Gauge countersink countersinking offset screwdriver Phillips-head screwdriver eae ke : screwdriver bie Soe det ae Be cere + Dieass tips ard Guides be Wolo eae zee Die Er con aerbore: screw-mate drill and Se ret countersink teed oc eee ee coe ‘wood screw aie tc ee wf fou read about nails in Chapter 5; now 20s discuss the screw, a much more secure nstener than the nail. A wood serew is * fastener with a thread twisting around eens Part of its length. The wood screw cuts its Wn Groove into the piece itis fastening, tt 59 strong fastener that can be removed to Seneca ANGLE take the product apart. fig, 15-1 on oor — THREAD Fig, 15-11 typical wood screw, 9224 Chapter 15 Using Fasteners American Screw Wire standard screwdriver; Sei atee™ ee 3 Zs ee : ae i: | Review & Applications & upter Summary | Review Questions Major points from this chapter that you |. Deseribe the dovetail ig setup and process for cutting a doverail joint with a router. = The dovetail joint is a strong, interlocking | re simple ee how do you build a basic case with a back? | joint often used in drawer construction. \ | should remember include: | 3, What materials are typically used in sim- + Prepare and try out your dovetail jig setup ple casework? using test pieces of wood. List three ways of installing fixed shelves in a case. s. Name two ways in which support can be provided for adjustable shelves in a case + Casework consists of a box turned on its end or edge. « Shelf standards with clips or brackets are devices used to support adjustable shelves. | + Most tables and stools are made with four | legs joined by rails. | aflush drawer. + A drawer may be made to fit flush with the | What are the three common types of drawer opening or to overlap the frame: | drawer guide? 4. Describe briefly how you would construct 5, How do you prepare stock and assemble sof ver the parts when making a paneled door? + The frame of a paneled door cor tical stiles and horizontal rails, + swinging doors may be flush or lip doors. » Solving Real-World Problems shelving is limited in the Wilson farmty home. the ‘Milsons would lke to make a wall rack to hold their favorite magazines, paperback books, and sulio CDs. they want the shelves to be deep and strong, ce where the rack would fit is 30 inches The wall wide and 36 inches riyh Design a wail cack for the Wilsons. What are some onstruction techniques that would make the sivelves auld the shelves be spaced? trong? How 14 Dovetail Joints and Casework 223SCREWDRIVERS the standard, or regular, screwdriver is used (o install slotted-head screws. The size depends on the length of the blade and the width of the tip. Hig. 15-2. Make sure that the tip of the screwdriver is the same width as the diameter of the screw head. If it is wider than the screw it may mar the surface of the wood as the serew is set in place. Other screwdrivers are made to install screws with recessed heads, The Phillips-head screw- driver is made for driving crossed-head screws. ‘. 15-3, The square-head (Robertson) screw: driver is also used on wood screws. It works better than the slotted but not as well as the Phillips. The spiral ratchet screwdriver is usu- ally sold in a set with several plain bits and a Phillips bit. HEAD ——> RRULE HANDLE Fig, 15-2—Parts of a standard screwdriver. at — ) 8 —— c fig, 153—serewuhvers used for wood screws. (A) Stubby Phillips. (B) Standard (slotted) screwdriver. (©) Phitin. Offset screwdrivers are used to install or remove screws located in tight places where a standard screwdriver cannot be used. They are available tor slotted or Phillips-head screws, ig. 154. igure | 1-5 shows proper and improper screwdriver tips. If not ground to a square edge, the tip tends to slip out of the slot. This can mar the surface of the wood or damage the head of the screw. The easiest screwdriver to use is the power serewdriver. Fiz. 15-6 (page 226). For large screws, a power drill with a screwdriver bit will make the job much easier. Here are some hints for using screwdrivers: Select a screwdriver with a length and tip fit- ted to the work. The tip should fit the screw slot or recess snugly. A plain screwdriver should not be wider than the screw head. hon . Fig, 15:4—Offset screwdrivers =a Fig, 15-5—If the tip is rounded or beveled, the driver wil rise out of the slot, spoiling the screw head, Regrind or file the screwdriver tip to: make it as | hhown above on right, Chapter 15 Using Fasteners 225 Sam+ Use the widest tipped screwdriver convenient for the work. Wider tips provide more power. Also, there is less danger of wider tips slip- ping from the screw. + Hold the handle firmly in the palm of one hand with thumb and forefinger grasping the handle near the ferrule. Use the other hand to steady the tip and keep it pressed into the screw. Fig, 15-7 In working with screws, always try to follow these guidelines: + When screws must be driven into hard-to: reach places, use a screwdriver with steel jaws that hold the screw firmly in place for easy starting. lig. 15-4, + When driving brass screws into hardwood, first use a steel screw of the same size to complete pilot holes. ‘This reduces the risk of shearing the heads off the brass screws, + If the screw tends to bind, back off and enlarge the pilot hole or rub paraffin or wax on the screw. Fig. 15:6-—The power screwdrivers and cordless Jnlls with serowsdriver bits make your work a SM 226 © Chupter 15. Using Fasteners + Heating the head of a screw with a soldering iron makes the screw easier to remove after the screw cools. + Use wood screws instead of nails: To avoid splitting the wood For greater holding power = For ease in taking the product apart later For better appearance + Never try to install screws partway with a hammer. + Screw length should be selected so that the screw comes no closer than % inch from the bottom of the bottom (second) piece. ONE HAND TURNS ‘SCREWDRIVER OrMER HAND HOLDS ‘SCREWDRIVER IN, stot screw Fig, 15-7—Hold the screwdriver properly to start he screw, — Fig, 15-8—Steel jaws hold the screw firmly for easy starting. After the screw is started, pull back the Screwdriver and the jaws will automatically with’ raw from the screve. This screwdriver is ideal for ‘viving and seating screws in hard-to-reach places.» cy na coh feveopworxinc ‘TIP Rust-Free Screws When building anything that will get ‘vet, use stainless steel nails and screws; hey are least likely to corrode. the Next Best rust-resistant fastener is a hot. lipped galvanized screw or nail, These fasteners are dipped repeatedly in 4 vat of molten zine. Zinc-plated or “hot. salvanized” fasteners provide the least *rotection against rust. in the plating Process, the fasteners are tumbled in a Darrel of hot zinc powder. Always look 3 the box the screws or nails come in £9 see what kind of surface corrosion treatment was applied, SCREWS FOR ‘NOODWORKING Screws used for woodworking vary in length, driver type, head style, material, finish, snd Bauge size. Tig. 15-9, Most wood screws are made of mild steel. Screws made of brass, al ininum, stainless steel, and silicon bronze ate used primarily for boat construction or wher ever moisture would rust other screws. Most Serews have a bright finish. Sheet-metal screws are ideal for fastening thin metal to wood products. They are used, for example, to attach metal legs tora plywood '0p. The sheet-metal screw has excellent hold L'8 Power. Unlike wood screws, the threaded shank of a sheet-metal screw is the same diameter throughout its length, OOD SCREW Sizes Wood screws come in different sizes, Both length and diameter vary. Fig. 15-11. The American Screw Wire Gauge indicates the screw shank diameter with numbers from Oto 24. The smallest gauge number is 0. A number 0 screw has a shank diameter of 0.060 inch, she diameter of cach succeeding gauge num, ber is 0.013 inch larger. For example. a mumbo, 5 screw is 0.125 inch, or '% inch, in diameter: ‘Two screws can be the same length but have a different gauge size. For example, a 3.inch Screw comes in three gauge sizes; a 1!inch screw comes in ten gauge sizes. Fiz, 15-12 tyes momar —4 & reaneno sone FLAT WasHeR omen © ova nero sone MTT} ) snounoneao sonen reso seman 8 Fig 15:9-Serews vary in length, driver types, head Styles, materials, finishes, and siow savare INISHING WASHER | repre 15. Using Fasteners 227 am i ixX NU N yy Ys SS A 3 C fig. 15-10—Instaling a roundheaded sheet mets! Fi ay (a) Driling the clearance hole. (8) Dring the pilot or anchor hole. (C) Serew installed FLATHEAD (OVAL HEAD AOUNDHEAD DIAMETER Lenom or s00Y or SCREW Root (SHANK! DIAMETER, fig. 15-11—How to measure screw length 2nd shank diameter ‘the size of the screw is usually shown in the woodworking drawing. For example, No 8 RI, 134 means that the screw is number 6 gauge size, roundhead, and 17 inches long: if se size isnt shown, choose a screw that wil go at least two-thirds of its length into the sec- dnd piece. Ifthe second piece is end grain, the gerew should be even longer, sinee end grain does not hold well. PRE-DRILLING HOLES prior to installation, wood must be pre-drilled for screws. This involves making clearanes holes and pilot holes. Fig. 15-L3. Nore in the 228 Chapter 15. Using Fasteners fig. 15-12-Ditferent gauge sizes of 14-inch serews Hod screws range in fength from "4 to 6 inches shad in gauge sizes From 0 £0 24. OF Urs, each Jength is not made in all. gauges J SHANK HOLE fig. 15-13Here the shank hole and pilot hole are properly drilled, and the screw is installed. jlustration the cwo drill sizes required. The first one is for the shank clearance hole, drilled in the first piece. The second one is for the pilot hole, drilled in the second pieee ‘The hank clearance hole should be the same size or slightly larger than the shanlk of the sere. In this way, the screw can be inserted in the first piece without forcing. Table 15-4. ‘Drill the shank clearance hole in the first piece of stock. Then hold this piece over the Bacon piece. Mark the location for the pilot hole with a scratch awl, When assembling cofrwood pieces, drill the pilot hole only about half the depth to which the screw will g0- When drilling hardwood, make sure that itis drilled to the total depth of the screw.S Table 15-A. Common Wood Screw Sizes The bottom Part of the table shows the correct size of drills and/or auger bits needed to install. the screws. | tongth ‘umber indicating Screw Ste Loft [2 Ts TsTststris[s|wlnpatw ss Ta Tao Tae] ; t + i ; + [o [Ty | Ty 67 c | él7le zl | slifals fo | s{afelsfuoln J + S{7isfsfolnin [I i [s[7[efsfielutiatn Lt pfs {sfolufapapel To rs 7)8 Ty | {9 [wluliatialielw]t | 9 froli fie fia lie} ie} 20 > I | 9} to} | 2 [4 [6 faa | a0 _| | 9 fof n Pepa lie te te frets [efao[] 14 [16 | 18 | 20 16 | 18 | 20 [fis [20 faa] is 18 | 20 | 24 eter '64.177/.190| 203] 216] 242|.268].294] 220] ara | intakes | P| [ at Body | | {| | Shank Nea Yh | Me "| Me ea] 3% ‘ Hole | | tsa | | | fifwood} ft Tt | Pilot Hole| ‘ee Ye Pa [Hea Pe [he he Ye | Sa | Ses [er "ea | Yea Softwoed| | | if | | | | Pilot Hote] Ys: | %2 [ex Yo} te | Se Pia Te he |e eb wT We %e [Yeriwood] | LI L 4 Chapter 15. Using Fasteners 229COUNTERSINKING FOR FLATHEAD SCREWS Countersinking is a way of enlarging the top portion of a hole to a cone shape so that the ead of a flathead screw will be flush with the surface of the wood. Figute 15-14 shows a ‘countersink that can be used to cut the recess sa the upper surface of the first piece of stock Check the depth of the countersunk hole by turning the serew upside down and fitting it in the hole. Hig. 15-15. Fig. 15:14 -Quick and accurate chamfers can be Inde with an 82-degree countersink. a \ \ R A 3 c oD € fig, 15415-steps in installing 2 flathead screw My onl the shank hole. (8) Drill ehe pilot or anchor vole (Cd tantersink with the screw head. (E) Install the Jnehead scram rc” Chapter 15. Using Fasteners untersink. (D) Check the amount of MATHEMATICS oer Working with Wood Screws Refer to Table 15A. Answer. the following. questions. 1. What is the diameter in decimal inches ‘of a No. 14 wood screw? 2. What size twist drill is needed for the shank hole for a No. 7 screw? 3, How much larger in diameter is a No. 10 screw than a No. 5 screw? 4. What size twist drill js needed for the pilot hole for hardwood when using @ No. 7 screw? A serew-mate drill and countersink can be used with flathead screws. Fig. 15-1. A serew-mate counterbore can do all the opera tions performed by the screw-mate drill and countersink. In addition, it can drill plug holes for wooden plugs. Fig. 15-17 | rILLs TO CORRECT DEPTH [7/ax CLEARANCE, PILOT HOLE Fig, 15-16-—the screw-mate dril and countersink does four things. r -PLUGGING SCREW HOLES In most furniture construction, screws are not supposed to show. Choose a drill bit the same size as the head of the screw. Counterbore a hole about % inch deep in the first surface. The screw will then be below the surface of the wood. After the parts are assembled, this hole can be filled with plastic wood or surface Putty, or you can make a little screw plug with the tool shown in fiz. 15-18. For a more deco- tative look, you can buy pre-made rounded-top plugs. ON we | | mAs TO CORRECT DEPTH. CHa eq ~\ ous noe CCOUNTERSIK | SHANK EARANCE \_2hOrHOLE | Fig, 15:17—A screw-mate counterbore does five things at once. A wood plug can be used to cover he screw head, Fig, 15:18-—-1f you do much furniture work in whieh stews are countersunk ar counterbored, it pays ‘0 use a plug cutter. This tool permits cutting per- ‘ect plugs from the same stack of which the item 5 built. The plug cutters are inade in sizes 6, 8, 10, ind 12 t0 match the commonly used screw sizes ‘he plugs are 4 snug fit in the counterbored holes. Poth POCKET SCREWS When using pocket screws, you really only need to know how to make a simple bute joint. No grooves ot dadoes are needed. i ». Using pocket screws, you assemble panels with tight fitting joints without clamps, The jig used when drilling the holes is all that is needed for perfect joints. tig. 15-20. {ss Fig, 15-19—Pocket screws work weil in butt joints. Ia. SS oA a> Fig, 15-20 special pocket screw jig is needed for Using Fasteners 231. miam 232. PockeT HOLE DRIVER BIT ’ go STRAIGHT Fig. 15-21—A square drive screw bit is generally used for pocket screws. The screws actually provide the clamping action while the glue cures. Fig, 15-21, One disadvantage of pocket screws is that the pocket, an oblong hole, is not attractive However, special wood plugs can be used to fill the unsightly holes. SPECIAL FASTENERS Standard wood screws do not work well in composition panels, such as particleboard, waferboard, and oriented-strand board. They tend to chew up the particles rather than groove them for holding power. Special wood screws that have widely spaced threads are available for these materials. Also, twin threaded utility screws hold well in plywood and particleboard. When driven into the mate- rial, the thread allows more of the particles to Chapter 15. Using Fasteners remain between the turns. 15-22. These screws may have a square drive, a Phillips-head drive, or a combination of both Another good screw for this pur- pose is the drywall screw that is threaded throughout its length. Several other kinds of special fasteners are used in assembling clamp wood projects. Hig. 15-23, The chevron wood fastener has per- manent spring tension, When it is driven into a joint, it holds the joint together without warping and twisting. pa / EO Fig, 15-22—This heat-treated ste! wood screw for composite materials has a combination square and Phillips head. The thread surfaces are nearly ‘at right angles to the screw, the body diameter is ‘small, and the point is sharp. WT ‘CHEVRON HANGER BOLT DOWEL SCREW NUT Fig, 15-23-Fasteners for special uses.Another type of special fastening device is a Tnut with a hanger bolt. The T:nut has a round base with prongs and a threaded hole in its center. A hanger bolt has a wood-screw thread on one end and a metal-screw thread on the other. A hole is bored into the under- side of a table top, for example. ‘The hole i just large enough for the center portion of the ‘nut. Then the nut is driven into the wood. The wood-screw end of the hanger bolt is then installed in the end of the table leg, and the metal-screw end is fitted into the T-nut. This MACHINE SCREW — { i ! THREADED insert —| Fig, 15:24—Machine screws and bolts are often used (7 AEX sour method of fastening makes it quick and easy to disassemble the table for shipping or storage. A dowel screw has a wood-sctew thread on each end. Matching holes are drilled into two pieces to be assembled, The screw is driven an equal distance into both pieces. In addition to the fasteners. mentioned, others are available for special applications in woodworking. Included among these are machine screws, bolts, and corrugated fasten- ers. Figs, and 15-25, CARRIAGE BOLT HEX NUT a5 fasteners in woodworking. A Fig 15-25." Other speciol fasteners, (A) Panal connectors are used to join panels edge to ecige. (8) the cross towel and bolt are used to fasten right-anqle joints. (C) ‘pron on a table, Corner brackets make it easy to fasten logs to the Chapter 15. Using Fasteners 233,mm 234 Review & Application: Chapter Summary | | Major points from this chapter that you should remember include: | + Several different types of screwdrivers are | available, including standard, Phillips-head, | and offset screwdrivers. + Wood screws vary in length, driver type, head style, material, finish, and gauge size + Prior to installing screws, you should drill clearance holes and pilot holes. Countersinking is a way of enlarging the top portion of a hole to a cone shape so that the head of a flathead screw will be | flush with the surface of the wood. When using a screwdriver, one hand holds | the handle while the other hand steadies the screwdriver tip and keeps it pressed into the screw. Review Questions How do you know what size screwdriver to choose? When should you use a screw instead of a nail? As the gauge number increases, how is the diameter of the screw affected? What is a general rule for selecting screw lengths? Whar is a shank clearance hole, what pur- pose does it serve, and how should one be drilled? When is it necessary to make a counter- sink hole? 7. Describe the proper method of installing a screw. Solving Real-World Problems Joshua stands before the fastener display at his local hardware store, The instructions for building the com. puter desk he wants to make call for 2-inch screws, ere before him are 2-inch drywall screws, cap screws, pan head screws, button head screws, Allen tread screws, flathead screws, and machine screws! ‘Nhat will work?” he finally asks Geoff, a worker in the store, Geo asks him what he is building, what naterial itis constructed from, and what joints are equived, Joshua tells Geoff that the desk will be znade of plywood and chat most ofthe jain wl se dadoes or rabbet joints, but some are butt joints Geol loshua. What are they? Why did Geotf choose them? sy takes a package of screws down for Chapter 15. Using Fasteners +