• How to calculate Schedule?

• A simple rule of thumb expression is:

• Schedule Number = (1,000) (P/f) Where,

• P = the internal working pressure, psig

• f = the allowable stress (psi) for the material of construction at the conditions of use.

• Example
• Calculate allowable internal pressure P for Schedule 40 mild steel pipe having ultimate tensile strength
of 65,300 psi.

• Rearrange the schedule equation:

• P = SCH x f/1,000

• Therefore, P = 40 x 65,300/1,000 = 2,612 psi.

• This is reasonable, based on a current-day published value of 2,849-psi for 1-inch Schedule 40 steel
pipe.
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES
The dimensional tolerances for pipes are provided by ASTM A530 standard that permits following variations in pipe
size, pipe lengths and the weight.

Nominal pipe size

− Up to 4” = ± 0.79 mm

− 5 thru 8” = + 1.58 mm / - 0.79 mm

− 10 thru 18” = + 2.37 mm / - 0.79 mm

− 20 thru 24” = + 3.18 mm / - 0.79 mm

Wall Thickness
Most piping standards allow pipe manufacturers a fabrication mill tolerance of 12.5% on the wall thickness.

− All Diameters = - 12.5% (+ tolerance not specified)

− Length = + 6.40 mm / - 0 mm

− Weight = + 10% / - 1.5%

• PRESSURE RATINGS
• The pressure rating of the pipe is associated to the maximum allowable working pressure.
• It is the ability of the pipe material to resist the internal pressure and pressure surges.
• It is defined by pipe schedule or thickness.
• Minimum wall thickness of pipe is calculated by ASME B31.3 code (hoop stress) formula:
Where,

• t = required wall thickness, inches

• tm = minimum required wall thickness, inches

• P = Design pressure, psi

• D = Pipe outside diameter, inches.

• A = Corrosion allowance, inches

• S = Allowable Stress @ Design Temperature, psi (From ASME B31.3, Table A-1)

• E = Longitudinal-joint quality factor (From ASME B31.3, Table A-1B)

• Y = Wall thickness correction factor (From ASME B31.3, Table 304.1.1)
 • Example Design Formula:
• Calculate the pipe wall thickness for following design conditions:
t = (3000 x 12) / 2 [(20000 x 1) + (3000 x 0.4)]
• Design Pressure (P) = 3000 psig
• Design Temp (T) = 85°C = 185 °F = 36000 / 42400
• Diameter of Pipe (D) = 12” t = 0.849056 inch

• Material = API 5L Gr B Seamless

tm = t + A
= 0.849056 + 0.1181099
• Tensile Stress = 60Ksi = 60000Psi
= 0.96716 inch
Most piping specifications allow the manufacturer a (-) 12.5%
• Yield Stress = 35Ksi = 35000Psi
dimensional tolerance on the wall thickness; the minimum wall
• Allowable Stress @ Design Temperature (S) = 20000 thickness can be as low as 87.5% (1 – Mill Tolerance) of the nominal
Psi
value. Therefore, in selecting the pipe schedule, tm should be divided
• Corrosion Allowance (A) = 3mm = 0.1181099 inch by 0.875 to get nominal thickness.

• Mill Tolerance = 12.5 % tnom. = 0.96716 / 0.875

• Longitudinal weld joints (E) = 1.0 for Seamless pipe. = 1.1053 inch

• Values of Co-efficient (Y) = 0.4 (Below 900 °F) tnom = 28.07462 mm (As per Design)
Therefore, Minimum Thickness Required = Sch 140 (28.58 mm)
Example:
Determine the thickness of CI pipe to carry 30 m3/min of compressed air at a
pressure of 0.7 N/mm2. The velocity of the air in pipe is limited to 8 m/s. Assume
permissible tensile stress of a pipe as 15 N/mm2.
• For turbulent flow optimum diameter is given by( G is mass flow rate)
Example
Estimate the optimum pipe diameter for a water flow rate of 10 kg/s, at 20°C.
Carbon steel pipe will be used. Density of water 1000 kg/m3. Calculate flow
nature if the viscosity is 1.1 * 10-3 Ns/m2
Example
Estimate the optimum pipe diameter for a flow of HCl of 7000 kg/h at 5 bar,
15°C, stainless steel pipe. Molar volume 22.4 m3/kmol, at 1 bar, 0°C.
Pressure Drop in Pipes
• Pressure drop is decrease in pressure from one point in a pipe or tube to another point
downstream.
• Pressure drop occurs due to frictional forces acting on a fluid as it flows through the
tube.
• The frictional forces are caused by the resistance to flow.
• The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe
and fluid viscosity.
• Any liquid or gas will always flow in the direction of least resistance (less pressure).
• Pressure drop increases proportional to the frictional shear forces within the piping
network.
• A piping network containing a high relative roughness rating as well as many pipe
fittings and joints, tube convergence, divergence, turns, surface roughness and other
physical properties will affect the pressure drop.
• High flow velocities and / or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across
a section of pipe or a valve or elbow.
• Low velocity will result in lower or no pressure drop.
• The pressure drop in a pipe, due to friction, is a function of the fluid flow-
rate, fluid
• density and viscosity, pipe diameter, pipe surface roughness and the length
of the pipe.
• It can be calculated using the following equation

where ΔPf = pressure drop, N/m2,

F = friction factor,
L = pipe length, m,
dj = pipe inside diameter, m,
ρ = fluid density, kg/m3,
u = fluid velocity, m/s.
• The friction factor is a dependent on the Reynolds number and pipe roughness
• Pressure Drop can be calculated using two values: the Reynolds Number, Re
(determining laminar or turbulent flow), and the relative roughness of the
piping.

• Where
• D is the diameter of the pipe,
• u is the velocity of the fluid,
• ρ is the density of the fluid, and
• μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

• The relative roughness of the piping is usually

known by cross referencing the Reynolds number
with the relative roughness, the friction factor, f, is calculated.
• Values for the absolute surface roughness of commonly used pipes are
given in Table:

• relative roughness, e = absolute roughness / pipe inside diameter

• Note: the friction factor used in equation 5.3 is related to the shear stress at
the pipe wall,
• R, by the equation f = (R/ρu2).
• The velocity of hydraulic fluid through a conductor (pipe, tube or hose) is
dependent on flow rate and cross sectional area.
• Recommended fluid velocities through pipes and hoses in hydraulic systems are
as follows:

Service Velocity (ft/sec) Velocity (m/sec)

Pump suction 2-4 0.6 - 1.2

Pump return 4 - 13 1.5 - 4

Pump discharge 7-8 2 - 5.5

• Typical pipe velocities and allowable pressure drops, which can be used to
estimate pipe sizes, are given below:

where d is the internal diameter in mm.

• optimum velocity in terms of the fluid density

The maximum velocity should be kept below that at which erosion is likely to occur.
For gases and vapours the velocity cannot exceed the critical velocity (sonic velocity)
would normally be limited to 30 per cent of the critical velocity.
• Alternatively, fluid velocity can be calculated using the following formula:

Q × 0.408
v = --------------
D2

Where:
v = velocity in feet per second (ft/sec)
Q = flow rate in US gallons per minute (US gpm)
D = inside diameter of pipe or hose in inches (in).
• Miscellaneous pressure losses:
• Any obstruction to flow will generate turbulence and cause a pressure drop. So, pipe
fittings, such as: bends, elbows, reducing or enlargement sections, and tee junctions,
will increase the pressure drop in a pipeline.
• There will also be a pressure drop due to the valves used to isolate equipment and
control the fluid flow.
• The pressure drop due to these miscellaneous losses can be estimated using either of
two methods:
1. As the number of velocity heads, K, lost at each fitting or valve. A velocity head is
u2/2g, metres of the fluid, equivalent to (u2/2)ρ, N/m2. The total number of velocity
heads lost due to all the fittings and valves is added to the pressure drop due to pipe
friction.
2. As a length of pipe that would cause the same pressure loss as the fitting or valve.
As this will be a function of the pipe diameter, it is expressed as the number of
equivalent pipe diameters. The length of pipe to add to the actual pipe length is
found by multiplying the total number of equivalent pipe diameters by the diameter
of the pipe being used.
The number of
velocity heads lost,
or equivalent pipe
diameter, is a
characteristic of the
particular fitting or
type of valve used.
Values can be found
in handbooks and
manufacturers'
literature. The values
for a selected number
of fittings and valves
are given in
Table
• Example
A pipeline connecting two tanks contains four standard elbows, a plug valve that is
fully open and a gate valve that is half open. The line is commercial steel pipe, 25
mm internal diameter, length 120 m.
The properties of the fluid are:
viscosity 0.99 mNM-2 s,
density 998 kg/m3.
Calculate the total pressure drop due to friction when the flow rate is 3500 kg/h.
Absolute roughness commercial steel pipe, Table = 0.046 mm

Relative roughness = 0.046/(25 x 10-3) = 0.0018, round to 0.002

From friction factor chart, f= 0.0032
• Miscellaneous losses:

• Method 1, velocity heads

• Method 2, equivalent pipe diameters

Note:
the two methods will not give exactly the same result. The method using velocity
heads is the more fundamentally correct approach, but the use of equivalent
diameters is easier to apply and sufficiently accurate for use in design calculations.
• Characteristic curves for centrifugal pumps:
• The performance of a centrifugal pump is characterised by plotting the head
developed against the flow-rate.
• The pump efficiency can be shown on the same curve.
• A typical plot is shown in Figure. The head developed by the pump falls as the
flow-rate is increased. The efficiency rises to a maximum and then falls.
• For a given type and design of pump, the performance will depend on the
impeller diameter, the pump speed, and the number of stages.
• System curve (operating line):
• There are two components to the pressure head that has to be supplied by the
pump in a piping system;
1. The static pressure, to overcome the differences in head (height) and pressure.
2. The dynamic loss due to friction in the pipe, the miscellaneous losses, and the
pressure loss through equipment.

• The static pressure difference will be independent of the fluid flow-rate. The
dynamic loss will increase as the flow-rate is increased. It will be roughly
proportional to the flowrate squared,
• The system curve, or operating line, is a plot of the total pressure head versus the
liquid flow-rate.
• Net positive suction Head (NPSH):
• The pressure at the inlet to a pump must be high enough to prevent
cavitation occurring in the pump. Cavitation occurs when bubbles of
vapour, or gas, form in the pump casing. Vapour bubbles will form if the
pressure falls below the vapour pressure of the liquid.
• The net positive suction head available (NPSHavai) is the pressure at the
pump suction, above the vapour pressure of the liquid, expressed as head
of liquid.
• The net positive head required (NPSHreq) is a function of the design
parameters of the pump, and will be specified by the pump manufacturer.
As a general guide.
• the NPSH should be above 3 m for pump capacities up to 100 m3/h, and 6
m above this capacity.
• Special impeller designs can be used to overcome problems of low suction
head
• The net positive head available is given by the following equation:

The inlet piping arrangement must be designed to ensure that NPSHavaii exceeds NPSHreqa
under all operating conditions.
• Power requirements for pumping liquids
• To transport a liquid from one vessel to another through a pipeline, energy
has to be supplied to:
• overcome the friction losses in the pipes;
• overcome the miscellaneous losses in the pipe fittings (e.g. bends), valves,
instruments etc.;
• overcome the losses in process equipment (e.g. heat exchangers);
• overcome any difference in elevation from end to end of the pipe;
• overcome any difference in pressure between the vessels at each end of
the pipeline.
• The total energy required can be calculated from the equation:
• where W = work done, J/kg,
• Δz = difference in elevations (z1 — z2), m,
• ΔP = difference in system pressures (P1 — P2), N/m2,
• ΔPf = pressure drop due to friction, including miscellaneous losses,
and equipment losses, (see section 5.4.2), N/m2,
• ρ = liquid density, kg/m3,
• g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
• If W is negative a pump is required; if it is positive a turbine could be installed to
extract energy from the system.
• The head required from the pump
• The power is given by:

• where m = mass flow-rate, kg/s,

• η — efficiency = power out/power in.
• Example

• A tanker carrying toluene is unloaded, using the ship's pumps, to an on-shore storage tank. The
pipeline is 225 mm internal diameter and 900 m long. Miscellaneous losses due to fittings,
valves, etc., amount to 600 equivalent pipe diameters. The maximum liquid level in the storage
tank is 30 m above the lowest level in the ship's tanks. The ship’s tanks are nitrogen blanketed
and maintained at a pressure of 1.05 bar. The storage tank has a floating roof, which exerts a
pressure of 1.1 bar on the liquid. The ship must unload 1000 tonne within 5 hours to avoid
demurrage charges. Estimate the power required by the pump. Take the pump efficiency as 70
per cent.

• Physical properties of toluene:

• density 874 kg/m3,

• viscosity 0.62 mNm-2 s.

• Example

• Liquid chlorine is unloaded from rail tankers into a storage vessel. To provide the necessary
NPSH, the transfer pump is placed in a pit below ground level. Given the following information,
calculate the NPSH available at the inlet to the pump, at a maximum flow-rate of 16,000 kg/h.
The total length of the pipeline from the rail tanker outlet to the pump inlet is 50 m. The vertical
distance from the tank outlet to the pump inlet is 10m. Commercial steel piping, 50 mm internal
diameter, is used. Miscellaneous friction losses due to the tanker outlet constriction and the pipe
fittings in the inlet piping, are equivalent to 1000 equivalent pipe diameters. The vapour
pressure of chlorine at the maximum temperature reached at the pump is 685 kN/m2 and its
density and viscosity, 1286 kg/m3 and 0.364 mNm~2s. The pressure in the tanker is 7 bara.
• Example
• A process liquid is pumped from a storage tank to a distillation column, using a
centrifugal pump. The pipeline is 80 mm internal diameter commercial steel pipe,
100 m long. Miscellaneous losses are equivalent to 600 pipe diameters. The
storage tank operates at atmospheric pressure and the column at 1.7 bara. The
lowest liquid level in the tank will be 1.5 m above the pump inlet, and the feed
point to the column is 3 m above the pump inlet. Plot the system curve on the
pump characteristic given in Figure A and determine the operating point and
pump efficiency.

• Properties of the fluid: density 900 kg/m3, viscosity 1.36 mN m-2s.

To find the system curve the calculations were repeated for the velocities shown in the table below:
Plotting these values on the pump characteristic gives the operating point as 18.5
m at 40.0 m3/h and the pump efficiency as 79 per cent.
Calculation of Pump Head
• Friction between the fluid flowing through a conductor and its inside wall causes
losses, which are quantified as pressure drop.
• Pressure drop in conductors is an important consideration for the designer
especially in systems where long pipe or hose runs are necessary.
• The pressure drop over a length of pipe or hose can be calculated using the
following formula, which for ease of calculation uses metric units.
• Before proceeding to the pressure drop calculations, the following variables need
to be known:
• Flow rate in liters per minute (L/min) Q
Inside diameter of pipe or hose in millimeters (mm) D
Kinematic viscosity of fluid (at operating temperature) in centistokes (cSt) ν
Density of the fluid in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) ρ
Length of the pipe, tube or hose in meters (m) L
• 1. Calculate fluid velocity: Q × 21.22
v = --------------
D2

Where:
v = velocity in meters per second (m/sec)
Q = flow rate in liters per minute (L/min)
D = inside diameter of pipe or hose in millimeters (mm).

• 2. Calculate the Reynolds Number (Re):

1000 × v × D
Re = -------------
µ
Where:
Re = Reynolds Number
v = velocity in meters per second (m/sec)
D = inside diameter of pipe or hose in millimeters (mm)
µ = kinematic viscosity of fluid (at operating temperature) in centistokes (cp)
3. Calculate the friction factor (f) :The formula used to calculate the friction factor is dependent on the magnitude of the
Reynolds Number.
If the Reynolds Number is less than 2300, flow is laminar and the following formula is used to calculate the friction factor:

f=64/Re Where :
f = friction factor
Re = Reynolds Number < 2300
If the Reynolds Number is between 2300 and 4000, flow is transition and greater than 4000 flow is turbulent.

For Reynolds Numbers greater than 2300 and less than 100,000 the following formula can be used to calculate the friction
factor:

f = 0.3164 × Re-0.25 Where:

f = friction factor
Re = Reynolds Number > 2300 and < 100,000
In instances where the Reynolds Number is greater than 100,000, friction is highly dependent on the roughness of the conductor
inner surface. In these cases Colebrook equation, which considers pipe roughness, is used to calculate the friction factor.

However, due to the relatively low fluid velocities and high fluid viscosities present in hydraulic systems, Reynolds Numbers of
this magnitude should not be encountered.
• 4. Calculate the pressure drop:
Finally, pressure drop can be calculated using the following formula:

v2 × f × L × ρ
Δp = ----------------
2D

Where:
Δp = pressure drop in Pascals (Pa)
v = velocity in meters per second (m/sec)
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe or hose in meters (m)
ρ = density of the fluid in kilograms per cubic meter (870-890 kg/m for hydraulic
oil)
D = inside diameter of pipe or hose in meters (m)
 Type of Fitting K Factor When more accuracy is required, head loss in fittings can be
determined using loss coefficients (K-factors) for each type
90 Deg Elbow Standard 0.5 of fittings.
In this approach K-factor is multiplied by the velocity head
90 Deg Elbow Single Miter 1.4 of the fluid flow.

90 Deg Elbow Double Miter 0.8 H = K (v2/2g)

90 Deg Elbow Triple Miter 0.6 where,

H = Head loss, m
45 Deg Elbow Standard 0.3 V = Velocity of flow, m/s
45 Deg Elbow Single Miter 0.5 Pressure drop or head loss, occurs in all piping systems
because of elevation changes, turbulence caused by abrupt
Tee Straight flow 0.4
changes in direction, and friction within the pipe and
Tee flow to branch 1.4 fittings.
The most common methods used to determine the head
Tee flow from branch 1.7 loss in fiberglass pipe are Hazen-Williams, Manning and
Darcy-Weisbach equations.
Reducer, Single reduction 0.7 The suitability of each method depends on the type of flow
(gravity or pumped) and the level of accuracy required.
Due to the smooth inside surface and the resistance to
corrosion, ADPF fiber glass pipes have a relatively low head
loss as compared to other material pipes.
• Hazen-Williams Equation:
The Hazen-Williams Equation is applicable to water pipes under conditions of
full turbulent flow. It has gained wide acceptance in the water and
wastewater industries because of its simplicity.

v = 0.85 C R0.63J0.54

where,
v = velocity, m/s
C = Hazen-Williams Coefficient
R = Hydraulic mean radius, m
J = Hydraulic gradient, m/m
Hazen-William coefficient, C for ADPF fiber glass pipe is taken as 150.
• Manning Equation:
The Manning equation typically solves gravity flow problems where the pipe is only
partially full and is under the influence of an elevation head only.

v = (1/n) R0.667 J0.5

where,
v = velocity, m/s
n = Manning Coefficient
R = Hydraulic mean radius, m
J = Hydraulic gradient, m/m
Manning Coefficient, n for ADPF fiber glass pipe is taken as 0.01
• Darcy-Weisbach Equation:
It states that pressure drop is proportional to the square of the velocity and the
length of the pipe. This equation is valid for all fluids in both laminar and turbulent
flow. The disadvantage is that the Darcy- Weisbach friction factor is a variable.

J = Δp/ ρ = ( f.L.v2)/2.g.D
where,
J = Head loss, m
g = Gravity constant, 9.81 m/s2
v = Velocity, m/s
D = Inside diameter, m
f = Friction factor
L = Length of the pipe, m
• The well known Reynolds number equation is used to characterize the fluid flow.
If the flow is Laminar, f = 64 / Re

• If the flow is Turbulent, the friction factor can be determined from the Moody
diagram found in most fluid mechanics texts or calculated from the Colebrook
equation.
• Pressure drop in fittings:
• Head Loss in Fittings is frequently expressed as the equivalent length of pipe that
is added to the straight run of pipe as shown below.
• This approach is used most often with the Hazen-Williams or Manning equations.
The approach does not consider turbulence and subsequent losses created by
different velocities.

Fitting mm NB 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000

90 Deg Elbow 8.5 6.4 7.9 9.4 10.7 12.2 14.0 17.0 23.0 28.0 32.4 37.1 42.3

45 Deg Elbow 3.5 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.7 6.5 8.2 10.9 13.6 16.2 20.1 23.5 25.6

Tee 11.0 14.4 17.8 21.1 24.0 27.5 32.8 38.3 49.5 61.5 72.9 84.6 96.8
• Example:

• Select the pipe size for following parameters:

• Liquid flow rate = 300 m3/hr
• Density = 1000 kg/m3
• Viscosity = 0.001 kg/m.sec or 1 cp
• Pipe schedule = 40
• Pipe length = 100 m
Example:
Carbon dioxide is to be conveyed from the top of the stripper of ammonia plant to urea plant.
Calculate the pipe size required based on following data:
Flow rate of gas = 1000 t/day
Total length of pipe= 800 m
Available pressure at inlet of pipe= 24KPa g
Discharge pressure = atm
No of 90 elbow =8
No of butterfly valve=1
No of flow nozzle=1
Temperature of gas=60 C
Viscosity of gas= 0.016 mPa or cP
Example:
• Carbon dioxide is to be conveyed from the top of the stripper of ammonia plant
to urea plant. Calculate the pipe size required based on following data:
• Flow rate of gas = 1500 kg/h
• Total length of pipe= 4 km
• Available pressure at inlet of pipe= 50 KPa g
• Discharge pressure = atm
• No of 90 elbow =6
• No of gate valve=2
• No of 45 elbow =3
• Temperature of gas=50 C
• Viscosity of gas= 0.018 mPa or cP
Example: An organic liquid is discharged at the rate of 5000 Kg/h from a reactor to a storage tank at 50 C as shown in fig. Reactor is under
pressure at 600 Kpa g. Density of the organic liquid is 930 Kg/m3 and viscosity is 0.91 mPa.s or cP. Assume negligible flashing of the organic liquid
across the control valve.
Piping system details:
Linear length of straight pipe = 50 m
No of 90 elbow of standard radius = 6 (all not shown in fig) (Le/Di= 30)
No of tees = 2 (Le/Di= 22)
Pressure drop in orifice meter = 40 Kpa
No of gate valves = 4 (Le/Di= 10)
No of globe valves = 1 (Le/Di= 400)
No of flow control valve = 1
Determine the pipe size. Assume it to be uniform throughout. Also find the residual pressure drop that must be taken by the flow control valve.
• Solution:
• Flow rate of liquid, ṁ = 5000 Kg/h = 1.4 kg/s
𝑚ሶ −3
• Volumetric flow rate of liquid = 𝑞𝑣 = = 1.4934 ∗ 10 m3/s
𝜌
• By reference table, select the velocity of liquid to be 1.8 m/s.
• Inside diameter of pipe = 0.0325 m = 32.5 mm
• Nre =
• Absolute roughness
• Relative roughness
• Friction factor
• Length = linear length + equivalent length of fittings
• Pressure drop = 4 f equation
• Pressure balance :
pressure in reactor – pressure drop due to orifice meter - total pressure drop –
control valve pressure drop = pressure in storage tank
• =701 – 40 - 65.15 – pressure drop due to control valve = 101.325
• Control valve pressure drop = 534 Kpa.
Pump specification sheet:
Expansion joints:
On heating and cooling pipe length changes by 1.2 to 1.8 mm/m for every
100 C variation in temp. This necessitates the compensating devices
between two rigid points to make the pipe flexible.
Flexibility is the ratio of the developed length to the straight length
between two rigid points.
• Expansion bellows length calculation:
To calculate the no of corrugations required for the bellow joint, the expansion of
the straight pipe line is to be calculated.
Total expansion = l = ᾳ * L * t / 100
Where,
ᾳ = coefficient of thermal expansion in mm/m/100 C
L = total straight length of pipe line in m between two fixed points
T = temperature difference in C between max and min temp during erection.

No of corrugations are calculated by:

ᾳn = ᾳ1 * 10 * n / (8.5 + n)
Where,
n = no of corrugations
ᾳ = elongation of pipe in cm/m for the temp range.
Example:
Suppose a gas line of NB 400 is to be installed with a fixed support span of 80 m
having a single compensator. The maximum temperature rise is expected up to 80
C and the lowest temp expected is 15 C. It is proposed that the compensator will
be installed during the month of March when the atm temp is 30 C. Find the
compensator installation length.
Solution:
Effective temp difference = 80-15 = 65 C.
The total expansion of the pipe line for this temp rise is = l = ᾳ * L * t / 100
= 1.2 * 80 * 65 /100
= 62.4 mm
According to expansion capacity of bellow, a five corrugation compensator will be
required for this expansion.
Effective temp difference at the time of installation = 30 – 15 = 15 C
Expansion of the pipe line for this temp rise,
= 1.2 * 80 * 15 / 100
= 14.4 mm
Deducting this value from 50% of the total expansion,
= 62.4/2 – 14.4 = 16.8mm
We get 16.8 mm, which is to be added to overall length of compensator to get its
installation length. It means that the compensator has to be expanded by 16.8 mm
and then assembled in pipeline. In case we get negative value, it means that the
compensator has to be compressed and then assembled. However in this case the
compensator installation length = X +16.8 mm