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This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–1. An air-filled rubber ball has a diameter of 6 in. If the air

pressure within it is increased until the ball’s diameter
becomes 7 in., determine the average normal strain in the
rubber.

d0 = 6 in.

d = 7 in.

pd - pd0 7 - 6
P = = = 0.167 in.>in. Ans.
pd0 6

Ans:
P = 0.167 in.>in.

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2–2. A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of

15 in. If it is stretched around a pipe having an outer
diameter of 5 in., determine the average normal strain in
the strip.

L0 = 15 in.

L = p(5 in.)

L - L0 5p - 15
P = = = 0.0472 in.>in. Ans.
L0 15

Ans:
P = 0.0472 in.>in.

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2–3. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires

BD and CE. If the load P on the beam causes the end C to D E
be displaced 10 mm downward, determine the normal strain
developed in wires CE and BD.

4m

A B C

3m 2m 2m

¢LBD ¢LCE
=
3 7

3 (10)
¢LBD = = 4.286 mm
7
¢LCE 10
PCE = = = 0.00250 mm>mm Ans.
L 4000
¢LBD 4.286
PBD = = = 0.00107 mm>mm Ans.
L 4000

Ans:
PCE = 0.00250 mm>mm, PBD = 0.00107 mm>mm

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*2–4. The force applied at the handle of the rigid lever

causes the lever to rotate clockwise about the pin B through G F
an angle of 2°. Determine the average normal strain
developed in each wire. The wires are unstretched when the 200 mm 200 mm 300 mm
300 mm
lever is in the horizontal position. E
A B

C D
200 mm
H

Geometry: The lever arm rotates through an angle of u = a bp rad = 0.03491 rad.
2°
180
Since u is small, the displacements of points A, C, and D can be approximated by

dA = 200(0.03491) = 6.9813 mm

dC = 300(0.03491) = 10.4720 mm

dD = 500(0.03491) = 17.4533 mm

Average Normal Strain: The unstretched length of wires AH, CG, and DF are
LAH = 200 mm, LCG = 300 mm, and LDF = 300 mm. We obtain
dA 6.9813
(Pavg)AH = = = 0.0349 mm>mm Ans.
LAH 200

= 0.0349 mm>mm
dC 10.4720
(Pavg)CG = = Ans.
LCG 300

= 0.0582 mm>mm
dD 17.4533
(Pavg)DF = = Ans.
LDF 300

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2–5. The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P

causes point A to be displaced horizontally 2 mm, determine
the normal strain developed in each wire. C

300
mm

30⬚
P
30⬚ A

mm
300

œ
LAC = 23002 + 22 - 2(300)(2) cos 150° = 301.734 mm
œ
LAC - LAC 301.734 - 300
PAC = PAB = = = 0.00578 mm>mm Ans.
LAC 300

Ans:
PAC = PAB = 0.00578 mm>mm

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2–6. The rubber band of unstretched length 2r0 is forced

down the frustum of the cone. Determine the average r0
normal strain in the band as a function of z.

2r0 h

Geometry: Using similar triangles shown in Fig. a,

h¿ h¿ + h
= ; h¿ = h
r0 2r0

Subsequently, using the result of h¿

r r0 r0
= ; r = (z + h)
z+h h h

Average Normal Strain: The length of the rubber band as a function of z is

2pr0
L = 2pr = (z+ h). With L0 = 2r0, we have
h
2pr0
(z + h) - 2r0
L - L0 h p
Pavg = = = (z + h) - 1 Ans.
L0 2r0 h

Ans:
p
Pavg = (z + h) - 1
h

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2–7. The pin-connected rigid rods AB and BC are inclined P

at u = 30° when they are unloaded. When the force P is
applied u becomes 30.2°. Determine the average normal B
strain developed in wire AC.

u u
600 mm

A C

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the unstretched and stretched lengths of wire AD are

LAC = 2(600 sin 30°) = 600 mm

LAC ¿ = 2(600 sin 30.2°) = 603.6239 mm

Average Normal Strain:

= 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm
LAC ¿ - LAC 603.6239 - 600
(Pavg)AC = = Ans.
LAC 600

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm

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*2–8. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a u

rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is D P
applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate
by u = 0.3°, determine the normal strain in the cable.
Originally the cable is unstretched. 300 mm

300 mm

A C

400 mm

AB = 24002 + 3002 = 500 mm

AB¿ = 24002 + 3002 - 2(400)(300) cos 90.3°

= 501.255 mm
AB¿ - AB 501.255 - 500
PAB = =
AB 500
= 0.00251 mm>mm Ans.

112
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2–9. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a u

rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is
D P
applied to the end D of the member and causes a normal
strain in the cable of 0.0035 mm> mm, determine the
displacement of point D. Originally the cable is unstretched. 300 mm

300 mm

A C

400 mm

AB = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

AB¿ = AB + eABAB

= 500 + 0.0035(500) = 501.75 mm

501.752 = 3002 + 4002 - 2(300)(400) cos a

a = 90.4185°
p
u = 90.4185° - 90° = 0.4185° = (0.4185) rad
180°
p
¢ D = 600(u) = 600( )(0.4185) = 4.38 mm Ans.
180°

Ans:
¢ D = 4.38 mm

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2–10. The corners of the square plate are given the y

displacements indicated. Determine the shear strain along 0.2 in.
the edges of the plate at A and B. A

10 in.

D B
x
0.3 in.

0.3 in. 10 in.

C
10 in. 10 in.
0.2 in.

At A:

= tan - 1 a b = 43.561°
u¿ 9.7
2 10.2

u¿ = 1.52056 rad

p
(gA)nt = - 1.52056
2
= 0.0502 rad Ans.

At B:

= tan - 1 a b = 46.439°
f¿ 10.2
2 9.7

f¿ = 1.62104 rad

p
(gB)nt = - 1.62104
2

= -0.0502 rad Ans.

Ans:
(gA)nt = 0.0502 rad, (gB)nt = - 0.0502 rad

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2–11. The corners of the square plate are given the y

displacements indicated. Determine the average normal 0.2 in.
strains along side AB and diagonals AC and DB. A

10 in.

D B
x
0.3 in.

0.3 in. 10 in.

C
10 in. 10 in.
0.2 in.

For AB:

A¿B¿ = 2(10.2)2 + (9.7)2 = 14.0759 in.

AB = 2(10)2 + (10)2 = 14.14214 in.

= - 0.00469 in.>in.
14.0759 - 14.14214
PAB = Ans.
14.14214

For AC:

= 0.0200 in.>in.
20.4 - 20
PAC = Ans.
20

For DB:

= - 0.0300 in.>in.
19.4 - 20
PDB = Ans.
20

Ans:
PAB = - 0.00469 in.>in., PAC = 0.0200 in.>in.,
PDB = - 0.0300 in.>in.

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*2–12. The piece of rubber is originally rectangular. y

Determine the average shear strain gxy at A if the corners B
and D are subjected to the displacements that cause the 3 mm C
rubber to distort as shown by the dashed lines. D

400 mm

x
A 300 mm B
2 mm

2
u1 = tan u1 = = 0.006667 rad
300

3
u2 = tan u2 = = 0.0075 rad
400
gxy = u1 + u2

= 0.006667 + 0.0075 = 0.0142 rad Ans.

116
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2–13. The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and y

subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines.
Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal 3 mm C
DB and side AD. D

400 mm

x
A 300 mm B
2 mm

AD¿ = 2(400)2 + (3)2 = 400.01125 mm

f = tan - 1 a b = 0.42971°
3
400
AB¿ = 2(300)2 + (2)2 = 300.00667

w = tan - 1 a b = 0.381966°
2
300
a = 90° - 0.42971° - 0.381966° = 89.18832°

D¿B¿ = 2(400.01125)2 + (300.00667)2 - 2(400.01125)(300.00667) cos (89.18832°)

D¿B¿ = 496.6014 mm

DB = 2(300)2 + (400)2 = 500 mm

496.6014 - 500
PDB = = - 0.00680 mm>mm Ans.
500
400.01125 - 400
PAD = = 0.0281(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
400

Ans:
PDB = - 0.00680 mm>mm,
PAD = 0.0281(10 - 3) mm>mm

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2–14. The force P applied at joint D of the square frame 200 mm 200 mm
causes the frame to sway and form the dashed rhombus. P D E C
Determine the average normal strain developed in wire AC.
Assume the three rods are rigid.
3

400 mm

A
B

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of LAC ¿ of wire AC¿ can be
determined using the cosine law.

LAC ¿ = 24002 + 4002 - 2(400)(400) cos 93° = 580.30 mm

The unstretched length of wire AC is

LAC = 24002 + 4002 = 565.69 mm

Average Normal Strain:

= 0.0258 mm>mm
LAC ¿ - LAC 580.30 - 565.69
(Pavg)AC = = Ans.
LAC 565.69

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 0.0258 mm>mm

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2–15. The force P applied at joint D of the square frame 200 mm 200 mm
causes the frame to sway and form the dashed rhombus. P D E C
Determine the average normal strain developed in wire
AE. Assume the three rods are rigid.
3

400 mm

A
B

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of LAE¿ of wire AE can be

determined using the cosine law.
LAE¿ = 24002 + 2002 - 2(400)(200) cos 93° = 456.48 mm

The unstretched length of wire AE is

LAE = 24002 + 2002 = 447.21 mm

Average Normal Strain:

= 0.0207 mm>mm
LAE ¿ - LAE 456.48 - 447.21
(Pavg)AE = = Ans.
LAE 447.21

Ans:
(Pavg)AE = 0.0207 mm>mm

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*2–16. The triangular plate ABC is deformed into the y

shape shown by the dashed lines. If at A, eAB = 0.0075,
PAC = 0.01 and gxy = 0.005 rad, determine the average
normal strain along edge BC. C

300 mm
gxy

x
A B
400 mm

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of sides AB and AC are

LAC¿ = (1 + ey)LAC = (1 + 0.01)(300) = 303 mm

LAB¿ = (1 + ex)LAB = (1 + 0.0075)(400) = 403 mm

Also,

b = 89.7135°
p 180°
u = - 0.005 = 1.5658 rada
2 p rad

The unstretched length of edge BC is

LBC = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

and the stretched length of this edge is

LB¿C¿ = 23032 + 4032 - 2(303)(403) cos 89.7135°

= 502.9880 mm

We obtain,

LB¿C¿ - LBC 502.9880 - 500

PBC = = = 5.98(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LBC 500

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2–17. The plate is deformed uniformly into the shape y

y¿
shown by the dashed lines. If at A, gxy = 0.0075 rad., while
PAB = PAF = 0, determine the average shear strain at point
G with respect to the x¿ and y¿ axes.

F E
x¿
C
600 mm D
gxy
300 mm

x
A G B
= 0.0075 rad a b = 0.4297°. Thus,
180° 600 mm
Geometry: Here, gxy 300 mm
p rad
c = 90° - 0.4297° = 89.5703° b = 90° + 0.4297° = 90.4297°

Subsequently, applying the cosine law to triangles AGF¿ and GBC¿, Fig. a,

LGF¿ = 26002 + 3002 - 2(600)(300) cos 89.5703° = 668.8049 mm

LGC¿ = 26002 + 3002 - 2(600)(300) cos 90.4297° = 672.8298 mm

Then, applying the sine law to the same triangles,

sin f sin 89.5703°

= ; f = 63.7791°
600 668.8049

sin a sin 90.4297°

= ; a = 26.4787°
300 672.8298

Thus,
u = 180° - f - a = 180° - 63.7791° - 26.4787°

= 89.7422° a b = 1.5663 rad

p rad
180°

Shear Strain:
p p
(gG)x¿y¿ = - u = - 1.5663 = 4.50(10 - 3) rad Ans.
2 2

Ans:
(gG)x¿y¿ = 4.50(10 - 3) rad

121
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2–18. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. y

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners A and B if the 5 mm
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines. 2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
3 mm

Geometry: For small angles,

2
a = c = = 0.00662252 rad
302

2
b = u = = 0.00496278 rad
403
Shear Strain:

(gB)xy = a + b

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

(gA)xy = u + c

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

Ans:
(gB)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad,
(gA)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad

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2–19. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. y

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners D and C if the 5 mm
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines. 2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
3 mm

Geometry: For small angles,

2
a = c = = 0.00496278 rad
403
2
b = u = = 0.00662252 rad
302
Shear Strain:

(gC)xy = a + b

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

(gD)xy = u + c

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

Ans:
(gC)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad,
(gD)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad

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*2–20. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. y

Determine the average normal strain that occurs along the 5 mm
diagonals AC and DB. 2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
3 mm

Geometry:

AC = DB = 24002 + 3002 = 500 mm

DB¿ = 24052 + 3042 = 506.4 mm

A¿C¿ = 24012 + 3002 = 500.8 mm

Average Normal Strain:

A¿C¿ - AC 500.8 - 500

PAC = =
AC 500
= 0.00160 mm>mm = 1.60 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm Ans.

DB¿ - DB 506.4 - 500

PDB = =
DB 500
= 0.0128 mm>mm = 12.8 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm Ans.

124
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2–21. The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape of a y

parallelogram shown by the dashed lines. Determine the
average shear strain gxy at corners A and B.
5 mm
D C

300 mm

5 mm x
A B
400 mm

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a and using small angle analysis,

5
u = = 0.01667 rad
300
5
f = = 0.0125 rad
400

Shear Strain: Referring to Fig. a,

(gA)xy = u + f = 0.01667 + 0.0125 = 0.0292 rad Ans.

(gB)xy = u + f = 0.01667 + 0.0125 = 0.0292 rad Ans.

Ans:
(gA)xy = 0.0292 rad, (gB)xy = 0.0292 rad

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2–22. The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is y
given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the shear
strain, gxy, at A.
45⬚ 800 mm

45⬚
x¿ A A¿
45⬚ 5 mm

800 mm

L = 28002 + 52 - 2(800)(5) cos 135° = 803.54 mm

sin 135° sin u

= ; u = 44.75° = 0.7810 rad
803.54 800
p p
gxy = - 2u = - 2(0.7810)
2 2
= 0.00880 rad Ans.

Ans:
gxy = 0.00880 rad

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2–23. The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A y
is given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the
average normal strain Px along the x axis.
45⬚ 800 mm

45⬚
x¿ A A¿
45⬚ 5 mm

800 mm

L = 28002 + 52 - 2(800)(5) cos 135° = 803.54 mm

803.54 - 800
Px = = 0.00443 mm>mm Ans.
800

Ans:
Px = 0.00443 mm>mm

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*2–24. The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A y
is given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the
average normal strain Px¿ along the x¿ axis.
45⬚ 800 mm

45⬚
x¿ A A¿
45⬚ 5 mm

800 mm

L = 800 cos 45° = 565.69 mm

5
Px¿ = = 0.00884 mm>mm Ans.
565.69

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y
2–25. The square rubber block is subjected to a shear
strain of gxy = 40(10 - 6)x + 20(10 - 6)y, where x and y are
in mm. This deformation is in the shape shown by the dashed D C
lines, where all the lines parallel to the y axis remain vertical
after the deformation. Determine the normal strain along
edge BC.

400 mm
Shear Strain: Along edge DC, y = 400 mm. Thus, (gxy)DC = 40(10 - 6)x + 0.008.

= tan (gxy)DC = tan 340(10 - 6)x + 0.0084. Then,

dy
Here,
dx
dc 300 mm
dy = tan [40(10 - 6)x + 0.008]dx
L0 L0
x
A B
300 mm
e ln cos c 40(10 - 6)x + 0.008 d f `
1 300 mm
dc = -
40(10 - 6) 0

= 4.2003 mm

dy
Along edge AB, y = 0. Thus, (gxy)AB = 40(10 - 6)x. Here, = tan (gxy)AB =
dx
tan [40(10 - 6)x]. Then,

dB 300 mm
dy = tan [40(10 - 6)x]dx
L0 L0
300 mm
e ln cos c 40(10 - 6)x d f `
1
dB = -
40(10 - 6) 0

= 1.8000 mm

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of edge BC is

LB¿C¿ = 400 + 4.2003 - 1.8000 = 402.4003 mm

We obtain,

LB¿C¿ - LBC 402.4003 - 400

(Pavg)BC = = = 6.00(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LBC 400

Ans:
(Pavg)BC = 6.00(10 - 3) mm>mm

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2–26. The square plate is deformed into the shape shown by y

the dashed lines. If DC has a normal strain Px = 0.004, DA has y¿ x¿
a normal strain Py = 0.005 and at D, gxy = 0.02 rad,
600 mm
determine the average normal strain along diagonal CA. A¿ B¿
A B

600 mm E

x
D C C¿

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of sides DA and DC are

LDC¿ = (1 + Px)LDC = (1 + 0.004)(600) = 602.4 mm
LDA¿ = (1 + Py)LDA = (1 + 0.005)(600) = 603 mm

Also,

- 0.02 = 1.5508 rad a b = 88.854°

p 180°
a =
2 p rad

Thus, the length of C¿A¿ can be determined using the cosine law with reference
to Fig. a.

LC¿A¿ = 2602.42 + 6032 - 2(602.4)(603) cos 88.854°

= 843.7807 mm

The original length of diagonal CA can be determined using Pythagorean’s

theorem.

LCA = 26002 + 6002 = 848.5281 mm

Thus,

LC¿A¿ - LCA 843.7807 - 848.5281

(Pavg)CA = = = - 5.59(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LCA 848.5281

Ans:
(Pavg)CA = - 5.59(10 - 3) mm>mm

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2–27. The square plate ABCD is deformed into the shape y

shown by the dashed lines. If DC has a normal strain y¿ x¿
Px = 0.004, DA has a normal strain Py = 0.005 and at D,
gxy = 0.02 rad, determine the shear strain at point E with 600 mm
A¿ B¿
respect to the x¿ and y¿ axes.
A B

600 mm E

x
D C C¿

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of sides DC and BC are

LDC¿ = (1 + Px)LDC = (1 + 0.004)(600) = 602.4 mm

LB¿C¿ = (1 + Py)LBC = (1 + 0.005)(600) = 603 mm

Also,

b = 88.854°
p 180°
a = - 0.02 = 1.5508 rada
2 p rad

+ 0.02 = 1.5908 rad a b = 91.146°

p 180°
f =
2 p rad

Thus, the length of C¿A¿ and DB¿ can be determined using the cosine law with
reference to Fig. a.

LC¿A¿ = 2602.42 + 6032 - 2(602.4)(603) cos 88.854° = 843.7807 mm

LDB¿ = 2602.42 + 6032 - 2(602.4)(603) cos 91.146° = 860.8273 mm

Thus,
LC¿A¿ LDB¿
LE¿A¿ = = 421.8903 mm LE¿B¿ = = 430.4137 mm
2 2

Using this result and applying the cosine law to the triangle A¿E¿B¿ , Fig. a,

602.42 = 421.89032 + 430.41372 - 2(421.8903)(430.4137) cos u

u = 89.9429° a b = 1.5698 rad

p rad
180°

Shear Strain:
p p
(gE)x¿y¿ = - u = - 1.5698 = 0.996(10 - 3) rad Ans.
2 2

Ans:
(gE)x¿y¿ = 0.996(10 - 3) rad

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*2–28. The wire is subjected to a normal strain that is 2

2
P ⫽ (x/L)e–(x/L)
defined by P = (x>L)e - (x>L) . If the wire has an initial x
length L, determine the increase in its length. x

L
1 - (x>L)2
¢L = xe dx
L L0
2
e - (x>L) L
= -L c d = 31 - (1>e)4
L
2 0 2

3e - 14
L
= Ans.
2e

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–29. The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape y

shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal
strain along diagonal AC, and the average shear strain at 6 mm
400 mm
corner A.
2 mm 2 mm
6 mm
D C

300 mm

2 mm
x
A B
Geometry: The unstretched length of diagonal AC is 400 mm 3 mm

LAC = 2300 + 400 = 500 mm

2 2

Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of diagonal AC is

LAC¿ = 2(400 + 6)2 + (300 + 6)2 = 508.4014 mm

Referring to Fig. a and using small angle analysis,

2
f = = 0.006623 rad
300 + 2
2
a = = 0.004963 rad
400 + 3

Average Normal Strain: Applying Eq. 2,

LAC¿ - LAC 508.4014 - 500
(Pavg)AC = = = 0.0168 mm>mm Ans.
LAC 500

Shear Strain: Referring to Fig. a,

(gA)xy = f + a = 0.006623 + 0.004963 = 0.0116 rad Ans.

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 0.0168 mm>mm, (gA)xy = 0.0116 rad

133
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–30. The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape y

shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal
strain along diagonal BD, and the average shear strain at 6 mm
400 mm
corner B.
2 mm 2 mm
6 mm
D C

300 mm

2 mm
x
A B
Geometry: The unstretched length of diagonal BD is 400 mm 3 mm

LBD = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of diagonal BD is

LB¿D¿ = 2(300 + 2 - 2)2 + (400 + 3 - 2)2 = 500.8004 mm

Referring to Fig. a and using small angle analysis,

2
f = = 0.004963 rad
403
3
a = = 0.009868 rad
300 + 6 - 2

Average Normal Strain: Applying Eq. 2,

LB¿D¿ - LBD 500.8004 - 500

(Pavg)BD = = = 1.60(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LBD 500

Shear Strain: Referring to Fig. a,

(gB)xy = f + a = 0.004963 + 0.009868 = 0.0148 rad Ans.

Ans:
(Pavg)BD = 1.60(10 - 3) mm>mm,
(gB)xy = 0.0148 rad

134
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–31. The nonuniform loading causes a normal strain in

L
the shaft that can be expressed as Px = kx2, where k is a
constant. Determine the displacement of the end B. Also, A B
what is the average normal strain in the rod?
x

d(¢x)
= Px = kx2
dx
L 3
2 kL
(¢x)B = kx = Ans.
L0 3

kL3
(¢x)B 3 kL2
(Px)avg = = = Ans.
L L 3

Ans:
3
kL kL2
(¢x)B = , (Px)avg =
3 3

135
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*2–32 The rubber block is fixed along edge AB, and edge y
CD is moved so that the vertical displacement of any point
in the block is given by v(x) = (v0>b3)x3. Determine the
shear strain gxy at points (b>2, a>2) and (b, a). v (x)
v0
A D

x
B C
Shear Strain: From Fig. a,
b
dv
= tan gxy
dx
3v0
x2 = tan gxy
b3

gxy = tan - 1 a x2 b
3v0
b3

Thus, at point (b> 2, a> 2),

3v0 b 2
gxy = tan - 1 c a b d
b3 2

= tan - 1 c a b d
3 v0
Ans.
4 b

and at point (b, a),

gxy = tan - 1 c (b2) d

3v0
b3

= tan - 1 c 3 a bd
v0
Ans.
b

136
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2–33. The fiber AB has a length L and orientation u. If its y

ends A and B undergo very small displacements uA and vB,
B¿
respectively, determine the normal strain in the fiber when
vB
it is in position A¿B¿ . B
L
u
x
A uA A¿

Geometry:

LA¿B¿ = 2(L cos u - uA)2 + (L sin u + vB)2

= 2L2 + u2A + v2B + 2L(vB sin u - uA cos u)

Average Normal Strain:
LA¿B¿ - L
PAB =
L

u2A + v2B 2(vB sin u - uA cos u)

= 1 + + - 1
A L2 L

Neglecting higher terms u2A and v2B

1
2(vB sin u - uA cos u) 2
PAB = B 1 + R - 1
L

Using the binomial theorem:

1 2vB sin u 2uA cos u

PAB = 1 + ¢ - ≤ + ... - 1
2 L L

vB sin u uA cos u
= - Ans.
L L

Ans.
vB sin u uA cos u
PAB = -
L L

137
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2–34. If the normal strain is defined in reference to the

final length, that is,

P¿n = lim ¿ a b
¢s¿ - ¢s
p:p ¢s¿
instead of in reference to the original length, Eq. 2–2 , show
that the difference in these strains is represented as a
second-order term, namely, Pn - Pn¿ = Pn Pn¿ .

¢S¿ - ¢S
PB =
¢S

œ ¢S¿ - ¢S ¢S¿ - ¢S
PB - PA = -
¢S ¢S¿
¢S¿ 2 - ¢S¢S¿ - ¢S¿¢S + ¢S2
=
¢S¢S¿
¢S¿ 2 + ¢S2 - 2¢S¿¢S
=
¢S¢S¿

(¢S¿ - ¢S)2 ¢S¿ - ¢S ¢S¿ - ¢S

= = ¢ ≤¢ ≤
¢S¢S¿ ¢S ¢S¿

= PA PBœ (Q.E.D)

138