WIX1001 Mathematics for Computing I

Semester I 2020/2021
Tutorial 3 (Predicate Logic) number
all real
-

1. Let U be the real numbers, define P(x, y): x. y = 0. What is the truth value of the following:
'
a. x yP(x, y) False y =D
b. x⇥yP(x, y) True
c. ⇥x yP(x, y) True -0,9=0 ×

d. ⇥x⇥yP(x, y) False ✗
→
all
real number

true /
0
2. Let U be the real numbers, define P(x, y): x ⁄ y = 1. What is the truth value of the following:
a. x yP(x, y) False for some of
b. x⇥yP(x, y) true the number

c. ⇥x yP(x, y) False
d. ⇥x⇥yP(x, y) False✗ =yy=i ✗

true

3. Translate each of the following statements into logical expressions using predicates,
quantifiers, and logical connectives. 7th ) LCX ) F ✗ LCX )
=

Predicates: hot all

students love music some
music
= students love

A(x): x is an AI 95 student
L(x): x loves music
Universe of discourse for the variable x is all students.
a) Every student loves music. TXLCX ) /
→ all students don't Love music
b) No student loves music. th
-
L ( ×) -

implicationc) Some students love music. 7×11×1 -

d) Every AI 95 student loves music. + ✗ ( Atx ) → LCX))

^ 1
=

e) Some AI 95 students love music. 7- ✗ ( AK ) # LCX ))

1-
conjunction

4. Use quantifiers to express the following statements:

a) Someone walks and talks. 1- ✗ ( WH ) AT Cx)
b) Everyone loves somebody. ltxscxl
c) Brothers are siblings. LTXCBCX ) scx ) ) →

d) The product of two negative real numbers is not negative. b-✗ ( NH ) → MIX ))
e) There is a man who has taken a flight on every airline in the world. 1- ✗ ty Play)

5. Express the statement “there is a number x such that when it is added to any number, the result
is that number, and if it is multiplied by any number, the result is x” as a logical expression.
GX PCX )
6. All people who are not poor and are smart are happy. Those people who read are smart. Adam
can read and is not poor. Happy people have exciting lives.
Write the sentences in predicate calculus, using appropriate predicates.

7. Identify the error or errors in this argument that supposedly shows that if ⇥x P(x) ⇤ ⇥x Q(x) is
true then ⇥x ( P(x)⇤Q(x) ) is true.
1. ⇥xP(x) ⇤ ⇥xQ(x) Premise
2. ⇥xP(x) Simplification from (1)
3. P(c) Existential instantiation from (2)
4. ⇥xQ(x) Simplification from (1)
5. Q(c) Existential instantiation from (4)
6. P(c) ⇤ Q(c) Conjunction from (3) and (5)
7. ⇥x(P(x) ⇤ Q(x)) Existential generalization

8. Use rules of inference to show that if x(P(x) → (Q(x)⇤S(x))) and x(P(x)⇤R(x)) are true,
then x(R(x) ⇤ S(x)) is true.
 WIX1001 Mathematics for Computing I
Semester I 2020/2021
Tutorial 3 (Predicate Logic)

1. Let U be the real numbers, define P(x, y): x. y = 0. What is the truth value of the following:
a. x yP(x, y) False y
-9=10
n =L
0
: z

U
n

=D

b. x⇥yP(x, y) True
m = or
y= n -

y
y :O

c. ⇥x yP(x, y) True n :O

d. ⇥x⇥yP(x, y) True Mln it =oy=o

.

=/
✗
N=y
,

Either n=o or
y :O Tuen n .y=o is true y=n %#

2. Let U be the real numbers, define P(x, y): x ⁄ y = 1. What is the truth value of the following:
a. x yP(x, y) False Xly ✗ =
4 •
y=2 ,
=
2

u=O b. x⇥yP(x, y) False Y=N =y ly except

My 0/0=0
when or ✗
/
then ✗ - l
when ×=o,y=o

y=O c. ⇥x yP(x, y) False

d. ⇥x⇥yP(x, y) True

↳ puny ] -
My -4 is true V- ✗ Ky when ✗
=3 except ✗
=o,y=0

3. Translate each of the following statements into logical expressions using predicates,
quantifiers, and logical connectives.
Predicates:
A(x): x is an AI 95 student
L(x): x loves music
Universe of discourse for the variable x is all students.
a) Every student loves music.
b) No student loves music.
c) Some students love music.
d) Every AI 95 student loves music.
e) Some AI 95 students love music.

4. Use quantifiers to express the following statements:

3- (
a) Someone walks and talks. Wlx walks 1- ( ) talks ) ) : ✗ X
:
✗ ✗ wcxlltcx )

V-xzytcx.gg loves
b) Everyone loves somebody. ,y C- Person Lcxiy y ✗
✗ ) =

c) Brothers are siblings. Bay V-xltyf.BG/y)-Scx,y ) )

✗ <0
and brothers
yao y )
:
✗ are

Pix ) ✗y > 0 siblings 5 (x ,y ) ✗ and

:
y are

) d) The product of two negative real numbers is not negative.

: .

itxttylcxco )^( yo> → ✗ y >0

it
✗
iy ER e) There is a man who has taken a flight on every airline in the world.
✗ is real number ✗ c- man ,pÑFC×iy ) ✗ has taken YH¥
ÉFÉÉA(y,z , =F×Fyfz / f- IX. g) A
-119,1) )
:

Nox , : a
3- ✗

✗ <0 YE flights ACY / Z ) : Y flight in 2- airline

2- c- airlines
Pcxis ) :
i. y > 0
5. Express the statement “there is a number x such that when it is added to any number, the result
4-
xv-yllhkxtnncyd-pcx.gl ) is that number, and if it is multiplied by any number, the result is x” as a logical expression.
Fnlty ( Play )AQl×iy ) )
+1=9 ^ " " " ="
P(
"
n :O
t IR Q IX.
'

y)
:
,y ) y n
Mtg y : N
- -

N y × , 0.4=0
- -

y=¢
-

, , y :c, 0+4=0

6. All people who are not poor and are smart are happy. Those people who read are smart. Adam
can read and is not poor. Happy people have exciting lives.
Write the sentences in predicate calculus, using appropriate predicates.

7. Identify the error or errors in this argument that supposedly shows that if ⇥x P(x) ⇤ ⇥x Q(x) is
that true then ⇥x ( P(x)⇤Q(x) ) is true.
-1×+1-7×11 ]x× ① true
Given ) -

-
1. ⇥xP(x) ⇤ ⇥xQ(x) Premise
"
7×12×3 ③ must -
true ①
2.
Have to be true
⇥ xP(x) conjuration elimination
-

be
Simplification from (1)
FXQCX
i. ④ must) -
3. P(c) also be true Existential instantiation from (2)
4. ⇥xQ(x)
0 Simplification from (1)
5. Q(c) Existential instantiation from (4)
6. P(c) ⇤ Q(c) Conjunction from (3) and (5)
7. ⇥x(P(x) ⇤ Q(x)) Existential generalization

8. Use rules of inference to show that if x(P(x) → (Q(x)⇤S(x))) and x(P(x)⇤R(x)) are true,
then x(R(x) ⇤ S(x)) is true.③ ← ÷
=
 Pcxiy )
: ✗ +
y
-
y 7. ✗ tyfpcx y
, ) n Q ix. y ) )

Mlx y )
,
:
✗
y :X

⑧÷¥÷;?%④-③%m①±ÉÉ×uni From
④
:p (c) → Q Cc )

PC → Q
A Scc )

(c) 1sec)
-

⑦
• Modus
ponens
iRCc③ from ⑤
⑧

⑧
Q÷?¥⑨I
From conj -
Elim

③
To prove

from ⑥ -
R (c) Rcc31Sc if RC A Sec,
from ④
is true for all
-

SCC )

V¥
"
in the domain
ugh:c
C ,

then can
generalize
.

we -
 ( 95 At student

a) V- ✗ LIX ) d) V- ✗ ( AA ) → LCX) )
b) V- ✗ 'Ll × ) e) Fx ( Ai) n L (X ) )

c) Fx L (X )

text Pcxlnscx ) Hex) )

-

P ( x ) :
People who poor i. →

SCX ) who are smart 2 RCX ) → scx )

people
: . ✗

RCA dam ) ^ Pladam)

-

H ( X)
People who are happy 3
-

: .

R ( X) read ( HH ) Ecx ) )
People tix →
: who are a.

ECX) :
exciting lives

b- ✗ f- Pcx ) nscx ) →
Hex) )

tx Ra ) → scx )

Rt Adam ) n
7
PC Adam )

b- ✗ ( HH ) → Ead )

0
WIX ) : walks 3- ✗ ( WIX ) AT Cx)) 11×1love somebody
:

T CX ) : Talks YXLCX )

0
P lx ) :
Product of two negative real number
BCX ) N Cx)
: Brothers :
negative number
SIX) siblings ( Pex ) Next)
-
:
v. ✗ →

Fx ( Bk) → scx) )

✗ :
man who has taken a
Alight
y :
every airline in trewovld

7- ✗ Nix Pcx y ) ,
 <
conjunction
elimination
.

Cr t

Given that Fx Pcx ) A 1- ✗ Qlx) is true .

infer that 3- ✗ ( PHX QQ ) ) is true as well .

FxÉ -
①
i.
FXPCX ) -
②

: .
1- ☒ Q (X )
-
③ ( conjunction elimination )

from ② Fxpcx )
④ Pic) -

existential instantiations from ②

from ③ 1- ✗ QCX )
⑤ Qcy -
existential instantiations from ②

i. the c element in Qlc ) is not necessarily

the same as a element in Pcc)

This is where the error occurs

examples:
Fxpcx ) A 3- ✗ Qcx )

€11.1300k
PCX )

>
:
✗

Some
writes
✗
a

people writes
is
book
exciting

a
✗

book
f- Person
✗ C- book

And some books are exciting

P (c) QCC)

Pcltarry Potter ) QC Potter)

Harry book
2
person ←
.

Fxpcx) n 1- ✗ Qcx) 7×112×31 Qcx ) ) = Fx Penn Q.cn

it
✗ ✗ is the
can be
different object same object
 ① ②
③
F T
-

Given that +✗ ( Pix ) → IQCX ) nscx ) )) -① is true

lfxlpcx ) 1 Rcx ) )
-

② is true

- : ltxltdcx , nscx ) ) ③ -

is true

From ② f×( PIX) A RCX ) ) Uni .

Inst .

'
-
-

✗ (c) n R cc )
-
④

From ④ PCC) n RCC)

i. Pcc ) -
⑤ conjunction elimination -

i. Rcc )
-

from ① ✗ 1Pa > → Qlx) n sex ) )

universal ins
"
Pcc] Qce ) n Sec ] ⑦
-

→
.

- -

from ⑦ , ⑤ Pcc ) → (E) ^ Icc )

P CC ) - modus Ponens -

i.
Qcc) nscc ) -
⑧

From ⑧ ,
Q (C) A SCC )
i. Q (c) - ⑨ congius . Elin
-

i. Scc) -
④

From ⑨ R (c)

n{¥scs
④
>
✗ ( Rce ) n Scc ] )
uni .

general
-