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Physics Investigatory Project

Tarun Kumar presents a physics investigatory project on determining the weight of an unknown body using the parallelogram law of vectors. The project involves setting up a Gravesand's apparatus with two known weights suspended from pulleys and finding the equivalent single force. Measurements are taken of the three forces and a parallelogram is drawn to calculate the resultant force, allowing calculation of the unknown weight. Through this experiment, Tarun aims to study vector addition properties and determine an unknown weight.

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Tarun Kumar
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4K views10 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

Tarun Kumar presents a physics investigatory project on determining the weight of an unknown body using the parallelogram law of vectors. The project involves setting up a Gravesand's apparatus with two known weights suspended from pulleys and finding the equivalent single force. Measurements are taken of the three forces and a parallelogram is drawn to calculate the resultant force, allowing calculation of the unknown weight. Through this experiment, Tarun aims to study vector addition properties and determine an unknown weight.

Uploaded by

Tarun Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
By Tarun Kumar

CLASS: 11 A
INDIRAPURAM PUBLIC SCHOOL
Session (2022 - 2023)
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

From Tarun Kumar


To Shivani Ma’am
Class: - 11 A
Session (2022-2023)

1
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

I place my sincere thanks to my


physics teacher Shivani Ma’am for
his guidance and advice to
complete my work successfully. I
would also like to thank our principal
for providing me all the facilities to
finish the project on time. I also
express my sincere thanks to the
CBSE board for giving me this
wonderful opportunity. I also thank
my parents for their encouragement
and support in my humble venture.

2
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

INDEX
• Introduction
• Experiment
• Aim
• Materials required
• Formula
• Procedure
• Observation
• Calculations
• Result
• Precautions
• Sources of error
• Conclusion

3
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we will study the properties of the laws
of vector addition, one of it being the parallelogram law of
vector. It is studied using the Gravesand’s apparatus and
hence finding the weight of unknown body. It is an
apparatus used for demonstrating laws of vector summation.

There are two pulleys with certain masses attached and


there is another mass hung on the string. The idea is that
at equilibrium, the vector sum of the forces (weights)
experienced by the two masses on the pulley is equal to the
force (weight) experienced by the mass in the middle.

4
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

EXPERIMENT
Aim: To find the weight of the given body using parallelogram law of
vectors.

Apparatus required:

• Parallelogram law of forces apparatus (gravesand’s


apparatus)
• plumb line • slotted weights
• spring balance
• a body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined
• thin strong or thread
• white drawing paper sheet
• drawing pins
• mirror strip
• sharp pencil
• metre scale
• set squares

Formula: If the two unknown weights P and Q are suspended through


the two pulleys and the unknown weight R is suspended from the
middle hanger, then:

And

Were, R is the unknown weight and

P and Q are the balance weights.

The unknown weight R can be calculated using this formula.

5
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

Procedure: Setting up the apparatus:

 Check the pulleys and fix them gently. Ensure that the pulleys
are moving smoothly.
 Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus in vertical position. Use a
plumb line for this purpose.
 Fix a white sheet of paper on the wooden board with the help
of drawing pins.
 The two hangers are tied at the ends of thread. The thread
should be long enough.
 Another tread at the middle of the first thread is tied (at O).
Suspend an unknown weights P and Q on the two ends of the
longer thread. The longer thread should pass over the pulleys.
 Weights P and Q should be suspended in a way that the knot O
remains in equilibrium.
 Ensure that neither the weights nor the threads touch the
board or the table

Talking Impressions of three forces on paper:

 Mark the position of knot O on the white paper by a sharp


pencil.
 Slightly disturb the slotted weights P and Q and leave them.
Note the position of O. It should be closer to the earlier
position. If that is not the case, then the pulleys are not
frictionless and need further lubrication.
 Hold the mirror strip lengthwise under each thread. Mark the
position of the ends of the images of the threads formed in
the mirror.
 Now, cover the image by the thread. This is necessary in order
to remove parallax error.
 Remove the hangers and note the weight of each hanger and
slotted weights with the help of spring balance.

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Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

Drawing the parallelogram:

 Remove the sheet of paper from the wooden board.


 With the help of a metre scale, draw the lines OT1, OT2 and
OR. Mark the pints P1, P1’, P2 and P2’.
 Draw a parallelogram with sides OA and OB in the ratio of
known weights attached to pulley.
 Draw the diagonal OC and measure it.
 After joining the line OC, get the resultant R of all three
forces.

Measurement of weight:

 Take a suitable scale, let 1cm=50 g, so if P=50 g, then length


OA=3cm and Q=150g, so length OB=3cm.
 Complete the parallelogram OACB using set squares and join
diagonal OC. OC represents resultant vector R.
 Measure diagonal OC. Let OC=3cm, then unknown weight=3 *
50=150 g.
 Similarly, repeat the same procedure by changing weights P and
Q suitably.
 Find correct weight of the given body by spring balance.

7
Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

Observations:

Least count of spring balance = 50 g

Weight of each hanger = 150g

Weight of unknown body by spring balance = …… g

Scale used: Let 1 cm = 50 g

Result:

 The error is within limits of experimental error.

Precautions:

1. The board should be stable and vertical.


2. The pulleys should be friction less.
3. The hangers should not touch the board or table.
4. Junction O should be in the middle of the paper sheet.

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Physics Investigatory Project (Class 11) By Tarun Kumar

5. Points should be marked only when weights are at rest.


6. Points should be marked with sharp pencil.
7. Arrows should be marked to show direction of forces.
8. A proper scale should be taken to make fairly big parallelogram .

Sources of error:

1. Pulleys may have friction.


2. Weights may not be accurate.
3. Points may not be marked correctly.
4. Weight measured by spring balance may not be much accurate

Conclusion:

The weight of the unknown body has been found using parallelogram
law of vector and the result has been recorded.

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