TOPIC 3

OPERATORS IN C

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C
language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Misc Operators

Objectives:
This tutorial will explain the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other
operators one by one.

Contents
I. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ......................................................................................... 1
II. RELATIONAL OPERATORS ...................................................................................... 2
III. LOGICAL OPERATORS.............................................................................................. 2
IV. BITWISE OPERATORS ............................................................................................... 3
V. ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS ...................................................................................... 5
VI. OPERATORS PRECEDENCE IN C ............................................................................ 5
EXERCISE 3 .............................................................................................................................. 7

I. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
[See Activity 3.1] [See Activity 3.6]
Following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 15 and
variable B holds 20, then:

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 35

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -5
* Multiplies both operands A * B will give 300
/ Divides numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 1.5
% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer B % A will give 5
division A % B will give 15
++ Increments operator increases integer value by one A++ will give 16
-- Decrements operator decreases integer value by one A-- will give 14

Try the following example to understand all the arithmetic operators available in C programming language:

#include<stdio.h>
 int main()
{
int a =21; int b=10; int c ;
c = a + b; printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a-b; printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a * b; printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a / b; printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a % b; printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a++; printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a--; printf("Line 7 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
return 0;
}

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 11
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
Line 4 - Value of c is 2
Line 5 - Value of c is 1
Line 6 - Value of c is 21
Line 7 - Value of c is 22

II. RELATIONAL OPERATORS

Following table shows all the relational operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and
variable B holds 20, then:

Operator Description Example

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes
== (A == B) is not true.
then condition becomes true.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if
!= (A != B) is true.
values are not equal then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of
> right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of

< (A < B) is true.
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to
>= the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the

<= value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A <= B) is true.

III. LOGICAL OPERATORS

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and
variable B holds 0, then:

Operator Description Example

 Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-
&& (A && B) is false.
zero, then condition becomes true.
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is
|| (A || B) is true.
nonzero, then condition becomes true.
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical
! state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT !(A && B) is true.
operator will make false.

Try the following example to understand all the logical operators available in C programming language:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a =5;int b =20;int c ;
if( a && b )
printf("Line 1 - Condition is true\n");
if( a || b )
printf("Line 2 - Condition is true\n");
/* lets change the value of a and b */
a =0; b =10;
if( a && b )
printf("Line 3 - Condition is true\n");
else
printf("Line 3 - Condition is not true\n");
if(!(a && b))
printf("Line 4 - Condition is true\n");
}

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:

Line 1 - Condition is true

Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 3 - Condition is not true
Line 4 - Condition is true

IV. BITWISE OPERATORS

[See Activity 3.2]
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:

P q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
 -----------------
A&B = 0000 1100 A|B = 0011 1101 A^B = 0011 0001 ~A = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by C language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60
and variable B holds 13, then:

Operator Description Example

Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it (A & B) will give 12, which is
&
exists in both operands. 0000 1100
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either (A | B) will give 61, which is
|
operand. 0011 1101
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one (A ^ B) will give 49, which is
^
operand but not both. 0011 0001
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has (~A ) will give -60, which is
~
the effect of 'flipping' bits. 1100 0011
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is
A << 2 will give 240, which is
<< moved left by the number of bits specified by the right
1111 0000
operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is
A >> 2 will give 15, which is
>> moved right by the number of bits specified by the
0000 1111
right operand.

Try the following example to understand all the bitwise operators available in C programming language:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
unsigned int a =60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
unsigned int b =13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
int c =0;
c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c =~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a <<2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a >>2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
return 0;
}

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15

V. ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
[See Activity 3.3]
There are following assignment operators supported by C language:

Operator Description Example

Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right C = A + B will assign value of
=
side operands to left side operand A + B into C
Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to C += A is equivalent to C = C
+= the left operand and assign the result to left operand +A
Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operandCfrom
-= A the left operand
is equivalent to C = C -
-= and assign the result to left operand A
Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right C *= A is equivalent to C = C
*= operand with the left operand and assign
the result to left operand *A

Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand C /= A is equivalent to C = C /

/= with the right operand and assign the result to left operand A

Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus C %= A is equivalent to C = C

%= using two operands and assign the result to left operand %A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

Misc Operators sizeof & ternary

There are few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by C Language.

Operator Description Example

sizeof() Returns the size of an variable. sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
& Returns the address of an variable. &a; will give actual address of the variable.
* Pointer to a variable. *a; will pointer to a variable.
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise
?: Conditional Expression
value Y

VI. OPERATORS PRECEDENCE IN C

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is
evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has
higher precedence than the addition operator.
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so
it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the
bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift <<>> Left to right
Relational <<= >>= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right

Try the following example to understand the operator precedence available in C programming language:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a =20;int b =10;int c =15;int d =5;int e;
e =(a + b)* c / d;// ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %d\n", e );
e =((a + b)* c)/ d;// (30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %d\n", e );
e =(a + b)*(c / d);// (30) * (15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %d\n", e );
e = a +(b * c)/ d;// 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %d\n", e );
return0;
}

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
[See Activity 3.4]

EXERCISE 3

Exercise 3.1: Starting from the following declarations

int a=2,b=3,c;
float x=5.0,y;
Predict the outcome of the operations
y=a*b;
c=a*b;
y=a/b;
c=a/b;
y=a/b*x;
c=a/b*x;
y=a*x/b;
c=a*x/b;
Write the corresponding C code to check your predictions. You will use the printf command (<stdio.h>) to output
the results on the screen. Note that you will have to use %i to print an integer and %f to print a float.

Exercise 3.2: Given a time in seconds (integer), print to the screen the corresponding time in hours, minutes
and seconds. The output will be formatted like: “XXXX seconds is equivalent to XX hours, XX minutes and
XX seconds”.

Exercise 3.3: Write a C code that switches the values of two variables A and B and prints the result on the screen.
How many variables do you need?

Exercise 3.4: Write a program that reads in an integer and prints out the given integer in decimal, octal and
hexadecimal formats

Exercise 3.5: Write a program that reads in a temperature expressed in Celsius (Centigrade) and displays the
equivalent temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

Exercise 3.6: Create a new program that prompts a user for numbers and determines total revenue using the
following formula: Total Revenue = Price * Quantity.

Exercise 3.7: Build a new program that prompts a user for data and determines a commission using the following
formula: Commission = Rate * (Sales Price – Cost).

Exercise 3.8: a) Given a = 5, b = 1, x = 10, and y = 5, create a program that outputs the result of the formula f =
(a b)(x y) using a single printf() function.
b) Create a program that uses the same formula above to output the result; this time, however, prompt the user
for the values a, b, x, and y. Use appropriate variable names and naming conventions.

Exercise 3.9: Create a program that prompts a user for her name. Store the user’s name using the scanf() function
and return a greeting back to the user using her name.

Exercise 3.10: Write a program to read in a three digit number and produce output like
3 hundreds
4 tens
 7 units
For an input of 347. There are two ways of doing this. Can you think of both of them? Which do you think is
the better?