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Class Activity

The document contains questions about relations and sets. It asks the reader to: 1) Determine if given relations are reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, or transitive based on their properties. 2) Identify ordered pairs in relations defined based on properties like equality, addition, divisibility between sets. 3) Use Venn diagrams to determine the validity of arguments with universal and existential quantifiers.

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yumna kamal
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44 views7 pages

Class Activity

The document contains questions about relations and sets. It asks the reader to: 1) Determine if given relations are reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, or transitive based on their properties. 2) Identify ordered pairs in relations defined based on properties like equality, addition, divisibility between sets. 3) Use Venn diagrams to determine the validity of arguments with universal and existential quantifiers.

Uploaded by

yumna kamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Determine the shaded region (expression) for each of the following venn diagrams.

2. A survey on a sample of 25 new cars being sold at a local auto dealer was conducted to
see which of three popular options, air-conditioning (A), radio (R), and power windows
(W), were already installed. The survey found:
15 had air-conditioning (A), 5 had A and W, 12 had radio (R), 9 had A and R, 3 had all three
options.11 had power windows (W), 4 had R and W, Find the number of cars that had:
a) only W
b) only A
c) only R
d) R and W but not A
e) A and R but not W
f) only one of the options
g) at least one option
h) none of the options.
Use the data to fill venn diagram

Q3: Give an example of a relation R on A = {1, 2, 3} such that:


[04 Marks]

a) R is both symmetric and antisymmetric.

b) R is neither symmetric nor


antisymmetric.

Q2: Let A = {a1, a2, a3} and B = {b1, b2, b3, b4, b5}. Enumerate the ordered pairs in the relation R
from A to B represented by the matrix, Also draw the directed graph.
[02 Marks]

Q3: Suppose that the relation R on a set is represented by the matrix. [03
Marks]

Is R reflexive, symmetric, and/or


antisymmetric?

Q4: Consider following relations on the set of integers. Which of these relations contain each of
the pairs (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, −1), and (2, 2)?
[06 Marks]

a) R1 = {(a, b) | a ≤ b}

b) R2 = {(a, b) | a ≥ b}

c) R3 = {(a, b) | a = b or a = −b}

d) R4 = {(a, b) | a = b}

e) R5 = {(a, b) | a = b + 1}

f) R6 = {(a, b) | a + b ≤ 3}

Q. 4
1. List the ordered pairs in the relation R from A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {0, 1, 2, 3},
where (a, b) ∈ R if and only if

a) a = b.
b) a + b = 4.
c) a>b.
d) a | b. (a divides b) b/a => 1/1,2/1,3/1,2/2,3/3
e) gcd(a, b) = 1. -> (1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,1),(4,3).
f ) lcm(a, b) = 2. ->

2. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all people is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (a, b) ∈ R if and only if

a) a is taller than b.
b) a and b were born on the same day.
c) a has the same first name as b.
d) a and b have a common grandparent.

3. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all Web pages is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (a, b) ∈ R if and only if
a) everyone who has visited Web page a has also visited Web page b.
b) there are no common links found on both Web page a and Web page b.
c) there is at least one common link on Web page a and Web page b.
d) there is a Web page that includes links to both Web page a and Web page b.
4. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all real numbers is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x, y) ∈ R if and only if

a) x + y = 0.
b) x = ±y.
c) x − y is a rational number.
d) x = 2y.
e) xy ≥ 0.
f ) xy = 0.
g) x = 1.
h) x = 1 or y = 1.

5. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all integers is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x, y) ∈ R if and only if

a) x = y.
b) xy ≥ 1.
c) x = y + 1 or x = y − 1.
d) x ≡ y (mod 7).
e) x is a multiple of y.
f ) x and y are both negative or both nonnegative.
g) x = y2.
h) x ≥ y2.
1. Let R and S be relations on a set A. Assuming A has at least three elements, state
whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is false, give a
counterexample on the set

A = {1, 2, 3}:

(a) If R and S are symmetric then R ∩ S is symmetric.


(b) If R and S are symmetric then R ∪ S is symmetric.
(c) If R and S are reflexive then R ∩ S is reflexive.
(d) If R and S are reflexive then R ∪ S is reflexive.
(e) If R and S are transitive then R ∪ S is transitive.
(f) If R and S are antisymmetric then R ∪ S is antisymmetric.
(g) If R is antisymmetric, then R−1 is antisymmetric.
(h) If R is reflexive then R ∩ R−1 is not empty.
(i) If R is symmetric then R ∩ R−1 is not empty.

2. Suppose R and S are relations on a set A, and R is antisymmetric. Prove that R ∩ S is


antisymmetric.
3. Each of the following defines a relation on the positive integers N:

a. “xy is the square of an integer.”


b. x + y = 10
Determine which of the relations are: (a) reflexive; (b) symmetric; (c) antisymmetric; (d)
transitive.

EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS

1. Prove that if R is an equivalence relation on a set A, then R −1 is also an equivalence


relation on A.

2. Let S = {1, 2, 3,..., 18, 19}. Let R be the relation on S defined by “xy is a square,” (a)
Prove R is an equivalence relation. (b) Find the equivalence class [1]. (c) List all
equivalence classes with more than one element.

3. Let S = {1, 2, 3,..., 14, 15}. Let R be the equivalence relation on S defined by x ≡ y (mod
5), that is, x − y is divisible by 5. Find the partition of S induced by R, i.e. the quotient set
S/R.

Venn Diagram

a) Consider the statements “All cats are mammals and a tiger is a cat, so a tiger is a
mammal.” Identify the assumptions and conclusion/argument. is the argument valid?
Show with a Venn Diagram.

b) Many people don’t live by a beach, If a person is a Lahore resident, he or she does not
live by a beach. Ali does not live by the beach.

Ali is a Lahore resident.

c) Determine the validity of this argument using a Venn Diagram:

Facts:

No cows are purple.


Fido is not a cow.

Argument: Fido is purple.

Relations (EQUIVALENCE/ PARTIAL ORDERED RELATION SETS)

Study the below-given relations (graphs/ arrow diagrams) and identify if they are POSET or
equivalence relations. Or both?

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