JUNIOR INTERMEDIATE

MATHEMATICS – 1A
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C.K.JUNIOR S
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COLLEGE
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MANGALAGIRI O
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2021-22 S
MATHEMATICS – 1(A) [2021-22]

BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION-VIJAYAWADA

Intermediate I year Mathematics 1A Revised Syllabus w.e.f. 2012 – 2013
Chapter wise Weightage of Marks (BLUE PRINT)

VSAQ SAQ LAQ TOTAL

S.No Name of the Chapter
(2) (4) (7) MARKS

1. Functions 2 - 1 11

2. Mathematical Induction - - 1 07

3. Matrices 2 1 2 22

4. Addition Of Vectors 2 1 - 08

5. Product Of Vectors 1 1 1 13

Trigonometric Ratios Upto

6. Transformations
2 1 1 15

7. Trigonometric Equations - 1 - 04

8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions - 1 - 04

9. Hyperbolic Functions 1 - - 02

10. Properties Of Triangles - 1 1 11

Total 10 7 7 97

MATHS TUTION POINT

BHARGAVAPETA// NEAR CHINA RAMALAYAM// MANGALAGIRI
GUNTUR Dt
PH: 9393162162

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1.FUNCTIONS
1. Function: Let A and B be non- empty sets and f be a relation from A to B. If for each element a  A
, there exists a unique b  B such that ( a, b )  f , then f is called a function or mapping from A to B
(or A into B). It is denoted by f : A → B . The set A is called the domain of f and B is called the
co-domain of f.
2. IMAGE AND PRE-IMAGE: If f : A → B is a function and if f (a) = b , then b is called the image of
a under f or the f-image of a. The element a is called a pre-image or an inverse image of b under f and
is denoted by f −1 (b) .
3. RANGE: If f : A → B is a function, then f ( A) , the set of all f-images in A, is called the range of f.
f ( A) =  f (a) / a  A = b  B / b = f (a) forsomea  A

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

4. ONE-ONE FUNCTION Or INJECTION: A function f : A → B is called an one-one function if

distinct elements of A have distinct f-image in B.
NOTE: f : A → B is an injection  a1 , a2  A and a1  a2 implies that f (a1 )  f (a2 )
 a1 , a2  A and f (a1 ) = f (a2 ) implies that a1 = a2 .
5. ONTO FUNCTION Or SURJECTION: A function f : A → B is called a surjection if the range of f is
equal to the co-domain of f.
NOTE: f : A → B is surjection  range f = f ( A) = B ( co – domain )
 for every b  B there exists at least one a  A
such that f (a) = b .
6. BIJECTION: if f : A → B is both an injection and a surjection then f is said to be a bijection or
one-to-one from A onto B.
NOTE: f : A → B is bijection  f is both injection and surjection
 (i) a1 , a2  A and f (a1 ) = f (a2 ) implies that a1 = a2
 (ii) for every b  B there exists at least one a  A
such that f (a) = b .

7. Examples:

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8. Equality of Functions: Two functions f,g are said to be equal, f = g , if

(i) f,g have the same domain
(ii) a  A, f (a) = g (a) ( i.e. the functional values are equal )
9. Constant Function: A function f : A → B is said to be a constant function, if the image of f
contains one and only one element. i.e. f ( x) = cx  A .

10.Identity function: Let A be a non-empty set. then the function f : A → A defined by

f ( x) = xx  A is called the identity function on A and is denoted by I A .

11.Inverse function: If f : A → B is a bijection, then the relation f −1 = (b, a ) / ( a, b )  f  is a

function from B to A and is called the inverse of f.

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12.Composite function: f : A → B, g : B → C , then the relation ( a, g ( f (a) ) ) / a  A is called

composite of g with f and is denoted as gof .

13.Even and Odd functions:

(i) A function f is said to be an even function if f (− x) = f ( x) , x  A
(ii) A function f is said to be an odd function if f (− x) = − f ( x) , x  A
14.Hints to find the domains of real functions
(i) If the function is of the form f ( x) then its domain is x / f ( x)  0
1
(ii) If the function is of the form or log f ( x) then its domain is x / f ( x)  0
f ( x)
1
(iii) If the function is of the form hen its domain is R − x / f ( x) = 0
f ( x)

15.Solutions of inequations
(i) x2 − a2  0  x  ( −a, a )
(ii) x2 − a2  0  x  −a, a
(iii) x2 − a2  0  x  ( −, −a )  ( a,  )

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(iv) x2 − a2  0  x  ( −, −a  a, )

(v) ( x − a )( x − b)  0  x  ( a, b )
(vi) ( x − a )( x − b )  0  x a, b
(vii) ( x − a )( x − b )  0  x  ( −, a )  (b, )
(viii) ( x − a )( x − b )  0  x  ( −, a  b, )
(ix) x − x  0  xR
(x) x − x  0  x  ( −,0)
(xi) x −  x  0  x  R
(xii) x −  x  0  x  R − Z
(xiii)  x − x  0  x  Z
(xiv)  x − x  0  is not possible for any real x.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

MODEL - 1
x +1
1. If f ( x) = 2 x − 1, g ( x) = for all x  R , find ( gof )( x) . MAR – 2019, MAR - 2020
2
1
2. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = x for all x  (0, ), then find ( gof )( x) .
x
y y
3. If f ( y) = , g ( y) = , then show that ( fog )( y) = y .
1− y2 1+ y2
4. If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 2x2 + 3 and g ( x) = 3x − 2 then find
(i) ( fog )( x) (ii) ( gof ) ( x ) (iii) fof (0) (iv) go( fof )(3)
5. If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 4 x −1, g ( x) = x2 + 2 then find
 a +1
(ii) ( gof )( x) ( gof ) 
(ii)  (iii) fof ( x) (iv) go( fof )(0)
 4 
6. If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 3x −1 and g ( x) = x2 + 1 , then find
(i) ( fog )(2) MAR - 2018 (ii) ( fof )( x2 + 1) (iii) gof (2a − 3)
7. If f ( x) = 2, g ( x) = x , h( x) = 2x , then find ( fogoh)( x) .
2

x +1
8. If f ( x) = , x  1 , then find ( fofof )( x) .
x −1
x +1
9. If f ( x) = , x  1 , then find ( fofofof )( x) .
x −1

MODEL – 2

10.If A = −2, −1,0,1, 2 and f : A → B is a surjection defined by f ( x) = x2 + x + 1 , then find B.

MAR – 2019, MAY - 2019
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x2 − x + 1
11.If A = 1, 2,3, 4 and f : A → R is a function defined by f ( x) = , then find the range of f.
x +1
   
12.If A = 0, , , ,  and f : A → B is a surjection defined by f ( x) = cos x then find B.
 6 4 3 2

MODEL – 3

13.If f = (1, 2) , ( 2, −3) , (3, −1) , then find (i) 2 f (ii) f2 (ii) 2 + f (iv) f .
MAR - 2020
14.If f = ( 4,5) , (5,6) , ( 6, −4); g = ( 4, −4) , ( 6,5) , (8,5) , then find
(i) f +g (ii) f −g (iii) 2 f + 4g (iv) f +4 (v) fg
f
(vi) (vii) f (viii) f (ix) f2 (x) f3
g

MODEL – 4

15.If f : Q → Q is defined by f ( x) = 5x + 4 , find f −1 .

16.Find the inverse of the real function f ( x) = ax + b, a  0 .
17.Find the inverse of the real function f ( x) = 5x
18.Find the inverse of the real function f ( x) = log 2 𝑥 .
x −1
19.If f ( x) = 1 + x + x2 + ...... for x  1, then show that f −1 ( x) = .
x
20.If f :[1, ) → [1, ) defined 2 x ( x−1) then find f −1 ( x) .
21.If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 2 x − 3, g ( x) = x3 + 5 , then find ( fog )−1 ( x) .
22.If f ( x) = ex and g ( x) = loge x , then show that fog = gof and find f −1 and g −1 .
x −1
23.If f ( x) = , x  1 , then show that fof −1 ( x) = x .
x +1
24.If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 3x − 2, g ( x) = x2 +1 , then find ( gof −1 )(2) .
25.If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f ( x) = 2 x − 3, g ( x) = x3 + 5 , then find ( fog ) x .
−1

MODEL – 5

26.Determine whether the function f ( x) = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) is even or odd

 ex −1 
27.Determine whether the function f ( x) = x  x  is even or odd
 e +1
28.Determine whether the function f ( x) = a x − a− x + sin x is even or odd
29.Determine whether the function f ( x) = sin x + cos x is even or odd

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MODEL – 6

3x − 2, x  3
30.If the function f defined by f ( x) =  x 2 − 2, −2  x  2 , then find the values, if exists
2 x + 1, x  −3

(i) f (4) (ii) f (2.5) (iii) f (−2) (iv) f (−4)

(v) f (0) (vi) f (−7)

 x + 2, x  1

31.If the function f defined by f ( x) = 2, −1  x  1 , then find the values of
 x − 1, −3  x  −1

(i) f (−1.5) (ii) f (3) (iii) f (0) (iv) f (2) + f (−2) (v) f (−5)
32.If f and g are real valued functions defined by f ( x) = 2x −1 and g ( x) = x , then find 2

 f 
(i) (3 f − 2 g )( x) (ii) ( fg )( x) (iii) ( f + g + 2)( x) (iv)   ( x )
 g 
33.If f ( x) = x2 and g ( x) = x , then find (i) f +g (ii) f −g (iii) fg
(iv) 2f (v) f +3 (vi) f2

MODEL – 7
34.Find the domains of the following real valued functions.
(i) 16 − x2
(ii) 9 − x2
(iii) x2 − 25 MAR – 2018, MAY - 2018
(iv) a2 − x2
(v) x 2 − 3x + 2
(vi) 4x − x2 MAY - 2019
(vii) 2 − x + 1+ x
(viii) ( x + 2)( x − 3)
(ix) ( x −  )(  − x )
(x) x −x
(xi) x −  x
(xii)  x − x
(xiii) log0.3 ( x − x 2 )

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1
(xiv)
1 − x2
1
(xv)
x2 − a2
(xvi) log( x2 − 4 x + 3)
1
(xvii)
log(2 − x)
2+ x + 2− x
(xviii)
x
3+ x + 3− x
(xix)
x
2 x − 5x + 7
2
(xx)
( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)
1
(xxi)
( x − 1) ( x + 3)
2

1
(xxii)
6x − x2 − 5
1
(xxiii) x+2 +
log10 (1 − x)
(xxiv) x + 1 + x
1
(xxv) x2 −1 +
x 2 − 3x + 2
1
(xxvi) 3
x − 2 log (4− x ) 10
(xxvii) log 4 − x 2
3x
(xxviii)
x +1
 3− x 
(xxix) log10  
 x 
1
(xxx)
x −  x − 2
2

35.Find the domain and range of the following real valued functions
x2 − 4
(i)
x−2
x
(ii)
2 − 3x
2+ x
(iii)
2− x
(iv) 9 − x2

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OTHER IMP SUMS

cos 2 x + sin 4 x
36.If f ( x) = x  R , then show that f (2022) = 1.
sin 2 x + cos 4 x
37.If
x
2
( )
f : R − 0 → R is defined by f ( x) = x + , then prove that  f ( x) = f x 2 + f (1) .
1

1− x 2
38.If f : R → R is defined by f ( x) = , then show that f (tan  ) = cos 2 .
1 + x2
1+ x  2x 
39.If f : R − 1 → R is defined by f ( x) = log , then show that f  2 
= 2 f ( x) . MAY - 18
1− x  1+ x 
1 1
40.If f : R − 0 → R is defined by f ( x) = x3 − , then show that f ( x) + f   = 0.
x3 x
1 1 x 
41.If f ( x) = cos(log x) , then show that f   f   −  f   + f ( xy )  = 0 .
1
x  y 2  y 
4x
42.If the function f : R → R defined by f ( x) = , then show that f (1 − x) = 1 − f ( x) and hence
4x + 2
1 1 3
deduce the value of f   + 2 f  + f  .
4 2 4
3x + 3− x
43.If the function f : R → R is defined by f ( x) = , then show that
2
f ( x + y ) + f ( x − y ) = 2 f ( x) f ( y ) .
n
44.If f : R → R is defined by f ( x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y)x, y  R and f (1) = 7 , then find  f (r ) .
r =1

45.On what domain, the functions f ( x) = x − 2x and g ( x) = − x + 6 are equal

2

46.Find the domain of definition of the function y(x), given by the equation 2 x + 2 y = 2 .
47.Show that the function f :[0, ) → [0, ) defined by f ( x) = x2 is a bijection
48.If the function f : −1,1 → 0, 2 is defined by f ( x) = ax + b is a surjection, then find a and b
49.Define one-one function. Give an example
50.Define onto function. Give an example.
51.Define bijective function. Give an example

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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

MODEL - 1
1. If f: A→ B, g ∶ B → C are two bijective functions then prove that gof : A → C is also a bijection.
Mar – 2018, 2016, May - 2013
2. If f : A → B and I A , I B are identity functions on A, B respectively, then prove that foI A = I Bof = f .
Mar - 13
3. If f : A → B is a bijection, then prove that f −1of = I A , fof −1 = I B . Mar – 2017, 2015, May – 2016,
2015 (TS)
( gof )
−1
4. If f: A→ B, g ∶ B → C are two bijections then prove that = f −1og −1 . Mar – 19, May – 19,
2016, 2015,2014, Mar – 2015, 14 (TS)
5. If f : A → B, g : B → A are two functions such that gof = I A and fog = I B then prove that
f : A → B is a bijection and f −1 = g . May – 2018, May – 2015 (TS)
6. If f : A → B, g : B → C, h : C → D are three functions, then prove that ho ( gof ) = ( hog ) of .
Mar - 2020
MODEL - 2

7. If f : A → B, g : B → A and f = (1, a ) , ( 2, c ) , ( 4, d ) , (3, b ) , g −1 = ( 2, a ) , ( 4, b ) , (1, c ) , (3, d ) then

verify ( gof ) = f −1og −1 . Mar – 2015 (TS)
−1

8. Let A = 1, 2,3 , B = a, b, c , C =  p, q, r . If f : A → B, f : B → C are defined by

f = (1, a ) , ( 2, c ) , ( 3, b ) , g = ( a, q ) , ( b, r ) , ( c, p ) then show that f −1og −1 = ( gof ) .
−1

9. If A = 1, 2,3 , B =  ,  ,   , C =  p, q, r and f : A → B, f : B → C are defined by

f = (1,  ) , ( 2,  ) , (3,  ) , g = ( , q ) , (  , r ) , ( , p ) , then show that f and g are bijective functions
and ( gof ) = f −1og −1 .
−1

MODEL - 3

10. Show that f : Q → Q defined by f ( x ) = 5x + 4 is a bijection and find f −1 .Mar – 16,10

𝑥+1
11. If f(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 ≠ 1), then find (fofof)(x). Mar – 2020
𝑥−1

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2.Mathematical induction
1. Steps to prove a statement using the principle of finite mathematical induction:
(i) Basis of induction : Show that P (1) is true. (LHS of P (1) = RHS of P (1))
(ii) Inductive hypothesis : For k  1 , assume that p(k) is true
(iii) Inductive step : Show that P(k+1) is true on the basis of the inductive
hypothesis.
2. The sequence of A.P: The nth term tn of the Arithmetic Progression a, a+d, a+2d, …a, a+d, a+2d, … is
given by tn=a+(n–1) d

3. The sequence of G.P: The nth term tn of the geometric progression a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, is tn = ar n−1 .

4. If Sn denotes the sum up to n terms of A.P.: a, a+d, a+2d, …a, a+d, a+2d, … then
n
sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2

n(n + 1)
5. 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n =
2

n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6. 12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2 =
6
n ( n + 1)
2 2

7. 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
3 3 3 3

4
8. Sum of the first n odd natural numbers: 1 + 3 + 5.......... = n2
9. Sum of the first n even natural numbers: 2 + 4 + 6........... = n(n + 1)

MODEL – 1
1. By using mathematical induction, show that
n
a + ( a + d ) + ( a + 2d ) + .........nterms =  2a + ( n − 1) d  for all n  N . Mar – 16 (TS), 2010
2

2. By using mathematical induction, show that

a ( r n − 1)
a + ar + ar + ............nterms =
2
, r≠ 1 for all n  N . Mar – 2019, 2011
r −1

3. By using mathematical induction, show that

2 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ............nterms = n.2n for all n  N .

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n ( n 2 + 6n + 11)
4. By using mathematical induction, show that 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + ..............nterms = for all
3
n  N . Mar – 2013, May – 16 (TS)
5. By using mathematical induction, show that
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ..............nterms = for all n  N . Mar – 2015 (TS)
4
6. By using mathematical induction, show that
n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
2

1 + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 + 3 ) + ..............nterms =
2 2 2 2 2 2
for all n  N . Mar – 16, 12
12
7. By using mathematical induction, show that
1 1 1 n
+ + + ...........nterms = for all n  N . May – 2015 (TS), 2011
1.4 4.7 7.10 3n + 1

8. By using mathematical induction, show that

1 1 1 n
+ + + ...........nterms = for all n  N .Mar – 2018, May - 2015
1.3 3.5 5.7 2n + 1

9. By using mathematical induction, show that

13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
+ ..............nterms = ( 2n 2 + 9n + 13) for all n  N . Mar - 2014
n
+ +
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5 24
10.By using mathematical induction, show that
43 + 83 + 123 + .........nterms = 16n 2 ( n + 1) for all n  N .
2

2n + 1
11.By using mathematical induction, show that 1 +  1 +  1 +  ............. 1 + 2  = ( n + 1) for
3 5 7 2

 1  4  9  n 
all n  N . May – 2019, Mar - 2015
12.By using mathematical induction, show that
n 2
n ( 2n − 1)( 2n + 1)
 ( 2k − 1)
k =1
=
3
for all n  N .

MODEL - 2

13.By using mathematical induction, show that 49n + 16n − 1 is divisible by 64 for all n  N
Mar – 2020, 2017, May – 2016, 2013
14.By using mathematical induction, show that 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17 for all n  N .
May – 2018, 12, 10
15.By using mathematical induction, show that 2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11 for all n  N
16.By using mathematical induction, show that xn − y n is divisible by x − y for all n  N .
17.By using mathematical induction, show that xm + y m is divisible by x + y where m is an odd natural
number.

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3.MATRICES
Important Formulae & Definitions:

1. Matrix: An ordered rectangular array of elements is called a matrix.

▪ We confine our discussion to matrices whose elements are real or Complex numbers (real
or complex valued functions).

▪ The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute the rows of the matrix and the vertical
lines of elements are said to constitute the columns of the matrix.

▪ Matrices are generally enclosed by brackets like ( ) , , ,..........etc

▪ We denote matrices by capital letters A, B, C, ……..

 1 5 7
Ex: A = [1 C =  8 4 5 
2 1 −3 5
] B=[ ]
3 4 6 4 5
 −1 5 3 

2. Order of a matrix: A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of order m x n read as
m cross n or m by n.
Examples:
2 6
(i) A=[ ] is a matrix of order 2 x 2
3 −5

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57 25
(ii) B = [14 35] is a matrix of order 3 x 2
68 48
2 1 6
(iii) C=[ ] is a matrix of order 2 x 3
4 85 6
1 2 3
(iv) D = [ 7 5 3] is a matrix of order 3 x 3
−2 5 9
3. Compact form of a matrix: In compact form the matrices are generally

denoted by A = [ aij ]m x n where 1≤i≤m and 1≤j≤n.

TYPES OF MATRICES:

4. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is
called a square matrix.

Examples:
(i) [3] is a square matrix of order 1

1 −1
(ii) [ ] is a square matrix of order 2
0 4
5 0 −1
(iii) [6 4 1 ] is a square matrix of order 3
2 3 0

5. Rectangular matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is not equal to the number
of columns is called a rectangular matrix.

Examples:
5 3 1
(i) [ ] is a rectangular matrix of order 2 x 3
2 0 4
5 2
(ii) [1 4] is a rectangular matrix of order 3 x 2
5 8

6. Trace of a matrix: The sum of the elements of the principal diagonal of a square matrix A is
called the trace of the matrix A. and it is denoted by Tr (A).
1 3 −5
Ex: If A = [2 −1 5 ], then Tr (A) = 1 + (-1 ) + 1 = 1.
2 0 1
7. Diagonal matrix: If each non diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to zero then
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the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.
4 0 0
Ex: [1 0], [0 −5 0] are diagonal matrices
0 3
0 0 2

8. Scalar matrix: If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is zero and all diagonal
element are equal to each other, then it is called a scalar matrix.
−1 0 0
2 0
Ex: [ ], [ 0 −1 0 ] are scalar matrices
0 2
0 0 −1

9. Unit matrix or Identity matrix: If each non diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to
zero and each diagonal element is equal to one then that matrix is called a unit matrix or identity

matrix.

We denote the unit matrix of order n by In, simply denoted by I.

Examples:
(i) 𝐼1 = [1]
1 0
(ii) 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
1 0 0
(iii) 𝐼3 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
10.Null matrix or Zero matrix: If each element of a matrix is zero, then it is Called a Zero matrix
or Null matrix .and it is denoted by Omxn or simply by O

0 0  0 0 0
Ex: O2 =   , O3 = [ 0 0 0] are null matrices
0 0  0 0 0
11.Row matrix and Column matrix: A matrix with only one row is called a Row matrix (or row
vector) and matrix with only one column is called a Column matrix (or column vector).

Ex:
(i) [1 3 5] is a row matrix of order 1 x 3
8
(ii) [6] is a column matrix of order 3 x 1
9

12.Triagular matrices: A matrix A = [aij ] is said to be Upper triangular if aij = 0

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for all i > j. A matrix is said to be Lower
triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j.

Examples:

5 2 3
1 2
(i) [ ], [0 14 6] are upper triangular matrices
0 3
0 0 5

4 0 0
1 0
(ii) [ ], [2 5 0] are lower triangular matrices
2 3
7 9 5

13.Equality of matrices: Matrices A and B are said to be equal, if A and B are of same order and
the corresponding elements of A and B are the same
14.Sum of two matrices: Let A and B be matrices of same order, then the sum of A and B, denoted
by A+B, is defined as the matrix of the same order in which each element is the sum of the
corresponding elements of A and B
15.Properties of Addition of matrices:

I) Commutative property : A+B=B+A

ii) Associative property : A+(B+C) = (A+B) + C.

iii) Additive identity : A+0 =0+A=A.

iv) Additive inverse : A+B=B+A =0.

16.Scalar multiple of a matrix: Let A be a matrix of order mxn and k be a scalar (i.e., real complex
number), then the mxn matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by K, is called a scalar
multiple of A and it is denoted by kA.

17.Multiplication of matrices: We say that matrices A and B are Conformable for multiplication

in that order if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B

18.Properties of multiplication of matrices:

(i) Associative Law : (AB)C = A(BC)

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(ii) Distributive Law : A(B+C) = AB+ AC (Left distributive law)

(A+B)C = AC+BC (right distributive law)

(iii) Existence of multiplicative of identity : IA = AI = A.

19.Additive inverse of A is -A

20.Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

21.Transpose of a matrix: If A = [aij] is an m x n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A’
or AT.
In other words, if A [aij]mxn, then A’ = [aji]nxm

1 1
1 −5 2 ′
Ex: If A = [ ], then 𝐴 = [−5 6] .
1 6 4
2 4
22.Properties of transpose of matrices: For any two matrices A, B of SUITABLE orders,
we have
i) (A’)’ = A
ii) (kA)’ = kA’

iii) (A+B)’ = A’+B’

iv) (AB)’ = B’A’

23.Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A’ = A.

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
Ex: [𝑎 𝑏
] and [ ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 ] are symmetric matrices
𝑏 𝑐
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐

24.Skew –Symmetric matrix:

A square matrix A is said to be skew – symmetric if A’ = -A.

 0 a b
 0 a
Ex:   and  −a 0 c  are skew – symmetric matrices.
 −a 0   −b −c 0

 a11 a12 a13 

25.Minor of an element: Consider a square matrix  a21 a22 
a23 
a a33 
 31 a32

The minor of an element in this matrix is defined as the determinant of the 2x2 matrix, obtained after
deleting the row and column in which the element is present.

26.Cofactor of an element: The cofactor of an element in the ith row and the jth column of a
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3x3 matrix is defined as its minor multiplied by (-1 )i+j .

Ex:
2 −1 4
(i) Find the minors of -1 and 3 in the matrix [ 0 −2 5].
−3 1 3
0 5
Sol) Minor of -1 is | | = 0.3 – (-3).5 = 15
−3 3
2 −1
Minor of 3 is | | = 2.(-2) – 0.(-1) = -4
0 −2
−1 0 5
(ii) Find the cofactors of the elements 2, -5 in the matrix [ 1 2 −2] .
−4 −5 3

Sol) Cofactor of 2 is (−1)𝑖+𝑗 ( minor of 2 )

−1 5
i.e. (−1)2+2 | | = (-1).3 – (-4).5 = -3 + 20 = 17
−4 3
−1 5
Cofactor of -5 is (−1)3+2 | | = - [(−1). (−2) − 1.5]
−4 3
= - ( 2-5 ) = 3
27.Singular and Non-singular matrices:
A square matrix A is said to be singular if det A = 0.
A square matrix A is said to be non – singular if det A ≠ 0.
Ex: [𝟑 𝟐] is a singular matrix and [𝟏 𝟔] is a non-singular matrix
𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
28.Invertible matrix: Let A be a square matrix. we say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists
such that AB = BA =I, where I is the unit matrix of the same order as A and B

Note: i) If A is invertible, then A in non-singular i.e det A ≠ 0.

ii) The multiplicative inverse of A is denoted by A-1
29.Adjoint of a matrix: The transpose of the matrix formed by replacing the elements of a square
matrix A (of order greater than one) with the corresponding cofactors is called the Adjoint of A and
is denoted by Adj A.
30.The adjoint matrix of A = [𝑎 𝑏 ] is AdjA = [ 𝑑 −𝑏] .
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
1  d −b 
31.The inverse of the matrix A = [ 𝑑 −𝑏] is 𝐴−1 =
ad − bc  −c a 
.
−𝑐 𝑎
1
32.If A is an order of 3 x 3 matrix, then A−1 = ( AdjA) .
adjA
33.Sub matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns (or both) of a matrix is called a
sub matrix of the given matrix
1 2 3 1 2
Ex: Some sub matrices of A = [4 5 6] are [1 3], [4 5]…etc
7 9
7 8 9 7 8
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34.Rank of a matrix: Let A be a non-zero matrix. The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the
orders of the non-singular square sub matrices of A. The rank of the matrix A is denoted by rank (A).

Note:
(i) The rank of a null matrix is zero

(ii) If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then the rank of A is

a) 1 if every 2x2 sub matrix is singular.

b) 2 if A is singular and at least one of its 2x2 sub matrices is non-singular.

c) 3 if A is non –singular.

35.Elementary Transformations: The following transformations are known as elementary

transformations on a matrix.

(i) Interchanging of two rows (or columns)

(ii) Multiplication of elements of row (or column) by a non-zero number.

(iii) Addition to the elements of a row (or column), the corresponding elements of another row (or
column) multiplied by any non-zero number.

Note: Elementary transformations on a matrix do not change its rank.

36.Consistant and In-consistant systems: We say that a system of linear equations is

i) Consistant if it has a solution.

ii) In-consistant if it has no solution.

37.Non- homogeneous system

a1x+b1y+c1z = d1

a2x+b2y+c2z = d2

a3x+b3y+c3z = d3 has
i) a unique solution if rank(A) = rank [ AD] = 3.
ii) infinitely many solutions if rank (A) = rank [AD] < 3.
iii) no solution if rank (A) rank [AD].
38.Homogeneous system of equations
a1x+b1y+c1z = d1

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a2x+b2y+c2z = d2
a3x+b3y+c3z = d3 has
(i) Trivial solution x = y =z =0 only if rank (A) = 3.
(ii) infinitely many non-trivial solutions if rank (A) < 3.

 a11 a12 a13 

39.Determinant: Let A =  a21 a22 
a23  .
a a33 
 31 a32
The sum of the products of elements of the first row with their corresponding cofactors is called the
determinant of A

40.Properties of determinants:

(i) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is zero

then the determinant of that matrix is zero
(ii) If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are interchanged, then the sign of the determinant
changes.
(iii) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is multiplied by a number K, then the
determinant of the matrix obtained is k times the determinant of the given matrix.
(iv) If A is square matrix of order 3 and k is a scalar, then | | = k3| |
(v) If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are identical, then the determinant of that matrix
is zero
(vi) If the corresponding elements of two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are in the same
ratio, then the determinant of that matrix is zero.

(vii) IF each element in a row (or column) of a square matrix is the sum of two numbers, then its
determinant can be expressed as the sum of the determinants of two square matrices.

(viii) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is multiplied by k and added to the
corresponding element of another row (or column) of the matrix, then the determinant of the
resultantly matrix is equal to the determinant of the given matrix.

(ix) The sum of the product of the elements of a row (or column) with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of another row (or column) of a square matrix is zero.

(x) If the elements of a square matrix are polynomials in x and its determinant is zero when x =
a then x – a is a factor of the determinant of the matrix

(xi) For any square matrix A, det A = det (A’)

(xii) If A, B are the matrices of order 2, det (AB) = (detA) (detB).

(xiii) For any positive integer n, det (An) = (detA)n

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(xiv) If A is a triangular matrix (upper or lower), then the determinant of A is the product of the
diagonal elements.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

𝑥 − 3 2𝑦 − 8 5 2
1. If [ ]=[ ], then find x, y, z and a. Mar – 2019, May – 16, 14
𝑧+2 6 −2 𝑎 − 4

1 2 3 8
2. If A = [ ], B = [ ] and 2𝑋 + 𝐴 = 𝐵, then find X. Mar – 2015, May - 12
3 4 7 2

𝑥−1 2 5−𝑦 1 2 3
3. If [ 0 𝑧−1 7 ] = [2 0 0], then find the values of x, y, z and a
1 0 𝑎−5 1 0 0

𝑥−1 2 𝑦−5 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦

4. If [ 𝑧 0 2 ]= [ 2 0 0 ], then find the values of x, y, z and a
1 −1 1 + 𝑎 1 −1 1

−1 3 2 1 𝑥1 𝑥2
5. If A = [ ],B=[ ] , X = [𝑥 𝑥4 ] and A + B = X, then find the values of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 .
4 2 3 −5 3

2 3 1 1 2 −1
6. If A = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] then find the matrix X such that A + B – X = O. What is
6 −1 5 0 −1 3

the order of the matrix X?

1 2 3 3 2 1
7. If A = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ], then find 3B – 2A. Mar - 12
3 2 1 1 2 3

1 3 −5
8. Define trace of a matrix. and find the trace of [2 −1 5 ] . May – 2013, 10, Mar - 2020
2 0 1

1 2 −1⁄2
9. Find the trace of A, if A = [ 0 −1 2 ] . May – 15 (TS)
−1
2 1
2

1
10. Construct a 3x2 matrix whose elements are defined by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = |𝑖 − 3𝑗| . Mar – 17, Mar – 15 (TS)
2

2 4
11. If A = [ ] and 𝐴2 = 𝑂 , then find the value of K. Mar – 17, 14, 11, May – 16 (TS)
−1 𝑘

𝑖 0
12. If A = [ ] , then show that 𝐴2 = − Ι . Mar - 16
0 −𝑖

𝑖 0
13. If A = [ ] , then find 𝐴2 .
0 𝑖

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2 1 3 2 0
14. If A = [ ] and B = [ ], then find AB. Find BA if exit.
1 3 1 0 4

2 3
1 −2 3
15. If A = [ ] , 𝐵 = [4 5], Do AB and BA exit? If they exit, find them. Do A and B
−4 2 5
2 1

commute with respect to multiplication

16. Give examples of two square matrices A and B of the same order for which AB = O, but BA = O

2 −4
17. If A = [ ], then find A + A' and AA'. May – 2019, 18
−5 3

1 2
−2 1 0
18. If A = [ ] and B = [ 4 3], then find A + B'. May - 12
3 4 −5
−1 5

−1 2
19. If A = [ ], then find AA'. Do A and A' commute with respect to multiplication of matrices
0 1

−2 1
−2 3 1 then find 2A + B' and 3B' – A. Mar - 2010
20. If A = [ 5 0] , 𝐵 = [ ],
4 0 2
−1 4
2 0 1 −1 1 0
21. If A = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], then (AB')'
−1 1 5 0 1 −2

1 −2
2 −1 2
22. If A = [ ] , 𝐵 = [−3 0 ] then verify (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ .
1 3 −4
5 4

7 −2 −2 −1
23. If A = [−1 2 ], B = [ 4 2 ] , then find AB' and BA'. MAR - 2018
5 3 −1 0

24. For any square matrix A, Show that AA' is symmetric. Mar - 15

0 1 4
25. Is A = [−1 0 7], symmetric or skew-symmetric?
−4 −7 0

−1 2 3
26. If A = [ 2 5 6], is symmetric, find value of x. Mar – 16, May – 15 (TS)
3 𝑥 7

0 2 1
27. If A = [−2 0 −2], is a skew-symmetric matrix, find the value of x. May – 2014, 13
−1 𝑥 0

0 4 −2
28. If A = [−4 0 8 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix, find the value of x.
2 −8 𝑥

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2 −1 4
29. Find the minors of -1 and 3 in the matrix [ 0 −2 5] .
−3 1 3

−1 0 5
30. Find the cofactors of 2 and -5 in the matrix [ 1 2 −2] .
−4 −5 3

1 0 0
31. If A = [2 3 4] and det A = 45, then find x. Mar - 16
5 −6 𝑥

32. Find the determinants of the following matrices

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 12 22 32
i) [ℎ 𝑏 𝑓] ii) [𝑏 𝑐 𝑎] iii) [22 32 42 ] . Mar - 2010
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 32 42 52

1 𝜔 𝜔2
33. If ω is a complex (non-real) cube root of 1, then show that | 𝜔 𝜔2 1 |. Mar - 2014
𝜔2 1 𝜔

34. Prove that the determinant of skew – symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero

1 2 2 −3
35. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix (i) [ ] Mar – 2018 (ii) [ ].
3 −5 4 6

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
36. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
], Mar - 2013

𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 2
37. If A = [−𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 ], 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 = 1 , find the inverse of A
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏

38. Find the ranks of the following matrices

1 4 −1 1 2 3 1 1 1
i) [2 3 0 ] May - 19 ii) [2 3 4] Mar – 15 (TS) iii) [1 1 1]
0 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

1 2 −1 1 2 0 −1
1 0 −4
iv) [−1 0 2] v) [ ] vi) [3 4 1 2]
2 −1 3
0 1 −1 −2 3 2 5

1 2 3 0 1 2
vii) [2 3 4] Mar – 2019 viii) [1 2 3] Mar - 2020
0 1 2 3 2 1

39. Define triangular matrices. give an example

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40. Define Symmetric and Skew- symmetric matrices. Give an example. May – 2015 (TS), MAR - 2018

41. Define Singular and Non- singular matrices. Give an example

42. Define Invertible matrix. May - 2015

43. Define Elementary transformations on matrix

44. Define transpose of a matrix. give an example

45. For any nxn matrix A, Prove that A can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric matrix

and a skew symmetric matrices

46. Show that the determinant of skew- symmetric matrix of order three is always zero. give an example

of order 3 x 3

47. A certain book shop has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10 dozen economics books.

Their selling prices are Rs. 80, Rs. 60, and Rs. 40 each respectively. using matrix algebra, find the total

Value of the books in the shop

48. If AB = I or BA = I, then prove that A is invertible and B = 𝐴−1 .

49. Find the ranks of the following matrices by using elementary transformations

0 1 2 1 2 0 −1
i) [1 2 3] ii) [3 4 1 2]
3 2 1 −2 3 2 5
3 0 0
50. If A = [0 3 0], then find A4
0 0 3

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 4 MARKS )

1. If A = [ cosα sinα
], then show that AA’ = A’A = I. Mar - 2020
−sinα cosα

1 2 2
2. If A = [2 1 2], then show that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0. Mar - 2016
2 2 1
1 −2 1
3. If A = [0 1 −1] , then show that A3 – 3A2 – A – 3I = 0. Mar - 2011
3 −1 1

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1 1 3
4. If A = [ 5 2 6 ], then find A3.
−2 −1 −3

1 0 0 1
5. If I = [ ], E = [ ] , then show that (aI + bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE, where I is the unit matrix of order
0 1 0 0

2. Mar – 2015, 16 (TS), May – 16 (TS)

𝜋
6. If 𝜃 − ∅ = 2 , then show that
2
[ cos θ cosθsinθ] [ cos2 ∅ cos∅sin∅
] = O . May – 18, 15
cosθsinθ sin2 θ cos∅sin∅ sin2 ∅

cosθ sinθ cosnθ sinnθ

7. If A = [ ], then show that for all positive integers n, 𝐴𝑛 = [ ].
−sinθ cosθ −sinnθ cosnθ

8. If A = [𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ], then for any integer n ≥ 1 show that 𝐴𝑛 = [𝑎1 𝑛 𝑎2 𝑛 𝑎3 𝑛 ] .

3 −4 1 + 2𝑛 −4𝑛
9. If A = [ ] then show that 𝐴𝑛 = [ ] for any n ≥ 1 .
1 −1 𝑛 1 − 2𝑛

10. Let A and B invertible matrices, then prove that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

1 3 3
11. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix [1 4 3] . May - 2014
1 3 4

1 2 1
12. Show that the matrix A = [3 2 3] is non singular and 𝐴−1 . Mar - 2012
1 1 2
𝑎 0 0
13. If abc ≠ 0, find the inverse of [0 𝑏 0] .
0 0 𝑐

−1 −2 −2
14. If A = [ 2 1 −2] , then show that adj A = 3AT. also find A-1. Mar - 2019
2 −2 1

3 −3 4
15. If A = [2 −3 4], then show that A-1 = A3
0 −1 1
1 2 2
16. If 3A = [ 2 1 −2], then show that A-1 = AT. May - 2012
−2 2 −1

1 −2 3
17. If A = [ 0 −1 4], then find (A’)-1.
−2 2 1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
18. If A = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] is 3 x 3 matrix, then prove that A is non-singular matrix and
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

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MATHEMATICS – 1(A) [2021-22]
1
A-1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) . May – 2019, 16, Mar – 2017

1 cosα cosβ 0 cosα cosβ

19. If ∆1= |cosα 1 cosγ|, ∆2= |cosα 0 cosγ | and ∆1 = ∆2 , then show that
cosβ cosγ 1 cosβ cosγ 0

cos2 α + cos2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 .

1 𝑎 𝑎2
20. Show that |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) .
1 𝑐 𝑐2

𝑏𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 1
21. Show that | 𝑐𝑎 𝑐+𝑎 1| = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) .
𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 1
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑥
22. Prove that | 𝑦 𝑧+𝑥 𝑦 | = 4xyz
𝑧 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦

23. Without expanding the following determinant, prove that

𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎2 𝑎3
i) |𝑏 𝑏2 𝑐𝑎 | = |1 𝑏 2 𝑏3 |
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐2 𝑐3

𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
ii) | 𝑥 2 2| = | 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧|
𝑦2 𝑧
1 1 1 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦

1 𝑏𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2
iii)|1 𝑐𝑎 𝑐+𝑎 | = |1 𝑏 𝑏2| .
1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐2

24. A trust fund has to invest Rs. 30,000 in in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5 interest

for year, and the second bond pays 7 interest per year. using matrix multiplication, Determine how to

divide Rs. 30,000 among the two types of bonds, if the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest

of (a) Rs. 1800 (b) Rs.2000

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MATHEMATICS – 1(A) [2021-22]

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

1 𝑎2 𝑎3
1. Show that |1 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) . Mar – 2017, May – 15, 09
1 𝑐2 𝑐3

𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
2. Show that | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 . May - 2018
2𝑏 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
3. Show that | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 | = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 . Mar – 2018, 16
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑏2
4. Show that |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = | 𝑐2 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑎2 | = (𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)3 .
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2

Mar – 2019, 12, May - 2014

𝑎 𝑎2 1 + 𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎2 1
5. If |𝑏 𝑏2 1+ 𝑏 3 | = 𝑂 and |
𝑏 𝑏2 1| ≠ 0, then show that abc = ≠ 0 . Mar - 2014
𝑐 𝑐2 1 + 𝑐3 𝑐 𝑐2 1

𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

6. Show that |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 . May - 2013
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎

𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 + 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐3 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
7. If ∆1 = | 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑏2 2 + 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑏3 + 𝑐3 | and ∆2 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |, then find the
𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑐2 𝑐3 2 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

∆1
value of .
∆2

𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

8. Without expanding the determinant, show that | 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 2 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| .
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

Mar – 16, 15

𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
9. Find the value of x, if |𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 16| = 0 . May – 2019, Mar – 15 (TS)
𝑥 − 8 2𝑥 − 17 3𝑥 − 64

𝑎2 + 2𝑎 2𝑎 + 1 1
10. Show that | 2𝑎 + 1 𝑎 + 2 1| = (𝑎 − 1)3 . Mar – 2020, 2013
3 3 1
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
11. Show that |𝑎 𝑥 𝑎| = (𝑥 + 2𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) .
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
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MATHEMATICS – 1(A) [2021-22]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
12. Show that |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 | = abc (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) .
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

13. Solve the system of equations, by using

i) Cramer’s rule ii) Matrix inversion method iii) Gauss-Jordan method

a) 2x – y – 8z = 13 3x + 4y + 5z = 18 5x – 2y + 7z = 20.

b) x + y + z = 9 2x + 5y + 7z = 52 2x + y – z = 0 Mar - 2017

c) 2x – y + 3z = 9 x+y+z=6 x–y+z=2 Mar - 2018

d) x + y + z = 1 2x + 2y + 3z = 6 x + 4y + 9z = 3 May – 2020, 2018

e) 3x + 4y + 5z = 18 2x – y + 8z = 13 5x – 2y + 7z = 20 Mar - 2015

f) 2x – y + 3z = 8 -x + 2y + z = 4 3x + y – 4z = 0

g) X – y + 3z = 5 4x + 2y – z = 0 -x + 3y + z = 5 Mar - 2019

h) x – y + 3z = 5 4x + 2y + z = 6 -x + 3y + z = 2

i) 5x – 6y + 4z = 15 7x + 4y – 3z = 19 2x + y + 6z = 46 .

14. Examine whether the following systems of equations are Consistant or inconsistent and

if Consistant find the complete solutions

a) 2x – y + 3z = 8 -x + 2y + z = 4 3x + y – 4z = 0

b) x + y + z = 9 2x + 5y + 7z = 52 2x + y – z = 0

c) x + y + z = 3 2x + 2y + - z = 3 x+y–z=1

d) x + y + z = 1 2x + y + z = 2 x + 2y + 2z = 1

e) x – 3y – 8z = - 10 3x + y – 4z = 0 2x + 5y + 6z = 13

f) 2x + 3y + z = 9 x + 2y + 3z = 6 3x + y + 2z = 8

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MATHEMATICS – 1(A) [2021-22]
g) X+ y + 4z = 6 3x + 2y – 2z = 9 5x + y + 2z = 13

h) X + y + z = 6 x–y+z=2 2x – y + 3z = 9 May – 2019

15. Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.

a) 2x + 5y + 6z = 0 x – 3y + 8z = 0 3x + y – z = 0

b) X – y + z = 0 x + 2y – z = 0 2x + y + 3z = 0

c) 2x + 3y – z = 0 x – y – 2z = 0 3x + y + 3z = 0

d) X + y – z = 0 x – 2y + z = 0 3x + 6y – 5z = 0

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., MATHS – 1A Page 29 of 72
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

4.Addition Of Vectors

1. Vector: A line segment with a specified magnitude and direction is called a vector
̅̅̅̅ or AB or simply as a read as vector AB
Note: The directed line segment is a vector denoted by 𝐴𝐵
or vector a. the arrow indicates the direction of the vector

2. Zero vector: The zero vector, denoted by 0, is the collection of PP, where P is any point in the
space
3. Position vector (PV): Consider a three dimensional rectangular coordinate system OX, OY, OZ
and a point P in the space having coordinates (x,y,z) with respect to the origin O(0,0,0) . Then the
vector OP Having O and P as its initial and terminal points respectively, is called the position vector
of the point P with respect O. This is denoted by r

Note: The magnitude of OP is OP = r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

4. Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity ( i.e. 1 unit ) is called a unit vector. It is
represented by e
The unit vector in the direction of a given vector a is denoted by 𝑎̂.
𝑎
5. The unit vector in the direction of the non-zero vector a is 𝑎̂ = |𝑎|
.
a+b
6. The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a and b is .
a+b
7. Equal vectors: Two vectors a and b are said to be equal and written as a = b, if they have same
magnitude and direction, regardless of the positions of their initial points

8. Collinear vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear, if they are parallel to the same
line, irrespective of their magnitudes and direction. Such vectors have the same support or parallel
support

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9. Like and Unlike vectors: Two vectors are called like or unlike vectors according they have the
same direction or opposite direction

10. Negative of a vector: Let a be a vector. The vector having the same magnitude as a but having
the opposite direction is called the negative vector of a and is denoted by -a

Note: if a = AB then -a = AB

11. Coplanar vectors & non-coplanar vectors: vectors whose supports are in the same plane or
parallel the same plane are called coplanar vectors. Vectors which are not coplanar are called non-
coplanar vectors

12. Triangle law of vector addition: AC = AB + BC

13. Parallelogram law of vector addition: OA + AC = OC or OA + OB = OC

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14. Linear combination of vectors: Let a1 , a2 , a3...........an be vectors and x1 , x2 , x3..........xn be

scalars. Then the vector x1a1 + x2a2 + x3a3 + ........ + xn an is called a linear combination of the vectors
a1 , a2 , a3...........an .
15. Direction cosines: If α, β, 𝛾 are the angles made by the vector OP = r = xi + yj + zk then the
x y z
direction cosines of the vectors r are l = cos  = , m = cos  = , n = cos  = .
r r r
16. Section formula: The PV of C collinear with A, B dividing the line segment joining A(a), B(b) in
mb + na
the ratio OC = .
m+n
a+b
17. The P.V. of the mid-point of line segment joining A(a), B(b) is .
2
18. The points A(a), B(b), C(c) are collinear ⟺ the vectors AB, AC are collinear
19. The points A(a), B(b), C(c) and D(d) are coplanar ⟺ the vectors AB, AC, AD are coplanar.
a1 a2 a3
20. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3k , c = c1i + c2 j + c3k are coplanar then b1 b2 b3 = 0 .
c1 c2 c3
21. The vector equation of the line passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the vector b is
r = a + tb, t  R .
22. The cartesian equation of the line passing through the point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and parallel to the vector
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
b = li + mj + nk is = = .
l m n
23. The vector equation of the line passing through the points A(a), B(b) is r = (1 − t )a + tb, t  R .
24. The cartesian equation of the line passing through the point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
25. The vector equation plane passing through the points A(a), B(b), C (c) is
r = (1 − s − t )a + tb + sc, t , s  R .
26. The vector equation plane passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the vectors b, c is
r = a + tb + sc, t , s  R .
27. The vector equation plane passing through the points A(a), B(b) and parallel to the vector c is
r = (1 − t )a + tb + sc, t , s  R .

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MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Find a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a = 2i + 2 j − 5k and b = 2i + j + 3k .
2. Let a = i + 2 j + 3k and b = 3i + j . Find a unit vector in the direction of a + b . MAY - 2018
3. Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector a = 2i + 3 j + k .
4. Let a = 2i + 4 j − 5k , b = i + j + k , c = j + 2k .Find the unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c
.MAR - 2019
5. Find a vector in the direction of the vector a = i − 2 j that has magnitude 7 units
6. If  ,  ,  be the angles made by the vector 3i − 6 j + 2k with the positive directions of the coordinate
axes, then find cos  ,cos  and cos  .
7. Find the angles made by the straight line passing through the points (1, −3, 2 ) and ( 3, −5,1) with the
coordinate axes
8. If OA = i + j + k , AB = 3i − 2 j + k , BC = i + 2 j − 2k , CD = 2i + j + 3k , find the position vector of D.
9. If the position vectors of A, B, C are −2i + j − k , −4i + 2 j + 2k ,6i − 3 j −13k and AB =  AC , find  .
MAY - 2019
10. Let a, b are collinear vectors, If  = ( x + 4 y ) a + ( 2x + y + 1) b,  = ( y − 2x + 2) a + ( 2x − 3 y −1) b are
such that 3 = 2 then find x, y
11. ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the vectors AB, AE, BC, DC, ED, AC is  AC then find the
value of  .
12. Show that the points whose position vectors are −2a + 3b + 5c, a + 2b + 3c,7a − c are collinear, where
a, b, c are non collinear vectors
13. Show that the points whose position vectors are a − 2b + 3c, 2a + 3b − 4c, −7b + 10c are collinear
14. If a = 2i + 5 j + k , b = 4i + mj + nk and a, b are collinear, find m, n MAR - 2020
15. If the vectors −3i + 4 j + k and i + 8 j + 6k are collinear vectors, then find 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 . MAR - 2018
2p
16. Find P, if 4i + j + pk is parallel to i + 2 j + 3k .
3
17. Show that the points A ( 2i − j + k ) , B (i − 3 j − 5k ) , C (3i − 4 j − 4k ) are the vertices of a right angled
triangle
18. Show that the triangle formed by the vectors 3i + 5 j + 2k , 2i − 3 j − 5k , −5i − 2 j + 3k is equilateral
19. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i + j + 3k and parallel to the vector
4i − 2 j + 3k .
20. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points 2i + j + 3k , −4i + 2 j − k .
21. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i − 2 j + 5k , −5 j − k , −3i + 5 j . MAR –
2019, MAY - 2019
22. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points ( 0,0,0) , ( 0,5,0) and ( 2,0,1) .
MAR – 2018, MAY – 2018, MAR - 2020
23. If a, b, c are position vectors of the vertices A, B, C respectively of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 then find the vector
equation of the median through the vertex A
24. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a, OC = c .find the vector equation of the side BC .
25. a = i + 2 j + 3k , b = 3i + j . Find C such that a, b and c form the sides of a triangle
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26. Define linear combination of vectors

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Let ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, and O is its centre, then prove that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AE + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AF = 3AD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6AO
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
May – 2018,2016, March – 2016, 2015, 2011, 2009
2. If O is the circumcentre, H is the orthocentre of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, then show that
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OH
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + HB
HA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + HC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2HO
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
3. Find the point of intersection of the line r = 2a + b + t (b – c) with the plane
r = a + p (b + c) + q (a + 2b – c). May - 2013
4. Find the vector equation of the plane which passes through the points
2i + 4j + 2k, 2i + 3j + 5k and parallel to the vector 3i - 2j + k. Also find the point where this plane
meets the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and 4i – 2j + 3k
March - 2012
5. Find the vector equation of the plane which passes through the points
4i - 3j - k, 3i + 7j - 10k and 2i + 5j – 7k and show that the point i + 2j – 3k lies in the plane.
March - 2013
6. If a, b, c are noncoplanar show that the position vector of the point of intersection of the line passing
through 6a – 4b + 4c, -4c and the line passing through
–a – 2b – 3c, a + 2b – 5c is - 4c. March – 2016 (TS), Mar - 2019
7. Determine whether the straight line passing through the points
2a + 3b – c, 3a + 4b – 2c and the straight line passing through the points a – 2b + 3c, a – 6b + 6c
intersect. If so, find the point of intersection
8. Find the vector equation of the line parallel to the vector 2i – j + 2k and which passes through the
point A whose position vector is 3i + j – k. Also find the position vector of P on the line such that
AP = 15
𝑥 𝑦
9. Prove by vector method that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 is the equation of a straight line in intercept form.
10. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then show that the four points 6a + 2b – c,
2a – b + 3c, -a + 2b – 4c, -12a – b – 3c are coplanar. May – 2019,15, Mar – 15 (TS)
11. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then show that the following four points are coplanar
–a + 4b – 3c, 3a + 2b – 5c, -3a + 8b – 5c, -3a +2b + c. Mar - 2018
12. If the points whose position vectors are 3i – 2j – k, 2i + 3j – 4k, -i +j +2k,
146
4i + 5j + 𝜆𝒌 are coplanar then show that = − . May – 15 (TS), Mar - 2020
17
13. Show that the four points with position vectors
4i + 5j + k, - j – k, 3i + 9j + 4k, -4i + 4j + 4k are coplanar.

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5.Product of vectors
Scalar product or Dot product:

1. a.b = a b cos
a.b
2. cos  =
a b

3. a.b = b.a
4. a.a = a 2 = a
2

5. a.b = 0
6. i. j = 0, j.k = 0, k.i = 0
7. i.i = 1, j. j = 1, k.k = 1
8. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = bi1 + b2 j + b3k then a.b = a1a2 + bb
1 2 + c1c2

(a.b)a
9. Projection vector of b on a is 2
a

a.b
10.Length of Projection vector of b on a is
a

(a.b)a
11.Component of b perpendicular to a is b − 2
a

Vector product or Cross product:

12. a  b = a b sin  nˆ
ab ab
13. sin  = ; nˆ =
a b ab

 ab 
14.A vector of magnitude K perpendicular to both a and b is k  
 ab 
15. a  b  b  a but a  b = −b  a
16. a  a = 0
17.a, b are parallel  a  b = 0
18. i  i = 0, j  j = 0, k  k = 0
19. i  j = k , j  k = i, k  i = j
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MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

i j k
20.If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = bi1 + b2 j + b3k are two vectors then a  b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

21.Area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides a, b is a  b

1
22.Area of the parallelogram with diagonals d1, d2 is d d
2 1 2
1
23.Area of the quadrilateral with diagonals AC, BD is AC  BD
2
1
24.Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is AB  AC .
2
25.The vector equation of the plane in the normal form is r.nˆ = p , where n̂ is the unit normal from the
origin to the plane and p is the perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane
26.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a) and perpendicular to n is
(r − a).n = 0 .
 n1.n2 
27.The angle 𝜃 between the planes r.n1 = p1 and r.n2 = p2 is  = cos−1   .
 n1 n2 
28.The scalar triple product of the vectors a, b, c is (a  b).c or a.(b  c) and it is denoted by  a, b, c .
29.The volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges a, b, c is  a, b, c
a1 a2 a3
30.If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3k , c = c1i + c2 j + c3k then  a, b, c = b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c2 c3

1
31.The volume of the tetrahedron with a, b, c as its coterminous edges is V =  a, b, c 
6
1
32.The volume of the tetrahedron ABCD is V =  ABACAD 
6
33.Three vectors a, b, c are coplanar  a, b, c = 0
34.Three vectors a, b, c are non-coplanar  a, b, c  0
a − c.b  d
35.The shortest distance between the skew lines r = a + tb and r = c + sd is .
bd

36. (a  b)  c = (a.c)b − (b.c)a

37. a  (b  c) = (a.c)b − (a.b)c
38.The scalar product of four vectors a, b, c, d is (a  b).(c  d ) = (a.c)(b.d ) − (b.c)(a.d ) .
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39.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the non collinear
vectors b and c is  r b c = a b c

40.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a), B(b) and parallel to the vector c is
r b c +  r c a =  a b c

41.The vector equation of the plane passing through three non collinear points A(a), B(b), C(c) is
r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b =  a b c 

42.The vector equation of the plane containing the line r = a + tb, t  R and perpendicular to the plane
r.c = q is r b c = a b c .

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. If a = 2i + 2 j − 3k , b = 3i − j + 2k then find the angle between 2a + b and a + 2b .

2. Find the angle between the vectors i + 2 j + 3k and 3i − j + 2k . MAR - 2018
3. If a = i + 2 j − 3k , b = 3i − j + 2k then show that a + b, a − b are perpendicular to each other. May - 18
4. If the vectors i − 3 j + 5k , 2i −  j − k are perpendicular to each other. find  . MAR - 2019
5. If the vectors 2i +  j − k and 4i − 2 j + 2k are perpendicular to each other. find  .
6. For what values of  , the vectors i −  j + 2k ,8i + 6 j − k are at right angles.
7. If a + +b = a − b then find the angle between a and b
8. If a = i − j − k , b = 2i − 3 j + k then find the projection vector of b on a and its magnitude
9. If a = i + j + k , b = 2i + 3 j + k then find
(i) the projection vector of b on a and its magnitude
(ii) the vector component of b perpendicular to a
10.find the cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point ( −2,1,3) and perpendicular to the
vector 3i + j + 5k .
11.find the cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point ( 2, −1, −1) and parallel to the plane
4 x −12 y − 3z − 7 = 0 .
12.find the angle between the planes 2x − 3 y − 6z = 5,6x + 2 y − 9z = 4 .
13.find the angle between the planes r.( 2i − j + 2k ) = 3, r.(3i + 6 j + k ) = 4 . MAR - 2020
14.If a = 2i − j + k , b = i − 3 j − 5k the find a  b .
15.Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors a = 4i + 3 j − k , b = 2i − 6 j − 3k .
16.Find the unit vector perpendicular to both i + j + k and 2i + j + 3k .
17.If a = 2i − 3 j + 5k , b = −i + 4 j + 2k then find axb and unit vector perpendicular to both a, b
18.Let a = 2i − j + k , b = 3i + 4 j − k and if 𝜃 is the angle between a, b then find sin𝜃 .
19.If 𝜃 is the angle between the vectors i + j, j + k , then find sin𝜃 .
20.Find the area of the triangle having 3i + 4 j, −5i + 7 j as adjacent sides
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21.If a = i + 2 j + 3k , b = 3i + 5 j − k are two sides of a triangle, find its area

22.Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a = 2 j − k , b = −i + k .
23.Find the vector area and area of the parallelogram having a = i + 2 j − k , b = 2i − j + 2k as adjacent
sides
24.Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 3i + j − 2k , i − 3 j + 4k .
25.Find the volume of the parallelepiped having coterminous edges i + j + k , i − k , i + 2 j + k .
26.Find the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the vertices 2i − 3 j + k , i − j + 2k , 2i + j − k .
27.Find P, if the volume of the parallelepiped whose edges are a + b + c, a + pb + 2c, −a + b + c are
coplanar
28.Find the volume of the tetrahedron having edges (1, 2,1) , (3, 2,5) , ( 2, −1,0) and ( −1, 0,1) .
29.Prove that the vectors a = 2i − j + k , b = i − 3 j − 5k , c = 3i − 4 j − 4k are coplanar
30.If the vectors a = 2i − j + k , b = i + 2 j − 3k , c = 3i + pj + 5k are coplanar, find P.
31.Find t, for which the vectors 2i − 3 j + k , i + 2 j − 3k , j − tk are coplanar
32.Find the value of [𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑖] .
33.Show that ix ( axi ) +jx ( axj) +kx ( axk ) =2a .
1
34.Let e1 ,e2 be unit vectors making angle 𝜃. If e1 − e2 = sin  , then find  .
2
35.If a = i − 2 j − 3k , b = 2i + j − k , c = i + 3 j − 2k , then find [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] .

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 7 MARKS )

MODEL - 1
1) Find the shortest distance between the skew lines r = ( 6i + 2 j + 2k ) + t (i − 2 j + 2k ) and
r = ( −4i − k ) + s ( 3i − 2 j − 2k ) . May – 2016, 2014, Mar - 2020
2) If A = (1, −2, −1) , B = ( 4,0,3) , C = (1, 2, −1) , D = ( 2, −4, −5) , then find the distance between AB and
CD . Mar – 2017, 2014
MODEL - 2

3) If a = i − 2 j − 3k , b = 2i + j − k , c = i + 3 j − 2k , then show that a  ( b  c )  ( a  b )  c . May - 11

4) If a = i − 2 j − 3k , b = 2i + j + k , c = i + j + 2k , then find ( a  b )  c and a  ( b  c ) .
May – 16(TS), 13
5) Let a = i + j + k , b = 2i − j + 3k , c = i − j and d = 6i + 2 j + 3k . Express d, in terms of b  c, c  a and
a  b . May - 2012
6) If a = 2i + j − 3k , b = i − 2 j + k , c = −i + j − 4k , d = i + j + k then compute ( a  b )  ( c  d ) .
Mar – 2015 (TS)
7) If a = 2i + j − k , b = −i + 2 j − 4k , c = i + j + k then find ( a  b ) . ( b  c ) . Mar - 2015

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8) Find a  ( b  c ) and ( a  b )  c where A = (1, −1, −6) , B = (1, −3, 4) , C = ( 2, −5,3) . May - 2015
9) If a = i − 2 j + k , b = 2i + j + k , c = i + 2 j − k find a  ( b  c ) , ( a  b )  c . Mar - 2016
MODEL - 3
1
10) Prove that the smaller angle 𝜃 between any two diagonals of a cube is given by cos  = .
3
May – 2012, 2011
11) A line makes angles 1 ,2 ,3 and 4 with the diagonals of a cube. Show that
4
cos 2 1 + cos 2  2 + cos 2 3 + cos 2  4 = . May - 14, 2016 (TS)
3

MODEL - 4

12) If a, b, c are three vectors, then prove that

i) ( a  b)  c = ( c.a ) b − ( c.b) a
ii) a  (b  c ) = ( a.c ) b − ( a.b ) c . May – 2019, 2018, Mar - 2015

MODEL - 5
13) Find the Cartesian equation of the plane containing the points ( 2,3, −1) , ( 4,5, 2) , (3,6,5) .
14) Find the vector equation and its cartesian form to the plane passing through the point ( 3, −2, −1)
parallel to the vectors i − 2 j + 4k ,3i + 2 j − 5k .
MODEL - 6

15) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes r. ( i + j + k ) = 6
and r. ( 2i + 3 j + 4k ) = −5 and the point (1,1,1) .
16) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
r.( 2i + 2 j − 3k ) = 7 and r. ( 2i + 5 j + 3k ) = 9 and the point ( 2,1,3) .
17) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes r. ( i + j + k ) = 1
and r. ( 2i + 3 j − k ) + 4 = 0 and parallel to x − axis .

5.PRODUCT OF VECTORS
( 2 + 4 + 7 = 13 MARKS )
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

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1. Show that the points (5, −1, 1), (7, −4, 7), (1, −6, 10) and (−1, −3, 4) are the vertices of a rhombus
Mar - 2013
2. Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. May – 2015, Mar - 2013
3. If |𝒂| = |𝒃| = 5, (𝒂, 𝒃) = 45° then find the area of the triangle constructed with the vectors
a – 2b, 3a + 2b as adjacent sides. Mar – 2018,2015
4. Find the vector area and area of the parallelogram having a = i + 2j – k and b = 2i – j + 2k as
adjacent sides. Mar - 2020
𝜋
5. If a + b + c = 0, |𝐚| = 2, |𝐛| = 5, |𝐜| = 7 then show that (𝒂, 𝒃) = . May - 2019
3

6. Let a = 2i + 5j – k, b = i – 4j + 5k and c = 3i + j – k. Find vector α which is perpendicular to both a

and b and α.c = 21. May - 2018
7. Let a = 2i + j – 2k, b = i + j. If c is a vector such that a. c = |𝒄|, |𝒄 − 𝒂| = 2√2 and the angle
between axb and c is 30°, then find the value of |(𝐚x𝐛)x𝐜| . May – 2015 (TS)
8. Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of sides of a triangle are concurrent.
9. Show that the points 4i + 5j + k, - j – k, 3i + 9j + 4k, 4 (−𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤) are coplanar.
Mar - 2014
10. Find 𝜆, if the points 3i – 2j – k, 2i + 3j – 4k, - i + j + 2k, 4i + 5j + 𝜆 are coplanar.
11. Find 𝜆, if the points A(3, 2, 1), B(4, λ, 5), C(4, 2, −2), D(6, 5, −1) are coplanar.
Mar – 2016 (TS)
12. Show that the four points a, b, c, d are coplanar iff
[𝐛 𝐜 𝐝] + [𝐜 𝐚 𝐝] + [𝐚 𝐛 𝐝] = [𝐚 𝐛 𝐜] . May - 2014
13. Find the area of the triangle formed with the points A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2) Mar - 2014
14. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing through the points
(i) (1, −1, 2), (2, 0, −1) and (0, 2, 1) .
(ii) (1, 2, 3), (2, −1, 1) and (1, 2, −4) . Mar – 2014, 2017
15. Find the vector having magnitude √6 units perpendicular to both 2i – k, 3j –i – k
16. Find the vector having magnitude 3 units perpendicular to both the vectors
b = 2i – 2j + k, c = 2i + 2j + 3k
17. If a + b + c = 0 then prove that a x b = b x c = c x a
18. For any vector a, show that |𝐚 x 𝐢|2 + |𝐚 x 𝐣|2 + |𝐚 x 𝐤|2 = 2|𝐚|2 .
19. a, b, c are vectors of lengths 2, 3, 4 respectively. If a, b, c are perpendicular to
b + c, c + a, a + b respectively then show that |𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄| = √29 .
20. If a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + j – k, c = i – j + k then verify that a x (𝐛 𝐱 𝐜) is perpendicular to a
21. If |𝐚| = 11, |𝐛| = 23 and |𝐚 − 𝐛| = 30, then find the angle between the vectors a, b and |𝐚 + 𝐛| .

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22. The vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐢 − 2𝐤 represent adjacent sides of a parallelogram

AB = 3𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 and AD
ABCD. Find the angle between the diagonals
23. Let a = 2i + 3j + k, b = 4i + j and c = i – 3j – 7k. Find vector r such that
r. a = 9, r. b = 7 and r. c = 6
24. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plane of b, c and the angle between b and
𝜋
c is 3 , then find |𝐚 + 𝐛 + 𝐜| .
x+1 y z−3
25. Find the angle between the line = = and the plane 10x + 2y − 11z = 3 .
2 3 6

26. a, b and c are non collinear vectors and 𝜃 ≠ 0, 𝜃 is the angle between b and c.
𝟏
If (𝐚 𝐱 𝐛) 𝐱 𝐜 = |𝐛||𝐜|𝐚, then find sin𝜃 .
𝟑

27. Find the unit vector orthogonal to the vector 3i + 2j + 6k and coplanar with the vectors
2i + j + k and i – j + k
28. In a parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals is equal to sum of the
squares of the lengths of its sides
29. Let a, b, c be mutually orthogonal vectors of equal magnitudes, prove that the vector
1
a + b + c is equally inclined to each other a, b, c, the angle of inclination being cos −1 ( ) .
√3

30. If a, b, c represent the vertices A, B and C respectively Of ∆ABC, then prove that
|(a x b) + (b x c) + (c x a)| is twice the area of ∆ABC .
31. Show that the points 2i – j + k, i – 3j – 5k and 3i – 4j – 4k are the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Also find the other angles

6.Trigonometric Ratio’s Upto Transformations

Trigonometry: Trigonometry is the science that deals with measurement of triangles. This word
derived from two Greek words

(i) Trigonon (ii) Metron

Uses:

▪ trigonometry has great use in measurement of areas, heights, distances etc.

▪ It has many applications in almost all branches of science in general and in physics and engineering
in particular.

The trigonometric ratios:

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In a right angled triangle, 𝜽 is the accute angle, then we define the six trigonometric ratios of 𝜽
as follows

hypotenus
Opposite side
e

𝜃
A B
Adjacent side

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Relations between trigonometric ratios:

1 1
1. sin  = ;cos ec = ;sin  cos ec = 1
cos ec sin 
1 1
2. cos  = ;sec  = ;cos  sec  = 1
sec  cos 
1 1
3. tan  = ;cot  = ; tan  cot  = 1
cot  tan 
sin  cos 
4. tan  = ;cot  =
cos  sin 
1 1
5. cos ec − cot  = ;cos ec + cot  = ;(cos ec − cot  )(cos ec + cot  ) = 1
cos ec + cot  cos ec − cot 
1 1
6. sec  − tan  = ;sec  + tan  = ;(sec  − tan  )(sec  + tan  ) = 1
sec  + tan  sec  − tan 
7. sin 2  + cos2  = 1
(i) sin 2  = 1 − cos2 
(ii) sin  = 1 − cos2 
(iii) cos2  = 1 − sin 2 
(iv) cos = 1 − sin 2 
8. cos ec2 − cot 2  = 1
(i) cos ec2 = 1 + cot 2 
(ii) cos ec = 1 + cot 2 
(iii) cot 2  = cos ec2 −1
(iv) cot  = cos ec2 −1
9. sec2  − tan 2  = 1
(i) sec2  = 1 + tan 2 
(ii) sec = 1 + tan 2 
(iii) tan 2  = sec2  − 1
(iv) tan  = sec2  −1

• The trigonometric ratios in different quadrants:

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Note :
1. In Q1 , all the six trigonometric ratios are positive
2. In Q2 , sin  ,cosec are positive and the other ratios are negative
3. In Q3 , tan ,cot  are positive and the other ratios are negative
4. In Q4 , cos ,sec are positive and the other ratios are negative

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Note :
(i) For even angles (180,360) , there no change in trigonometric ratios.
(ii) For an odd angles (90, 270) , the change in the trigonometric ratio is as indicated
below.
sin  cos ,tan  cot ,sec  cosec

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1. Periodic Function:

Any non-constant function f : R → R is said to be periodic, if there exists a real number p  0 such
that f ( x + p) = f ( x) for each x  R . The least positive value of p with this property is called the
period of f

2. The periods of sin x,cos ecx,cos x,sec x are 2 .

3. The periods of tan x,cot x are 
p
4. The period of f (ax + b) is .
a
5. The period of h( x) = af ( x) + bg ( x) is L.C.M .of l , m where l , m are periods of f(x) and g(x)
respectively

Extreme values of the trigonometric function

6. The maximum value of a sin x + b cos x + c is c + a2 + b2

7. The minimum value of a sin x + b cos x + c is c − a2 + b2
8. The range of a sin x + b cos x + c is c − a 2 + b2 , c + a 2 + b2 
 

Trigonometric ratios of compound angles:

9. Compound angle:
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The algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle

Ex: Let A, B, C are three angles then A + B, A − C, B + C, A + B + C, A − B − C, A + B − C....... are
compound angles
10. Sin( A + B) = sin Ac os B + cos AsinB

11. Sin( A − B) = sin Ac os B − cos AsinB

12. cos( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B

13. cos( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

tan A + tan B
14. tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B

tan A − tan B
15. tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B

cot B cot A − 1
16. cot ( A + B) =
cot B + cot A

cot B cot A + 1
17. cot ( A − B) =
cot B − cot A

18. sin( A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C − sin A sin B sin C

19. cos( A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C − cos Asin B sin C − sin A cos B sin C − sin A sin B cos C

tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C

20. tan( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A

cot A + cot B + cot C − cot A cot B cot C

21. cot( A + B + C ) =
1 − cot A cot B − cot B cot C − cot C cot A

22. sin( A + B)sin( A − B) = sin 2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A

23. cos( A + B)cos( A − B) = cos2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − sin 2 A

3 −1
24. sin15 = cos 75 =
2 2

3 +1
25. cos15 = sin 75 =
2 2
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26. tan15 = cot 75 = 2 − 3

27. cot15 = tan 75 = 2 + 3

3 +1
28. sin105 = sin 75 =
2 2

( 3 − 1)
29. cos105 = − cos 75 = −
2 2

30. tan105 = − tan 75 = −(2 + 3)

31. cot105 = − cot 75 = −(2 − 3)

5 −1
32. sin18 = cos 72 =
4

10 + 2 5
33. cos18 = sin 72 =
4

10 − 2 5
34. sin 36 = cos54 =
4

5 +1
35. cos 36 = sin 54 =
4

 1 − tan  cos  − sin 

36. tan( −  ) = =
4 1 + tan  cos  + sin 

 1 + tan  cos  + sin 

37. tan( +  ) = =
4 1 − tan  cos  − sin 

38.Multiple and Sub multiple angles:

If A is an angle then the integral multiples 2A,3A,4A, …….. are multiple angles of A. and the
1 1 1
multiples of A by fractions like , , ,........ are called sub multiple angles of A
2 3 4

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S.No Multiple angles Sub multiple angles

1. sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A sin A = 2sin
A
cos
A
2 tan A 2 2
=
1 + tan 2 A 2 tan
A
2
A
1 + tan 2
2
2. cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin 2 A A
cos A = cos2 − sin 2
A
2cos2 A − 1 2 2
A
1 − 2sin 2 A 2 cos 2 − 1
2
1 − tan 2 A
A
1 + tan 2 A 1 − 2sin 2
2
A
1 − tan 2
2
A
1 + tan 2
2
3. cot 2 A − 1 A
cot 2 − 1
cot 2 A =
2 cot cot A = 2
2 cot A
2
4. Tan2 A =
2 tan A
2 tan
A
1 − tan 2 A TanA = 2
A
1 − tan 2
2
5. sin3A = 3sin A − 4sin3 A A
sin A = 3sin − 4sin 3
A
3 3
6. cos3A = 4cos3 A − 3cos A A
cos A = 4cos3 − 3cos
A
3 3
7. 3 tan A − tan 3 A A
3tan − tan 3
A
tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A tan A = 3 3
A
1 − 3tan 2
3
8. 3cot A − cot 3 A A
3cot − cot 3
A
cot 3 A =
1 − 3cot 2 A cot A = 3 3
A
1 − 3cot 2
3
9. 1 − cos 2 A A 1 − cos A
sin A =  sin = 
2 2 2
1 − cos 2 A A 1 − cos A
 sin 2 A =  sin 2 =
2 2 2
10. 1 + cos 2 A A 1 + cos A
cos A =  cos =
2 2 2
1 + cos 2 A A 1 + cos A
 cos2 A =  cos2 =
2 2 2
BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 50 of 72 MATHS – 1A
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

11. 1 − cos 2 A A 1 − cos A

tan A =  tan =
1 + cos 2 A 2 1 + cos A

Sum and Product transformations

Transformations of product into sum

39. 2sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)

40. 2cos A sin B = sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)

41. 2cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A − B)

42. 2sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)

Transformations from sum into product:

C+D C−D
43. sin C + sin D = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
44. sin C − sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
45. cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 

C+D C−D  C + D   D −C 
46. cos C − cos D = −2sin   sin   = 2sin   sin  .
 2   2   2   2 

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

MODEL - 1
1 1
1. Find the value of sin 2 82  − sin 2 22  .
2 2
1 1 3 +1
2. Prove that sin 2 52  − sin 2 22  = .
2 2 4 2
1 1
3. Find the value of cos 2 52  − sin 2 22  . MAY - 2018
2 2
1 1
4. Find the value of cos 2 112  − sin 2 52 
2 2

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 51 of 72 MATHS – 1A
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5. Find the value of cos2 45 − sin 2 15

5 −1
6. Prove that sin 2 24 − sin 2 6 =
8
5 +1
7. Prove that sin 2 42 − cos 2 78 = .
8
5
8. Prove that cos 2 72 − sin 2 54 = − .
4
MODEL - 2
1
9. If sin  = − and 𝜃 does not lie in the 3rd quadrant, find the value of cos  .
3
4
10.If sin  = and 𝜃 does not lie in the 1st quadrant, find the value of cos  . MAR - 2019
5
2
11.If sec  + tan  = , then find the value of sin𝜃 and determine the quadrant in which 𝜃 lies.
3
MAY - 18
12.If sec + tan  = 5 , then find sin𝜃 and determine the quadrant in which 𝜃 lies
1
13.If cos ec + cot  = , then find cos  . and determine the quadrant in which 𝜃 lies
5
MODEL - 3
 4 6 9
14.Find the value of sin 2 + sin 2
+ sin 2 + sin 2 .
10 10 10 10
 4 6 9
15.Show that cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 .
10 10 10 10
 2 3 7
16.Show that cot cot cot ...................cot = 1
16 16 16 16
 3 5 7 9
17.Show that cot cot cot cot cot = 1 .
20 20 20 20 20
MODEL - 4

tan160 − tan110 1 −  2
18.If tan 20 =  ,then show that = . MAR - 2020
1 + tan160 tan110 2
tan 610 + tan 700 1 − p 2
19.If tan 20 = p ,then show that = .
tan 560 − tan 470 1 + p 2

MODEL - 5

20.If a cos − b sin  = c , then show that a sin  + b cos =  a2 + b2 − c2 .

21.If 3sin A + 5cos A = 5 , then show that 5sin A − 3cos A = 3 .
22.If 3sin  + 4cos = 5 , then find the value of 4sin  − 3cos  .
BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 52 of 72 MATHS – 1A
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

MODEL - 6

23.Find the value of f ( x) = sin(5x + 3)

4x + 9 
24.Find the period of f ( x) = cos  
 5 
25.Find the period of f ( x) = cos(3x + 5) + 7
26.Find the period of tan( x + 4x + 9x + ...... + n2 x) , n is any positive integer.
27.Find the period of tan 5x
x x
28.Find the period of f ( x) = 2sin + 3cos
4 4
4
29.Find the period of cos x
30.Find the period of cos4 x + sin 4 x
31.Find the period of f ( x) = sin x
32.Find the period of the function f defined by f ( x) = x −  x , where [x] is the integral part of x
33.Find a cosine function whose period is 7.
2
34.Find a sine function whose period is .
3
MODEL - 7

35.Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x) = 3cos x + 4sin x .

36.Find the maximum and minimum values of 3sin x − 4cos x
37.Find the maximum and minimum values of 24sin x + 7cos x
38.Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x) = 5sin x + 12cos x −13
 
39.Find the maximum and minimum values of cos  x +  + 2 2 sin  x +  − 3
 3  3
40.Find the range of 13cos x + 3 3 sin x − 4
41.Find the range of 7cos x − 24sin x + 5 MAR - 2020
42.Find the extreme values of cos 2 x + cos2 x MAR - 2018
43.Find the extreme values of 3sin 2 x + 5cos2 x
MODEL - 8
1
44.Show that sin1100 cos 390 − cos 780 sin 750 =
2
45.Find sin 330 cos120 + cos 210 sin 300 MAR - 2018
1
46.Show that cos 340 cos 40 + sin 200 sin140 =
2
47.Simplify cos100 cos 40 + sin100 sin 40
1
48.Show that sin 750 cos 480 + cos120 cos 60 = −
2

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
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1
49.Prove that Sin 780 Sin 480 + Cos 240 Cos 300 =
2
50.Evaluate Cos 45 + Cos 135 + Cos 225 + Cos 315
2 2 2 2

51.Evaluate Cos 225 − Sin 225 + Tan 495 − cot 495

52.Find the value of tan100 + tan125 + tan100 tan125
53.Find the value of tan10 + tan 35 + tan10 tan 35
54.Find the value of tan 56 − tan11 − tan 56 tan11
55.Prove that tan 50 − tan 40 = 2 tan10
56.Prove that tan 70 − tan 20 = 2 tan 50
57.Prove that tan 72 = tan18 + 2 tan 54
58.Show that cos 42 + cos 78 + cos162 = 0
59.Show that cos35 + cos85 + cos155 = 0
60.Find the value of sin 34 + cos 64 − cos 4
61.Prove that cos55 + cos 65 + cos175 = 0
1
62.Prove that sin 21 cos 9 − cos84 cos 6 =
4
63.Prove that 4cos12 cos 48 cos 72 = cos36

OTHER IMP SUMS

64.Show that cos 4  + 2 cos 2  1 −

1 
 = 1 − sin 
4

 sec 2  
65.If sin  + cos ec = 2 , find the value of sin n  + cos ecn , n  Z .
5 −1
66.Prove that sin18 =
4
10 − 2 5
67.Prove that sin 36 =
4
cos 9 + sin 9
68.Prove that = cot 36 .
cos 9 − sin 9
 4
69.If 0  A  and cos A = ,find the values of sin 2A and cos 2A .
4 5
 3
70.If     and sin  = , find the values of tan 2 and cos3
2 5
3 3  
71.If   0  and cos  = − ,find the value of tan   .
2 5 2
2 4
72.Prove that cos  + cos  +   + cos  +   = 0
 3   3 
73.Show that 4 ( sin 24 + cos 6) = 15 + 3
74.Eliminate x = a cos3  , y = b sin3 
75.If cos  + sin  = 2 cos  , prove that cos  − sin  = 2 sin  .
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M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 54 of 72 MATHS – 1A
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

76.Find the value of 2(sin6  + cos6  ) − 3(sin 4  + cos4  )

77.Show that tan 75 + cot 75 = 4
 
78.Show that tan  +   tan  −   = 1
4  4 
79.Express 3 sin  + cos as a sine of angle
80.Find the value of tan 20 + tan 40 + 3 tan 20 tan 40
81.Find the expansion of sin( A + B + −C)
82.Find the expansion of cos( A − B − C )
cos11 + sin11
83.If tan  = and 𝜃 is in the third quadrant, find 𝜃 .
cos11 − sin11
 
84.If 0    , then show that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 = 2 cos   .
8 2
2 tan x
85.For what values of x in the first quadrant is positive
1 − tan 2 x
86.Express cos6 A + sin6 A in terms of sin 2A .
 A  A
87.Prove that sin 2  +  − sin 2  −  = sin A .
1
8 2 8 2 2
−5 
88.If cos  = and     , find the value of sin 2 .
13 2
1
89.Find the value of sin 22  .
2

90.Sketch the graph of tanx between 0 and .
4
91.Sketch the graph of cos2x in the interval 0,   .
92.Sketch the graph of sin2x in the intervals ( 0,  ) .MAY - 2019
93.Draw the graph of y = sin x between -𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 taking four values on x – axis

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

Prove that 3 ( sin x − cos x ) + 6 ( sin x + cos x ) + 4 ( sin x + cos x ) = 13 .
4 2 6 6
1.
2. Prove that (1 + cot  − cos ec )(1 + tan  + sec ) = 2 .
tan  + sec  − 1 1 + sin 
3. Prove that = . Mar - 2014
tan  − sec  + 1 cos 
(1 + sin  − cos  )
2
1 − cos 
4. Prove that = .
(1 + sin  + cos  ) 1 + cos 
2

 1 
5. Show that cos 4  + 2 cos 2  1 −  = 1 − sin 
4

 sec  
2

6. Prove that (sin  + cos ec )2 + (cos + sec )2 − (tan 2  + cot 2  ) = 7

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 55 of 72 MATHS – 1A
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

2sin  (1 − cos  + sin  )

7. If = x , then find the values of .
(1 + cos  + sin  ) (1 + sin  )

1 1
8. If tan  − tan  = m and cot  − cot  = n then prove that cot ( −  ) =
− .
m n
3 5 16
9. In ∆ABC, if A is obtuse, sin A = and sin B = then show that sin C = .
5 13 65

10. If A is not an integral multiple of , then prove that
2
(i) cot A + tan A = 2cos ec2 A
(ii) cot A − tan A = 2cot 2 A Mar - 2018
sin ( +  ) a + b
11. If = then prove that a tan  = b tan  .
sin ( −  ) a − b

12. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle and none of them is equal to then prove that
2
tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

13. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle and none of them is equal to then prove that
2
cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
 
14. If A + B + C = and none of them is equal to then prove that
2 2
cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A cot B cot C
 
15. If A + B + C = and none of them is equal to then prove that
2 2
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
    3
16. Prove that sin 2  + sin 2   +  + sin 2   −  = .
 3  3 2
 2   2  3
17. Prove that cos 2  + cos 2  +   + cos 2  −  = .
 3   3  2
 24 4
18. If 0  A  B  ,sin ( A + B ) = , cos ( A − B ) = , then find the value of tan 2A . Mar – 15
4 25 5
𝜋
19. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = , Prove that (1 + tan 𝐴)(1 + tan 𝐵) = 2 . Mar – 2016, May – 16 (TS)
4
𝜋
20. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4 , Prove that (cot 𝐴 − 1)(cot 𝐵 − 1) = 2 .
3𝜋
21. If 𝐴−𝐵 = , Prove that (1 − tan 𝐴)(1 − tan 𝐵) = 2 .
4

sin  cos 
22. If = , then prove that a sin 2 + b cos 2 = b
a b
1 3
23. Prove that − = 4 . May – 15 (TS)
sin10 cos10
 3 5 7 3
24. Prove that sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4 = . May – 2013, Mar - 2020
8 8 8 8 2
BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
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 3 5 7 3
25. Prove that cos 4 + cos 4+ cos 4 + cos 4 = . May - 2016
8 8 8 8 2
1
26. Prove that cos A cos ( 60 + A) cos ( 60 − A) = cos 3 A and hence deduce that
4
 2 3 4 1
cos cos cos cos = .
9 9 9 9 16
1
27. Prove that sin A sin ( 60 + A) sin ( 60 − A) = sin 3 A and hence deduce that
4
 2 3 4 3
sin sin sin sin = .
9 9 9 9 16

28. If 3A is not an integral multiple of , then prove that tan A tan ( 60 + A) tan ( 60 − A) = tan 3A and
2
hence deduce that tan 6 tan 42 tan 66 tan 78 = 1 .
sin 2 1
29. Prove that tan  = and hence deduce tan15 = 2 − 3, tan 22  = 2 − 1 .
1 + cos 2 2
cos 3 A 3 +1
30. Prove that cos A = and hence deduce cos15 = .
2 cos 3 A − 1 2 2
sin 3 A
31. Prove that Sin A = and hence deduce sin15 .
1 + 2 cos 2 A

32. If θ is an integral multiple of then prove that tan  + 2 tan 2 + 4 tan 4 + 8tan8 = cot  .
2
MAR - 2019
sin (16 A)
33. If A is not an integral multiple of π, prove that cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A cos8 A = and hence
16sin A
2 4 8 16 1
deduce that cos cos cos cos = . May – 2012, Mar - 12
15 15 15 15 16
34. Prove that 3 cos ec20 − sec 20 = 4 . Mar - 2017
35. Prove that tan 9 − tan 27 − cot 27 + cot 9 = 4 .

36. For  ,   R Prove that ( cos  + cos  ) + ( sin  + sin  ) = 4cos 2

2 2 ( −  ) .
2
  cos 2
37. Prove that cot  −   = and hence deduce cot15 = 2 + 3 .
4  1 − sin 2
   3   7   9  1
38. Prove that 1 + cos  1 + cos  1 + cos   1 + cos  = . May - 2019
 10   10   10   10  16
   2 
39. If tan x + tan  x +  + tan  x +  = 3 then show that tan 3x = 1 .
 3  3 
40. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and α, β are solutions of the equation a cos + b sin  = c then
show that
2bc
(i) sin  + sin  = 2
a + b2
c2 − a2
(ii) sin  sin  = 2 .
a + b2

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 57 of 72 MATHS – 1A
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1 − sec8 tan 8
41. Prove that = .
1 − sec 4 tan 2
 2 3 4 5
42. Prove that sin sin sin sin = . March – 2013
5 5 5 5 16
 2 3 4 5 1
43. Prove that cos cos cos cos cos = .
11 11 11 11 11 32
        1
44. Prove that sin 2   −  + sin 2   +  − sin 2   −  = .
 4  12   12  2
        1
45. Prove that cos 2   −  + cos 2   +  − cos 2   −  = .
 4  12   12  2
1 1  x+ y 3 7
46. If sin x + sin y = , cos x + cos y = , Prove that tan   = , cot ( x + y ) = .
4 3  2  4 24
 
47. If sec ( +  ) + sec ( −  ) = 2sec ,cos   1, then show that cos  =  2 cos   .
2
sin ( +  ) 1 − m    
48. If = , then prove that tan  −   = m tan  −   .
cos ( −  ) 1 + m 4  4 
 cos A + cos B   sin A + sin B   A− B 
n n

49. Prove that the value of   +  is zero if n is an odd and 2 cot n   if

 sin A − sin B   cos A − cos B   2 
n is an even. March - 2016
3
50. Prove that cos 2 76 + cos 2 16 − cos 76 cos16 = . Mar – 18
4
51. If a, b  0 and sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b , find the values of
x+ y x− y
(i) tan (ii) sin in terms of a and b.
2 2
1
52. Prove that Cos12 + Cos84 + Cos132 + Cos156 = −
2
5 3
53. Show that, for   R, 4Sin Cos Cos 3 = Sin  − Sin 2 + Sin 4 + Sin 7
2 2
4 2 x− y x+ y
54. If cos x + cos y = and cos x − cos y = ,find the value of 14 tan + 5cot
5 7 2 2
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)
1. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that
A B C  − A  − B   −C 
sin + sin + sin = 1 + 4sin   sin   sin  .
2 2 2  4   4   4 
2. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that
A B C  − A  −B   −C 
cos + cos + cos = 4 cos   cos   cos  .
2 2 2  4   4   4 
3. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that
A B C  + A  + B   −C 
cos + cos − cos = 4 cos   cos   cos  .
2 2 2  4   4   4 
BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 58 of 72 MATHS – 1A
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A B C A B C
4. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that sin 2 + sin 2 − sin 2 = 1 − cos cos sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2
May - 2018
A B C A B C
5. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + 2sin sin sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
6. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos 2 + cos 2 − cos 2 = 2 cos cos sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2
7. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C . May -
2019
8. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C = −1 − 4cos A cos B cos C .
A B C
9. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin sin sin .
2 2 2
March - 2018
A B C
10. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos A + cos B − cos C = −1 + 4 cos cos sin .
2 2 2
11. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 − 4sin A sin B sin C .

12. If A + B + C = then prove that sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2c = 4cos A cos B cos C .
2

13. If A + B + C = then prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 + 4 sinA sinB sinC
2
Mar - 2020

14. If A + B + C = then prove that sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 − 2sin A sin B sin C .
2
15. If A + B + C = 0 then prove that cos2 A + cos2 B − cos2 C = 1 − 2cos A cos B cos C .
16. If A + B + C = 0 then prove that sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C = −4sin A sin B sin C . Mar - 2019
 S − A S −B C
17. If A + B + C = 2S then prove that sin ( S − A ) + sin ( S − B ) + sin C = 4 cos   cos   sin .
 2   2  2

7.TRIGONOMEREIC EQUATIONS

Trigonometric Equation:
An equation consisting of the trigonometric functions of a variable   R is called a Trigonometric
Equation.

Examples:
1
(i) sin  =
2
(ii) Tan  = 3
2

(iii) 7Sin 2  + 3Cos2  = 4

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(iv) 2cos 2 θ − √3 sin θ + 1 = 0.

Solution of trigonometric equation:

The values of the variable angle 𝜃, that is any number 𝜃, satisfying the trigonometric equation is
called a solution of the equation. The set of all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called the solution set
of the equation. A general solution of the equation is an expression of the form 0 + f (n) where 0 is
particular solution and f(n) is a function of n  Z involving 𝜋.

Basic trigonometric equations and their general solutions

Basic trigonometric equation general solution ( G.S)

1. sin  = 0  = n , n  Z


2. cos = 0  = (2n + 1) , n  Z
2

3. tan  = 0  = n , n  Z

4. sin  = sin   = n + (−1)n , n  Z

5. cos = cos   = 2n   , n  Z

6. tan  = tan   = n +  , n  Z

7. sin 2  = sin 2   = n   , n  Z

8. cos2  = cos2   = n   , n  Z

9. tan 2  = tan 2   = n   , n  Z

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Solve √3 cosθ + sinθ = √2 . March - 2010
2. Solve √3 sin θ - cos θ = √2. Mar – 2018, May - 2014
3. Solve √2 (sin x + cos x) = √3 May – 2018, Mar – 2016,15, May – 2016 (TS)
4. Solve cot x + cosec x = √3 .
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5. Solve tan θ + sec θ = √3 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

π
6. Solve cot 2 θ − (1 + √3) cot θ + √3 = 0 [0 < θ < 2 ] May - 2019

7. Solve 4cos 2 θ + √3 = 2(√3 + 1)cosθ . March - 2016

8. Solve 2cos 2 θ − √3 sin θ + 1 = 0.

9. Solve tan θ + 3 cot θ = 5 sec θ .
10. Solve 2cos 2 θ + 11 sin θ = 7. May – 2013
11. Solve 7sin2 θ + 3cos2 θ = 4 . Mar - 2020
12. Solve 1 + sin2 θ = 3 sin θ cos θ .
13. Find the value of x ≠ 0 which satisfies 4sin x sin 2x sin 4x = sin 3x . Mar - 2013
2 x+⋯….
14. Solve 81+ cos x+ cos = 43 in [π, −π] . Mar - 2009
15. Solve cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ = 1⁄4 for 0 < θ < π
16. If x is an acute angle and sin(x + 10°) = cos(3x − 68°) , then find x .
17. Solve sin θ + sin 5θ = sin 3θ , 0 < θ < 2π.
π
18. If tan pθ = cot qθ and p ≠ q, show that the solutions are in A.P with common difference p+q .

19. Show that the solutions of cos pθ = sin qθ form two series each of which is an A.P. Find also the
common difference of each A.P. Mar - 2019
π 1
20. If tan(πcosx) = cot(πsinx), prove that cos (x − 4 ) = ± .
2√2

21. If θ1 and θ2 are solutions of a cos 2θ + b sin 2θ = c then prove that

2b c−a
(i) tan θ1 + tan θ2 = c+a
(ii) tan θ1 tan θ2 = c+a
.

May – 2015, Mar – 2016,2015 (TS)

22. If α and β are solutions of a cosθ + bsinθ = c then prove that
2ac c2 − b2
(i) Cosα + cosβ = a2 + b2 (ii) Cosα cosβ = a2+ b2
2bc c2 − a2
(ii) sinα + sinβ = a2 + b2 (iv) sinα sinβ = a2 + b2 . May – 2014
2π 3
23. If x + y = and sin x + sin y = 2, then find x and y
3

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8.Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Formulae:
1. sin −1 (sin  ) =  sin(sin −1 x) = x

2. cos−1 (cos ) =  cos(cos−1 x) = x

3. tan −1 (tan  ) =  tan(tan −1 x) = x

4. sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x

5. cos−1 (− x) =  − cos−1 x

6. tan −1 (− x) = − tan −1 x

7. cot −1 (− x) =  − cot −1 x


8. sin −1 x + cos−1 x =
2


9. tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
2


10. sec−1 x + cos ec −1 x =
2

1
11. sin −1 x = cos ec −1
x

1
12. cos −1 x = sec−1
x

1
13. cot −1 x = tan −1 if x  0
x

1
14. cot −1 x =  + tan −1 if x  0
x

15. sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin −1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 

 

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16. cos−1 x + cos−1 y = cos−1  xy − (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ) 

 

  x+ y 
 Tan-1   , ifxy  1
  1 − xy 

 x+ y 
17. tan −1 x + tan −1 y =  tan −1   +  , ifxy  1, x  0, x  0
  1 − xy 

 tan −1  x + y  −  , ifxy  1, x  0, x  0
  1 − xy 

 x− y 
18. tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan − 1 
 1 + xy 
19. 2sin −1 x = sin −1 (2 x 1 − x2 )
20. 2cos−1 x = cos −1 ( 2 x 2 − 1)

21. 2 tan −1 = tan −1 

2x 
2 
 1− x 
22. 3sin −1 x = sin −1 ( 3x − 4 x3 )
23. 3cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 4 x3 − 3x )
 3x − x3 
24. 3tan −1 x = tan −1  2 
 1 − 3x 

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

4 7 117
1. Show that sin−1 5 + sin−1 25 = sin−1 125 . Mar – 2013, 2016 (TS)
3 18 36
2. Show that sin−1 5 + sin−1 17 = cos−1 85 . May - 2012
3 12 33
3. Show that sin−1 5 + cos −1 13 = cos −1 65 . Mar - 2016
4 5 16 π
4. Show that sin−1 5 + sin−1 13 + sin−1 65 = . Mar - 2018
2
4 3 27
5. Show that cos −1 5 + sin−1 = tan−1 11 . May - 2013
√34
3 5 323
6. Show that 2 sin−1 5 − cos −1 13 = cos −1 325 . Mar – 2014, May – 16, 14 (TS)
4 2 17
7. Show that tan (cos −1 5 + tan−1 3) = .
6

8. Show that sec 2 (tan−1 2) + cosec 2 (cot −1 2) = 10 .

4 1 π
9. Show that sin−1 5 + 2tan−1 3 = 2
1 1 1 π
10. Show that tan−1 2 + tan−1 5 + tan−1 8 = . Mar – 2020, 2019, 2017,15, May - 15
4

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3 12 63
11. Show that sin (cos−1 5 + cos −1 13) = .
65
3 5 27
12. Show that tan (sin−1 5 + cos −1 )= .
√34 11
1 1
13. Show that cos (2 tan−1 7) = sin (4 tan−1 3). May - 2018
1 3
14. Show that cos (2 tan−1 7) = sin (2 tan−1 4) .

13 2
15. Show that cot [sin−1 √17] = sin [tan−1 3] .

1 1 201
16. Show that tan−1 7 + tan−1 8 = cot −1 + cot −1 18 .
43
1 1 2
17. Show that tan−1 7 + tan−1 13 − tan−1 9 = 0 . May - 2019
3 3 8 π
18. Show that tan−1 4 + tan−1 5 − tan−1 19 = 4
−1 1 1 1 π
19. Show that 4tan − tan−1 + tan−1 =
5 70 99 4
1 2 3
20. Show that cos [2 (tan−1 4 + tan−1 9)] = 5 .
ab+1
21. If a, b, c are district nonzero real numbers having the same sign, show that cot −1 ( a−b ) +
bc+1 ca+1
cot −1 ( b−c ) + cot −1 ( c−a ) = π or 2π .
p q p2 2pq q2
22. If cos−1 (a) + cos −1 (b) = α, prove that a2 − cosα + b2 = sin2 α . May – 15 Ts
ab

23. If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = π, then prove that

x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + 4x 2 y 2 z 2 = 2(x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 ).
π
24. If tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = , prove that xy + yz + zx = 1 .
2

25. If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = π, then prove that

x√1 − x 2 + y√1 − y 2 + z√1 − z 2 = 2xyz.
26. If tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = π, prove that x + y + z = xyz.
27. If cos−1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 z = π, prove that x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1 .
2p 1− q2 2x p−q
28. If sin−1 (1+ p2) − cos −1 (1+ q2) = tan−1 (1− x2) then prove that x = .
1+pq

2x 1− x2 2x π
29. Solve 3sin−1 (1+ x2 ) − 4cos −1 (1+ x2) + tan−1 (1− x2) = .
3
x−1 x+1 π
30. Solve tan−1 (x−2) + tan−1 (x+2) = .
4
2x 1−x2
31. Show that sin [cot −1 (1− x2) + cos −1 (1+ x2)] = 1 if 0 < x < 1
3x 4x
32. Solve sin−1 + sin−1 = sin−1 x .
5 5

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√1+ x2 − √1− x2
33. If tan−1 (√1+ ) = α then prove that sin 2α = x 2 .
x2 + √1− x2
π
34. Show that sin−1 (2cos2 θ − 1) + cos −1 (1 − 2sin2 θ) = .
2
1+x 1 1
35. Solve cot −1 (1−x) = cot −1 (x) , x > 0 and x ≠ 1 .
2

9.Hyperbolic functions
Formulae :
e x − e− x
1. sinh x =
2
e + e− x
x
2. cosh x =
2
e − e− x
x
3. tanh x = x − x
e +e
1
4. cos echx = x − x
e −e
1
5. sech x = x − x
e +e
e x + e− x
6. coth x = x − x
e −e
(
7. sinh −1 x = log x + x 2 + 1 )
8. cosh −1 x = log ( x + x −1)
2

1+ x
9. tanh −1 x = log  
1
2  1 − x 
x +1
10. coth −1 x = log  
1
2  x − 1 
 1 + 1 − x2 
11. sech −1 x = log  
 x 
 
 1  1 + x2 
12. cos ec h x = log 
−1

 x 
 
13. sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x
14. cosh 2x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

Hyperbolic Identities:

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15. cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1

16. sech 2 x + tanh 2 x = 1
17. coth 2 x − cos ec h 2 x = 1

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

5 23 5 21
1. If cosh x = , prove that cosh 2 x = ,sinh 2 x = . May - 2018
2 2 2
3 17 15
2. If sinh x = , then show that cosh 2 x = ,sinh 2 x = .
4 8 8
3. Prove that tanh −1   = log e 3 . Mar - 2019
1 1
2 2

4. If cosh x = sec , then show that tanh 2 x = tan 2 .
2
5. If sinh x = 3 , prove that x = log ( 3 + 10 ) . May - 2019
6. Prove that ( cosh x + sinh x ) = cosh nx + sinh nx .
n

7. Prove that ( cosh x − sinh x ) = cosh nx − sinh nx . Mar - 2020

n

8. If sinh x = 5 , show that x = log e ( 5 + 26 ) .

   
9. If u = log  tan  +   and cos𝜃 > 0 then prove that cosh u = sec .
  4 2 
cosh x sinh x
10.Prove that + = sinh x + cosh x .
1 − tanh x 1 − coth x
tanh x tanh x
11.Prove that + = −2 cos echx
sech x − 1 sech x + 1
12.Prove that sinh ( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
13.Prove that cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
2 tanh x
14.Prove that sinh 2 x =
1 − tanh 2 x
2 tanh x
15.Prove that tanh 2 x = .
1 + tanh 2 x
16.For any x  R show that Cosh 2x = 2cosh 2 x −1 . Mar - 2018

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10.Properties of triangles

Formulae:
a+b+c
1. S =  2S = a + b + c , S is the perimeter of ABC and a, b, c are sides if a ABC
2
2.  = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ,  is the Area of the triangle
abc abc
3.  = R= , R is the circum-radius
4R 4
1 1 1
4.  = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C , A, B, C are angles of a triangle
2 2 2
5.  = 2R sin A sin B sin C
2

6.  = rs = rr1r2 r3 , r is the in-radius and r1 , r2 , r3 are ex-radii

7. Sine rule or Law of sines:
a b c
= = = 2 R  a = 2 R sin A, b = 2 R sin B , c = 2R sin C
sin A sin B sin C
8. Cosine rule or Law of cosines:
b2 + c 2 − a 2
cos A =  a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
2bc
c + a 2 − b2
2
cos B =  b2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B
2ca
a + b2 − c 2
2
cos C =  c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
2ab
9. Projection rules: a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C; c = a cos B + b cos A
10. Tangent rule or Napiers analogy:
 A− B   a −b  C
tan  =  cot
 2   a+b 2
 B −C   b−c  A
tan  =  cot
 2  b+c 2
C − A c−a  B
tan  =  cot
 2  c+a 2
Half-angle formulae:
A ( s − a)( s − b)
11. sin =
2 bc
B ( s − c)(s − a)
12. sin =
2 ca

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C ( s − a)( s − b)
13. sin =
2 ab
A s( s − a)
14. cos =
2 bc
B s ( s − b)
15. cos =
2 ca
C s( s − c)
16. cos =
2 ab
A ( s − b)( s − c)  (s − b)(s − c)
17. tan = = =
2 s( s − a) s( s − a) 
B ( s − c)( s − a)  ( S − c)( S − a)
18. tan = = =
2 s ( s − b) S ( S − b) 
C ( s − a)( s − b)  ( S − a)( S − b)
19. tan = = =
2 s ( s − c) S ( S − c) 
A s(s − a) B S ( S − b) C S ( S − c)
20. cot = , C ot = , C ot =
2  2  2 
2
21. Sin A = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
bc
2
22. Sin B = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
ca
2
23. Sin C = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
ab
24. In circle: The circle that touches the three sides of ABC internally is called the Incircle
or inscribed circle of the triangle. The centre and radius of this incircle are called incentre and
inradius, denoted by I and r respectively.
25. In centre: The point of concurrence of the internal bisectors of a triangle is called the
Incentre of ABC .
26. Excircle: The circle that touches the sides BC internally and other two sides AB and AC
externally, is called the excircle or escribed circle opposite to angle A.
27. Excentre: The centre and radius of the circle opposite to angle A are called excentre and
exradius denoted by I1 and r1 respectively. Similarly r2 , r2 and I 2 , I3 .
 A B C
28. r = = 4 R sin sin sin
s 2 2 2
 A B C
29. r1 = = 4 R sin cos cos
s−a 2 2 2
 A B C
30. r2 = = 4 R cos sin cos
s −b 2 2 2
 A B C
31. r3 = = 4 R cos cos sin
s−c 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
32. = + + .
r r1 r2 r3

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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 7 MARKS )

MODEL - 1
65 21
1. In ABC , if a = 13, b = 14, c = 15 ,show that R = , r = 4, r1 = , r2 = 12, r3 = 14 .
8 2
Mar – 2016, 15, 14
2. In ABC , if r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24 ,show that a = 12, b = 16, c = 20 . Mar – 2017,15
3. In ABC , if r = 1, r1 = 1, r2 = 2, r3 = 3 , show that a = 3, b = 4, c = 5 . Mar – 2015, 16 TS

MODEL - 2

4. In ABC ,prove that r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4R

5. In ABC ,prove that r + r3 + r1 − r2 = 4R cos B . Mar – 2020, 2018, 13
6. In ABC ,prove that r + r1 + r2 − r3 = 4R cos C . Mar - 2012

MODEL - 3
A B C r
7. In ABC ,prove that cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + . Mar – 2015 TS
2 2 2 2R
r r r 1 1
8. In ABC ,prove that 1 + 2 + 3 = − . May - 2014
bc ca ab r 2 R
A B C r
9. In ABC , prove that sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 −
2 2 2 2R
r
10. In ABC , prove that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + .
R

MODEL - 4
11. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the lengths of the altitudes from the vertices of VABC to the opposite sides then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
prove that (i) + + = (ii) + − =
p1 p2 p3 r p1 p2 p3 r3
( abc )
2
8 3
=
(iii) p1 p2 p3 = . Mar - 2010
8R3 abc
12. In ABC , cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 show that the triangle is right angled
3
13. In ABC , cos A + cos B + cos C = , prove that the triangle is equilateral
2

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A B C
cot+ cot + cot ( a + b + c)
2

14. In ABC , show that 2 2 2 = .

cot A + cot B + cot C a 2 + b 2 + c 2
15. In ABC ,prove that r12 + r2 2 + r32 + r 2 = 16 R 2 − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) .

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 4 MARKS )

MODEL - 1

16. In ABC , if a : b : c = 7 :8: 9 , then prove that cos A : cos B : cos C = 14 :11: 6 . May – 15, 13
A B C
17. In ABC , if cot : cot : cot = 3 : 5 : 7 , then show that a : b : c = 6 : 5: 4 . Mar - 17
2 2 2
18. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1: 5 : 6 then show that the ratio of its sides is
3 − 1: 3 + 1: 2 2 .
MODEL - 2

2 bc A
19. In ABC , a = ( b + c ) cos show that sin  = cos . Mar – 16, May - 14
b+c 2
a 2 bc A
20. In ABC , sin  = , show that cos  = cos . May - 2011
b+c b+c 2
2 bc A
21. In ABC , a = ( b − c ) sec , prove that tan  = sin . Mar – 16 TS, Mar - 2018
b−c 2

MISLANEOUS PROBLEMS

22. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the lengths of the altitudes from the vertices of ABC to the opposite sides then
1 1 1 cot A + cot B + cot C
prove that 2
+ 2+ 2 = . Mar - 2013
p1 p2 p3 V
A B C V
23. In ABC , show that a cos 2 + b cos 2 + c cos 2 = s + . May – 15 TS
2 2 2 R
2
A B C s
24. In ABC , show that cot + cot + cot = . May – 16 TS
2 2 2 V
a 2 + b2 + c 2
25. In ABC , show that cot A + cot B + cot C = .
4
1+ cos(𝐴−𝐵) cos 𝐶 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
26. Prove that = . May – 2019
1+ cos(𝐴−𝐶) cos 𝐵 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
27. In ABC , if cot 2 , cot 2 , cot 2 are in A.P., then prove that a, b, c are in A.P. Mar – 20
A A
ABC , show that ( b − c ) cos 2 + ( b + c ) sin 2 = a 2
2 2
28. In
2 2

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 B −C  b−c A
29. In ABC , prove that tan  = cot .
 2  b+c 2
C A B
30. In ABC , prove that ( r1 + r2 ) sec2 = ( r2 + r3 ) sec2 = ( r3 + r1 ) sec2 .
2 2 2
a b
31. In ABC , if C = 60 , prove that + = 1.
b+c c+a
1 1 3
32. In ABC , if + = then prove that C = 60 .
a+c b+c a+b+c
ab − r1r2 bc − r2 r3 ab − r3r1
33. In ABC , prove that = = .
r3 r1 r2
34. In ABC ,if 8R2 = a 2 + b2 + c2 prove that the triangle is right angled
 1 1  1 1   1 1  abc 4 R
35. In ABC , prove that  −  −   −  = 3 = 2 2 .
 r r1  r r2  r r3  r s
36. In ABC , prove that r ( r1 + r2 + r3 ) = ab + bc + ca − s 2 .
37. In ABC , a cos A = b cos B , show that the triangle is either isosceles or right angled.
2
38. In ABC , prove that a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 4 R sin A sin B sin C = .
R
 B −C 
39. In ABC , prove that  ( r + r1 ) tan   = 0.
 2 
abc
40. In ABC , show that a 2 cot A + b 2 cot B + c 2 cot C = . May – 2018, Mar - 14
R
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
41. In ABC , prove that + 2+ 2+ 2 = 2
.
r1 r1 r2 r3
A B C bc + ca + ab − s 2
42. In ABC , show that tan + tan + tan = .
2 2 2
cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 + c 2
43. In ABC , show that + + =
a b c 2abc
C B
44. In ABC , show that b cos 2 + c cos 2 = s
2 2
45. In ABC , show that a = b cos C + c cos B
r1 ( r2 + r3 )
46. In ABC , show that =a.
r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1
47. If A, A1 , A2 , A3 are the areas of incircle and excircle of triangle respectively, prove that
1 1 1 1
+ + = .
A1 A2 A3 A

BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 71 of 72 MATHS – 1A
MATHEMATICS – 1A 2021-22

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BANDARU CHIRANJEEVI
M.Sc.,B.Ed., Page 72 of 72 MATHS – 1A