UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023 (A221)

BJTM 3063

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

LECTERUR NAME:
PROF. MADYA TS. DR. MOHAMAD FARIZAL BIN RAJEMI

GROUP: A

STUDENT NAME: CHAN WAI YIN

MATRIC NUMBER: 279971

 1. Fluid flow sensor

Fluid flow sensors are installed at the water source or pipes to calculate the
amount of water passed through the pipe by measuring the rate of flow. The rate of water
flow is measured in liters per hour or cubic meters per hour.

Function of Fluid flow Sensor

A fluid flow sensor is made up of a plastic valve that allows water to pass
through. The fluid flow is sensed and measured using a water rotor and a hall effect
sensor.

The rotor revolves as water runs through the valve. The change in the motor's
speed can be seen this way. The hall effect sensor calculates this change and outputs it as
a pulse signal. As a result, the rate of water flow may be determined.

The Hall effect is the basic operating concept behind this sensor's operation. The
spinning of the rotor induces a voltage difference in the conductor in this sensor,
according to this concept. This induced voltage difference runs in the opposite direction
of the electric current.
 The rotor revolves when the moving fan turns due to the flow of water, which
produces the voltage. The hall effect sensor measures the induced voltage and displays it
on the LCD display. The fluid flow sensor can be used in hot, cold, or warm water, as
well as clean and unclean water. These flow rate sensors are available in a variety of sizes
and flow rate ranges.

These sensors are simple to connect to microcontrollers such as Arduino. For this,
you'll need an Arduino microcontroller board, a Hall effect water flow sensor, a 162 LCD
display, and Breadboard connecting cables. The sensor is installed at the input of the
water supply or at the pipe's opening.

Three wires run through the sensor. The supply voltage is connected to the red
wire. A black wire connects to ground, while a yellow line collects the Hall effect
sensor's output. The supply voltage must be between 5- and 18-volts DC.

Advantages of Fluid flow Sensor

Following are the advantages of fluid flow sensor:

 High precision components that have minimum clearances

 High repeatability and accuracy, limited only by the amount of slippage
 Low maintenance and cost-effective
 Provide mechanical or electronic interface
 Require no power
 Can handle high pressures, entrained gases, and suspended solids
 Directly measure liquid flow with high accuracy
 Used for a wide range of measurable fluids, including highly viscous liquids
 Bidirectional flow measurement

Weaknesses of Fluid flow Sensor

Following are the weaknesses of fluid flow sensor:

 Expensive to install and maintain owing to moving parts
 Susceptible to corrosion by water-based fluids
 Relatively complex design increases cost
 Require clean fluid, and some meters can actually block the flow if a larger
particle is trapped in the wrong place
 If the flow rate increases, the size of the sensor seems to increase
 Poor zero stability
 Cannot measure liquids with low density
 Highly sensitive to vibration interference
 2. Ph Water sensor

A pH sensor is one of the most essential tools that’s typically used for water
measurements. This type of sensor is able to measure the amount of alkalinity and acidity
in water and other solutions. When used correctly, pH sensors are able to ensure the
safety and quality of a product and the processes that occur within a wastewater or
manufacturing plant.

Function of Ph Water sensor

In most cases, the standard pH scale is represented by a value that can range from
0-14. When a substance has a pH value of seven, this is considered to be neutral.
Substances with a pH value above seven represent higher amounts of alkalinity whereas
substances with a pH value that’s lower than seven are believed to be more acidic. For
instance, toothpaste typically comes with a pH value of 8-9. On the other hand, stomach
acid has a pH value of two.
 The difference between an alkaline substance and an acidic substance is very
important for any company that uses a cooling tower, boiler, manufacturing processes,
swimming pool control, and various types of environmental monitoring. The human body
has a standard pH level of 7.4, which is essential for the body to run effectively. If the
composition of the body every becomes too acidic or overly alkaline, it will look to return
to the neutral state.

Advantages of Ph Water sensor

Following are the advantages of Ph Water sensor:

 It helps to determine the amount of primary and acidic any solution contains
 pH meters provide precise pH values since the pH meters are highly accurate with
the help of pH sensors
 The meters offer numerical pH values directly
 Used in a wide variety of applications, including stain removal, pool maintenance,
and cheese making
 it's the simple and fastest process of measuring pH
 Can calibrate it using the standard buffer solution

Weaknesses of Ph Water sensor

Following are the weaknesses of Ph Water sensor:

 Expensive
 Likelihood of breakage due to delicate glass electrodes
 Probability of pH calibrations due to carbon dioxide absorption and influence
from temperature
 The pH often needs to calibrate
 Probability of process interruption due to deposits on the electrode membrane
 Calibrating it requires a particular buffer solution
 3. Float transducer

A float transducer is a form of contact liquid level sensor that operates on a float.
When a liquid level rises or falls to a certain point, float transducer is widely employed to
operate other devices such as alarms and pumps. While there is mechanical float
transducer which is like the float in a toilet tank that turns off the incoming water when
the tank is “full”, this article will focus on electrical float transducer which are floats that
open and close electrical circuits.

Function of Float transducer

Float transducers are used to detect point levels that is, they show whether a fluid
level is at-or-above which is usually open or at-or-below which is typically closed a given
level. Constant level measurement sensors, on the other hand, provide a continuous level
readout. If you need to set an alert or turn a pump on or off based on a specified liquid
level, float switches are a perfect option.
 Float transducer can also be used to simplify complex automation. A central PLC
that monitors and runs everything is required for seamless, cost-effective operation in
various industrial systems. In many cases, a float switch is just another input, another
data point in an already complicated scheme. Float switches, on the other hand, can be
the key to long-term success in smaller applications, such as a pump or two on each of a
few of tanks.

Advantages of Float transducer

Following are the advantages of Float transducer:

 Power Saver
 Money Saver
 Automatic
 Water Maximization
 Reliable Electronic Design
 New Control Minimize Fouling & Deterioration
 Easy Installation with LED Monitoring

Weaknesses of Float transducer

Following are the weaknesses of Float transducer:

 Water level controls need to be replaced every 3 years

 The rust, foul and deteriorate
 Electronics are usually built separately
 More difficult installation
 Most float switches are outdated
 No LED indicator lights
 No Warranty or Guarantee
 4. Temperature sensor

Temperature sensors are devices that detect and measure coolness and hotness
and convert it into an electrical signal. Temperature sensors are utilized in our daily lives,
be it in the form of domestic water heaters, thermometers, refrigerators, or microwaves.
There is a wide range of applications of temperature sensors, including the geotechnical
monitoring field and others.

A temperature sensor can also be defined as a simple instrument that measures the
degree of coldness or hotness and then converts it into a readable unit. There are
specialized temperature sensors used to measure the temperature of the boreholes, soil,
huge concrete dams, or buildings.

Function of Temperature sensor

Temperature sensors are devices designed for measuring the degree of coolness
and hotness in an object. The voltage across the diode determines the working of a
temperature meter. The change of temperature varies directly proportional to the diode’s
resistance.
 The cooler the temperature, the lesser the resistance will be and vice-versa. A
measurement of the resistance across the diode is done, and the measurement is converted
into units of temperature that are readable and displayed in numeric form over readout
units. In the field of geotechnical monitoring, these temperature sensors are utilized in the
measuring of internal temperatures of structures such as dams, bridges, power plants.

There are many different types of temperature sensors, but the most common way
that is used in their categorization is based on the mode of connection that includes
contact and non-contact temperature sensors. Examples of contact sensors include
thermistors and thermocouples because their contact with the objects they measure is
direct, whereas in non-contact type temperature sensors measure the heat source’s
radiation.

Such temperature meters are mostly used in hazardous environments such as

thermal power plants or nuclear power plants. Temperature sensors are used to measure
the hydration heat in mass concrete structures, in the field of geotechnical monitoring.
They can also be utilized to monitor the migration of seepage or groundwater.

One of the areas that they are most commonly used is while curing the concrete
since it has to be relatively warm, in order to properly set and cure. The variations of
seasons cause the expansion of structures or contraction thereby, bringing an overall
change to its volume.

Advantages of Temperature sensor

Following are the advantages of Temperature sensor:

 Low-cost, precise, and extremely reliable in repeated experiments

 Desirable for both embedded and surface mount applications
 Faster response time because of the lower thermal mass
 The vibrating wire type is normally full-interchangeable. It means that one
indicator can be used for all sensors
 Have an IP-68 rate by their weather-proof body
  Can be used for remote detecting and data logging
 Their temperature probes have precise linearity and low hysteresis

Weaknesses of Float transducer

Following are the weaknesses of Temperature sensor:

 Extremely non-linear
 Not suitable for a large temperature range
 Susceptible to self-heating errors
 Shock and vibrations affect the reading
 It is used for only temperature measurement only
 The cold junction and lead compensation is essential
 5. Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor

An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity

in a solution. It has multiple applications in research and engineering, with common
usage in hydroponics, aquaculture, aquaponics, and freshwater systems to monitor the
amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.

Function of Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor

EC meter measures Electrical Conductivity. In other words, it shows how well

certain materials can carry electricity. By determining the level of EC, we can also see
how polluted water is. The high level of EC means that water has a high concentration of
dissolved substances; therefore, it is not pure.

However, that is not always the case as water can have a High Concentration of
Dissolved Salt, which is not bad for human health. It just makes water undrinkable. EC is
mostly measured in micro Siemens (µS/cm). While usual readings will have EC of
between 30 µS/cm to 2000 µS/cm, seawater will have a reading of almost 50,000 µS/cm.
 It is very popular in gardening, where it measures the electrical conductivity of
nutrient solutions, enabling you to adjust the levels of nutrients, salts, and other elements
so you can have a healthier plant growth.

EC Meters are applicable for testing the conductivity of non-ferrous metals,

including copper and aluminum. They are also applicable for pre-anodizing conductivity
tests for aluminum. The current resistance of a material is also obtainable with an
electrical conductivity meter. For material hardening and heat working processes for
metals, an electrical conductivity meter is used to monitor the heat treatment process. For
alloys, an EC meter is used to determine the homogeneity of the alloy components.

Advantages of Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor

Following are the advantages of Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor:

 Easy visualization of results from an onscreen LCD that helps the inspector to
view their results without any stress
 It has an easy calibration system that eliminates the repetitive calibration process
involved with other types of inspection tools
 The detection accuracy of the EC meter is equally very high as it uses a
microprocessor to process its data
 It is also very durable to withstand rough environmental conditions and terrains,
often the case when on job sites
 EC meters are portable, making them an easy choice for both laboratory and site
use

Weaknesses of Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor

Following are the weaknesses of Electrical conductivity (EC) meter sensor:

 It is a nonspecific measurement
 It cannot distinguish between different types of ions