400

400 Language
Including special topics (e.g., bilingualism, multilingualism)
Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature
Class specific instances of bilingualism in 420–490 with the language dominant
in the country in which the linguistic interaction occurs, without use of notation
01–09 from Table 1, e.g., a discussion of Spanish-English bilingualism in the
United States 420
For government policy on language, see 306.44; for literature, see 800; for
rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific subject, see the subject, plus
notation 01 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501

SUMMARY
401–409 Standard subdivisions
410 Linguistics
420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
430 German and related languages
440 French and related Romance languages
450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican
460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician
470 Latin and related Italic languages
480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages
490 Other languages

555
401 Dewey Decimal Classification 401

401 Philosophy and theory

Including interdisciplinary works on pragmatics [formerly 306.44], international
languages; universal languages; general discussions of international languages,
e.g., diplomatic languages, lingua francas; semantics, languages for special
purposes; lexicology, interdisciplinary works on terminology; language acquisition,
speech perception; psycholinguistics
Class reference in philosophy of language in 121; class presupposition, implication,
entailment in logic in 160; class mathematical linguistics in 410.1; class translation
of languages for special purposes in 418; class teaching of languages for special
purposes as second languages in 418.0071; class artificial languages in 499; class
interdisciplinary works on philosophy of language in 121; class interdisciplinary
works on communication, content analysis, semiotics in 302.2. Class the semiotics
of a specific subject with the subject, plus notation 01 from Table 1, e.g., semiotics
of biology 570.1; class discourse analysis of a specific subject with the subject,
plus notation 01 from Table 1, e.g., discourse analysis of political science 320.01;
class dictionaries of languages for special purposes with the purpose, plus notation
03 from Table 1, e.g., medical dictionaries 610.3; class a specific international sign
language with the language in 419, e.g., American Sign Language as a universal
language 419; class a other specific international languages with the language in
420–490, e.g., Latin as a diplomatic language 470, Swahili as a lingua franca 496
For pragmatics in sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for dictionaries of linguistics,
see 410.3; for history of word meanings, see 412; for general polyglot
dictionaries, see 413; for lexicography, see 413.028; for applied linguistics
treatment of terminology, see 418. For terminology (including pronunciation
and spelling) of a specific subject, see the subject, plus notation 01 from Table
1, e.g., terminology of linguistics 410.1, terminology of engineering 620.001
See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401, T4—01, 410.71, 418.0071, T4—80071

402 Miscellany
.85 Computer applications
Class computational linguistics in 006.3

403 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances

For dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of linguistics, see 410.3;
for general polyglot dictionaries, see 413; for dictionaries, encyclopedias,
concordances of literature, see 803

[404] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

405 Serial publications

406 Organizations and management
407 Education, research, related topics
.1 Education
See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401, T4—01, 410.71, 418.0071,
T4—80071

556
407 Language 407

.2 Research
Class corpus-based research methods in 410.1

408 Groups of people

See also 306.44 for sociology of language

.9 Treatment of language with respect to ethnic and national groups

Class ethnolinguistics in 306.44

409 Geographic treatment and biography

Do not use for language history not limited by area; class in 417
Class specific sign languages and groups of sign languages in 419; class other
specific languages and groups of languages in 420–490
See also 410.9 for geographic treatment and biography of linguistics

410 Linguistics
Class here descriptive, synchronic linguistics; comprehensive works on Eurasiatic
languages, on Indo-European languages, on Indo-Germanic languages, on
Indo-Hittite languages
Class linguistics of specific sign languages in 419; class linguistics of other specific
languages in 420–490
For sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for lexicology, semiotics, semantics, see
401; for specific Indo-European languages other than east Indo-European
languages and Celtic languages, see 420–480; for east Indo-European and
Celtic languages, see 491
See Manual at 410

SUMMARY
410.1–.9 Standard subdivisions
411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages
412 Etymology of standard forms of languages
413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages
414 Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages
415 Grammar of standard forms of languages
417 Dialectology and historical linguistics
418 Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
419 Sign languages

.1 Philosophy and theory

Do not use for philosophy and theory of language and languages; class in 401.
Do not use for schools and theories of linguistics; class in 410
Class psycholinguistics in 401. Class corpus linguistics applied to a specific
work or the works of a specific author with the work or author, e.g., versions of
the Bible 220.4, Shakespeare’s works 822.3; class corpus linguistics applied to
a specific topic in linguistics with the topic, e.g., corpus-based analysis of noun
phrases 415
For works on schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics that stress
syntax, or syntax and phonology, see 415
557
410 Dewey Decimal Classification 410

.2 Miscellany
Do not use for miscellany of language and languages; class in 402
.285 Computer applications
Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 410.1. Class a
computational linguistics application of a linguistic process with the
process, plus notation 0285 from Table 1, e.g., part-of-speech tagging
415.0285
See Manual at 006.3 vs. 410.285

.3–.9 Standard subdivisions

Do not use for standard subdivisions of language and languages; class in
403–409
See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401, T4—01, 410.71, 418.0071,
T4—80071

411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages

Including alphabets, ideographs, syllabaries; braille; abbreviations, acronyms,
capitalization, punctuation, spelling, transliteration; paleography and epigraphy
Class dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms in 413; class writing systems of
geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417;
class manual alphabets, fingerspelling in 418
See also 652 for practical works on how to write by hand or machine, e.g.,
keyboarding 652.3

412 Etymology of standard forms of languages

Class etymology of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations
of languages in 417; class comprehensive works on historical linguistics in 417;
class interdisciplinary works on onomastics in 929.9. Class a specific aspect of
etymology with the aspect, e.g., phonetic development of words 414
.03 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
Including dictionaries of eponyms [formerly 413]

413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages

Including specialized dictionaries; polyglot dictionaries with entry words or
definitions in only one language
Class here polyglot dictionaries
Class etymological dictionaries in 412.03; class dictionaries of geographic
variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417. Class subject
dictionaries of abbreviations, acronyms, symbols with the subject, plus notation 01
from Table 1, e.g., dictionary of scientific abbreviations and acronyms 501; class
subject dictionaries with the subject, plus notation 03 from Table 1, e.g., dictionary
of medicine 610.3
For crossword-puzzle dictionaries, see 793.73. For bilingual dictionaries, see
the language, plus notation 3 from Table 4, e.g., French-English dictionary 443
Dictionaries of eponyms relocated to 412.03

558
413 Linguistics 413

.028 Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment,

materials
Class here basic techniques and procedures; lexicography

414 Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages

Standard subdivisions are added for phonology and phonetics together, for
phonology alone
Including suprasegmental features; intonation
Class here consonants, vowels; morphophonology, morphophonemics, phonemics
Class phonology and phonetics of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic
variations of languages in 417; class comprehensive works on phonology,
morphology, syntax; on phonology and morphology; on phonology and syntax in
415

415 Grammar of standard forms of languages

Including word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, verbs); parts of
speech; morphology
Class here grammatical categories, sentences, syntax, topic and comment; word
order; comprehensive works on phonology, morphology, syntax; on phonology and
morphology; on phonology and syntax
Class etymology in 412; class morphophonology, morphophonemics in 414;
class grammar of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of
languages in 417
For phonology, see 414; for prescriptive grammar, inflectional schemata
designed for use as aids in learning a language, see 418
.01 Philosophy and theory
Do not use for schools and theories of grammar; class in 415

[416] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

417 Dialectology and historical linguistics

Including dialects, patois, provincialisms; language history not limited by area,
language change, paleography covering all aspects of early writings
For change in and history of a specific element of language, see the element,
e.g., paleography limited to study of ancient and medieval handwriting 411,
grammar 415
See Manual at T4—7; also at 410

559
418 Dewey Decimal Classification 418

418 Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

General, formal, informal usage
Including comprehensive works on instruction in lipreading with respect to
multiple languages, comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling for
manual coding of multiple standard spoken languages; translating; interpreting;
translating materials on specific subjects; interpreting materials on specific
subjects; interpreting literature and rhetoric, translating works about literature,
rhetoric; multilingual phrase books; reading
Class here applied linguistics
Class purely descriptive linguistics in 411–415; class dictionaries in 413; class
lexicography in 413.028; class prescriptive and applied linguistics applied to
geographic variations, to modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.
Class translating a specific work or the works of a specific author with the work,
translations of the work, or author, e.g., translating the Bible 220, translating the
Bible into English 220.5, translating the works of Aristotle 185; class translating a
specific work or works of a specific author with the work or author, e.g., translating
the Aeneid 873, translating the works of Shakespeare 822.3
For rhetoric, see 808. For use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding
of a specific spoken language, see the language plus notation 8 from Table
4, e.g., use of signs and fingerspelling to represent standard English, use of
British Sign Language signs to represent standard English 428; for lipreading
a specific language, see the language, plus notation 8 from Table 4, e.g.,
lipreading English 428
.001–.006 Standard subdivisions
.007 Education, research, related topics
.007 1 Education
Class here second language teaching
See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401, T4—01, 410.71, 418.0071,
T4—80071
.008–.009 Standard subdivisions
419 Sign languages
Including sign languages used primarily for purposes other than communication
of deaf people; sign languages used primarily for communication among deaf
people or between hearing and deaf people; indigenous sign languages of deaf
communities, comprehensive works on methods of communication of deaf-blind
people
Class here comprehensive works on fingerspelling, use of fingerspelling as part of
sign languages
Class nonlinguistic (nonstructured) communication (e.g., use of gestures) in 302.2
For use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of specific standard
spoken languages, see notation 8 from Table 4; for braille, see 411; for
comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling for manual coding of
multiple standard spoken languages, see 418

560
419 Linguistics 419

[.094–.099] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use for sign languages used primarily for purposes other than
communication among deaf people or between hearing and deaf people,
sign languages used primarily for communication among deaf people
or between hearing and deaf people, class in 419. Do not use for
comprehensive works on all types of sign languages; class in 419

> 420–490 Specific languages

Class here comprehensive works on specific languages and their literatures
Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number
for each language identified by * as instructed at beginning of Table 4, e.g.,
grammar of Japanese 495.6. The base number is the number given for the
language unless the schedule specifies a different number
The numbers used in this schedule for individual languages do not necessarily
correspond exactly with those in 810–890
Class polyglot dictionaries in 413; class comprehensive works in 410
For specific sign languages, see 419; for literatures of specific languages,
see 810–890
See Manual at 420–490

> 420–480 Specific Indo-European languages other

than east Indo-European languages and Celtic
languages
Class comprehensive works on Indo-European languages in 410

420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of English
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
English 420.1

421–428 Subdivisions of English

Class here comprehensive works on English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 42
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of English language 425
For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429

421 Writing system, phonology, phonetics of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428

422 Etymology of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428

561
 423 Dewey Decimal Classification 423

423 Dictionaries of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428

[424] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

425 Grammar of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428

[426] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

427 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of English
Number built according to instructions under 421–428
Including Middle English, 1100–1500
For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429
.001–.008 Standard subdivisions
.009 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Middle English; class in 427
[.009 4–.009 9] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 427

428 Standard English usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 421–428
Class here Basic English

429 *Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

See also 427 for Middle English

430 German and related languages

Including special topics of Germanic languages (e.g., writing systems, phonology,
phonetics of the standard form of the language; etymology of the standard form
of the language; dictionaries of the standard form of the language; grammar of
the standard form of the language; historical and geographic variations, modern
nongeographic variations; standard usage of the language [prescriptive linguistics])
Class here Germanic languages
For English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 420
*
*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490
562
430 German and related languages 430

.01 Philosophy and theory of Germanic languages

Including semantics, pragmatics, languages for special purposes; lexicology;
psycholinguistics
Class dictionaries; lexicography; discursive works on terminology intended
to teach vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation in applied linguistics; history
of word meanings; teaching of languages for special purposes; translation of
languages for special purposes; works on schools, theories, methodologies
that stress syntax, or syntax and phonology; psycholinguistics of a specific
topic (e.g., reading) in 430. Class dictionaries of languages for special
purposes with the purpose, plus notation 03 from Table 1, e.g., medical
dictionaries 610.3
.02 Miscellany of Germanic languages
.028 5 Computer applications of Germanic languages
Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 430.01
.03 Encyclopedias and concordances of Germanic languages
Do not use for dictionaries; class in 430
.05–.09 Standard subdivisions of Germanic languages
.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of German
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
German 430.1

431–438 Subdivisions of German

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 43
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of German language 435

431 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438

432 Etymology of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438

433 Dictionaries of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438

[434] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

435 Grammar of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438

[436] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

563
 437 Dewey Decimal Classification 437

437 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of German
Number built according to instructions under 431–438
Including Old High German to 1100; Middle High German and Early New High
German, 1100–1500
Class Low German in 439
.001–.008 Standard subdivisions
.009 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old High German, Middle High German and Early New
High German, class in 437
[.009 4–.009 9] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 437

438 Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 431–438

439 Other Germanic languages

Including Yiddish; West Germanic languages; Frisian, Low German (Plattdeutsch);
North Germanic languages (Nordic languages); comprehensive works on east
Scandinavian languages, comprehensive works on west Scandinavian languages,
comprehensive works on modern west Scandinavian languages; comprehensive
works on languages in the Nordic countries; Old Norse [Old Icelandic], Icelandic,
Faroese; East Germanic languages
For Finnish, Sámi, see 494

.3 Netherlandish languages
Including Afrikaans
.31 *Dutch
Including Old Low Franconian
Class here Flemish

.7 *Swedish
Including historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic
variations

.8 Danish and Norwegian

Including Bokmål, Dano-Norwegian, Riksmål; New Norse, Landsmål
*
*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490
564
440 French and related Romance languages 440

440 French and related Romance languages

Including special topics of Romance languages (e.g., writing systems, phonology,
phonetics of the standard form of the language; etymology of the standard form
of the language; dictionaries of the standard form of the language; grammar of
the standard form of the language; historical and geographic variations, modern
nongeographic variations; standard usage of the language [prescriptive linguistics])
Class here Romance languages
Class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470
For Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican, see 450; for
Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, see 460
.01 Philosophy and theory of Romance languages
Including semantics, pragmatics, languages for special purposes; lexicology;
psycholinguistics
Class dictionaries; lexicography; discursive works on terminology intended
to teach vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation in applied linguistics; history
of word meanings; teaching of languages for special purposes; translation of
languages for special purposes; works on schools, theories, methodologies
that stress syntax, or syntax and phonology; psycholinguistics of a specific
topic (e.g., reading) in 440
.02 Miscellany of Romance languages
.028 5 Computer applications of Romance languages
Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 440.01
.03 Encyclopedias and concordances of Romance languages
Do not use for dictionaries; class in 440
.05–.09 Standard subdivisions of Romance languages
.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of French
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
French 440.1

441–448 Subdivisions of French

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 44
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of French language 445

441 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448

442 Etymology of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448

443 Dictionaries of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448

565
444 Dewey Decimal Classification 444

[444] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

445 Grammar of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448

[446] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

447 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of French
Number built according to instructions under 441–448
Including Old French to 1400; Middle French, 1400–1600
See also 449 for Occitan, Franco-Provençal
.001–.008 Standard subdivisions
.009 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old French, Middle French; class in 447
[.009 4–.009 9] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 447

448 Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 441–448

449 Occitan, Catalan, Franco-Provençal

Class here Langue d’oc; Provençal (Occitan)

450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian,

Corsican
Class Dalmatian in 457; class comprehensive works on Romance languages in 440;
class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470

.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of Italian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
Italian 450.1

451–458 Subdivisions of Italian

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 45
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Italian language 455

451 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458

452 Etymology of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458

566
453 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican 453

453 Dictionaries of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458

[454] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

455 Grammar of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458

[456] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

457 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of Italian
Number built according to instructions under 451–458
Including Old Italian to 1300; Middle Italian, 1300–1600; Dalmatian
.001–.008 Standard subdivisions
.009 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old Italian, Middle Italian; class in 457
[.009 4–.009 9] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 457

458 Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 451–458

459 Sardinian, Corsican [both formerly 457], Romanian,

Rhaetian
Including geographic variations in Cagliari province of Sardinia; geographic
variations in Nuoro province of Sardinia; geographic variations in Sassari province
of Sardinia; geographic variations in Oristano province of Sardinia [all formerly
457]

460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician

Class comprehensive works on Romance languages in 440
.01–.09 Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Spanish, Portuguese,
Galician
.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of Spanish
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
Spanish 460.1

461–468 Subdivisions of Spanish

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 46
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Spanish language 465

567
461 Dewey Decimal Classification 461

461 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468

462 Etymology of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468

463 Dictionaries of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468

[464] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

465 Grammar of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468

[466] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

467 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations of Spanish
Number built according to instructions under 461–468
Including Old Spanish to 1100; Middle Spanish, 1100–1600
.001–.008 Standard subdivisions
.009 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old Spanish, Middle Spanish; class in 467
[.009 4–.009 9] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 467

468 Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 461–468

469 Portuguese and Galician

Variant name for Galician: Gallegan
.01–.09 Standard subdivisions of Portuguese
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics
of Portuguese 469.01

.1–.5 Subdivisions of Portuguese

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 469
notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Portuguese 469.5

568
469 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician 469

.7 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic

variations
Number built according to instructions under 420–490
Including Old Portuguese to 1100; Middle Portuguese, 1100–1600; pidgins,
creoles
.700 1–.700 8 Standard subdivisions
.700 9 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old Portuguese, Middle Portuguese; class in 469.7
[.700 94–.700 99] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world
Do not use; class in 469.7

.8 Standard Portuguese usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

.800 1–.800 9 Standard subdivisions
.81–.86 Words, approaches to expression, reading, readers
Add to base number 469.8 the numbers following —8 in notation 81–86
from Table 4, e.g., reading Portuguese 469.84

470 Latin and related Italic languages

Class here Italic languages
Class comprehensive works on Latin and Greek in 480
For Romance languages, see 440
.01–.09 Standard subdivisions of Italic languages
.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of Latin
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
Latin 470.1

471–478 Subdivisions of Latin

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 47
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Latin language 475
See Manual at 471–475, 478 vs. 477

471 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478

472 Etymology of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478

473 Dictionaries of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478

569
474 Dewey Decimal Classification 474

[474] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

475 Grammar of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478

[476] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

477 Old, postclassical, Vulgar Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478
Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading
Variant name for Old Latin: preclassical Latin

478 Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 471–478
Class here classical-revival Latin usage during medieval or modern times

479 Other Italic languages

480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages

Classical Greek: the Greek that flourished between 750 and 350 B.C.
Class here Hellenic languages, comprehensive works on classical (Greek and
Latin) languages
For Latin, see 470
.01–.09 Standard subdivisions of classical (Greek and Latin) languages
.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of Hellenic languages, of classical Greek
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semantics of
Hellenic languages, of classical Greek 480.1

> 481–488 Subdivisions of classical, preclassical,

postclassical Greek
Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 48
notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of classical Greek language 485
Dialects of classical Greek are classed in the numbers for classical Greek
(480.1–480.9, 481–485, 488)
For standard subdivisions of classical Greek, see 480.1–480.9

481 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488

570
482 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages 482

482 Etymology of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488

483 Dictionaries of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488

[484] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 8

485 Grammar of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488

[486] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 10

487 Preclassical and postclassical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488
Including Biblical Greek

488 Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Number built according to instructions under 481–488

489 Other Hellenic languages

Including Modern Greek

490 Other languages

SUMMARY
491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages
492 Afro-Asiatic languages
493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages
494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages, miscellaneous languages of
south Asia
495 Languages of east and southeast Asia
496 African languages
497 North American native languages
498 South American native languages
499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesian languages,
miscellaneous languages

571
491 Dewey Decimal Classification 491

491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages

Including Indo-Iranian languages; comprehensive works on languages of south
Asia; Sanskrit; Middle Indo-European languages; Iranian languages; Baltic and
other Indo-European languages
Class modern Prakrit languages in 491.4; class comprehensive works on
Indo-European languages in 410
For Dravidian languages and miscellaneous languages of south Asia, see
494.8; for languages of south Asia closely related to languages of east and
southeast Asia, see 495; for Andamanese languages, see 495.9

.4 Modern Indo-Aryan languages

Former heading: Modern Indic languages
Including Sindhi and Lahnda; Panjabi; Western Hindi languages;
comprehensive works on Hindi languages; Bengali; Assamese, Bihari, Oriya;
Marathi and Konkani; Gujarati, Bhili, Rajasthani; Sinhalese-Maldivian
languages; Sinhalese (Sinhala)
Class here modern Prakrit languages
Class comprehensive works on Prakrit languages in 491

.6 Celtic languages
Including Gaulish; Irish Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic; Manx; Welsh (Cymric);
Cornish; Breton

.7 Russian and related East Slavic languages

Including Ukrainian and Belarusian
Class here East Slavic languages
Class comprehensive works on Slavic (Slavonic) languages in 491.8
.700 1–.700 9 Standard subdivisions of East Slavic languages
.701–.709 Standard subdivisions of Russian
Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,
semantics of Russian 491.701
.71–.75 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics, etymology, dictionaries,
grammar of Russian
Add to base number 491.7 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of
Russian 491.75
.77 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations
of Russian
Number built according to instructions under 420–490
Including Old Russian to 1550; Middle Russian, 1550–1750
.770 01–.770 08 Standard subdivisions
.770 09 History, geographic treatment, biography
Do not use for Old Russian, Middle Russian; class in 491.77

572
491 Other languages 491

[.770 094–.770 099] Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 491.77
.78 Standard Russian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
.780 01–.780 09 Standard subdivisions
.781–.786 Words, approaches to expression, reading, readers
Add to base number 491.78 the numbers following —8 in notation 81–86
from Table 4, e.g., reading Russian 491.784

.8 Slavic (Slavonic) languages

Including Common Slavic; special topics of Slavic languages (e.g., writing
systems, phonology, phonetics of the standard form of the language; etymology
of the standard form of the language; dictionaries of the standard form of
the language; grammar of the standard form of the language; historical and
geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations; standard usage of
the language [prescriptive linguistics]); Bulgarian and related South Slavic
languages; Serbian; Serbo-Croatian (languages of Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians
treated together as a single language); Croatian and Bosnian; Slovenian;
Polish and related West Slavic languages; Czech; Slovak; Wendish (Lusatian,
Sorbian); Polabian
Class here comprehensive works on Balto-Slavic languages
Class Baltic languages in 491
For East Slavic languages, see 491.7
.801 Philosophy and theory of Slavic languages
Including semantics, pragmatics, languages for special purposes;
lexicology; psycholinguistics
Class dictionaries; lexicography; discursive works on terminology
intended to teach vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation in applied
linguistics; history of word meanings; teaching of languages for special
purposes; translation of languages for special purposes; works on
schools, theories, methodologies that stress syntax, or syntax and
phonology; psycholinguistics of a specific topic (e.g., reading) in 491.8
.802 Miscellany of Slavic languages
.802 85 Computer applications of Slavic languages
Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 491.801
.803 Encyclopedias and concordances of Slavic languages
Do not use for dictionaries; class in 491.8
.805–.809 Standard subdivisions of Slavic languages

573
 492 Dewey Decimal Classification 492

492 Afro-Asiatic languages

Including special topics of Afro-Asiatic and Semitic languages (e.g., writing
systems, phonology, phonetics of the standard form of the language; etymology
of the standard form of the language; dictionaries of the standard form of the
language; grammar of the standard form of the language; historical and geographic
variations, modern nongeographic variations; standard usage of the language
[prescriptive linguistics]); East Semitic languages; Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian);
Aramaic languages, Eastern Aramaic languages, Syriac; Canaanite languages,
Ethiopian languages, South Arabian languages
Class here Semitic languages
Class Hebrew in 492.4
For non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages, see 493
.01 Philosophy and theory of Afro-Asiatic languages
Including semantics, pragmatics, languages for special purposes; lexicology;
psycholinguistics
Class dictionaries; lexicography; discursive works on terminology intended
to teach vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation in applied linguistics; history
of word meanings; teaching of languages for special purposes; translation of
languages for special purposes; works on schools, theories, methodologies
that stress syntax, or syntax and phonology; psycholinguistics of a specific
topic (e.g., reading) in 492
.02 Miscellany of Afro-Asiatic languages
.028 5 Computer applications of Afro-Asiatic languages
Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 492.01
.03 Encyclopedias and concordances of Afro-Asiatic languages
Do not use for dictionaries; class in 492
.05–.09 Standard subdivisions of Afro-Asiatic languages
.4 *Hebrew
.7 Arabic and Maltese
Class here Classical Arabic, modern standard Arabic
See also 492 for South Arabian languages

493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages

Including special topics of non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages (e.g., writing
systems, phonology, phonetics of the standard form of the language [e.g., Rosetta
stone, hieroglyphics]; etymology of the standard form of the language; dictionaries
of the standard form of the language; grammar of the standard form of the
language; historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations;
standard usage of the language [prescriptive linguistics]); Egyptian; Coptic; Berber
languages; Cushitic and Omotic languages; Chadic languages
*
*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490
574
 494 Other languages 494

494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages,

miscellaneous languages of south Asia
For Japanese, see 495.6; for Korean, see 495.7
See also 497 for Inuit, Yupik, Aleut languages

.8 Dravidian languages and miscellaneous languages of south Asia

Miscellaneous languages of south Asia limited to Nihali, Burushaski, language
of Indus script

495 Languages of east and southeast Asia

Including Karen; Tibetan and related Tibeto-Burman languages; Burmese
Here are classed languages of south Asia closely related to the languages of east
and southeast Asia
Class here Sino-Tibetan languages
For Austronesian languages of east and southeast Asia, see 499

.1 *Chinese
Including historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic
variations of Chinese
Class here Beijing dialect; Mandarin (Putonghua) (standard written Chinese)

.6 *Japanese
.7 *Korean
.9 Miscellaneous languages of southeast Asia; Munda languages
Miscellaneous languages of southeast Asia limited to Kadai languages,
Kam-Sui languages; Thai (Siamese) and related Tai languages; Viet-Muong,
Austroasiatic, Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) languages
Class here Daic languages
For Austronesian languages, see 499

496 African languages

Including Khoisan languages; Niger-Congo languages; Nilo-Saharan languages;
Chari-Nile (Macrosudanic) languages
Class Afrikaans in 439.3; class Malagasy in 499. Class an African creole having
a non-African primary source language with the source language, plus notation 7
from Table 4, e.g., Krio 427
For Ethiopian languages, see 492; for non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages, see
493
*
*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490
575
497 Dewey Decimal Classification 497

497 North American native languages

Including Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Na-Dene languages; Algic and Muskogean
languages; Algonquian languages; Penutian, Mayan, Mixe-Zoque, Uto-Aztecan,
Kiowa Tanoan languages; Siouan, Iroquoian, Hokan, Chumash, Yuki languages;
Oto-Manguean, Chibchan languages of North America, Misumalpan
Class here comprehensive works on North and South American native languages
For South American native languages, see 498

498 South American native languages

Including Chibchan and Barbacoan languages; Paez; Quechuan, Aymaran,
Tucanoan, Jivaroan, Tupí, Arawakan languages; Carib, Macro-Gê, Nambiquaran,
Panoan languages; Araucanian, Alacalufan, Chon, Lule-Vilela, Mataco-Guaicuru
languages

499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesian

languages, miscellaneous languages
Miscellaneous languages limited to Hurrian languages, Basque, Elamite, Etruscan,
Sumerian, Caucasian (Caucasic) languages, artificial languages
Including Malagasy; Polynesian languages; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
See also 419 for sign languages

576