available for distribution pipe friction shall be determined from the minimum supply
pressure available at the source, the developed length and size of the water service, the pressure drop through
the water meter (if provided), the pressure drop through the manifold, the pressure drop through any other
equipment or appurtenances in the system, the elevation of each distribution line, and the minimum pressure
required at each fixture.
b. The water flow required at each fixture shall be in accordance with Section 10.14.2a for both hot and
cold water. Distribution line sizes shall be in accordance with the system manufacturer's line sizing proce-
dure.
c. The system manufacturer shall provide sizing data for the individual runs of tubing to each fixture based
on the water pressure available for pipe friction and static elevation, the GPM required at each fixture, the
tubing material, the tube size, and its maximum allowable length from the manifold to the fixture. Tube sizes
for parallel water distribution systems include 3/8" nominal, 1/2" nominal, and 3/4" nominal.

Appendix C
Conversions:
Metric to U.S. Customery Units
LENGTH
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches
100 millimeters = 3.937 inches
1000 millimeters = 39.37 inches
1 meter = 3.2808 feet
AREA
1 square meter = 10.764 square feet
VOLUME
1 liter (L) = 0.2642 gallons (U.S.)
10 liters (L) = 2.642 gallons (U.S.)
VELOCITY
1 meter per second (m/s) = 3.2808 feet per second (ft/s)
FLOW
1 liter per minute (L/min) = 0.2642 gallons per minute (GPM)
10 liters per minute (L/min) = 2.642 gallons per minute (GPM)
PRESSURE
1 kilopascal (kPa) = 0.145 pounds per square inch (PSI)
10 kilopascals (kPa) = 1.45 pounds per square inch (PSI)

TEMPERATURE
deg F = 9/5 deg C + 32
deg C = 5/9 (deg F - 32)
TEMPERATURE
Deg C Deg F
0C 32 F
5C 41 F
10 C 50 F
15 C 59 F
20 C 68 F
25 C 77 F
30 C 86 F
35 C 95 F
40 C 104 F
45 C 113 F CONVERTING WSFU DEMAND
50 C 122 F TO LITERS PER MINUTE (L/min) FLOW
55 C 131 F Flush Tanks Flush Valves Flush Tanks Flush Valves
60 C 140 F WSFU WSFU
L/min L/min L/min L/min
65 C 149 F 3 11 120 186 280
70 C 158 F 4 15 140 201 295
75 C 167 F 5 17 83 160 216 314
80 C 176 F 6 19 87 180 231 329
85 C 185 F 7 23 91 200 246 345
90 C 194 F 8 27 95 225 265 360
95 C 203 F 9 28 98 250 284 379
100 C 212 F 10 30 102 300 322 416
11 32 106 400 398 473
12 34 110 500 473 530
PIPE SIZES
13 38 112 750 644 662
mm NPS
14 40 114 1000 795 795
15 1/2
15 42 117 1250 909 909
20 3/4
16 45 121 1500 1022 1022
25 1
17 47 125 1750 1136 1136
32 1-1/4
18 49 127 2000 1230 1230
40 1-1/2
19 51 129 2500 1438 1438
50 2
20 53 133 3000 1647 1647
65 2-1/2
25 64 144 4000 1987 1987
80 3
30 76 155 5000 2271 2271
100 4
40 95 178 6000 2460 2460
125 5
50 110 193 7000 2650 2650
150 6
60 125 208 8000 2763 2763
200 8
80 148 235 9000 2877 2877
250 10
100 167 257 10,000 2990 2990
300 12

Appendix D
Determining the Minimum

Number of Required Plumbing
Fixtures
The determination of the minimum number of required plumbing fixtures is a complex issue as many buildings
are unique as such the Authority Having Jurisdiction is called upon to use good judgement in applying this proce-
dure.
1. DETERMINE THE SERVICE POPULATION

The population for the building or facility should be given on the plans. In the event the population of the build-
ing or service area is not given on the plans, three approaches may be utilized in determining the population to be
served by the restroom facility.
(a) Actual: In some instances the actual population, male and female, of the building service area may be
known and this value may be used in the calculations.
(b) Engineering Estimate: The population of many buildings, especially those owner-occupied, may D be de-
termined on the basis of population densities. Typically, office building floor areas range from 200 to 400 square
feet per person. In the absence of other data, the gender ratio should be 50/50.
(c) Legal Limit: Many building codes establish a legal occupancy limit based on the means of egress. Where
the occupant load is based on the egress requirements of a building, the number of occupants for plumbing pur-
poses shall be permitted to be reduced to two-thirds of that required for fire or life safety purposes.
2. MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES

The minimum number of required plumbing fixtures shall be determined based on building classification, user
group and population as given in Table 7.21.1. The building classifications and user groups are consistent with
nationally recognized building codes.
EXAMPLE A
Building classification, use group, total population must be known.
Building classification: Assembly

Use Group: Auditorium without permanent seating
Floor area: 20,000 net square feet, 1 story
Population 2,857 based on egress per the Building Code at 7 sq ft per person

1. Determine the Plumbing Population
Since the given population is based on egress requirements, the population for plumbing purposes can be 2/3 of
that value (Section 7.21.2.b). The ratio of male and female occupants can be assumed to be 50% each (Section
7.21.2.c).
Population for plumbing purposes = 2857 x 2/3 = 1905

Male population = 1905 x 50% = 953
Female population = 1905 x 50% = 953
2. Determine the Minimum Required Number of Plumbing Fixtures
The minimum required number of plumbing fixtures is determined from Table 7.21.1 under No. 1 Assembly
The number of males and females are greater than the numerical groups listed in Table 7.21.1. To determine the
total number of fixtures required, calculate the number of fixtures required by the listed numerical groups and then
determine how many additional groups of 300 there are over the first 300.
Male Water Closets

first 50 men (1–50) = 1 water closet
next 50 men (51–100) = add 1 water closet
add 1 water closet for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
The listed numerical groups account for the first 300 males.
The additional groups of 300 = (953-300) divided by 300 per group = 2.18 = 3 groups.
The total number of male water closets = 1 (first 50)

= 1 (next 50)
= 1 (next 100)
= 1 (next 100)
= 3 (3 additional groups of 300 @ 1 each)
The minimum number of water closets for males = 7

Section 7.21.5.a permits 50% of the required water closets to be urinals.
The male toilet room could contain 4 water closets and 3 urinals.
Female Water Closets

first 50 females (1-50) = 1 water closet
next 50 females (51-100) = 1 water closet
next 100 females (101-200) = 2 water closet
next 100 females (201-300) = 1 water closets
add 2 water closets for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
The listed numerical groups account for the first 300 females.
The additional groups of 300 = (953-300) divided by 300 per group = 2.18 = 3 groups

The total number of female water closets = 1 (first 50)
= 1 (next 50)
= 2 (next 100)
= 1 (next 100)
The minimum number of water closets for females = 11
Male Lavatories
first 50 men (1-50) = 1 lavatory
next 50 men (51-100) = 0 lavatories
next 100 men (101-200) = 1 lavatory
add 1 lavatory for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
The total number of male lavatories = 1 (first 50)

= 0 (next 50)
= 1 (next 100)
= 0 (next 100)
The minimum number of lavatories for males = 5
Female Lavatories
first 50 females (1-50) = 1 lavatory
next 50 females (51-100) = 1 lavatory
next 100 females (101-200) = 1 lavatory
next 100 females (201-300) = 1 lavatories
add 2 lavatories for each group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
The total number of female lavatories = 1 (first 50)

= 1 (next 50)
= 1 (next 100)
= 1 (next 100)
The minimum number of lavatories for females = 10
Drinking Water Facilities

Table 7.21.1 requires 1 per 1000 people (or parts thereof)
Number of drinking water facilities = 1905 divided by 1000 = 1.9 = 2
Service Sinks
Table 7.21.1 requires a minimum of 1 per floor.

EXAMPLE B
Building classification, use group, total population must be known.
Building classification: Business

Use Group: Office building
Floor area: 48,300 net square feet, 1 story
Population 386 based on expected occupancy
1. Determine the Plumbing Population
Population for plumbing purposes = 386

Male population = 386 x 50% = 193
Female population = 386 x 50% = 193
2. Determine the Minimum Required Number of Plumbing Fixtures
The minimum required number of plumbing fixtures is determined from Table 7.21.1 under No. 2 Business.
The number of males and females are greater than the numerical groups listed in Table 7.21.1. To determine the
total number of fixtures required, calculate the number of fixtures required by the listed numerical groups and then
determine how many additional groups of 60 there are over the first 75.
Male Water Closets

first 50 men (1–50) = 1 water closet
next 50 men (51–100) = add 2 water closets
add 1 water closet for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
The additional groups of 300 = (953-300) divided by 300 per group = 2.18 = 3 groups.
The total number of male water closets = 1 (first 50)

= 2 (next 50)
= 3 (next 100)
= 4 (next 100)
The minimum number of water closets for males = 13

Section 7.21.5.a permits 50% of the required water closets to be urinals.
The male toilet room could contain 7 water closets and 6 urinals.
Female Water Closets

first 50 females (1-50) = 1 water closet
add 2 water closets for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)

The total number of female water closets = 1 (first 50)

= 2 (next 50)
= 4 (next 100)
= 5 (next 100)
The minimum number of water closets for females = 18
Male Lavatories
first 50 men (1-50) = 1 lavatory
next 50 men (51-100) = 1 lavatory
The total number of male lavatories = 1 (first 50)

= 1 (next 50)
= 2 (next 100)
= 2 (next 100)
= 3 (3 additional groups of 300 @ 1 each
The minimum number of lavatories for males = 9
Female Lavatories
first 15 females (1-15) = 1 lavatory
next 25 females (16-40) = add 1 lavatory
next 35 females (41-75) = add 1 lavatory
add 2 for each additional group of 60 over 75 (or parts thereof)
The total number of female lavatories = 1 (first 15)

= 1 (next 25)
= 1 (next 35)
The minimum number of lavatories for females = 7
Drinking Water Facilities

Table 7.21.1 requires 1 per 100 people (or parts thereof).
Number of drinking water facilities = 386 divided by 100 per group = 3.86 = 4
Service Sinks
Table 7.21.1 requires a minimum of 1 per floor.

Blank Page

Appendix E
Special Design
Plumbing Systems
E.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
E.1.1 Special design plumbing systems shall include all systems that vary in detail from the requirements of
this Code.
E.1.2 The provisions of this Appendix shall control the design, installation, and inspection of special design
plumbing systems.
E.1.3 Special design plumbing systems shall conform to the Basic Principles of this Code.
E.1.4 Special design plumbing systems shall be designed by a registered design professional who is licensed
to practice in the particular jurisdiction.
E.1.5 The requirements of Section E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4 shall apply to all special plumbing systems in this
Appendix E
E.2 PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND COMPUTATIONS

E.2.1 Plans, specifications, computations, and other related data for special design plumbing systems,
prepared by the registered design professional, shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for
review and approval prior to installation.
E.2.2 The design plans shall indicate that the plumbing system (or portions thereof) is a special design
system.
E.3 INSTALLATION OF SPECIAL DESIGN PLUMBING SYSTEMS

E.3.1 Special design plumbing systems shall be installed according to established, tested and approved criteria,
including manufacturer’s instructions.
E.3.2 The installation shall comply with Chapter 2 - General Regulations and other applicable requirements
of this Code.

E.4 CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE
E.4.1 Inspections shall be made by the Authority Having Jurisdiction to ensure conformance with data
submitted for approval and the applicable requirements of this Code.
E.4.2 The complete installation and performance of the special design plumbing system shall be certified
by the registered design professional as complying with the requirements of the special design.
E.5 VACUUM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
E.5.1 General Requirement
E.5.1.1 System Design

Vacuum drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. The
system layout, including piping layout, tank assemblies, vacuum pump assembly and other components/
designs necessary for proper function of the system shall be per manufacturer’s recommendations. Plans,
specifications and other data for such systems shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for
review and approval prior to installation.
E.5.1.2 Fixtures
Gravity type fixtures used in vacuum drainage systems shall comply with Chapter 7 of this Code.
E.5.1.3 Drainage Fixture Units

Fixture units for gravity drainage systems that discharge into or receive discharge from vacuum drainage
systems shall be based upon values in Chapter 11 of this Code.
E.5.1.4 Water Supply Fixture Units

Water supply fixture units shall be based upon values in Chapter 10 of this Code with the addition that the
fixture unit of a vacuum type water closet shall be one inch.
E.5.1.5 Traps and Cleanouts

Gravity type fixtures shall be provided with traps and cleanouts per Chapter 5 of this Code.
E.5.1.6 Materials
Vacuum drainage pipe, fittings and valve materials shall be as recommended by the vacuum drainage
system manufacturer and as permitted by this Code.
E.5.2 Tests and Demonstrations

After completion of the entire system installation, the system shall be subjected to a vacuum test of 19 inches
of mercury and shall be operated to function as required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction and the manu-
facturer. Recorded proof of all tests shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
E.5.3 Written Instructions

Written instructions for the operation, maintenance, safety and emergency procedures shall be provided to
the Building Owner as verified by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

E.5.4 Requirements for Special Design Plumbing Systems
The requirements of Sections E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4 apply to this special design plumbing system.
E.6 ONE-PIPE SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS EMPLOYING AERATOR

AND DEAERATOR STACK FITTINGS
E.6.1 Compliance
a. One-pipe sanitary drainage systems employing aerator and deaerator stack fittings shall be permitted to be
installed in accordance with (1) the fitting manufacturer’s current piping design manual and technical bulletins,
and (2) the applicable requirements of this Code.
b. The requirements of this Code shall supercede the fitting manufacturer’s piping design manual with regard
to acceptable piping materials, drainage fixture unit (DFU) values, and minimum drainage pipe sizes.
c. Complete detailed layout drawings shall be prepared prior to the installation of such a sanitary drainage
system.
E.6.2 Piping Materials

Piping materials for drainage stacks and branches shall be in accordance with Section 3.5 of this Code. Piping
materials for vents shall be in accordance with Section 3.6 of this Code.
E.6.3 Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) Values

Drainage fixture unit values for bathroom groups and individual fixtures shall be in accordance with Table
11.4.1 of this Code.
E.6.4 Drainage Pipe Sizing

Piping in such a sanitary drainage system shall be sized according to the fitting manufacturer’s current piping
design manual.
EXCEPTION: Drainage pipe sizes shall not be less than those required by Section 11.5 of this Code.
E.6.5 Arrangement of Piping

Piping shall be arranged as illustrated in the fitting manufacturer’s current design manual.

E.7 SINGLE STACK VENT SYSTEMS

E.7.1 Where permitted.
A drainage stack shall be permitted to serve as a single stack vent system when sized and installed in accordance
with Sections E.7.2 through E.7.9. The drainage stack and branch piping in a single stack vent system shall
provide for the flow of liquids, solids, and air without the loss of fixture trap seals.
E.7.2 Stack Size

Drainage stacks shall be sized according to Table E.7.2. A maximum of two water closets shall be permitted to
discharge to a 3 inch stack. Stacks shall be uniformly sized based on the total connected drainage fixture unit
load with no reductions in size.

Table E.7.2
SINGLE STACK SIZE
Stack Size
Maximum Connected Drainage Fixture Units
(inches)
Stacks Less than 75 Stacks 75 Feet to Less than 160 Stacks 160 Feet or Greater
Feet in Height Feet in Height in Height
3 24 (2) NP NP
4 225 24 NP
5 480 225 24
6 1015 480 225
8 2320 1015 480
10 4500 2320 1015
12 8100 4500 2320
15 13,600 8100 4500
1. NP = not permitted
2. Not more than two (2) water closets are permitted on a 3" stack.
E.7.3 Branch Size

Horizontal branches connecting to a single stack vent system shall be sized according to Table 11.5.1 B.
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) No more than one water closet within 18" of the stack horizontally shall be permitted on a 3" horizontal
branch.
(2) A water closet within 18" of a stack horizontally and one other fixture with up to 1-1/2 inch fixture drain
size shall be permitted on a 3" horizontal branch when connected to the stack through a sanitary tee.
E.7.4 Length of Horizontal Branches

a. Water closets shall be no more than four (4) feet horizontally from the stack.
EXCEPTION: Water closets shall be permitted to be up to eight (8) feet horizontally from the stack when
connected to the stack through a sanitary tee.
b. Fixtures other than water closets shall be no more than twelve (12) feet horizontally from the stack.
c. The length of any vertical piping from a fixture trap to a horizontal branch shall not be considered it com-
puting the fixture’s horizontal distance from the stack.
E.7.5 Maximum Vertical Drops From Fixtures

Vertical drops from fixture traps to horizontal branch piping shall be one pipe size larger than the trap but not
less than two (2) inch pipe size. Vertical drops shall be four (4) feet maximum length. Fixture drains that are
not increased in size, or have a vertical drop exceeding 4 feet shall be individually vented.
E.7.6 Additional Venting Required

Additional venting shall be provided when more than one water closet is on a horizontal branch and where
the distance from a fixture trap to the stack exceeds the limits in Section 12.18.4. Where additional venting is
required, the fixture(s) shall be vented by an individual vent, common vent, wet vent, circuit vent, or a combi-
nation waste and vent pipe. The dry vent extensions for the additional venting shall connect to a branch vent,
vent stack, stack vent, air admittance valve, or be extended outdoors and terminate to the open air.

E.7.7 Stack Offsets
Where there are no fixture drain connections below a horizontal offset in a stack, the offset does not need to be
vented. When there are fixture drain connections below a horizontal offset in a stack, the offset shall be vented
in accordance with Section 12.3.3. There shall be no fixture connections to a stack within 2 feet above and
below a horizontal offset.
E.7.8 Separate Stacks Required

Where stacks are more than two stories high, a separate stack shall be provided for the fixtures on the lower two
stories. The stack for the lower two stories may be connected to the branch of the building drain that serves the
stack for the upper stories at a point that is at least 10 pipe diameters downstream from the base of the upper
stack.
E.7.9 Sizing Building Drains and Sewers

The building drain and branches thereof, and the building sewer in a single stack vent system shall be sized in
accordance with Table 11.5.1A.

E.8 AIR ADMITTANCE VALVES

E.8.1 Definition
Air admittance valve: A one-way valve designed to allow air to enter the plumbing drainage system when
negative pressures develop in the system. The device closes by gravity, without springs or other mechanical
means, and seals the vent terminal at zero differential pressure (no flow conditions) and also under positive
internal pressure. The purposes of an air admittance valve are (1) to provide a method of allowing air to enter
the plumbing drainage system without the need for a vent extended outdoors to open air, and (2) to prevent
sewer gases from escaping into the building.
E.8.2 Where Permitted
E.8.2.1 Branch, circuit, common, continuous, and individual vents shall be permitted to terminate with a
connection to an individual or branch type air admittance valve complying with ASSE 1051. Individual
and branch type air admittance valves shall only vent fixtures that are on the same floor level and connect
to a horizontal branch drain.
E.8.2.2 Vent stacks and stack vents shall be permitted to terminate at a stack type air admittance valve
complying with ASSE 1050.
EXCEPTIONS
(1) Vent stacks and stack vents serving drainage stacks that exceed six (6) branch intervals in height.
(2) Vent stacks and stack vents that serve relief vents in Section E.8.3.
E.8.2.3 Air admittance valves shall not be permitted in the following applications:
a. vents for special waste drainage systems (Sections 9.4.1 and 9.4.2).
b. vents for sewage pump or ejector sump pits.
c. vents for pneumatic sewage ejectors.
d. suds pressure zone venting.
e. relief vents required by Section E.8.3.1.

E.8.3 Relief Vents
E.8.3.1 A relief vent shall be provided where a horizontal branch drain that is vented by one or more air
admittance valves connects to a drainage stack more than four (4) branch intervals from the top of the stack.
The relief vent shall connect vertically to the horizontal branch drain between the drainage stack and the
most downstream fixture drain connection on the horizontal branch drain. Relief vents shall extend from
the horizontal branch drain to a vent stack, stack vent, or other vent that terminates outdoors in open air.
E.8.3.2 Relief vents shall be the full size of the horizontal branch drain that they serve, up to 3" maximum
required size.
E.8.3.3 Relief vents shall be permitted to vent fixtures other than those on the horizontal branch drain be-
ing relieved.
E.8.4 Installation
E.8.4.1 Air admittance valves shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and
Section E.8.
E.8.4.2 Air admittance valves shall connect to fixture trap arms within the maximum allowable trap arm
lengths in Table 12.8.1.
E.8.4.3 Individual and branch type air admittance valves shall be installed at least 4 inches above the top
of the trap arm or horizontal branch drain that they serve.
E.8.4.4 Stack type air admittance valves shall be installed at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of the
highest fixture served by the valve.
E.8.4.5 Air admittance valves shall be installed in accessible locations having free movement of air to enter
the valve.
E.8.4.6 Air admittance valves shall not be installed in HVAC supply or return air plenums or other areas
subject to other than atmospheric pressure.
E.8.4.7 Air admittance valves installed in insulated attic or ceiling spaces shall be installed in free air at
least six inches above the insulation.
E.8.4.8 Air admittance valves shall be the same size as the vent pipe to which they are connected.
E.8.4.9 Air admittance valves shall not be installed until all required leak tests of the drainage and vent
piping are successfully completed.
E.8.5 Vent to Outdoors Required
E.8.5.1 Where a plumbing drainage system is vented by one or more air admittance valves, at least one vent
pipe shall extend to an outdoor vent terminal complying with Section 12.4. Outdoor venting shall comply
with either Section E.8.5.2 or E.8.5.3.

E.8.5.2 The aggregate size of the outdoor vent terminals shall comply with Section 12.16.6 unless the build-
ing drain is vented in accordance with Section E.8.5.3,.
E.8.5.3 Where the aggregate size of outdoor vent terminals does not comply with Section E.8.5.2, a dry
vent, sized according to Table 12.16, shall be provided downstream from the last fixture connection, branch
connection, or stack connection to the building drain before the connection of the building drain to the
building sewer.
E.8.6 Referenced Standards

a. ASSE 1050-2002 Stack Air Admittance Valves for Sanitary Drainage Systems.
b. ASSE 1051-2002 Individual and Branch Type Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing Drainage Systems.

E.9 SIPHONIC ROOF DRAINAGE

E.9.1 General Requirements
a. Siphonic roof drainage systems for primary roof drainage shall be designed, installed, inspected, and tested
in accordance with the requirements of ASPE Standard 45- Siphonic Roof Drainage, its Appendices, and the
other requirements of Section of E.9 in NSPC Appendix E.
b. Systems shall be permitted to be designed using computer programs that produce results equivalent to
ASPE Standard 45.
c. Design plans shall show all details of the system installation, including pipe sizing, routing, elevations,
fittings, and orientation. The system installation shall be coordinated with all other aspects of the facility con-
struction.
d. The requirements of Sections E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4 apply to this special design plumbing system.
E.9.2 Roof Drains

Siphonic roof drains shall comply with ASME A112.6.9.
E.9.3 Rainfall Rates

The rainfall rates used for sizing primary and secondary roof drainage systems shall be in accordance with
Table A.1 in NSPC Appendix A.
E.9.4 Secondary Roof Drainage

Secondary roof drainage shall be provided in accordance with NSPC Section 13.1.10.2.
E.9.5 Referenced Standards

ASPE Standard 45- current edition
ASME A112.6.9-2005 Siphonic Roof Drains

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Appendix F
Requirements of the
Adopting Agency
F.1 GENERAL
This Code does not include specific requirements in certain cases where local practices may vary from one ju-
risdiction to another. This appendix lists those sections of this Code where the Adopting Agency must establish
requirements. Adopting agencies should review the sections listed under Appendix F.2.
F.2 REFERENCES
1.4.8: Appendicies
2.16.1: Minimum earth cover for water service pipe.
2.16.2: Minimum earth cover for building sewers.
2.19.1: Distance for required connections to public water supplies and sewers.
2.19.2: Standards and requirements for private water and sewage disposal systems.
2.26 Elevator Pits
10.9.2: Disinfecting water piping.
11.7.6: Use of grinder pumps.
15.3.1: Testing new plumbing work.
15.3.2: Testing existing sewers and drains.
16.1: State or local requirements for private sewage disposal systems.
Chapter 18: Mobile home and travel trailer park plumbing requirements.
F.3 EXCEPTIONS, WAIVERS, APPROVALS

There are instances where this Code specifically permits exceptions or waivers of its requirements and the ap-
proval of alternative materials and methods by the Adopting Agency. These occur throughout this Code.

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Appendix G
Graywater Recycling Systems

G.1 FOREWORD
In the United States today, regulations concerning water conservation, moratoriums on sewer connections,
and restrictions on sewer permits are a clear indication of a growing economy restrained by a lack of avail-
able water. Water being a finite resource, these actions serve as a warning that without adequate planning for
our future water needs, America is facing a critical water supply shortage.
In virtually all major metropolitan and many suburban areas in the country, water treatment plants are over-
loaded and many, due to neglect and deferred maintenance, are beginning to fail. Finding additional water
sources and supplies and expanding existing water treatment plant capacity is expensive, sometimes imprac-
tical, and at best, involves long range planning.
Traditionally, the municipal treatment facility has been the primary source of water disposal for single and
multi-family residential buildings and complexes. As long term water shortages increasingly are predicted in
several areas across the nation, water conservation becomes more of a national issue. Fortunately, alternative
technical solutions are currently available.
Various potentially useful and dependable water treatment and recycling technologies are being explored.
One possible source is graywater recycling, an on-site wastewater treatment and recycling system, also
known as “Graywater Systems”. This promising technology offers a practical solution to the water shortage
problem as it applies to plumbing installations. Graywater systems are designed to safely manage wastewa-
ter and reduce water consumption. Graywater systems can be used in all types of residential, commercial,
institutional, and industrial buildings. Some graywater applications include toilet and urinal flushing, land-
scape irrigation, supply water for ornamental ponds and make-up water for cooling towers.
G.2 DEFINITIONS
Biological Treatment: A method of wastewater treatment in which bacterial or biochemical action is intensi-
fied as a means of producing an oxidized wastewater.
Black Water: Used untreated water that is flushed down toilets and urinals. This water cannot be directly
reused.
Effluent: Partially or completely treated liquid waste discharge from a wastewater treatment system.
Graywater: Used untreated water generated by clothes washing machines, showers, bathtubs and lavatories.
It shall not include water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers.
Reclaimed Water: Effluent from a wastewater treatment facility that has been subjected to extensive treat-
ment in order to remove organic material, heavy metals, and harmful pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses,
and protozoa). Reclaimed water is non-potable.
Septic Tank: A water-tight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building sanitary drainage system or
part thereof, and is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter
through a period of detention, and allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a
system of open joint or perforated piping, or a seepage pit.
Wastewater: The combination of liquid and water-carried pollutants from residences, commercial buildings,
industrial plants, and institutions.

G.3 APPROVED MATERIALS
a. All materials, fixtures or equipment used in the installation, repair or alteration of graywater systems,
shall conform to the standards listed in Chapter 3 of this Code.
b. Materials not listed in Chapter 3 of this Code may be used with the approval of the Authority Having
Jurisdiction as permitted in Section 3.12.2.
G.4 APPROVED INSTALLATIONS

a. Prior to construction of a graywater system, the appropriate permits shall be obtained from the Authority
Having Jurisdiction. The applicant shall provide the Authority Having Jurisdiction with complete plans and
manufacturers’ recommendations of the proposed installation.
b. All pipe sizing and installation procedures shall conform to the applicable sections of this Code.
G.5 PROHIBITED INSTALLATIONS

Graywater shall not be applied outdoors above ground nor permitted to collect on the surface of the ground or to
run off the property. Graywater shall not be permitted to come in direct contact with edible food sources.
G.6 ACCEPTABLE TREATMENT METHODS

G.6.1 Nylon or Cloth Filter
The nylon or cloth filter system typically consists of a filter bag connected to the graywater inlet pipe in a
tank. The graywater is passed through the filter media (that collects hair and lint) and proceeds on for further
treatment.
G.6.2 Sand Filter

The sand filter system consists of a sand and rock filled tank with an underdrain system. The graywater is
poured onto splash plates and then filtered through filter media, while receiving physical and biological treat-
ment. The filtered graywater then is collected and transported via an underdrain system for reuse.
G.6.3 Diatomaceous Earth Filter

Diatomaceous filters are commonly used for filtering water for swimming pools and spas. The use of this
type of filter is primarily limited to separating solids in suspension with the use of a recirculating line.
G.6.4 Rack or Grate Filters

The primary function of the rack or grate filter is to remove particle matter from the graywater.
G.6.5 Collection and Settling

Commonly found in septic systems, whereby solids flow into the tank and are permitted to settle to the bot-
tom forming a sludge layer.
G.6.6 Biological Treatment Units

Typically a process in which solids are separated through the use of three chambers. Pre-settling, aeration,
and final settling separate the solids while allowing biological treatment prior to reuse. This type of treat-
ment is usually found in large commercial applications.
G.6.7 Reverse Osmosis

A process involving treatment of the graywater by a reverse osmosis unit.

G.6.8 Physical/Chemical Treatment
Graywater is processed through a rapid mix tank in which polymer and activated carbon are added. The
treated graywater is then passed through a settling tank in which sludge is removed. The graywater then goes
on to numerous filters for further treatment.
G.7 DISINFECTION TECHNIQUES

Ultraviolet Irradiation
Ozone
Chlorine
Iodine
G.7.1
Disinfection techniques shall be chosen with regards to the compatibility of the materials used in the pipes,
fittings, tanks and other equipment in the system.
G.8 IRRIGATION METHODS

Sub-surface irrigation
G.9 PROTECTION OF THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY

a. A graywater system shall be designed, installed and maintained to prevent contamination from non-pota-
ble liquids, solids or gases into the potable water supply through cross-connections.
b. In all buildings where dual water systems are installed, one potable water and one non-potable water,
each system shall be identified according to Section 10.2.
c. The potable water supply shall be protected from backflow and back-siphonage by an approved method
of cross-connection control required by Sections 10.4 and 10.5.
G.10 TESTING
a. All applicable sections of this appendix shall conform to the body of this Code. Installation of the gray-
water system shall conform in all aspects to the manufacturers recommended installation procedures.
b. Systems shall be tested and comply with the requirements of the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Piping,
valves, and fittings shall be tested in compliance with Chapter 15 of this Code.
G.11 MAINTENANCE
The graywater system shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturers recommended maintenance
instructions.

Appendix H
INSTALLATION OF
MEDICAL GAS
AND VACUUM PIPING
SYSTEMS
(Refer to NFPA 99-2005 or NFPA 99C-2005)

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Appendix I
Fixture Unit Value

Curves for Water Closets

I.1 DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS — WATER CLOSETS
Chart I.1(a)
Chart I.1(b)
Chart I.1(c)

I.2 WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS — WATER CLOSETS
Chart I.2(a)
Chart I.2(b)

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Appendix J
Reserved

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Appendix K
Flow In
Sloping Drains

Flow in Sloping Drains
Tables K-1 and K-2 list flow rates in gallons per minute and velocities in feet per second for various size
drains at various slopes. Table K-l is based on fairly rough pipe. Table K-2 is based on smooth pipe.
The minimum flow velocity to achieve scouring in horizontal sanitary drain lines is two (2) feet per second.
For this reason, based on Table K-2 for smooth pipe, drains that are 2 inches and smaller must be sloped at
not less than 1/4 inch per foot. Drains that are 3" size and larger can be sloped at 1/8 inch per foot.
Even at 1/4" per foot slope, the uniform velocity in drains that are 1-1/4", 1-1/2", and 2" size is less than 2
feet per second. Either the slope should be increased or the length of such drains should be kept to a mini-
mum so that the entrance velocity will provide scouring for the short distance involved.
Tables K-1 and K-2 are based on the Manning Formula for 1/2 full pipe. For full flow, multiply the flow by
2.00 and the velocity by 1.00. For 1/4 full flow, multiply the flow by 0.274 and the velocity by 0.701. For 3/4
full flow, multiply the flow by 1.82 and the velocity by 1.13.
In Table K-l, which is based on fairly rough pipe with "n" = 0.015, for smoother pipe, multiply the flow and
velocity by 0.015 and divide by the "n" value of the smoother pipe.
Horizontal sanitary drain and waste pipes are sized to be one-half (1/2) full under design loads. Horizontal
storm drains are sized to run full under design loads.
Table 11.5.1A Building Drains and Sewers and the horizontal piping in Table 11.5.1B "Horizontal Fixture
Branches and Stacks" is based on Table K-2 for smooth pipe.
Table 13.6.2 "Size of Horizontal Storm Drains" is based on Table K-1 for fairly rough pipe, adjusted for full
flow.

Table K-1
APPROXIMATE FLOW RATES AND VELOCITIES IN SLOPING DRAINS
(FOR FAIRLY ROUGH PIPE n = 0.015)
Flowing Half Full
1/16 in./ft. slope 1/8 in./ft. slope 1/4 in./ft. slope 1/2 in./ft. slope
Pipe Size
(inches) Flow Vel. Flow Vel. Flow Vel. Flow Vel.
gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps
1.250 2.40 1.25 3.40 1.77
1.375 3.10 1.35 4.38 1.91
1.500 3.90 1.41 5.52 1.99
1.625 4.83 1.50 6.83 2.12
2 8.41 1.73 11.9 2.44
3 17.5 1.60 24.8 2.26 35.0 3.20
4 26.7 1.36 37.7 1.92 53.4 2.72 75.5 3.84
5 48.4 1.58 68.4 2.23 96.8 3.16 137 4.47
6 78.7 1.79 111 2.53 157 3.57 223 5.05
8 169 2.17 240 3.06 339 4.33 479 6.13
10 307 2.51 435 3.55 615 5.02 869 7.10
12 500 2.84 707 4.01 999 5.67 1413 8.02
15 906 3.29 1281 4.66 1812 6.59 2563 9.32

Table K-2
APPROXIMATE FLOW RATES AND VELOCITIES IN SLOPING DRAINS
(FOR SMOOTH PIPE n = 0.011)
Flowing Half Full
1/16 in./ft. slope 1/8 in./ft. slope 1/4 in./ft. slope 1/2 in./ft. slope
Pipe Size
(inches) Flow Vel. Flow Vel. Flow Vel. Flow Vel.
gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps
1.250 3.27 1.71 4.63 2.42
1.375 4.22 1.84 5.97 2.60
1.500 5.32 1.92 7.53 2.72
1.625 6.86 2.04 9.32 2.89
2 11.5 2.35 16.2 3.33
3 23.9 2.18 33.8 3.08 47.8 4.36
4 36.4 1.85 51.5 2.62 72.8 3.71 103 5.24
5 66.0 2.15 93.3 3.05 132 4.31 187 6.09
6 107 2.44 152 3.44 215 4.87 303 6.89
8 231 2.95 327 4.18 462 5.91 654 8.36
10 419 3.42 593 4.84 838 6.84 1185 9.68
12 681 3.87 964 5.47 1363 7.73 1927 10.94
15 1236 4.49 1747 6.35 2471 8.99 3495 12.71

Appendix L
An Acceptable Brazing
Procedure for General
Plumbing

The following is extracted and edited with permission from Chapter VII of The Copper Tube Handbook published
by the Copper Development Association. This brazing procedure is acceptable for general plumbing work. Refer
to NFPA 99 or NFPA 99C for brazing medical gas piping.
Introduction
Strong, leak-tight brazed connections for copper tube may be made by brazing with filler metals which melt at
temperatures in the range between 1100 F and 1500 F, as listed in Table 12. Brazing filler metals are sometimes
referred to as hard solders or silver solders. These confusing terms should be avoided.
The temperature at which a filler metal starts to melt on heating is the solidus temperature; the liquidus tempera-
ture is the higher temperature at which the filler metal is completely melted. The liquidus temperature is the mini-
mum temperature at which brazing will take place.
The difference between solidus and liquidus is the melting range and may be of importance when selecting a filler
metal. It indicates the width of the working range for the alloy and the speed with which the a1loy will become
fully solid after brazing. Filler metals with narrow ranges, with or without silver, solidify more quickly and, there-
fore, require more careful application of heat. The melting ranges of common brazing metals are shown in Figure
8a.
Brazing Filler Metals
Brazing filler metals suitable for joining copper tube are of two classes:
(1) alloys that contain phosphorus (the BCuP series) and
(2) alloys containing a high silver content (the BAg series)
The two classes differ in their melting, fluxing and flowing characteristics and this should be considered in selec-
tion of a filler metal. (See Table 12.) For joining copper tube, any of these filler metals will provide the necessary
strength when used with standard solder-type fittings or commercially available short-cup brazing fittings.
Fluxes
The fluxes used for brazing copper joints are different in composition from soldering fluxes. The two types cannot
be used interchangeably.
Brazing fluxes are water based, whereas most soldering fluxes are petroleum based. Similar to soldering fluxes,
brazing fluxes dissolve and remove residual oxides from the metal surface, protect the metal from re-oxidation
during heating and promote wetting of the surfaces to be joined by the brazing filler metal.
Fluxes also provide the craftsman with an indication of temperature. If the outside of the fitting and the heat-
affected area of the tube are covered with flux (in addition to the end of the tube and the cup), oxidation will be
prevented and the appearance of the joint will be greatly improved.
The fluxes best suited for brazing copper and copper alloy tube should meet AWS Classification FB3-A or FB3-C
as listed in Table 4.1 of the AWS Brazing Handbook. Figure 9, illustrates the need for brazing flux with different
types of copper and copper-alloy tube, fittings and filler metals when brazing.

Assembling
Assemble the joint by inserting the tube into the socket hard against the stop and turn if possible. The assembly
should be firmly supported so that it will remain in alignment during the brazing operation.
Applying Heat and Brazing
Step one: Apply heat to the parts to be joined, preferably with an oxy-fuel flame. Air-fuel is sometimes used on
smaller sizes. A neutral flame should be used. Heat the tube first, beginning about one inch from the edge of the
fitting, sweeping the flame around the tube in short strokes at right angles to the axis of the tube.
It is very important that the flame be in motion continuously and not remain on anyone point long enough to dam-
age the tube. The flux may be used as a guide as to how long to heat the tube; continue heating the tube until the
flux becomes quiet and transparent like clear water. The behavior of flux during the brazing cycle is described in
Figure 8b.
Step two: Switch the flame to the fitting at the base of the cup. Heat uniformly, sweeping the flame from the fit-
ting to the tube until the flux on the fitting becomes quiet. Avoid excessive heating of cast fittings.
Step three: When the flux appears liquid and transparent on both the tube and fitting, start sweeping the flame
back and forth along the axis of the joint to maintain heat on the parts to be joined, especially toward the base of
the cup of the fitting. The flame must be kept moving to avoid melting the tube or fitting.
Step four: Apply the brazing filler metal at a point where the tube enters the socket of the fitting. When the
proper temperature is reached, the filler metal will flow readily into the space between the tube and fitting socket,
drawn in by the natural force of capillary action.
Keep the flame away from the filler metal itself as it is fed into the joint. The temperature of the tube and fitting at
the joint should be high enough to melt the filler metal.
Keep both the fitting and tube heated by moving the flame back and forth from one to the other as the filler metal
is drawn into the joint.
When the joint is properly made, a continuous fillet of filler metal will be visible completely around the joint. Stop
feeding as soon as you see that fillet. Table 11 is a guide to estimating how much filler metal will be consumed.
For 1-inch tube and larger it may be difficult to bring the whole joint up to heat at one time. It frequently will
be found desirable to use a multiple-orifice torch tip to maintain a proper temperature over large areas. A mild
preheating of the whole fitting is recommended for larger sizes. Heating then can proceed as outlined in the steps
above.
Horizontal and Vertical Joints
When brazing horizontal joints, it is preferable to first apply the filler metal at the bottom, then the two
sides, and finally the top, making sure the operations overlap. On vertical joints it is immaterial where
the start is made. If the opening of the socket is pointing down, care should be taken to avoid overheat-
ing the tube, as this may cause the brazing filler metal to run down the outside of the tube. If this hap-
pens, take the heat away and allow the filler metal to set. Then reheat the cup of the fitting to draw up the
filler metal.

Removing Residue
After the brazed joint has cooled the flux residue should be removed with a clean cloth, brush or swab using warm
water. Remove all flux residue to avoid the risk of the hardened flux temporarily retaining pressure and masking
an imperfectly brazed joint. Wrought fittings may be cooled more readily than cast fittings, but all fittings should
be allowed to cool naturally before wetting.
General Hints and Suggestions
If the filler metal fails to flow or has a tendency to ball up, it indicates oxidation on the metal surfaces or insuf-
ficient heat on the parts to be joined. If the tube or fitting start to oxidize during heating there is too little flux. If
the filler metal does not enter the joint and tends to flow over the outside of either member of the joint, it indicates
that one member is overheated or the other is under heated.
Testing
Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Follow the testing procedure prescribed by applicable codes gov-
erning the intended service.
Table 12
Filler Metals for Brazing
AWS Principal Elements Temperature F
Classification¹ Silver Phosphorus Zinc Cadmium Tin Copper Solidus Liquidus
BCup-2 – 7.00-7.5 – – – Remainder 1310 1460

BCup-3 4.8-5.2 5.8-6.2 – – – Remainder 1190 1495
BCup-4 5.8-6.2 7.0-7.5 – – – Remainder 1190 1325
BCup-5 14.5-15.5 4.8-5.2 – – – Remainder 1190 1475
BAg-1² 44-46 – 14-18 23-25² – 14-16 1125 1145
BAg-2² 34-36 – 19-23 17-19² – 25-27 1125 1295
BAg-5 44-46 – 23-27 – – 29-31 1225 1370
BAg-7 55-57 – 15-19 – 4.5-5.5 21-23 1145 1205
1- ANSI/AWS A5.8 Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing

2- WARNING: BAg1 and BAg2 contain cadmium. Heating when brazing can produce highly toxic fumes.
CAUTION: Avoid breathing fumes - use adequate ventilation. Refer to ANSI/ASC Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting.

Figure 8. Melting Temperature Ranges for Copper and Copper Alloys, Brazing Filler Metals,
Flux and Solders

Table 11
Typical Brazing Filler Metal Consumption
Filler Metal Length, inches
Average
Tube, nominal
weight per
or standard size, 1/16 inch 1/8 inch x 0.050 inch 3/32 inch 1/8 inch 100 joints,
inches wire rod wire wire pounds¹
1/4 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/8 .04
3/8 5/8 3/8 3/8 1/4 .06
1/2 1-1/8 5/8 1/2 3/8 .10
5/8 1-5/8 7/8 5/8 1/2 .15
3/4 2-1/4 1-1/8 1 5/8 .21
1 3-1/2 1-3/4 1-5/8 7/8 .32

1-1/4 4-1/2 2-1/4 2 1-1/4 .42
1-1/2 – 3 2-5/8 1-1/2 .56
2 – 4-3/4 4-3/8 2-1/2 .90
2-1/2 – 6-1/2 5-7/8 3-3/8 1.22
3 – 8-5/8 7-7/8 4-1/2 1.64
3-1/2 – 11-1/2 10-1/2 5-7/8 2.18
4 – 14-7/8 13-1/2 7-5/8 2.81
5 – 22-5/8 20-1/2 11-5/8 4.30
6 – 31-1/2 28-1/2 16 5.97
8 – 53-1/2 48-1/2 27-3/8 10.20
10 – 67-1/4 61 34-1/4 12.77
12 – 90-1/2 82 46-1/8 17.20
Footnote 1
The amount of filler material indicated is based on an average two-thirds penetration of the cup and with no provision
for a fillet. For estimating purposes, actual consumption may be two to three times the amounts indicated in this table,
depending on the size of the joints, method of application and level of workmanship.
NOTE:
1090 inches of 1/16 inch wire = 1 pound
534 inches of 1/8 inch x .050-inch wire = 1 pound

Blank Page

Appendix M
Converting Water Supply

Fixture Units (WSFU) to
Gallons Per Minute Flow
(GPM)
INTRODUCTION
The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) values in this Appendix are interpolated between the values listed in Table
10.14.2.B to the degree that the increments between the WSFU listings are close enough that they do not produce
GPM differences that will be significant in sizing the water supply distribution piping.

GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
WSFU FLUSH FLUSH WSFU FLUSH FLUSH WSFU FLUSH FLUSH
TANKS VALVES TANKS VALVES TANKS VALVES
50 29.0 51.0 100 44.0 68.0
1 1.0 51 29.4 51.4 102 44.5 68.6
2 2.0 52 29.8 51.8 104 45.0 69.2
3 3.0 53 30.2 52.2 106 45.5 69.8
4 4.0 54 30.6 52.6 108 46.0 70.4
5 4.5 22.0 55 31.0 53.0 110 46.5 71.0
6 5.0 23.0 56 31.4 53.4 112 47.0 71.6
7 6.0 24.0 57 31.8 53.8 114 47.5 72.2
8 7.0 25.0 58 32.2 54.2 116 48.0 72.8
9 7.5 26.0 59 32.6 54.6 118 48.5 73.4
10 8.0 27.0 60 33.0 55.0 120 49.0 74.0
11 8.5 28.0 61 33.3 55.4 122 49.4 74.4
12 9.0 29.0 62 33.6 55.7 124 49.8 74.8
13 10.0 29.5 63 33.9 56.1 126 50.2 75.2
14 10.5 30.0 64 34.2 56.4 128 50.6 75.6
15 11.0 31.0 65 34.5 56.8 130 51.0 76.0
16 12.0 32.0 66 34.8 57.1 132 51.4 76.4
17 12.5 33.0 67 35.1 57.5 134 51.8 76.8
18 13.0 33.5 68 35.4 57.8 136 52.2 77.2
19 13.5 34.0 69 35.7 58.2 138 52.6 77.6
20 14.0 35.0 70 36.0 58.5 140 53.0 78.0
21 14.6 35.6 71 36.3 58.9 142 53.4 78.5
22 15.2 36.2 72 36.6 59.2 144 53.8 79.0
23 15.8 36.8 73 36.9 59.6 146 53.8 79.5
24 16.4 37.4 74 37.2 59.9 148 54.6 80.0
25 17.0 38.0 75 37.5 60.3 150 55.0 80.5
26 17.6 38.6 76 37.8 60.6 152 55.4 81.0
27 18.2 39.2 77 38.1 61.0 154 55.8 81.5
28 18.8 39.8 78 38.4 61.3 156 56.2 82.0
29 19.4 40.4 79 38.7 61.7 158 56.6 82.5
30 20.0 41.0 80 39.0 62.0 160 57.0 83.0
31 20.5 41.6 81 39.3 62.3 162 57.4 83.4
32 21.0 42.2 82 39.5 62.6 164 57.8 83.8
33 21.5 42.8 83 39.8 62.9 166 58.2 84.2
34 22.0 43.4 84 40.0 63.2 168 58.6 84.6
35 22.5 44.0 85 40.3 63.5 170 59.0 85.0
36 23.0 44.6 86 40.5 63.8 172 59.4 85.4
37 23.5 45.2 87 40.8 64.1 174 59.8 85.8
38 24.0 45.8 88 41.0 64.4 176 60.2 86.2
39 24.5 46.4 89 41.3 64.7 178 60.6 86.6
40 25.0 47.0 90 41.5 65.0 180 61.0 87.0
41 25.4 47.4 91 41.8 65.3 182 61.4 87.4
42 25.8 47.8 92 42.0 65.6 184 61.8 87.8
43 26.2 48.2 93 42.3 65.9 186 62.2 88.2
44 26.6 48.6 94 42.5 66.2 188 62.6 88.6
45 27.0 49.0 95 42.8 66.5 190 63.0 89.0
46 27.4 49.4 96 43.0 66.8 192 63.4 89.4
47 27.8 49.8 97 43.3 67.1 194 63.8 89.8
48 28.2 50.2 98 43.5 67.4 196 64.2 90.2
49 28.6 50.6 99 43.8 67.7 198 64.6 90.6

200 65.0 91.0 450 115.0 132.5 900 194.0 196.0
205 66.0 91.8 455 116.0 133.3 910 195.6 197.4
210 67.0 92.6 460 117.0 134.0 920 197.2 198.8
215 68.0 93.4 465 118.0 134.8 930 198.8 200.2
220 69.0 94.2 470 119.0 135.5 940 200.4 201.6
225 70.0 95.0 475 120.0 136.3 950 202.0 203.0
230 71.0 95.8 480 121.0 137.0 960 203.6 204.4
235 72.0 96.6 485 122.0 137.8 970 205.2 205.8
240 73.0 97.4 490 123.0 138.5 980 206.8 207.2
245 74.0 98.2 495 124.0 139.3 990 208.4 208.6
250 75.0 100.0 500 125.0 140.0 1000 210.0 210.0
255 76.0 101.0 510 126.8 141.4 1020 212.4 212.4
260 77.0 102.0 520 128.6 142.8 1040 214.8 214.8
265 78.0 103.0 530 130.4 144.2 1060 217.2 217.2
270 79.0 104.0 540 132.2 145.6 1080 219.6 219.6
275 80.0 105.0 550 134.0 147.0 1100 222.0 222.0
280 81.0 106.0 560 135.8 148.4 1120 224.4 224.4
285 82.0 107.0 570 137.6 149.8 1140 226.8 226.8
290 83.0 108.0 580 139.4 151.2 1160 229.2 229.2
295 84.0 109.0 590 141.2 152.6 1180 231.6 231.6
300 85.0 110.0 600 143.0 152.6 1200 234.0 234.0
305 86.0 110.8 610 144.8 155.4 1220 236.4 236.4
310 87.0 111.5 620 146.6 156.8 1240 238.8 238.8
315 88.0 112.3 630 148.4 158.2 1260 241.2 241.2
320 89.0 113.0 640 150.2 159.6 1280 243.6 243.6
325 90.0 113.8 650 152.0 161.0 1300 246.0 246.0
330 91.0 114.5 660 153.8 162.4 1320 248.4 248.4
335 92.0 115.3 670 155.6 163.8 1340 250.8 250.8
340 93.0 116.0 680 157.4 165.2 1360 253.2 253.2
345 94.0 116.8 690 159.2 166.6 1380 255.6 255.6
350 95.0 117.5 700 161.0 168.0 1400 258.0 258.0
355 96.0 118.3 710 162.8 169.4 1420 260.4 260.4
360 97.0 119.0 720 164.6 170.8 1440 262.8 262.8
365 98.0 119.8 730 166.4 172.2 1460 265.2 265.2
370 99.0 120.5 740 168.2 173.6 1480 267.6 267.6
375 100.0 121.3 750 170.0 175.0 1500 270.0 270.0
380 101.0 122.0 760 171.6 176.4 1520 272.4 272.4
385 102.0 122.8 770 173.2 177.8 1540 274.8 274.8
390 103.0 123.5 780 174.8 179.2 1560 277.2 277.2
395 104.0 124.3 790 176.4 180.6 1580 279.6 279.6
400 105.0 125.0 800 178.0 180.6 1600 282.0 282.0
405 106.0 125.8 810 179.6 183.4 1620 284.4 284.4
410 107.0 126.5 820 181.2 184.8 1640 286.8 286.8
415 108.0 127.3 830 182.8 186.2 1660 289.2 289.2
420 109.0 128.0 840 184.4 187.6 1680 291.6 291.6
425 110.0 128.8 850 186.0 189.0 1700 294.0 294.0
430 111.0 129.5 860 187.6 190.4 1720 296.4 296.4
435 112.0 130.3 870 189.2 191.8 1740 298.8 298.8
440 113.0 131.0 880 190.8 193.2 1760 301.0 301.0
445 114.0 131.8 890 192.4 194.6 1780 303.0 303.0

1800 305.0 305.0 2800 413.0 413.0 3800 507.0 507.0
1820 307.0 307.0 2820 415.2 415.2 3820 508.8 508.8
1840 309.0 309.0 2840 417.4 417.4 3840 510.6 510.6
1860 311.0 311.0 2860 419.6 419.6 3860 512.4 512.4
1880 313.0 313.0 2880 421.8 421.8 3880 514.2 514.2
1900 315.0 315.0 2900 424.0 424.0 3900 516.0 516.0
1920 317.0 317.0 2920 426.2 426.2 3920 517.8 517.8
1940 319.0 319.0 2940 428.4 428.4 3940 519.6 519.6
1960 321.0 321.0 2960 430.6 430.6 3960 521.4 521.4
1980 323.0 323.0 2980 432.8 432.8 3980 523.2 523.2
2000 325.0 325.0 3000 435.0 435.0 4000 525.0 525.0
2020 327.2 327.2 3020 436.8 436.8 4020 526.5 526.5
2040 329.4 329.4 3040 438.6 438.6 4040 528.0 528.0
2060 331.6 331.6 3060 440.4 440.4 4060 529.5 529.5
2080 333.8 333.8 3080 442.2 442.2 4080 531.0 531.0
2100 336.0 336.0 3100 444.0 444.0 4100 532.5 532.5
2120 338.2 338.2 3120 445.8 445.8 4120 534.0 534.0
2140 340.4 340.4 3140 447.6 447.6 4140 535.5 535.5
2160 342.6 342.6 3160 449.4 449.4 4160 537.0 537.0
2180 344.8 344.8 3180 451.2 451.2 4180 538.5 538.5
2200 347.0 347.0 3200 453.0 453.0 4200 540.0 540.0
2220 349.2 349.2 3220 454.8 454.8 4220 541.5 541.5
2240 351.4 351.4 3240 456.6 456.6 4240 543.0 543.0
2260 353.6 353.6 3260 458.4 458.4 4260 544.5 544.5
2280 355.8 355.8 3280 460.2 460.2 4280 546.0 546.0
2300 358.0 358.0 3300 462.0 462.0 4300 547.5 547.5
2320 360.2 360.2 3320 463.8 463.8 4320 549.0 549.0
2340 262.4 262.4 3340 465.6 465.6 4340 550.5 550.5
2360 364.6 364.6 3360 467.4 467.4 4360 552.0 552.0
2380 366.8 366.8 3380 469.2 469.2 4380 553.5 553.5
2400 369.0 369.0 3400 471.0 471.0 4400 555.0 555.0
2420 371.2 371.2 3420 472.8 472.8 4420 556.5 556.5
2440 373.4 373.4 3440 474.6 474.6 4440 558.0 558.0
2460 375.6 375.6 3460 476.4 476.4 4460 559.5 559.5
2480 377.8 377.8 3480 478.2 478.2 4480 561.0 561.0
2500 380.0 380.0 3500 480.0 480.0 4500 562.5 562.5
2520 382.2 382.2 3520 481.8 481.8 4520 564.0 564.0
2540 384.4 384.4 3540 483.6 483.6 4540 565.5 565.5
2560 386.6 386.6 3560 485.4 485.4 4560 567.0 567.0
2580 388.8 388.8 3580 487.2 487.2 4580 568.5 568.5
2600 391.0 391.0 3600 489.0 489.0 4600 570.0 570.0
2620 393.2 393.2 3620 490.8 490.8 4620 571.5 571.5
2640 395.4 395.4 3640 492.6 492.6 4640 573.0 573.0
2660 397.6 397.6 3660 494.4 494.4 4660 574.5 574.5
2680 399.8 399.8 3680 496.2 496.2 4680 576.0 576.0
2700 402.0 402.0 3700 498.0 498.0 4700 577.5 577.5
2720 404.2 404.2 3720 499.8 499.8 4720 579.0 579.0
2740 406.4 406.4 3740 501.6 501.6 4740 580.5 580.5
2760 408.6 408.6 3760 503.4 503.4 4760 582.0 582.0
2780 410.8 410.8 3780 505.2 505.2 4780 583.5 583.5

4800 585.0 585.0 5800 640.0 640.0 6800 690.0 690.0
4820 586.5 586.5 5820 641.0 641.0 6820 691.0 691.0
4840 588.0 588.0 5840 642.0 642.0 6840 692.0 692.0
4860 589.5 589.5 5860 643.0 643.0 6860 693.0 693.0
4880 591.0 591.0 5880 644.0 644.0 6880 694.0 694.0
4900 592.5 592.5 5900 645.0 645.0 6900 695.0 695.0
4920 594.0 594.0 5920 646.0 646.0 6920 696.0 696.0
4940 595.5 595.5 5940 647.0 647.0 6940 697.0 697.0
4960 597.0 597.0 5960 648.0 648.0 6960 698.0 698.0
4980 598.5 598.5 5980 649.0 649.0 6980 699.0 699.0
5000 600.0 600.0 6000 650.0 650.0 7000 700.0 700.0
5020 601.0 601.0 6020 651.0 651.0 7020 700.6 700.6
5040 602.0 602.0 6040 652.0 652.0 7040 701.2 701.2
5060 603.0 603.0 6060 653.0 653.0 7060 701.8 701.8
5080 604.0 604.0 6080 654.0 654.0 7080 702.4 702.4
5100 605.0 605.0 6100 655.0 655.0 7100 703.0 703.0
5120 606.0 606.0 6120 656.0 656.0 7120 703.6 703.6
5140 607.0 607.0 6140 657.0 657.0 7140 704.2 704.2
5160 608.0 608.0 6160 658.0 658.0 7160 704.8 704.8
5180 609.0 609.0 6180 659.0 659.0 7180 705.4 705.4
5200 610.0 610.0 6200 660.0 660.0 7200 706.0 706.0
5220 611.0 611.0 6220 661.0 661.0 7220 706.6 706.6
5240 612.0 612.0 6240 662.0 662.0 7240 707.2 707.2
5260 613.0 613.0 6260 663.0 663.0 7260 707.8 707.8
5280 614.0 614.0 6280 664.0 664.0 7280 708.4 708.4
5300 615.0 615.0 6300 665.0 665.0 7300 709.0 709.0
5320 616.0 616.0 6320 666.0 666.0 7320 709.6 709.6
5340 617.0 617.0 6340 667.0 667.0 7340 710.2 710.2
5360 618.0 618.0 6360 668.0 668.0 7360 710.8 710.8
5380 619.0 619.0 6380 669.0 669.0 7380 711.4 711.4
5400 620.0 620.0 6400 670.0 670.0 7400 712.0 712.0
5420 621.0 621.0 6420 671.0 671.0 7420 712.6 712.6
5440 622.0 622.0 6440 672.0 672.0 7440 713.2 713.2
5460 623.0 623.0 6460 673.0 673.0 7460 713.8 713.8
5480 624.0 624.0 6480 674.0 674.0 7480 714.4 714.4
5500 625.0 625.0 6500 675.0 675.0 7500 715.0 715.0
5520 626.0 626.0 6520 676.0 676.0 7520 715.6 715.6
5540 627.0 627.0 6540 677.0 677.0 7540 716.2 716.2
5560 628.0 628.0 6560 678.0 678.0 7560 716.8 716.8
5580 629.0 629.0 6580 679.0 679.0 7580 717.4 717.4
5600 630.0 630.0 6600 680.0 680.0 7600 718.0 718.0
5620 631.0 631.0 6620 681.0 681.0 7620 718.6 718.6
5640 632.0 632.0 6640 682.0 682.0 7640 719.2 719.2
5660 633.0 633.0 6660 683.0 683.0 7660 719.8 719.8
5680 634.0 634.0 6680 684.0 684.0 7680 720.4 720.4
5700 635.0 635.0 6700 685.0 685.0 7700 721.0 721.0
5720 636.0 636.0 6720 686.0 686.0 7720 721.6 721.6
5740 637.0 637.0 6740 687.0 687.0 7740 722.2 722.2
5760 638.0 638.0 6760 688.0 688.0 7760 722.8 722.8
5780 639.0 639.0 6780 689.0 689.0 7780 723.4 723.4

7800 724.0 724.0 8720 751.6 751.6 9640 779.2 779.2
7820 724.6 724.6 8740 752.2 752.2 9660 779.8 779.8
7840 725.2 725.2 8760 752.8 752.8 9680 780.4 780.4
7860 725.8 725.8 8780 753.4 753.4 9700 781.0 781.0
7880 726.4 726.4 8800 754.0 754.0 9720 781.6 781.6
7900 727.0 727.0 8820 754.6 754.6 9740 782.2 782.2
7920 727.6 727.6 8840 755.2 755.2 9760 782.8 782.8
7940 728.2 728.2 8860 755.8 755.8 9780 783.4 783.4
7960 728.8 728.8 8880 756.4 756.4 9800 784.0 784.0
7980 729.4 729.4 8900 757.0 757.0 9820 784.6 784.6
8000 730.0 730.0 8920 757.6 757.6 9840 785.2 785.2
8020 730.6 730.6 8940 758.2 758.2 9860 785.8 785.8
8040 731.2 731.2 8960 758.8 758.8 9880 786.4 786.4
8060 731.8 731.8 8980 759.4 759.4 9900 787.0 787.0
8080 732.4 732.4 9000 760.0 760.0 9920 787.6 787.6
8100 733.0 733.0 9020 760.6 760.6 9940 788.2 788.2
8120 733.6 733.6 9040 761.2 761.2 9960 788.8 788.8
8140 734.2 734.2 9060 761.8 761.8 9980 789.4 789.4
8160 734.8 734.8 9080 762.4 762.4 10,000 790.0 790.0
8180 735.4 735.4 9100 763.0 763.0
8200 736.0 736.0 9120 763.6 763.6
8220 736.6 736.6 9140 764.2 764.2
8240 737.2 737.2 9160 764.8 764.8
8260 737.8 737.8 9180 765.4 765.4
8280 738.4 738.4 9200 766.0 766.0
8300 739.0 739.0 9220 766.6 766.6
8320 739.6 739.6 9240 767.2 767.2
8340 740.2 740.2 9260 767.8 767.8
8360 740.8 740.8 9280 768.4 768.4
8380 741.4 741.4 9300 769.0 769.0
8400 742.0 742.0 9320 769.6 769.6
8420 742.6 742.6 9340 770.2 770.2
8440 743.2 743.2 9360 770.8 770.8
8460 743.8 743.8 9380 771.4 771.4
8480 744.4 744.4 9400 772.0 772.0
8500 745.0 745.0 9420 772.6 772.6
8520 745.6 745.6 9440 773.2 773.2
8540 746.2 746.2 9460 773.8 773.8
8560 746.8 746.8 9480 774.4 774.4
8580 747.4 747.4 9500 775.0 775.0
8600 748.0 748.0 9520 775.6 775.6
8620 748.6 748.6 9540 776.2 776.2
8640 749.2 749.2 9560 776.8 776.8
8660 749.8 749.8 9580 777.4 777.4
8680 750.4 750.4 9600 778.0 778.0
8700 751.0 751.0 9620 778.6 778.6

Alphabetical Index
Accessible: Relief valve discharge piping, 10.16.6.d

Definition of, 1.2 Sterilizers, 14.10.2
Backflow preventers, 10.5.5 Swimming pools, 9.1.11
Backwater valves, 5.5.2 Air Gap (water distribution):
Expansion joints, 4.1.3 Definition of, 1.2
Fixture, appliance and equipment Automatic clothes washers, 7.13.1
valves, 10.12.4.c Below rim supply to tank or vat, 10.5.7
Flushometer valves, 7.19.5 Domestic dishwashers, 7.15.1
Liquid waste treatment equipment, 6.1.6 Over-rim tub filler spout, 7.8.4
Sump pits, 11.7.1.c Requirements for, 10.5.2
Valves in multiple dwelling units, 10.12.4.b Alternate Materials and Methods
Water hammer arrestors, 10.14.7.c Requirements for, 3.12
Water supply control valves, 10.12.9 Anchors;
Adopting Agency: See Supports
Definition of, 1.2 Anti-scald Valve:
Requirements of, Appendix F Definition of, 1.2
Air Break: Area Drain:
Definition of, 1.2 Definition of, 1.2
Air conditioning equipment, 9.1.10 Aspirator:
Commercial dishwashing machines, 7.15.4 Definition of, 1.2
Drain outlets, 9.1.3 Authority Having Jurisdiction:
Drinking fountains, 9.1.9 Definition of, 1.2
Food handling areas, 9.1.5 Backfilling:
Potable clear water wastes, 9.1.8 Requirements for, 2.6.3, 2.6.4
Walk-in coolers, 9.1.6 Backflow (drainage):
Walk-in freezers, 9.1.6 Definition of, 1.2
Air Chamber: Backflow (water distribution):
Air Gap (drainage): Backflow Preventers:
Air conditioning equipment, 9.1.10 Approval of, 10.5.4
Aspirators, 14.13 Installation of, 10.5.5
Bedpan steamers, 14.10.2 Maintenance and testing of, 10.5.6
Commercial dishwashing machines, 7.15.4 Required types, 10.5.3
Drain outlets, 9.1.2 Standards for, Table 3.1.3 Part IX
Drinking fountains, 9.1.9 Backflow Prevention:
Drinking water treatment units, 7.22, 10.18.2 Appliances, 10.5.1
Food handling areas, 9.1.5 Carbonated beverage dispensers, 10.5.8
Indirect waste pipes, 9.1.2 Domestic water heat exchangers, 10.5.11
Medical equipment, 9.1.7 Fire protection systems, 10.5.9
Minimum for fixtures, Table 10.5.2 Hose connections, 10.5.12
Potable clear water wastes, 9.1.8 Irrigation systems, 10.5.10

Lawn sprinklers, 10.5.10 Separation from water service, 10.6.1
Plumbing fixtures, 10.5.1 Building Sewer, Storm:
Special equipment, 10.5.13 Definition of, 1.2
Tanks and vats, 10.5.7 Materials, 3.7.4
Water supply outlets, 10.5.1 Required size, 13.6.2
Backpressure Backflow: Building Subdrain:
Back-Siphonage: Sump pits and pumps, 11.7
Definition of, 1.2 Venting, 11.7.4
Backwater Valve: Building Trap:
Posted notice, 5.5.3 Where required, 5.3.4
Baptistries: Cesspool:
Backflow protection, 7.18 Definition of, 1.2
Bar Sinks: Chemical Waste:
Requirements for, 7.11.2 Definition of, 1.2
Basic Design Circuit (BDC): Piping, 3.11
Explanation of, B.9.3 Special Wastes, 9.4
Bathroom Group: Treatment of, 9.4.1
Definition of, 1.2 Cleanouts:
Drainage fixture units (DFU), Table 11.4.1 At base of stacks, 5.4.5
Stack venting, 12.11 At junction of bldg drain and bldg sewer, 5.4.6
Water supply fixture units (WSFU), Table Direction of opening, 5.4.7
10.14.2.A In building sewers, 5.4.2
Wet venting, 12.10 In concealed piping, 5.4.4
Bathtubs: Manholes, 5.4.10
Requirements for, 7.8 Prohibited connections to, 5.4.8
Battery of Fixtures: Required size, 5.4.9
Definition of, 1.2 Spacing, 5.4.1
Bedding Clear Water Waste:
Under pipes in trenches, 2.6.1 Definition of, 1.2
Bidets: Clinical Sink:
Requirements for, 7.7 Definition of, 1.2
Branch Interval: Local vents for, 14.9
Definition of, 1.2 Requirements for, 14.8.1
Building Classification: Clothes Washers:
Definition of, 1.2 Required compliance, 7.13
Building Drain, Sanitary: Code:
Materials, 3.5.2 Combination Fixture:
Required size, Table 11.5.1.A Definition of, 1.2
Building Drain, Storm: Combination Waste and Vent System:
Materials, 3.7.3 Requirements for, 12.17
Required size, 13.6.2 Conductor (storm water):
Building Sewer, Sanitary: Definition of, 1.2
Definition of, 1.2 Connection to combined sewer, 13.4.3
Materials, 3.5.3 Improper use, 13.4.1
Required size, Table 11.5.1.A Required size, 13.6.1

Continuous or Intermittent Drain Flow: Definition of, 1.2
Conversion to DFU, 11.4.2 Double Check Valve Assembly
Corrosive Fill: Definition of, 1.2
Protection of pipes, 2.9.2 Installation of, 10.5.5.d
Corrosive Wastes: Maintenance of, 10.5.6
Treatment of, 9.4.1 Testing of, 10.5.6
Critical Level: Where required, 10.5.3
Definition of, 1.2 Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU)
Of backflow preventers, 10.5.5 Fixture Unit, (Drainage - DFU)
Cross Connection: Drainage Piping:
Definition of, 1.2 See definition of Drainage System
Control, 10.4.3 Drainage System:
Cross Connection Control Definition of, 1.2
Program for, 10.4.3 Drainage System, Building Gravity:
Cutting and Notching: Definition of, 1.2
Structural members, 2.9.3 Drainage System, Sanitary
Day Care Center: Branch connections (near base of stacks), 11.9
Definition of, 1.2 Branch connections (to offsets), 11.10
Day Nursery: Building sewers, 11.2
Definition of, 1.2 Ejectors and pumps, 11.7
Dead Ends: Fixture units (DFU), 11.4
Definitions, 1.2 Offsets in piping, 11.6
Avoidance, 2.23 Pipe sizing, 11.5
Decorative Fountains: Piping materials, 3.5
Backflow protection, 7.18 Slope of piping, 11.3.1
Defective Plumbing: Suds pressure zones, 11.11
Testing or inspecting, 15.7 Sump pits, 11.7
Definitions: Drainage System, Storm:
Code terms, Chapter 1 Air conditioning condensate, 13.8
Demand (water): Areaway drains, 13.1.6
Estimating procedure, B.5 Backwater valves, 13.1.12
Sizing distribution piping, 10.14.3 Combined sewer, 13.4.3, 13.4.4
Developed Length: Continuous flow, 13.1.11
Definition of, 1.2 Controlled flow system, 13.9
Dilution Tanks: Foundation drains, 13.1.5
Requirements for, 6.6 Parking garages, 13.1.8
Directional Changes: Pipe sizing, 13.6
In drainage piping, 2.3 Piping materials, 3.7
Discharge Rates: Prohibited connections, 13.1.2
In sloping drains, Appendix K Protection of leaders, 13.4.2
Dishwashing Machines: Roof drainage, primary, 13.1.10.1
Requirements for, 7.15 Roof drainage, secondary, 13.1.10.2
Disinfection: Roof drains, 13.5
Of potable water systems, 10.9 Service garages, 13.1.8
Disposal Fields: Sewers, 13.1.3
Size and spacing, 16.9.3 Traps, 13.3
Distribution Box: Vertical walls, 13.1.10.3
For individual sewage disposal system, 16.7 Window well drains, 13.1.7
Domestic Sewage Drinking Fountains:

Compliance, 7.12.1 Bathtubs, 7.8
Indirect waste discharge, 9.1.9 Bidets, 7.7
Prohibited locations, 7.12.2 Circular wash fountains, 7.6.5
Drinking Water Facilities: Clearances required, 7.3.2
Required number of: Table 7.21.1 Combination bath/showers, 7.8.3
Dry Well: DFU load values, 11.4
Definition of, 1.2 Dishwashing machines, 7.15
DWV: Drinking fountains, 7.12
Definition of, 1.2 Emergency eyewash stations, 7.24
Effective Opening: Emergency showers, 7.24
Definition of, 1.2 Floor drains, 7.16
Ejector (sewage): Flushing devices, 7.19
Building subdrains, 11.7.1 Food waste grinder units, 7.14
For individual fixtures, 11.7.9 Garbage can washers, 7.17
Grinder pumps, 11.7.6 Group-type wash fountains, 7.6.5
High water alarms, 11.7.11 Group-type wash sinks, 7.6.5
Macerating toilet systems, 11.7.10 In correctional institutions, 7.20
Pneumatic, 11.7.7 In detention centers, 7.20
Requirements for, 11.7.8 In facilities serving customers, 7.21.7
Sump pits, 11.7.1 In food service establishments, 7.21.8
Venting subdrains, 11.7.4 In special occupancies, 7.21.6
Equipment: Installation of, 7.3
Condemned, 2.15 Lavatories, 7.6
Used, 2.14 Minimum number of, 7.21
Equivalent Length: Occupant load for, 7.21.2
Definition of, 1.2 Omission of, 7.21.5
Of valves and fittings, B.9.7 Prohibited urinals, 7.5.4
Erosion (pipe): Prohibited water closets, 7.4.7
Corrosion, B.6.3 Separate toilet facilities, 7.21.4
Existing Buildings: Showers, 7.10
Code compliance, 3.12.1 Sinks, 7.11
Existing Work: Spa and hot tub safety features, 7.23
Definition of, 1.2 Special installations, 7.18
Expansion Joints: Substitution of, 7.21.5
Access to, 4.1.3 Standards for, 7.1
Exposure of Work: Trench drains, 7.16
For testing and approval, 15.1 Urinals, 7.5
Family: Water closets, 7.4
Definition of, 1.2 Water coolers, 7.12
Ferrous Pipe and Fittings: Water treatment systems, 7.22
Standards, Table 3.1.3, Part I Whirlpool baths, 7.9
Fixtures (plumbing): WSFU load values, Table 10.14.2A
Definition of, 1.2 Fixture Branch, Drainage:
Accessible use, 7.2 Definition of, 1.2
Access for cleaning, 7.3.3 Minimum size underground, 11.5.5
Access for use, 7.21.3 Sizing, 11.5.3
Air gaps for, 10.5.2 Fixture Branch, Supply:
Automatic clothes washers, 7.13 Definition of, 1.2
Back-to-back, 2.3.3 Flow rates for sizing, 10.14.2

Minimum size, 10.4.2A Requirements for, 7.14
Fixture Drain: With sink and dishwasher, 7.15.3
Definition of, 1.2 Footings:
Fixture Traps: Protection of, 2.17
General requirements, 5.3 Foul Air:
Separate for each fixture, 5.1 Exhaust, Principle No. 12
Size, 5.2 Freezing:
Fixture Unit (Drainage - DFU): Protection from, 2.16
Definition of, 1.2 Friction Loss Allowance
Converting GPM to DFU, 11.4.2 Fittings and valves, B.9.7
For bathroom groups, Table 11.4.1 Frost Closure:
For individual fixtures, Table 11.4.1 Vent terminals, 12.5
Fixture Unit (Water Supply - WSFU): Garbage Can Washers:
Definition of, 1.2 Requirements for, 7.17
Converting WSFU to GPM, Table 10.14.2.B Grade:
For bathroom groups, Table 11.14.2.A Definition of, 1.2
For individual fixtures, Table 11.14.2.A Graywater Recycling Systems:
For kitchen groups, Table 11.14.2.A Requirements for, Appendix G
For laundry groups, Table 11.14.2.A Grease Interceptors:
Flashing: Requirements for, 6.2
Roof drains, 13.5.4 Grease Removal (Recovery) Devices (GRD):
Vent terminals, 12.4.2 Requirements for, 6.2
Vent through roof, 4.5 Ground Water:
Flood Level Rim: Definition of, 1.2
Definition of, 1.2 Protection of, Principle No. 22
Flooded: Hangers (pipe):
Definition of, 1.2 Requirements for, Chapter 8
Floor Drains: Health Care Facilities:
Requirements for, 7.16 Aspirators, 14.13
Floor Flanges: Bedpan washers, 14.8, 14.9
For water closets, 3.3.4 Central vacuum systems, 14.12
Water closet connections, 2.22 Clinical sinks, 14.8, 14.9
Flow Pressure: Local vents and stacks, 14.9
Definition of, 1.2 Medical gas and vacuum piping systems, 14.3
Flow Rates (drainage): Mental patient rooms, 14.5
In sloping drains, Appendix K Prohibited locations for ice storage, 14.6
Flow Rates (water): Protrusions from walls, 14.4
Based on pressure drop, B.9.8 Special requirements for, Chapter 14
Based on velocity, B.7.3 Sterilizers, 14.10
For individual fixtures, 10.14.2 Vapor vents and stacks for sterilizers, 14.11
Flushing Devices: Water service, 14.2
Flush tanks, 7.19.3 Health Hazard:
Flushometer tanks, 7.19.4 Definition of, 1.2
Flushometer valves, 7.19.5 Abatement of, 2.5
Food Handling Areas: Horizontal Branch Drain:
Indirect wastes, 9.1.5 Definition of, 1.2
Requirements for, 2.25 Horizontal Pipe:
Food Waste Grinders: Definition of, 1.2
Into grease interceptor, 6.2.5 Hot Water:

Mixed water temperature control, 10.15.6 Leader (rain water):
Plastic piping, 10.15.8 Definition of, 1.2
Temperature maintenance, 10.15.2 Requirements for, 13.4
Thermal expansion control, 10.15.7 Sizing of, 13.6.1
Where required, 10.15.1 Local Ventilating Pipe:
Indirect Connections (Waste): Definition, 1.2
Definition of, 1.2 Main:
Air conditioning equipment, 9.1.10 Definition, 1.2
Drinking fountains, 9.1.9 Manholes:
Fixture traps, 9.2.3 Requirements for, 5.4.10
Food handling areas, 9.1.5 May:
Medical equipment, 9.1.7 Definition, 1.2
Piping, 9.2 Metric Conversion:
Potable clear water waste, 9.1.8 Tables, Appendix C
Receptors, 9.3 Mixed Water Temperature Control:
Requirements for, 9.1 Requirements for, 10.15.6
Sterile equipment, 9.1.7 Mobile Home Parks:
Swimming pools, 9.1.11 Requirements for, Chapter 18
Walk-in coolers, 9.1.6 Multiple Dwelling:
Walk-in freezers, 9.1.6 Definition, 1.2
Water coolers, 9.1.9 Neutralizing Tanks:
Indirect Waste Pipe: Requirements for, 6.6
Definition of, 1.2 Non-potable Water:
Materials, 9.2.1 Definition, 1.2
Size, 9.2.2 Nuisance:
Indirect Waste Receptors: Definition, 1.2
DFU values, 9.3.7 Obstruction to Flow:
Minimum pipe size, 9.3.6 Drainage, 2.4.3
Open-hub drains, 9.3.5 Offset:
Prohibited locations, 9.3.3 Definition, 1.2
Standpipes, 9.3.4 Offsets (drainage piping)
Strainers or baskets, 9.3.2 Sizing, 11.6
Industrial Wastes: Oil/Water Separators:
Insanitary: Overflows:
Definition of, 1.2 Lavatories, 7.6.4
Installation Practices: Flush tanks, 7.19.3.d
Plumbing systems, 2.8 Water supply tanks, 10.8.3
Installed: Ornamental Fountains
Definition of, 1.2 Backflow protection, 7.18.1
Interceptor: Percolation Test:
Definition of, 1.2 Individual sewage disposal systems, 16.5
Invert: Pipe Joints:
Definition of, 1.2 Bending, 4.2.19
Laundry Sinks: Brazed, 4.2.8
Requirements for, 7.11.3 Burned lead, 4.2.10
Lavatories: Butt fusion, 4.2.18
Minimum number required, Table 7.21.1 Cement mortar, 4.2.9

Different materials, 4.3 Private Water Supply:
Expansion, 4.2.16 Definition of, 1.2
Flared, 4.2.5 Prohibited Valves:
Mechanical, 4.2.11 Underground stop & waste, 10.6.3
Mechanically formed tee, 4.2.8.3 Public Sewer
Mechanically crimped, 4.2.6 Definition of, 1.2
In plastic pipe, 4.2.14 Availability, 2.19.1
Push-fit, 4.2.7 Connection to, Principle No. 6
Slip, 4.2.15 Public Toilet Room:
Soldered, 4.2.4 Definition of, 1.2
Split couplings, 4.2.17 Public Water Main:
Threaded, 4.2.2 Definition of, 1.2
Wiped, 4.2.3 Availability, 2.19.1
Piping Materials: Interconnections, 10.4.2
Air conditioning condensate, 3.9 Rainfall Rates:
Chemical wastes, 3.11 Appendix A
Combustion equipment drains, 3.10 Readily Accessible:
Foundation drains, 3.8 Definition, 1.2
Potable water, 3.4 Reduced Pressure Backflow Preventer Assembly:
Sanitary drainage, 3.5 Definition, 1.2
Storm water, 3.7 Installation of, 10.5.5.d
Subsoil drains, 3.8 Maintenance of, 10.5.6
Vents, 3.6 Testing of, 10.5.6
Plumbing: Where required, 10.5.3
Definition, 1.2 Rim:
Plumbing Appliance: Definition, 1.2
Definition, 1.2 Riser:
Plumbing Appurtenance: Definition, 1.2
Definition, 1.2 Roof Drain:
Plumbing Fixture: Definition, 1.2
Definition, 1.2 Requirements for, 13.5
Plumbing Inspector: Roughing-in:
Definition, 1.2 Definition of, 1.2
Plumbing System: Safety Devices:
Definition, 1.2 Combination P&T relief valves, 10.16.4
Pollution (of Potable Water): Pressure relief valves, 10.16.2
Definition, 1.2 Relief valve discharge piping, 10.16.6
Water service near sources of, 10.6.2 Replacement of relief valves, 10.16.8
Potable Water: Temperature relief valves, 10.16.3
Definition, 1.2 Thermal expansion control, 10.15.7
Pressure Balancing Valve: Vacuum relief valves, 10.16.7
Definition, 1.2 Sand Interceptors:
Prevent Contamination: Requirements for, 6.4
From sewage, Principle No. 15 Sanitary Sewer:
Private Sewage Disposal System: Definition of, 1.2
Definition, 1.2 SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio)
Requirements for, Chapter 16 Definition of, 1.2
Private Sewer: In plastic drainage piping, 3.5.4
Definition of, 1.2 Seepage Pits:

Absorption area for, 16.5.6 Soil Stack:
Where contemplated, 16.5.5 Definition of, 1.2
Septic Tank: Solids Interceptors:
Capacity of, 16.6 Special Design Plumbing Systems:
Location of, 16.4.4 Appendix E
Sewage: Special Wastes:
Sewage Disposal Systems: Drainage piping, 3.11.2
Private, Chapter 16 Treatment of, 9.4.1
Sewage Ejectors, Pneumatic: Vent piping, 3.11.3
Definition of, 1.2 Where required, 3.11.1
Vents, 11.7.7 Stack (drainage):
Sewage Pump: Definition of, 1.2
Definition of, 1.2 Size reduction, 11.5.7
Requirements for, 11.7 Stack Vent:
Sewage Systems: Definition of, 1.2
Private, 2.19.2 Sterilizers:
Shall: Drainage of, 14.10
Definition of, 1.2 Vapor vents and stacks, 14.11
Shock Arrestor: Storm Sewer:
Water hammer, 10.14.7 Storm Water Drainage:
Showers: Where required, 13.1.1
Floors or receptors, 7.10.6 Strainers (for indirect waste):
Minimum number required, Table 7.21.1 Where required, 9.3.2
Mixed temperature control, 7.10.3 Subsoil Drain:
Shower compartments, 7.10.5 Definition of, 1.2
Supply riser support, 7.10.7 Suds Pressure Zones:
Waste outlet size, 7.10.4 Branch connections within, 11.11.1
Water conservation, 7.10.2 Exceptions to, 11.11.4
Sinks: Location of zones, 11.11.2
Bar sinks, 7.11.2 Separate stacks, 11.11.3
Clinical sinks, 14.8.1 Venting of, 12.15
Compliance, 7.11.1 Sump, Drainage (sewage):
Faucets, 7.11.5 Definition of, 1.2
Domestic kitchen sinks, 7.11.2 Venting, 12.14.2
Laundry sinks, 7.11.3 Sump Pump:
Mop receptors, 7.11.4 Definition of, 1.2
Service sinks, 7.11.4 Air conditioning condensate flow, 13.8
Sizing the Building Water Supply System: For foundation drains, 13.1.5
Appendix B Supports:
Slaughterhouses: Definition of, 1.2
Drainage in, 6.7.3 Hangers and Supports, Chapter 8
Sleeves: Swimming Pool:
Pipe, 2.12 Definition of, 1.2
Slope: Tanks:
See Grade Dilution, 6.6
Soil Pipe: Hot water, 3.3.8
Definition of, 1.2

Neutralizing, 6.6 For hose connections, 10.5.12
Septic, 3.3.11, 16.6 For irrigation systems, 10.5.10
Waste oil, 6.3 For special equipment, 10.5.13
Tempered Water: Installation of, 10.5.5
Definition of, 1.2 Maintenance of, 10.5.6
Thermal Expansion Control: Testing, 10.5.6
For domestic hot water, 10.15.7 Vacuum Systems:
Toilet Facilities: Draining of, 14.12
Definition of, 1.2 Valves:
For construction workers, 2.24 Access to, 10.12.9
Minimum number required, Table 7.21.1 Anti-scald, 10.15.6
Toilet Rooms: Backwater, 5.5
Requirements for, 2.20 Building, 10.12.2
Trap: Curb, 10.12.1
Definition of, 1.2 Double check, 10.5.3
Design, 5.3.1 Flushometer, 7.19.5
Level setting, 5.3.3 For individual fixtures, 10.12.6
Protection from freezing, 5.3.3 In dwelling units, 10.12.4
Required size, 5.2 Mixed water temperature, 10.15.6
Trap Arm: P&T relief, 10.16.4
Definition of, 1.2 Pressure reducing, 10.14.6
Maximum length of, Table 12.8.1 Pressure relief, 10.16.2
Trap Seal: Riser shutoff, 10.12.5
Definition of, 1.2 Temperature relief, 10.16.3
Required depth, 5.3.2 Water heater shutoff, 10.12.7
Travel trailer Parks: Velocity Limitations:
Requirements for, Chapter 18 In copper tubing, B.6.3
Trenching: In water piping, 10.14.1
Bedding, 2.6.1 Vent Piping Systems:
Copper piping, 2.6.7 Aggregate size of terminals, 12.16.6
Final backfill, 2.6.4 Circuit venting, 12.13
Initial backfill, 2.6.3 Combination waste & vent, 12.17
Plastic pipe, 2.6.6 Common vents, 12.9
Requirements for, 2.6.1 Extension above roofs, 12.4.1
Safety, 2.6.8 Extensions outside of buildings, 12.4.6
Side fill, 2.6.2 Fixture reventing, 12.12
Supervision, 2.6.9 Fixtures connected at different levels, 12.9.2
Trenchless Pipe Replacement For building subdrain systems, 12.14
Requirements for, 2.6.10 For horizontal stack offsets, 12.3.3
Tunneling: For pneumatic sewage ejectors, 12.14.3
Pipe installation, 2.6.5 For sump pits, 12.14.2
Urinals: Frost closure, 12.5
Compliance, 7.5.1 Height of connections, 12.6.3
Prohibited types, 7.5.4 Island sink venting, 12.18
Surrounding surfaces, 7.5.3 Individual vents, 12.9.1
Water conservation, 7.5.2 Length of vents, 12.16
Vacuum Breakers: Location of vent terminals, 12.4.4
For backflow prevention, 10.5.3 Loop venting, 12.13
For lawn sprinkler systems, 10.5.10 Materials, 3.6

Other designs, 12.20 Water Heaters:
Pipe size, 12.16 Drain valves, 10.15.4
Pipe slope, 12.6.1 Minimum requirements for, 10.15.3
Prohibited use, 12.3.6, 12.4.3 Pressure marking of, 10.15.5
Protection of trap seals, 12.2 Safety devices for, 10.16
Relief vents for stacks, 12.3.2 Used for space heating, 10.15.10
Sidewall venting, 12.4.5 Water Pipe Friction:
Stack vent size, 12.16.4 Limitations, B.9
Suds pressure venting, 12.15 Water Pressure:
Test methods, 15.4 Excessive, 10.14.6
Underground piping, 12.16.7 Inadequate, 10.14.4
Vent headers, 12.16.5 Minimum required, 10.14.2
Vent stack size, 12.16.4 Minimum street, 10.14.5
Vent washdown, 12.12.4 Water Pressure Booster Systems:
Waste stack venting, 12.19 Requirements for, 10.8
Waterproof roof flashings, 12.4.2 Where required, 10.8.1
Wet venting, 12.10 Water Pressure Tanks:
Washrooms: Construction, 3.3.8
Requirements for, 2.20 Drains for, 10.8.6
Waste: Pressure relief, 10.8.9
Definition of, 1.2 Safety devices for, 3.3.10
Industrial, 2.10.2
Potable clear water, 9.1.8
Special, 9.4
Waste Pipe:
Definition of, 1.2
Sizes, 11.5
Water Distribution Piping:
Definition of, 1.2
Backflow prevention, 10.5
Basic design circuit (BDC), B.9.3
Control valves, 10.12
Disinfecting, 10.9.2
Excessive pressure, 10.14.6
Flushing, 10.9.1
Identify potable and non-potable, 10.2
Inadequate water pressure, 10.14.4
Materials, 3.4
Maximum velocity, 10.14.1, B6
Minimum requirements for, 10.14
Pressure booster systems, 10.8
Protection of, 10.4
Sizing, 10.14.3
Variable street pressures, 10.14.5
Water hammer, 10.14.7
Water quality, 10.1
Water service, 10.6
Water Hammer:
Arrestors, 10.14.7

NOTES

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© 2009 Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors–National Association

Comments on Code Text

All changes from the previous edition of this Code are

ADM 1.2 SCOPE

ADM 1.3 PURPOSE

ADM 1.4 APPLICABILITY

1.4.2 Existing Plumbing Installation

1.4.3 Existing Use

1.4.4 Maintenance and Repairs

1.4.5 Change of Building Use

2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated 1

1.4.7 Special Historic Buildings

ADM 1.5 APPROVALS

1.5.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction

1.5.3 Tests Required

1.5.4 Test Procedure

ADM 1.6 ORGANIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT

2 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

1.6.3 Right of Entry

1.6.4 Stop Work Order

1.6.5 Authority to Condemn

1.6.6 Authority to Abate

2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated 3

ADM 1.7 VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

ADM 1.8 PERMITS

1.8.2 Permits Not Required for the Following

ADM 1.9 PROCESS FOR OBTAINING PERMITS

4 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

1.9.4 Permit Issuance

1.9.5 Approved Plans

1.9.6 Plans Retention

1.9.7 Permit Validity

1.9.8 Permit Expiration

2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated 5

1.9.9 Revocation or Suspension

ADM 1.10 PERMITS

1.10.2 Plan Review Fees

1.10.3 Plan Review Expiration

l.10.4 Work Without a Permit

1.10.5 Refunding of Fees

ADM 1.11 INSPECTIONS

6 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

1.11.3 Use of Existing Plumbing

1.11.4 System Testing

1.11.5 Requests for Inspection

1.11.6 Other Inspections

1.11.7 Reinspection Fees

ADM 1.12 FINAL CONNECTIONS

2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated 7

1.12.2 Water and Sewer

1.12.3 Temporary Connection

ADM 1.13 UNCONSTITUTIONALITY

8 2009 National Standard Plumbing Code - Illustrated

Principle No. 1—ALL OCCUPIED PREMISES SHALL HAVE POTABLE WATER

Principle No. 2—ADEQUATE WATER REQUIRED

Principle No. 3—HOT WATER REQUIRED