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A

Micro project On

“Project Report of a Small Real Time Operating System.”

Submitted By

Murkewar Harsh Shyamsundar (33)

Guided By

Mrs. A.V.Kurkute

Diploma Course in Computer Technology

(As per directives of I Scheme, MSBTE)

Sinhgad Institutes

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

SOU.VENUTAI CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC

PUNE – 411041

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023


Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Murkewar Harsh Shyamsundar with Roll
No. 33 of Semester V of Diplomain Computer Technology of Institute
Sou. Venutai Chavan Polytechnic (Code: 0040) has successfully
completed the Micro-Project in Operating System (22516) for the
academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: SVCP, Pune Enrolment No: 2000400239

Date: Exam Seat No:

Mrs. A.V. Kurkute Mrs. A.V. Kurkute Dr.(Mrs.) M.S. Jadhav


Subject Teacher HOD Principal
INDEX

SR NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Aim of the Micro-Project 01

2 Rationale 03

3 Course Outcomes Achieved 03

4 Literature Review 04

5 Actual Methodology Followed 05

6 Actual Resources Used 07

7 Skills Developed 07

8 Applications of Micro Project 08


Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

Annexure – I

Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

a) The aim of to collect the information about real time operating system.
b) to understand how a desktop OS works
c) tutorial for beginner of operating.

2.0 Intended Course Outcomes:

a. Install operating system and configure it.

b. Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

c. Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

d. Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average waiting


time. Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.

3.0 Proposed methodology:

i. Study the various functions of Operating System and learn about it.
ii. Study and learn to use software.

iii. Design Structure of the working software.


iv. Check all the options and features of application and verify their workings.
v. Prepare the final report.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

4.0 Action Plan:

Name of
Sr. Planned Planned
Details of Activity responsible
No. Start Finish
Team
Date Date
members

Identify the requirements of the


1 1/09/2022 07/09/2022 Harsh Murkewar
project.

2 Installation of software in PCs. 10/09/2022 17/09/2022 Harsh Murkewar

Learn about operating system


3 22/09/2022 01/10/2022 Harsh Murkewar
which is present in the device

Designing and verifying


4 06/10/2022 17/10/2022 Harsh Murkewar
functions of application.

5 Final checking of the project. 02/11/2022 16/11/2022 Harsh Murkewar

6 Prepare the final report. 22/11/2022 05/12/2022 Harsh Murkewar

5.0 Resources Required:

S. No. Resources required Specifications


1 Computer system Intel ® Core i5- 4GB RAM
2 Operating System Windows 10, 64 Bit Operating System

6.0 Team members:

S. No. Roll. number Name of Student

1 33 Harsh Murkewar

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

Annexure - II

Micro-Project Report

1.0 Rationale:
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system capable of
guaranteeing timing requirements of the processes under its control. While a time-
sharing OS like UNIX strives to provide good average performance, for a RTOS,
correct timing is the key feature. Throughput is of secondary concern. In order to
deliver the tight worst-case timing performance needed by hard real-time, the RTOS
needs to be simple, small, predictable, and optimized to minimize the worst-case
performance. Linux operating system which started as a student project by Linus
Travaldo gained momentum.in in late 80s is now a complete operating system meeting
requirements of nearly all type of users. Further large group of developers are adding
features to the core kernel as well as KLM (kernel loadable modules).Several
techniques and patches are available to customize and modify bare Linux kernel to be
acceptable as a hard real time operating system. This article discusses these issues. This
paper attempts to throw some light on the technologies behind the embedded systems
design and concludes by the survey of some of the available real-time operating
systems.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

a) The aim of to collect the information about real time operating system.
b) to understand how a desktop OS works
c) tutorial for beginner of operating.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved:

a. Install operating system and configure it.

b. Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

c. Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

4.0 Literature Review:

RTOS is used to generate likely response to an unlikely or unpredictable event.


Let’s look briefly about various variants of RTOS available nowadays from
proprietary kernels to real time version of a commercially available operating
system such as RT-Unix, RT-Linux, etc, research kernels, component root
kernels, etc.

 What is a real-time System ?

A real-time system is one whose correctness involves both the logical


correctness of outputs and their timeliness. It must satisfy response-time
constraints or risk severe consequences including failure. As defined by Donald
Gillies A real-time system is one in which the correctness of the computations not
only depends upon the logical correctness of the computation but also upon the
time in which the result is produced. If the timing constraints are not met, system
failure is said to have occurred. These systems respond to a series of external
inputs, which arrive in an unpredictable fashion. The real-time systems process
these inputs, take appropriate decisions and also generate output necessary to
control the peripherals connected to them. The design of a real-time system must
specify the timing requirements of the system and ensure that the system
performance is both correct and timely.

There are three types of time constraints:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

• Hard: A late response is incorrect and implies a system failure.

• Soft: Timeliness requirements are defined by using an average response time. If


a single computation is late, it is not usually significant, although repeated late
computation can result in system failures.

• Firm: Firm real-time systems have hard deadlines, but where a certain low
probability of missing a deadline can be tolerated.

Most real-time systems interface with and control hardware directly. The
software for such systems is mostly custom-developed. Real-time Applications
can be either embedded applications or nonembedded (desktop) applications.
Real-time systems often do not have standard peripherals associated with a
desktop computer, namely the keyboard, mouse or conventional display monitors.
In most instances, real-time systems have a customized version of these devices.

Real-time computing is where system correctness not only depends on the correctness
of logical result but also on the result delivery time. So the operating system should
have features to support this critical requirement to render it to be termed a Real-time
operating System (RTOS). The RTOS should have predictable behavior to
unpredictable external events. A good RTOS is one that has a bounded (predictable)
behavior under all system load scenario i.e. even under simultaneous interrupts and
thread execution.

However, care must be taken to avoid starvation, which occurs when higher priority
tasks are always ready to run, resulting in insufficient processor time for lower priority
tasks. Non-prioritized interrupts should be avoided if there is a task that cannot be
preempted without causing system failure. Ideally, the interrupt handler should save
the context, create a task that will service the interrupt, and return control to the
operating system. Using a task to perform bulk of the interrupt service allows the
service to be performed based on a priority chosen by the designer and helps preserve
the priority system of the RTOS. Furthermore, good response times may require small
memory footprints in resource-impoverished systems. Clearly the choice of an RTOS
in the design process is important for support of priorities, interrupts, timers, inter-
task communication, synchronization, multiprocessing and memory management.

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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

 Componrnts of real time Operating System

3.1 Basic Requirements of an RTOS:

The following are the basic requirements for an RTOS:

(i) Multi-tasking and preemptable: To support multiple tasks in real- time applications,
an RTOS must be multi-tasking and preemptable. The scheduler should be able to
preempt any task in the system and give the resource to the task that needs it most. An
RTOS should also handle multiple levels of interrupts to handle multiple priority
levels.

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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

(ii) Dynamic deadline identification: In order to achieve preemption, an RTOS should be


able to dynamically identify the task with the earliest deadline. To handle deadlines,
deadline information may be converted to priority levels that are used for resource
allocation. Although such an approach is error prone, nonetheless it is employed for
lack of a better solution.

(iii) Predictable synchronization: For multiple threads to communicate among


in a timely fashion, predictable inter-task communication and synchronization
mechanisms are required. (PCP), need sufficient priority levels. In a priority
inheritance mechanism, a task blocking a higher priority task inherits the higher
priority for the duration of the blocked task. In PCP, a priority is associated with each
resource which is one more than the priority of its highest priority user. The scheduler
makes the priority of the accessing task equal to that of the resource. After a task
releases a resource, its priority is returned to its original value. However, when a tasks
priority is increased to access a resource it should not have been waiting on another
resource.

3.2 Memory Management

An RTOS uses small memory size by including only the necessary functionality for
an application while discarding the rest. Below we discuss static and dynamic memory
management in RTOSs. Static memory management provides tasks with temporary
data space. The systems free memory is divided into a pool of fixed sized memory
blocks, which can be requested by tasks. When a task finishes using a memory block
it must return it to the pool. Another way to provide temporary space for tasks is via
priorities. A pool of memory is dedicated to high priority tasks and another to low
priority tasks. The high-priority pool is sized to have the worst-case memory demand
of the system. The low priority pool is given the remaining free memory. If the low
priority tasks exhaust the low priority memory pool, they must wait for memory to be
returned to the pool before further execution.

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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

.3 Task Scheduling

This section discusses scheduling algorithms employed in real-time operating


systems. We note that predictability requires bounded operating system primitives. A
feasibility analysis of the schedule may be possible in some instances. Task scheduling
can be either performed preemptively or nonpreemptively and either statically or
dynamically. For small applications, task execution times can be estimated prior to
execution and the preliminary task schedules statically determined. Two common
constraints in scheduling are the resource requirements and the precedence of
execution of the tasks. time Dispatch costs Arrival time Period (for periodic tasks).
The objective of scheduling is to minimize or maximize certain objectives. Typical
objectives minimized are: schedule-length and average tardiness or laxity.
Alternatively, maximizing average earliness and number of arrivals that meet
deadlines can be objectives. Scheduling approaches have been classified into: static
table driven approach, static priority driven preemptive approach, dynamic planning
based approach, dynamic best effort approach, scheduling with fault tolerance and
resource reclaiming.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

 Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems


The real-time operating system has the following advantages, such as

 Examples of the real-time operating systems:

 Airlines reservation system.


 Air traffic control system.
 Systems that provide immediate updating.
 Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on stock
prices.
 Defense application systems like RADAR.
 Networked Multimedia Systems.
 Command Control Systems.
 Internet Telephony.
 Anti-lock Brake Systems.
 Heart Pacemaker.

Etc.S

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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Project Report of a SmallReal Time
OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)
Operating System

 References
[1] Dedicated Systems Experts; What makes a good RTOS. Brussels, Belgium:
Dedicated Systems Experts,2020 .

[2] VRTX: A Real-Time Operating System for embedded Microprocessor


Applications,; James F. Ready, IEEE Micro. 6(4),Aug.1986, pp.8-17 .
[3] Dedicated Systems Experts; RTOS Evaluation Project. Brussels, Belgium:
Dedicated Systems Experts, 2021.
[4] A survey of contemporary Real-Time Operating Systems,,S. Baskiyar ad N.
Meghanathan, Informatica 29(2005), pp. 233-240.

 Conclusion

Real time Operating systems play a major role in the field of embedded systems
especially for mission critical applications are involved. Selection of a particular
RTOS for an application can be made only after a thorough study of the features
provided by the RTOS. Since IC memories are getting denser scaled down
versions of general operating systems are able to compete with traditional Real
Time Operating Systems for the embedded product market. The choice of
Operating System generally comes after the selection of the processor and
development tools.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


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