SOIL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
ECG 263
Teaching & Learning Guide Manual

MOHD MUSTAQIM BIN MOHD NORDIN

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (Pahang)
26400 BANDAR TUN ABDUL RAZAK JENGKA
PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Table of Content and Open Ended Laboratory (OEL) Level

OEL
TOPIC METHOD OF TESTING PAGE
LEVEL
Moisture Content and Particle Density test 2 0

Atterberg limit tests 7 0

Soil Physical Particle Size Distribution – Sieve Analysis 14 1

Classification
and
Characterization Particle Size Distribution – Hydrometer test* 21 0

Constant Head 27 1

Falling Head test 31 1

Standard Proctor Method 35 1

Soil
Field Density test by Sand Replacement Method 38 1
Compressibility

Oedometer test for Soil Consolidation* 41 0

Direct Shear Box test 48 1

Soil Shear
Triaxial Test (Unconsolidated Undrained, UU) 53 1
Strength

Triaxial Test (Consolidated Undrained, CU)* 63 0

*Demonstration

Preface
This course material is promoting Open-Ended Laboratory (OEL) practice for students to
experience and carrying out standard soil laboratory testing procedures including and not
limited to physical properties and classification of soils, permeability, compressibility and shear
strength of soils.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE MOISTURE CONTENT AND PARTICLE DENSITY TEST

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will
not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning
activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully
prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers
are provided/fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be
implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first- and
second-year students.
In this laboratory session, students will be introduced on how to determine the particle
density and specific gravity of soil.

1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is:
• To determine the specific gravity of soil using density bottle.

PREAMBLE
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
1. Conduct the laboratory experiment and being exposed theoretically to other
alternative methods of particle density testing.
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

There are three tests for the measurement of particle density. These have different
applications, which may be summarized as follows:
1. Density bottle method – for fine-grained soils
2. Gas jar method – for most soils including those containing gravel-sized
particles
3. Pycnometer method – for use in a set laboratory on medium and coarse-
grained soils

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

The first two are the usual laboratory methods. The third is useful as a simple on-site
procedure where full laboratory facilities are not available and when a result of lower
accuracy is acceptable.

2.0 Problem Statement

Specific gravity Gs is defined as the ratio of the weight of a certain volume of soil solids
PROBLEM to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at a constant temperature. As a
STATEMENT group you are given a set of samples to determine the particle density of the soil.
The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequently
analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

3.1 Apparatus

• Density bottle with stopper having capillary hole at its centre

• Wash bottle
• De-aired distilled water
• Alcohol
• Ether balance
• Vacuum sets
• Constant temperature water bath

3.2 Procedures

1. Clean and dry the density bottle and stopper properly.

2. Weigh the dried bottle with stopper and record the mass (M1).
3. Take about 10 - 20 gm of oven-dried soil sample cooled in desiccator. Pour it
carefully into the density bottle. Weigh the bottle with soil and stopper. Record
the mass (M2).
4. Pour about 10 ml de-aired distilled water in the bottle to soak the soil. Leave it
WAYS AND for a period of 2 to 10 hours.
MEANS 5. Pour some more distilled water to make the bottle half full. Remove the
entrapped air by applying partial vacuum.
6. Pour some more distilled water into the bottle and fill it completely without any
entrapped bubble. Put the stopper on.
7. Keep the bottle on the stand in constant temperature water bath for one hour.
8. Take out the bottle from water bath. Wipe it clean and dry from outside. If the
capillary of the stopper is not full, fill it with drops of distilled water. Again make
sure the bottle and stopper are clean dry.
9. Weigh the bottle filled with water and soil samples with stopper. Record the
mass (M3).
10. Empty the bottle and clean it properly. Fill the bottle entirely with distilled water.
Make sure there are not entrapped air bubbles, or otherwise the partial vacuum
has to be used.
11. Put on the stopper and wipe the bottle dry from outside. Now weigh and record
the mass (M4). Again empty the bottle and dry it up properly.
12. Repeat the steps 2 to 11 for two observations to obtain an average Gs of the
sample.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Schematic steps:

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition

The specific gravity GS of the soil,

(𝐌𝟐 − 𝐌𝟏 )
𝑮𝑺 =
(𝐌𝟒 − 𝐌𝟏 ) − (𝐌𝟑 − 𝐌𝟐 )

The specific gravity should be calculated at a temperature of 27oC and reported to

the nearest 0.01. If the room temperature is different from 27oC, the following
correction should be done:-

GS’ = kGS

where,

GS’ = Corrected specific gravity at 27oC

Relative density of water at room temperature

k=
Relative density of water at 27°C

Specific Gravity Data Sheet

Determination No.
S. No. Description
I II III
1 Temperature in 0C
2 Weight of bottle (M1) in g
3 Weight of bottle + Dry soil (M2) in g
4 Weigh of bottle + Soil + Water (M3) in g
5 Weigh of bottle + Water (M4) in g
6 Specific Graviti, GS
7 Average GS (at 310C)
0
8 Corrected GS (at 27 C)

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Relative density of water at various temperatures is taken from table here.

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

RESULTS The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the
set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE ATTERBERG LIMIT TESTS

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level
0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent
learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional
method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways &
means and answers are provided/fully given to the students. However, it is still
necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity
especially to first- and second-year students.
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the usage of Atterberg
limit tests to determine the plastic and liquid limit as well as moisture content of
a given soil sample.
1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is:
PREAMBLE To determine the plastic and liquid limit of a soil sample.

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
1. Identify the correct apparatus to carry out Atterberg limit tests.
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

Soil can be classified according to its moisture content as solid, semisolid,
plastic and liquid. Each state has different consistency and behavior
hence different engineering properties. The boundary between each state
can be defined based on the change in the soil’s behavior which can be
determine through Atterberg limit tests.

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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

2.0 Problem Statement

Atterberg limits are the limits of water content used to define soil behaviour. As
PROBLEM a group you are given a set of samples to determine the plastic and liquid limit.
STATEMENT The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and
subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

Liquid Limit: Casagrande Test

3.1 Apparatus

• Casagrande liquid limit device

• Liquid limit tool
• Spatula
• Moisture cans
• Graduated cylinder 50 ml
• Wash bottle (distilled water)
• Balance
• Glass plate
• Drying oven (1050C)
• Porcelain dish

3.2 Procedures

1. Take about 20g of the soil and place it into porcelain dish (passed No. 40
sieve or 0.425mm). Thoroughly mix the soil with a small amount of distilled
water until it appears as a smooth uniform paste. Cover the dish with
cellophane to prevent moisture from escaping.
2. Label and weigh 4 empty moisture cans with lids.
WAYS AND 3. Adjust the liquid limit apparatus by checking the height of drop of the cup.
MEANS The point on the cup that comes in contact with the base should rise to a
height of 10 mm. The block on the end of the grooving tool is 10 mm high
and should be used as a gage. Practice using the cup and determine the
correct rate to rotate the crank so that the cup drops approximately two
times per second.
4. Place a portion of the previously mixed soil into the cup of the liquid limit
apparatus at the point where the cup rests on the base. Squeeze the soil
down to eliminate air pockets and spread it into the cup to a depth of about
10 mm at its deepest point. The soil pat should form an approximately
horizontal surface.
5. Use the liquid limit tool carefully cut a clean straight groove down the
center of the cup. The tool should remain perpendicular to the surface of
the cup as groove is being made. Use extreme care to prevent sliding the
soil relative to the surface of the cup.
6. Make sure that the base of the apparatus below the cup and the underside
of the cup is clean of soil. Turn the crank of the apparatus at a rate of
approximately two drops per second and count the number of drops, N, it
takes to make the two halves of the soil pat come into contact at the
bottom of the groove along a distance of 13 mm (1/2 in.) If the number of
drops exceeds 50, then go directly to step 8 and do not record the number
of drops, otherwise, record the number of drops on the data sheet.
7. Take a sample, using the spatula, from edge to edge of the soil pat. The
sample should include the soil on both sides of where the groove came
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into contact. Place the soil into a moisture can cover it. Immediately weigh
the moisture can containing the soil, record its mass, remove the lid, and
place the can into the oven. Leave the moisture can in the oven for at least
16 hours. Place the soil remaining in the cup into the porcelain dish. Clean
and dry the cup on the apparatus and the grooving tool.
8. Remix the entire soil specimen in the porcelain dish. Add a small amount
of distilled water to increase the water content so that the number of drops
required to close the groove decrease.
9. Repeat steps six, seven, and eight for at least two additional trials
producing successively lower numbers of drops to close the groove. One
of the trials shall be for a closure requiring 25 to 35 drops, one for closure
between 20 and 30 drops, and one trial for a closure requiring 15 to 25
drops. Determine the water content from each trial by using the same
method used in the first laboratory. Remember to use the same balance
for all weighing.

Liquid Limit: Cone Penetration Test

3.1 Apparatus
• Cone Penetrometer apparatus
• 0.425 mm sieve
• Glass plate
• Sharp knife
• 2 palettes knife
• Airtight containers
• Wash bottle containing distilled water
• Glass breaker
• Glass stirring rod
• Balance
• Oven

3.2 Procedure

1. Take a sample of the soil of sufficient size to give a test specimen

weight at least 400 g which passed the 0.425 mm test sieve.
2. Transfer the soil to a flat glass plate. Add distilled water and mix
thoroughly with 2 palettes knives the mass becomes a thick
homogeneous paste.
3. If necessary, add more distill water so that the first cone penetration
reading is about 15 mm.
4. Push a portion of the mixed soil into the cub with palette knife taking
care not to trap air.
5. Strike off excess soil with the straightedge to give a smooth level
surface.
6. With the penetration cone locked in the raised position lower the
supporting assembly so that the tip of cone just touches the surface
soil.
7. Lower the stem of the dial gauge to contact the cone shaft and record
the reading of the dial gauge to the nearest 0.1 mm.
8. Release the cone a period 5 + 1s. If the apparatus is not fitted with an
automatic release and locking device.
9. Record the difference between the beginning and end of the drop cone
penetration.
10. Lift out the cone and clean it carefully to avoid scratching.
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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

11. Add little more distill water to the cub. Make sure the difference between
first and second penetration reading is less than 0.5 mm.
12. Take a moisture content sample of about 10 g from the area penetrated
by the cone.
13. Repeat step 2 to 12 at least 3 more time.

❖ The reading of the liquid limit should be around 15 to 30 mm.

Plastic limit
1. Weigh the remaining empty moisture cans with their lids and record the
respective weights and can numbers on the data sheet.
2. Take the remaining 1/4 of the original soil sample and add distilled water
until the soil is at a consistency where it can be rolled without sticking to
the hands.
3. Form the soil into an ellipsoidal mass. Roll the mass between the palm or
the fingers and the glass plate. Use sufficient pressure to roll the mass
into a thread of uniform diameter by using about 90 strokes per minute. (A
stroke is one complete motion of the hand forward and back to the starting
position.) The thread shall be deformed so that its diameter reaches 3.2
mm (1/8 in.), taking no more than two minutes.
4. When the diameter of the thread reaches the correct diameter, break the
thread into several pieces. Knead and reform the pieces into ellipsoidal
masses and re-roll them. Continue this alternate rolling, gathering
together, kneading and re-rolling until the thread crumbles under the
pressure required for rolling and can no longer be rolled into a 3.2 mm
diameter thread.
5. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place the soil into
a moisture can, then cover it. If the can does not contain at least 6 grams
of soil, add soil to the can from the next trial (See Step 6). Immediately
weigh the moisture can containing the soil, record its mass, remove the
lid, and place the can into the oven. Leave the moisture can in the oven
for at least 16 hours.
6. Repeat steps three, four, and five at least two more times. Determine the
water content from each trial by using the same method used in the first
laboratory. Remember to use the same balance for all weighing.

3.3 Data Acquisition

Liquid Limit:
1. Calculate the water content of each of the liquid limit moisture cans after
they have been in the oven for at least 16 hours.
2. Plot the number of drops, N, (on the log scale) versus the water content
(w). Draw the best-fit straight line through the plotted points and determine
the liquid limit (LL) as the water content at 25 drops (casagrande test).
3. Plot the penetration in mm versus the moisture content (w). draw the best-
fit straight line through the plotted points and determine the liquid limit (LL)
as the water content at 20 mm penetrations (cone penetration test).

Plastic Limit:
1. Calculate the water content of each of the plastic limit moisture cans after
they have been in the oven for at least 16 hours.
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2. Compute the average of the water contents to determine the plastic limit,
PL. Check to see if the difference between the water contents is greater
than the acceptable range of two results (2.6 %).
3. Calculate the plasticity index, PI=LL-PL.
4. Report the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index to the nearest whole
number, omitting the percent designation.
Casagrande test
Liquid limit
Sample no Unit 1 2 3 4
Moisture can + lid number

MC = Mass of empty can + lids g

MCMS = Mass of can + lid + moist soil g
MCDS = Mass of can + lid + dry soil g
MS = Mass of soil solids g
MW = Mass of pore water g
W = Water content %
No. of drops
Cone penetration test
Liquid limit
Sample no Unit 1 2 3 4
Moisture can + lid number

MC = Mass of empty can + lids g

MCMS = Mass of can + lid + moist soil g
MCDS = Mass of can + lid + dry soil g
MS = Mass of soil solids g
MW = Mass of pore water g
W = Water content %
Penetration (mm)

Plastic limit
Sample no Unit 1 2 3 4
Moisture can + lid number

MC = Mass of empty can + lids g

MCMS = Mass of can + lid + moist soil g

MCDS = Mass of can + lid + dry soil g

MS = Mass of soil solids g

MW = Mass of pore water g

W = Water content %

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy
of the set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION – SIEVE ANALYSIS

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways &
means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to the
assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and
innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and inculcate
independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task
of open-ended laboratory activities.

In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the usage of sieving tests to
determine the particle size distribution of soil. Dry sieving was used to determine
the size of cohesive less soil containing sand and gravel only.

1.2 Objective
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes
contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to
determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the
hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the finer particles.
PREAMBLE

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
1. Conduct the particle size distribution (PSD) – sieve analysis (dry sieving)
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

A basic element of the soil classification system is by determining the particle size
of the soil. The distribution of the particle sizes larger than 0.0075 mm is
determine by sieving, while smaller than 0.0075 mm is determine by
sedimentation process (hydrometer analysis). Below is the list of the particle size
from largest to smaller:

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 Boulders : rocks that have an average diameter

greater than 300 mm.
 Cobbles : rocks that are smaller than 300 mm and
retained on the 75 mm.
 Gravel size particle : rock fragment or soil particles that will
pass a 75 mm sieve and be retained on
a 4.75 mm.
 Sand size particle : soil particle that will pass a 4.75 mm
sieve and be retained on a 0.075 mm.
 Silt size particle : fine soil particles that pass the 0.0075
mm sieve and are larger than 0.002 mm.
 Clay size particles : fine soil particles that are smaller than
0.002 mm.

Two method of sieving are specified:

i) Wet sieving is the definition method applicable to essentially

cohesionless soils.
ii) Dry sieving is suitable only for soil containing significant quantities of
silt and clay.

2.0 Problem Statement

A soil consists of an assemblage of discrete particles of various shapes and sizes.
The object of a particle size analysis is to group these particles into separate
ranges of sizes and so determine the relative proportions, by dry mass of each
PROBLEM
size range. As a group you are given a set of samples to determine the soil
STATEMENT
classifications. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline
and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.
The procedure is according to BS 1377: Part 2: 1990 "Methods of test for soil for
civil engineering purposes".

3.1 Apparatus

i. A balance that readable and accurate to 0.5 g

ii. Set of sieves (75 mm,63 mm, 50 mm, 37.5 mm, 28 mm, 20 mm,
WAYS AND
14 mm, 10 mm, 6.3 mm, 5 mm, 3.35 mm, 2 mm, 1.18 mm, 0.6
MEANS
mm, 0.425 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.212 mm, 0.150 mm, 0.063 mm)
iii. Cleaning brush
iv. Mechanical sieve shaker
v. Lid and receiver (pan)

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3.2 Procedures

1. Prepare the soil sample – Preparation of the sample requires that the soil
needs to be dried in the oven at 105°C to 110°C
2. Record the weight of the given dry soil sample (Initial mass of dry soil,
approximately 1 – 2 kg)
3. Clean and weighted each of the sieves to be used.
4. Arranged the sieves in order with largest opening of sieve size at the top to
the smallest at the bottom. Place the pan below the smallest sieve size.
Carefully pour the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
5. Place the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shake for 15 minutes.
6. Remove the stack from the shaker and carefully weigh and record the weight
of each sieve with its retained soil. In addition, remember to weigh and record
the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.

3.3 Data Acquisition

1. Record the data and complete the PS1 Form.

2. To obtain Percentage retained (%);
Mass of soil retained in sieve
% retained = 𝑥 100
Initial mass of dry soil

3. To obtain Cumulative percentage passing (%);

Cumulative % passing = 100 % − Percentage retained (%)

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4. Plot the semi logarithmic curve on PS4 Form (% Passing vs Particle

Diameter)
5. From the curve, determine the following;
a) The composition of Gravel (%)
b) The composition of Sand (%)
c) The composition of Silt (%)
d) The composition of Clay (%)
e) D60 (mm) = Maximum size of the smallest 60% of the sample
f) D30 (mm) = Maximum size of the smallest 30% of the sample
g) D10 (mm) = Maximum size of the smallest 10% of the sample
D60
h) Coefficient of Gradation (Cg) =
D10

2
(D30 )
i) Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) =
D60 × D10

j) Classification of the soil based on British Soil Classification System

(Refer to BS5930 (2015): General Identification and Description of Soil)

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy
of the set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION – SIEVE ANALYSIS
BS1377 Part 2: 1990 : 9.2/9.3 PS1
Job no. Site BH/Pit no.

Project Soil Engineering Laboratory Course (ECG263) Sample no.

Client Depth (m)

Soil Descr.

Initial mass of dry soil used (g) = Test method

BS Sieve Mass of Mass of Mass of Corrected Percentage Cumulative
opening Sieve / pan Sieve / pan soils mass retained percentage
size only and soil retained retained passing
(mm) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (%)
75

63
STAGE 1

50

37.5

28
20
Soil passing 20 mm, A
Riffled sample used, B
Riffling correction, C1 = A / B
14
STAGE 2

10
6.3
Soil passing 6.3 mm, D
Riffled sample used, E
Riffling correction, C2 = (A / B) x (D / E)
5

3.35

1.18
STAGE 3

0.6
0.425

0.3

0.212
0.15

0.063

Soil Passing 63 µm
Total
Tested by Checked by Date
Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang
PS4
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

BS5930 (2015): GENERAL IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL

< 5%

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION – HYDROMETER TEST

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will
not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning
activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully
prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers
are provided/fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to
be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first
and second year students.

In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the usage of hydrometer test to
determine the particle size distribution of a given soil sample. For soil samples
containing fine-grained particles, a wet sieving procedure is first carried out and test
is conducted to determine the combined clay/silt fraction percentage. The combined
clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a
percentage of the total sub-sample weight. The test is in accordance to BS 1377-
PREAMBLE 2:1990 test 9.2.

1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is:
To determine the grain size distribution of a soil sample for fine soil

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
1. Identify the correct apparatus to carry out hydrometer test.
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background
Distribution of grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil such as
permeability, strength, expansivity etc. It is also required in the classifying the

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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

soil. Measurement of grain size distribution depends on the size of the grains i.e.
larger than 0.065 mm or in the range of 0.065 mm > D > 1 µm.

2.0 Problem Statement

To measure the grain size distribution, hydrometer test is normally used for fine
particle where the grain size is in the range of 0.065 mm > D > 1 µm. As a group you
are given a set of samples to test to determine its grain size distribution.

PROBLEM A wet sieving test was conducted on 1kg of the air-dried soil sample to determine the
STATEMENT particle size distribution of the coarse materials. The results of the wet sieving test
were given in form PS1. The hydrometer sedimentation test was then conducted in
the laboratory to obtain the particle size distribution of the fine portion of the soil
sample.

The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequently
analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

3.1 Apparatus
• Balance
• Set of sieves
• Cleaning brush
• Sieve shaker
• Mixer (blender)
• Hydrometer
• Sedimentation cylinder
• Control cylinder
• Thermometer
• Beaker
• Timing device.
• and other accessories which include evaporating dish, corrosion
WAYS & resistant tray, calgon (33g of sodium hexametaphosphate and 7g of
MEANS sodium carbonate in distilled water to make 1 Litre).

3.2 Procedures
1. Take about 50g of fine soil from the bottom pan of the sieve set, place it into
a beaker, and add 125 mL of the dispersing agent (sodium
hexametaphosphate (40 g/L)) solution. Stir the mixture until the soil is
thoroughly wet. Let the soil soak for at least ten minutes.
2. While the soil is soaking, add 125mL of dispersing agent into the control
cylinder and fill it with distilled water to the mark. Take the reading at the top
of the meniscus formed by the hydrometer stem and the control solution. A
reading less than zero is recorded as a negative (-) correction and a reading
between zero and sixty is recorded as a positive (+) correction. This reading
is called the zero correction. The meniscus correction is the difference
between the top of the meniscus and the level of the solution in the control
jar (Usually about +1). Shake the control cylinder in such a way that the
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

contents are mixed thoroughly. Insert the hydrometer and thermometer into
the control cylinder and note the zero correction and temperature
respectively.
3. Transfer the soil slurry into a mixer by adding more distilled water, if
necessary, until mixing cup is at least half full. Then mix the solution for a
period of two minutes.
4. Immediately transfer the soil slurry into the empty sedimentation cylinder.
Add distilled water up to the mark.
5. Cover the open end of the cylinder with a stopper and secure it with the palm
of your hand. Then turn the cylinder upside down and back upright for a
period of one minute. (The cylinder should be inverted approximately 30
times during the minute.)
6. Set the cylinder down and record the time. Remove the stopper from the
cylinder. After an elapsed time of one minute and forty seconds, very slowly
and carefully insert the hydrometer for the first reading. (Note: It should take
about ten seconds to insert or remove the hydrometer to minimize any
disturbance, and the release of the hydrometer should be made as close to
the reading depth as possible to avoid excessive bobbing).
The reading is taken by observing the top of the meniscus formed by the
suspension and the hydrometer stem. The hydrometer is removed slowly
and placed back into the control cylinder. Very gently spin it in control
cylinder to remove any particles that may have adhered.
8. Take hydrometer readings after elapsed time of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 30, 60
minutes and up to 24 hours.

3.3 Data Results and Calculations

1. Apply meniscus correction to the actual hydrometer reading.

2. From calibration equation, obtain the effective hydrometer depth, Hr in mm
(for hydrometer corrected reading).
3. For known Gs of the soil (if not known, assume 2.65 for this lab purpose),
obtain the value of K1 from Table 2.
4. Calculate the equivalent particle diameter by using the following formula:

ȠHr
D = 0.005531√(𝜌 (mm)
𝑠 −1)𝑡

5. Where t is in minutes, and D is given in mm.

6. Calculate modified hydrometer reading as follows:
7. Rd = R’h–R’o
8. Where R’o= hydrometer reading in the dispersant solution
9. Calculate percent finer as follows:

100ρs
𝐾= 𝑅𝑑 (%)
m(ρs −1)

10. Where m is the weight of the soil sample in grams.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

11. Calculate the adjusted percentage passing and plot the grain size curve D
versus the adjusted percent finer on the semi logarithmic sheet.

3.4 Data Acquisition

Sample of results as provided in following pages.
4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion
The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the
set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

Sample result
Test
Initial mass of dry soil used (g) = 1 000 Sedimentation by the hydrometer method
method
BS Sieve Mass of Mass of Mass of Corrected Cumulative
Percentage
opening Sieve / Sieve / pan soils mass percentage
retained
size pan only and soil retained retained passing
(%)
(mm) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
5 0.00 0.00
3.35 5.00 5.00
2 10.00 10.00
1.18 20.00 20.00
STAGE 3

0.6 60.00 60.00

0.425 50.00 50.00
0.3 70.00 70.00
0.212 100.00 100.00
0.15 130.00 130.00
0.063 270.00 270.00
Soil Passing 63 µm 285.00 285.00
Total
Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION – SIEVE ANALYSIS

BS1377 Part 2: 1990: 9.2/9.3
PS1
Job no. Site BH/Pit no.
Project Soil Engineering Laboratory Course (ECG263) Sample no.
Client Depth (m)
Soil Description Light Grey Silty SAND Test method Sedimentation by hydrometer method
Calibration and Sample Data Pretreatment for Organic Matter
Hydrometer No. Pretreatted with

Meniscus Correction, Cm 0.250 Initial dry mass of soil, mօ (g)

Dry mass after pretreatment, m

Reading in Dispersant, Rօ’ 1.250
(g)

Calibration Equation, Hr 204.479 - 4.046 Rh Pretreatment loss, mօ – m (g)

% of soil passes 0.063 mm sieve Percentage loss (%)

Dry mass of soil used, m (g) 60.00 Equivalent particle diameter (mm)
η𝐻𝑟
𝐷 = 0.005531 √(𝜌
Particle Density of soil, ρs (Mg/m3) 2.65 𝑠 −1)𝑡

Water Temperature, T (օC) 27 % Finer than D

100𝜌𝑠
𝐾= { }𝑅
Viscosity of water, η (mPa.s) 0.852 𝑚(𝜌𝑠 − 1) 𝑑

Elapsed Effective Particle % finer

Temp., Reading, Rh’ + Cm = Rh’ + Rօ’ =
Date Time Time, t depth, diameter, than D,
T (օC) Rh Rh Rd
(min) Hr (mm) D (mm) K (%)
1 8.30
Jan
0.5 27 29.00
am
1.0 27 23.00

3.0 27 16.00

4.0 27 14.00

8.0 27 12.00

15.0 27 10.00

30.0 27 8.00

60.0 27 6.00

120.0 27 4.00

240.0 27 3.00

640.0 27 2.50
2 8.30
Jan
1440.0 27 2.00
am
Tested by: Check by: Approved by:

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE CONSTANT HEAD TEST

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways
& means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to
the assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity
and innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and
inculcate independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a
much harder task of open-ended laboratory activities.

PREAMBLE In this laboratory session, students will be introduced on how to determine

the coefficient of permeability of soils using constant head test.
1.2 Objectives
To determine the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soils

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Conduct the constant head test to determine the coefficient of
permeability of soil sample.
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

A material is said to be permeable if it contains continuous voids.
Permeability is a property of permeable material that permits flow of liquids
through the voids. The flows of liquid through soil either by laminar or
turbulent depending on permeability of soil and the head causing flow.

Darcy (1856) demonstrated experimentally that for laminar flow conditions

in a saturated soil, the rate of flow or discharge per unit time is proportional
to the hydraulic gradient.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

q = k.i.A

Where; q = discharge per unit time

k= Darcy’s coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient
A= total cross-sectional area of soil mass, perpendicular
to the direction of flow

The coefficient of permeability (or simply permeability) of soil can be

determined in laboratory using permeameter under constant head or
variable head. Under constant head if Q is total quantity of flow (cm3) in
time interval t (second) through cross sectional area of specimen A (cm 2)
and L (cm) is length of specimen, H (cm) height of water in the tube, h
(cm) is the headloss measurement, thus the coefficient of permeability (k)
is given by:

k = QL cm/sec
Aht

2 Problem Statement
Permeability is a measure of how easy water can flow through a soil volume
and is considered one of the most important geotechnical parameters. Having
PROBLEM knowledge on soil permeability will help engineers in their design selections.
STATEMENT As a group, you are required to investigate the permeability coefficient of a
given soil sample. The group must carry out the test following the procedures
outline and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical
format.

3.1 Apparatus
• Permeameter complete with accessories
• de-aired water
• balance
• mixing pan
• graduated measuring cylinder
• meter scale
• stopwatch
• beaker

WAYS & 3.2 Procedures

MEANS 1. Clean the mould and apply grease on inside of the mould. Record its
weight.
2. Prepare sample:
a) Trim the sample to the size of mould from undisturbed lump of soil
collected from the site. Fit this sample into the mould. Apply wax
around periphery of the sample – mould to prevent leakage or;
b) Prepare statically compacted remoulded specimen of desired
density and water content or;
c) Prepare dynamically compacted remoulded specimen of desired
density and water content.
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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3. Trim off the excess soil. Place filter paper on top of soil specimen and
fix perforated base plate to it.
4. Turn the assembly upside down and remove compaction plate or end
plug and collar, as the case may be, place top perforated plate on the
top of soil specimen, insert sealing gasket and fix top cap properly.
5. Saturate the sample. Use vacuum desiccators facility if available.
6. Take out specimen (mould) when saturation is complete.
7. Place the mould in the bottom tank.
8. Fill the bottom tank with water up to its outlet.
9. Connect outlet tube of constant head tank to the inlet nozzle of the
permeameter. Remove all air bubbles from the system.
10. Adjust hydraulic head. Record the head.
11. Start the stopwatch and at the same time put a beaker under the out
let of the bottom tank.
12. Run the test for some convenient time interval. Record the time.
13. Measure and record the quantity of water collected during that time.
14. Repeat the test two times more under the same head and for the same
time interval.

H1
h1
H2 h3
h2
H3

L2
L3
L1

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition

QL
The coefficient of permeability of soils, k =
Aht
Data Sheet:

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF SOIL

(Constant Head Test)
SOIL SAMPLE DATA

Diameter of sample, D (m)

Cross-sectional area of sample, A (m2)

Length of sample, L1 (m)

Length of sample, L2 (m)

Length of sample, L3 (m)

HEIGHT OF WATER IN TUBES AT STEADY STATE

Height of water in tube 1, H1 (m)

Height of water in tube 2, H2 (m)

Height of water in tube 2, H3 (m)

Quantity of Time Headloss, Headloss, Headloss, Coefficient of Permeability, k (m/sec)

water, Q taken, t h1 (m) h2 (m) h3 (m)
(m3) (sec) k1 k2 k3 Average

Overall average coefficient of permeability of soil sample, k (m/sec)

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test, data
RESULTS acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output
to address the given problem.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE FALLING HEAD TEST

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways
& means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to
the assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity
and innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and
inculcate independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a
much harder task of open-ended laboratory activities.

In this laboratory session, students will be introduced on how to determine

PREAMBLE the coefficient of permeability of soils using falling head test.
1.2 Objectives
To determine the coefficient of permeability of fine-grained soils.

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
4. Conduct the falling head test to determine the coefficient of
permeability of soil sample.
5. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
6. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

Permeability is defined as the capacity of a soil to allow water to pass
through and the coefficient of permeability is the flow velocity produced by
a hydraulic gradient of unity.

The falling head test is used to determine the coefficient of permeability of

fine-grained soils such as silts and clays. For these types of soils, the rate
of water flowing through them is too small to enable accurate
measurements using constant head permeameter. The determination of
k using the falling head test is govern by Darcy’s Law which states that
the flow velocity of proportional to the hydraulic gradient and derived as:

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

k = aL ln (h1/h2)
A (t2-t1)

Where;
a = cross-sectional area of the standpipe
A = cross-sectional area of the sample
L = the length of the sample
h1 = initial height of the standpipe
h2 = final height of the standpipe
t1 = initial time before the start of the test
t2 = final time at the end of the test

2 Problem Statement
Permeability is a measure of how easy water can flow through a soil volume
and is considered to be one of the most important geotechnical parameters.
PROBLEM Having knowledge on soil permeability will help engineers in their design
STATEMENT selections. As a group, you are required to investigate the permeability
coefficient of a given soil sample. The group must carry out the test following
the procedures outline and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a
proper technical format.

3.1 Apparatus
• Falling head permeameter
• Standpipes
• Triaxial cell or compaction mould
• Stopwatch
• Thermometer (if necessary)
• Bucket
• Sample extruder

3.2 Procedures
1. Take a U100 sample or from a core-cutter tube and trim the
sample to assure that both surface is flat and smooth.
2. Place the soil sample fully into a triaxial cell on top of a porous
WAYS & MEANS stone and again place a porous stone on top of the soil sample.
3. Place the whole set up in a bucket partially submerged in water.
The sample should be encased in the triaxial cell to make sure
that no air bubbles are entrapped in the soil sample.
4. Measure the length, L and the diameter, D of the sample.
Record the diameter, a of the standpipe used in the test.
5. Connect the standpipe to the sample. The connection of the
standpipe to the sample should be intact to make sure that the
presence of air is minimized.
6. Open the valve and fill the water into the standpipe to a marked
initial height of the standpipe. Record the initial reading for
height, h1 and time, t1 before the commencement of the test.
7. Close the valve and start the test by observing the flow of flow
of water and time of the reduction. Once the flow of water

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

reaches the final height mark, stop the time and record the final
reading for height, h2 and time, t2 simultaneously.
8. Record the temperature at the time of the test and obtain the
temperatureure correction from Table 1 for kT and k20. Compute
the average of k by repeating the above procedure. The
correction for the effect of temperature is given by:

kt = κt k20

where;
kt = value of k corresponding to a temperature of t
k20 = value of k corresponding to a temperature of 20 0C
κt = temperature correction coefficient

Table 1 : Values of Temperature Correction Coefficient, кt

0C кt
0 1.779
4 1.555
10 1.299
15 1.133
20 1.000
25 0.906
30 0.808
40 0.670
50 0.550
60 0.468
70 0.410

Standpipe
h1

h2

Valve

Soil
L
sample

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition

𝒂𝑳 𝒉
The coefficient of permeability of soils, 𝒌 = 𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝑨𝒕 𝒉𝟐

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF SOIL

(Falling Head Test)

SOIL SAMPLE DATA

Diameter of sample, D (m)

Cross-sectional area of sample, A (m2)

Length of sample, L (m)

Mass of dry sample, Ms (kg)

Moisture content of sample, w (%)

Bulk density of sample, ρ (kg/m3)

STANDPIPES DATA

Standpipe no. 1 2 3

Diameter, d (m)

Area, a (m2)

Test No. Standpipe a h1 h2 t A L k

No. (m2) (m) (m) (sec) (m2) (m) (m/sec)

Overall average coefficient of permeability of soil sample, k (m/sec)

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test, data
acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output
to address the given problem.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways &
means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to the
assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and
innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and inculcate
independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder
task of open-ended laboratory activities.
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the usage of sieving
tests to determine the particle size distribution of soil. Compaction of
soil is defined the process of packing the soil particles closer together by
mechanical manipulations to reduce voids ratio of the soil, which results
in increase in its dry density.

1.2 Objectives
PREAMBLE
To determine the compaction characteristics of soil sample

1.4 Theoretical Background

Compaction of soil is defined the process of packing the soil particles closer
together by mechanical manipulations to reduce voids ratio of the soil, which
results in increase in its dry density.

Proctor (1933) demonstrated that for a specific amount of compaction energy

applied on the soil tentatively equip on water content where at the same time
the particular soil attains maximum density. The water content corresponding
to the maximum density achieved is called ‘optimum moisture content’ (ω
optimum). Conducting the laboratory test and establishing water content
density relationship, could determine it.

2.0 Problem Statement

Students will be given a soil sample where they will be required to conduct
PROBLEM
Standard Proctor by identifying suitable equipment and laboratory procedures
STATEMENT
in order to determine the shear strength of the given soil sample

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.1 Apparatus
Standard Proctor mould (+ 1000 ml volume) with rammer (of weight 2.5 kg and
dropping height 300 mm) and other accessories, proctor’s needle (if available),
20mm and 37.5mm sieve, mixing equipment, steel straight edge, balance, air
tight containers, measuring cylinder, sample extruder, etc.

3.2 Procedures
1. Take about 20 kg of representative dried soil sample passing on 37.5 mm
(or 20 mm) sieve.
2. And from sieved sample, take about 3kg ands add adequate water on soil
sample to bring its water content to about 7% or less than the estimated
optimum moisture content. Leave it for some time.
3. Clean the mould and base plate. Fit them and record the mass.
4. Apply grease on inside of the mould.
5. Attached the collar to the mould.
6. Remix the matured soil. Take about 2 to 3 kg of soil. Compact it in the 1000
WAYS & MEANS ml mould in three equal layers, using the rammer at 27 blows per layers.
7. Remove the collar. Cut the excess soil with the straight edge. Determine
penetration resistance of the compacted soil using Proctor’s needle (if
available) and record the resistance.
8. Clean the mould from outside and record its weight.
9. Take out the soil from the mould. Keep a representative soil specimen
from the middle of the mould for water content determinations.
10. Repeat steps 5 to 10 about six times but with a gradual increments of
water content each time by adding sufficient amount of water on the soil.
In a normal case of compaction, the mass of the soil (weight in step 9) is
become heavier for the first three compactions stages but will become
lighter after next three compactions due to the soil become saturated.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition

Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wt. of Mould +
Wet Soil (Kg)

Wt. of Mould (Kg)

Wt. of Wet Soil (Kg)

Vol. of Mould (m3)

Wet Density (Mg/m3)

Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
Container No. a b c d e f g h i j k l
Wt. of Wet Soil +
Container (g)
Wt. of Dry Soil +
Container (g)

Wt. of Container (g)

Wt. of Dry Soil (g)

Wt. of Moisture (g)

Moisture Content (%)

Avg. Moisture
Content (%)

Dry Density (Mg/m3)

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group will be required to prepare technical report of the laboratory
RESULTS results highlighting the procedures of testing adopted, data acquisition
process, analysis carried out with detail discussion and conclusion. Report is
to be submitted 1 week upon completion of laboratory work.

37
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE FIELD DENSITY TEST BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways &
means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to the
assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and
innovativeness. The activity is hoped to slowly be introduced and inculcate
independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder
task of open ended laboratory activities.

The dry density of the compacted soil or pavement is a common measure of

the amount of the compaction achieved during the construction. Knowing the
field density and filed moisture content, the dry density is calculated.
Therefore, field density test is important as a field control test for the
compaction of soil or any other pavement layer.

PREAMBLE 1.2 Objectives

To determine dry density, ρd , of in situ soil

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Conduct Sand Replacement Method
2. Determine the field density of soil

1.4 Theoretical Background

To measure the achieved field dry density:
Bulk density of in-situ soil, ρ = (total mass/total volume)
Dry density of in-situ soil, ρd = bulk density/(1+w)

2 Problem Statement
PROBLEM As a group you are given a site location to achieve the objectives. You are
STATEMENT required to carry out the appropriate tests according to the selected ground
location.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.1 Apparatus

Set of pouring cylinder, Ottawa sand (passing

1mm and retaining 0.6mm)

3.2 Procedure:
Part A: Calibration Stage
1. Determine the density of sand to be use by using calibration
cylinder.
2. Determine also the weight of cone that will produce under the
pouring cylinder by determining the weight of that cone produce.

WAYS & MEANS Part B: Sampling for Bulk Density

1. The site is cleaned and leveled using a scraper for an area of
about 450 mm square.
2. The metal tray central hole is placed on the prepared surface.
3. Using this central hole as pattern, the soil is excavated using a
trowel up to a required depth and the loose soil is carefully
collected in the metal container and is weighed.
4. The sand pouring cylinder is refilled with sand such that its
weight is again.
5. The metal tray with central hole is removed and the sand pouring
cylinder is placed centrally over the excavated hole.
6. The shutter is opened till the sand fills the excavated hole and
the cone completely until there is no further movement of sand
in the cylinder.
7. The shutter is closed, and the cylinder is weighed so that the
weight of sand filling the excavated hole alone can be found.
8. The moisture content of the excavated soil is determined by
taking a sample of soil from it in moisture content dish, weighed,
dried in oven at 1100C and re-weighing.
9. These steps are repeated three times and the average values will
be the field density value of soil.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition

Result from Calibration Cylinder

Volume of calibration cylinder (m3)

Mass of sand inside cylinder + cone sand (kg)

Mass of cone sand (kg)

Mass of sand inside cylinder (kg)

Density of pouring sand (kg/m3)

Field Result
Initial total mass of sand-pouring cylinder (kg)

Final total mass of sand-pouring cylinder (kg)

Mass of cone sand (kg)

Mass of soil removed from hole (kg)

Mass of soil after oven-dry (kg)

Moisture content of removed soil (%)

4 Result, Analysis and Conclusion

The group will be required to prepare technical report of the laboratory
results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out with
RESULTS
detail discussion and conclusion. Report is to be submitted 1 week upon
completion of laboratory work.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION - OEDOMETER

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as
Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance
independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The
traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely
problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to the
students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the
whole laboratory course activity especially to first- and second-year
students.

In this laboratory activity, students will be exposed to the procedure by

physical demonstration by instructor and the analysis for the provided result
will be presented.
1.2 Objectives
PREAMBLE To determine compressibility characteristic of soi
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Determined the consolidation properties from the consolidation test
2. Estimate the magnitude and the rate of both primary and secondary
consolidation settlement of a structure or an earth fill
1.4 Theoretical Background
This test is performed to determine the magnitude and rate of volume
decrease that a laterally confined soil specimen undergoes when subjected
to different vertical pressures. From the measured data, the consolidation
curve (pressure-void ratio relationship) can be plotted. This data is useful in
determining the compression index, the recompression index and the pre-
consolidation pressure (or maximum past pressure) of the soil. In addition,
the data obtained can also be used to determine the coefficient of
consolidation and the coefficient of secondary compression of the soil.
2.0 Problem Statement
Students are required to prepare a sample and conduct Consolidation
PROBLEM
STATEMENT Test in order to estimate the magnitude and rate of volume decrease
that a laterally confined soil specimen undergoes when subjected to
different vertical pressures.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.1 Apparatus

Consolidation device (including ring, porous stones, water reservoir, and

load plate), Dial gauge (0.0001 inch = 1.0 on dial), Sample trimming device,
glass plate, Metal straight edge, Clock, Moisture can, Filter paper.

3.2 Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty consolidation ring together with glass plate.
2. Measure the height (h) of the ring and it’s inside diameter (d).
3. Extrude the soil sample from the sampler, generally thin-walled Shelby
tube. Determine the initial moisture content and the specific gravity of the
soil as per Experiments 1 (Use the data sheets from these experiments
to record all of the data).
4. Cut approximately a three-inch long sample. Place the sample on the
consolidation ring and cut the sides of the sample to be approximately
the same as the outside diameter of the ring. Rotate the ring and pare
off the excess soil by means of the cutting tool so that the sample is
reduced to the same inside diameter of the ring. It is important to keep
the cutting tool in the correct horizontal position during this process.
5. As the trimming progresses, press the sample gently into the ring and
continue until the sample protrudes a short distance through the bottom
of the ring. Be careful throughout the trimming process to insure that
there is no void space between the sample and the ring.
6. Turn the ring over carefully and remove the portion of the soil protruding
above the ring. Using the metal straight edge, cut the soil surface flush
WAYS & MEANS with the surface of the ring. Remove the final portion with extreme care.
7. Place the previously weighed Saran-covered glass plate on the freshly
cut surface, turn the ring over again, and carefully cut the other end in a
similar manner.
8. Weigh the specimen plus ring plus glass plate.
9. Carefully remove the ring with specimen from the Saran-covered glass
plate and peel the Saran from the specimen surface. Center the porous
stones that have been soaking, on the top and bottom surfaces of the
test specimen. Place the filter papers between porous stones and soil
specimen. Press very lightly to make sure that the stones adhere to the
sample. Lower the assembly carefully into the base of the water
reservoir. Fill the water reservoir with water until the specimen is
completely covered and saturated.
10. Being careful to prevent movement of the ring and porous stones, place
the load plate centrally on the upper porous stone and adjust the loading
device.
11. Adjust the dial gauge to a zero reading.
12. With the toggle switch in the down (closed) position, set the pressure
gauge dial (based on calibration curve) to result in an applied pressure
of 0.5 tsf (tons per square foot).
13. Simultaneously, open the valve (by quickly lifting the toggle switch to the
up (open) position) and start the timing clock.
14. Record the consolidation dial readings at the elapsed times given on the
data sheet.
15. Repeat Steps 11 to 13 for different preselected pressures (generally
includes loading pressures of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 tsf and
unloading pressures of 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 tsf)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

16. At the last elapsed time reading, record the final consolidation dial
reading and time, release the load, and quickly disassemble the
consolidation device and remove the specimen. Quickly but carefully blot
the surfaces dry with paper towelling. (The specimen will tend to absorb
water after the load is released.)
17. Place the specimen and ring on the Saran-covered glass plate and, once
again, weigh them together.
18. Weigh an empty large moisture can and lid.
19. Carefully remove the specimen from the consolidation ring, being sure
not to lose too much soil, and place the specimen in the previously
weighed moisture can. Place the moisture can containing the specimen
in the oven and let it dry for 12 to 18 hours.
20. Weigh the dry specimen in the moisture can.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Results and Calculations

1. Calculate the initial water content and specific gravity of the soil.
2. For each pressure increment, construct a semilog plot of the
consolidation dial readings versus the log time (in minutes). Determine
D0, D50, D100, and the coefficient of consolidation (cv) using
Casagrande’s logarithm of time fitting method. See example data. Also
calculate the coefficient of secondary compression based on these plots.
3. Calculate the void ratio at the end of primary consolidation for each
pressure increment (see example data). Plot log pressure versus void
ratio. Based on this plot, calculate compression index, recompression
index and preconsolidation pressure (maximum past pressure).
4. Summarize and discuss the results.

3.4 Data Acquisition

Consolidation Test
Data Sheets
Date Tested: _____________
Tested By: _______________
Project Name: _____________
Sample Number: _____________
Visual Classification: ___________

Before test
Consolidation type = _________
Mass of the ring + glass plate = _________
Inside diameter of the ring = _________
Height of specimen, Hi = _________
Area of specimen, A = _________
Mass of specimen + ring = _________
Initial moisture content of specimen, wi (%) = _________
Specific gravity of solids, Gs = _________

After test
Mass of wet sample + ring + glass plate = __________
Mass of can = __________
Mass of can + wet soil = __________
Mass of wet specimen = __________
Mass of can + dry soil = __________
Mass of dry specimen, Ms = __________
Final moisture content of specimen, wf = __________

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Calculations

Item Calculation
Mass of solids in specimen, Ms =
(Mass of dry specimen after test)
Mass of water in specimen before test, Mwi = wi x Ms

Mass of water in specimen after test, Mwf (g) = wf x Ms

Height of solids, Hs 𝑀𝑠
=
(same before and after test and note ρw = 𝐴 𝑥 𝐺𝑠 𝑋 𝜌𝑤
1g/cm3)
Height of water before test, Hwi 𝑀𝑤𝑖
=
𝐴 𝑥 𝜌𝑤

Height of water after test, Hwf 𝑀𝑤𝑓

=
𝐴 𝑥 𝜌𝑤

Change in height of specimen after test, ∑∆H =

(∑∆H for all pressures – see t vs Dial Reading
plots)
Height of specimen after test, Hf = Hi - ∑∆H

Void ratio before test, eo 𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻𝑠

=
𝐻𝑠

Void ratio after test, ef 𝐻𝑓 − 𝐻𝑠

=
𝐻𝑠
Degree of saturation before test, Si 𝐻𝑤𝑖
=
𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻𝑠
Degree of saturation after test, Sf 𝐻𝑤𝑓
=
𝐻𝑓 − 𝐻𝑠
Dry density before test, ρd 𝑀𝑠
=
𝐻𝑖 − 𝐴

FINAL RESULTS
Compression Index (Cc) =
Recompression Index (Cr) =
Preconsolidation pressure (Pc) or Maximum past pressure (σvmax) =
Coefficient of consolidation (Cv)= (depends on the pressure)
Coefficient of secondary compression (Cα)
(It is the slope of time vs settlement curve beyond the end of primary
consolidation)

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the
relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Sample Results:

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST

Borehole No. Depth

Sample No. Date of Testing

INITIAL CONDITION FINAL CONDITION

Diameter of sample (mm)
Weight of ring (gm)
Weight of ring + w et soil (gm)
Weight of w et soil (gm)
Weight of dry soil (gm)
Weight of w ater (gm)
Water content (%)
Particle density (assumed)
Height of solid (hs) (mm)
Height of soil (h) (mm)
Void ratio, e
Bulk density (Mg/m³)
Dry density (Mg/m³)
Deg. of saturation (%)

Applied Change in Compression

Sample index, Cc Change in Change of
Void Ratio,
Pressure, σ' ' Thickness,pressure,
Pressure, ΔσPreconsolidation H Thickness,
ρc ' (kN/m²) ΔH Void Ratio, Log σ'
e
(kPa) (kPa) (mm) (mm) Δe
Applied0 Pressure Height 20.000
Settlement Change Void Ratio Curve 0.862
Coeff. Of Coeff. Of
-3
Pressure of25
Soil Void Ratio e -0.086
= log σ' -0.008
Fitting Δe x 10 Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp.
σ' 25 Δσ' h Δh 19.914Δe (h-hs)/hs t90 Δσ 0.854c v 1.398
mv
(kN/m²) (kN/m²) 25
(mm) (mm) -0.151 -0.014
(min) (m²/year) (m²/MN)

50 19.763 0.840 1.699

50 -0.271 -0.025
100 19.492 0.815 2.000
100 -0.375 -0.035
200 19.117 0.780 2.301
200 -0.471 -0.044
400 18.646 0.736 2.602
400 -0.528 -0.049
800 18.118 0.687 2.903
800 -0.531 -0.049
1600 17.587 0.637 3.204
-1200 0.057 0.005
400 17.644 0.643 2.602
-300 0.182 0.017
100 17.826 0.660 2.000
Tested by Checked by
-75 0.417 0.039 Date
Soil M e ch an ics Labor ator y, Un ive r siti Te k n olog i M AR A Sar awak
25 18.243 0.699 1.398

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE DIRECT SHEAR BOX TEST

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and
ways & means are guided and given to the students. However, the
answers to the assignment are left to the students to solve using the
group creativity and innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will
slowly introduce and inculcate independent learning amongst
students and prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended
laboratory activities.
In this laboratory activity, the students need to know shear strength of a
soil. It is maximum resistance to shearing stresses. It is usually
PREAMBLE considered to be equal to the shear stress at failure on the failure plane.
The shear strength of soil mainly consists of the resistance due to
interlocking of particle and friction between individual particles at their
contact point i.e. internal friction and the resistance due to inter particle
forces which tend to hold the particles together in a soil mass, what so
called cohesion.

1.2 Objectives
To determine the shear strength characteristics of soil using direct
shear box apparatus.

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
7. Acquire the necessary skill in conducting test using appropriate tools
for direct shear box test.
8. Determination and analyses shear strength parameters from shear
box test.
9. Work in a group to produce the relevant technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

The shear strength τ, of soil can be represented by coulomb’s equation of:

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

τ = c + σ tan Ф
f

Where;

σ = total normal stress on the failure plane.

c = cohesion.
Ф = angle of internal friction.
2 Problem Statement
The shear box test is the simplest, the oldest and the most straightforward
PROBLEM procedure for measuring the ‘immediate’ or short term shear strength of soils
STATEMENT in terms of total stresses. As a group, you are required to investigate the shear
strength parameters of a given soil sample.

3.1 Apparatus

WAYS &
MEANS
Figure : Direct shear apparatus with accessories, dial gauge and balance

3.2 Procedures
1. Find the volume of the space assigned for sample in the shear box, i.e.
measure length and width of the shear box and height from lower grid
plate to mark for upper grid plate and calculate volume, V.
2. Calculate weight of the soil required to obtain desired density of soil
sample in the shear box i.e. W = V x Υ
3. Place the grid plate on the base plate such that the serrations of grid plate
are at right angles to the direction of the shear. Tighten the locking
screws.
4. Pour the weighed sand carefully into the shear box in two or three layers
and tamp each layer with the wooden piece to obtain the desired density.
5. Place upper grid plate on the soil with serrations of grid plate at right
angles to the direction of shear.
6. Keep the loading pad on the top grid plate.
7. Choose a suitable strain rate and select the gear accordingly.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

8. Position the loading frame on the top of loading pad.

9. Fix the dial gauges to measure change in thickness and deformation of
the specimen (if required).
10. Make sure that the proving ring to measure the shear force is in contact
with the shear box.
11. Set proving ring dial gauge and deformation dial gauge to zero.
12. Apply the required normal stress depending on design requirements.
13. Remove the locking screws.
14. Raise upper half of the shear box by about 1.0mm above lower half for
free movement by turning spacing screws.
15. Apply the shear force at the selected strain rate to failure or until 20%
longitudinal displacement, whichever occurs earlier.
16. Record the shear force reading (proving ring reading) longitudinal
displacement and change in thickness of specimen, if required until failure
of the sample occurs.
17. Remove the dial gauges, loading frame, loading pad etc and remove the
sample from the shear box.
18. Repeat step (3) to (16) on three more specimens with same initial
condition but at different normal stresses applied.

3.3 Data Acquisition

Size of the box =
Area of the box (m2) =
Specimen Thickness (m) =
Specimen Volume (m3) =
Soil Specimen Mass (kg) =
Bulk density (kg/m3) =
Water content (%) =
Dry density (kg/m3) =
Normal Stress 1 (kPa) =
Normal Stress 2 (kPa) =
Normal Stress 3 (kPa) =
Shearing Rate (mm/sec.) =

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Observations Calculations
Horizontal Vertical Shear Vertical Shear Shear
Elapse
dial dial Proving disp. disp. force, stress,
time
gauge gauge Ring ΔH ΔV F σ
(Min.)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kN) kPa
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
0.004143 kN/mm

7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Use separate data sheet for tests under different normal stresses
Normal stress Shear stress at Shear
Test No. applied, σV failure, σH displacement at
(kPa) (kPa) failure, ΔH (mm)

All data collected and observed during the test must be tabulated in proper
format for easy verification and presentation of the technical report.

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test, data
acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out
output to address the given problem.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST (UU TEST)

1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways &
means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to the
assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and
innovativeness. It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and inculcate
independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task
of open-ended laboratory activities.

In this laboratory session, students will be introduced on how to determine the

shear strength parameters of soil using triaxial test.

1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is:
• To determine the shear strength parameters for clay soil.
PREAMBLE
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:

1. Conduct the unconsolidated undrained triaxial test to determine the shear

strength parameters for clay soil.
2. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format
3. Work in a group to produce technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

• Triaxial test is more reliable because we can measure both drained and
undrained shear strength.
• Generally, 1.4” diameter (3” tall) or 2.8” diameter (6” tall) specimen is
used.
• Specimen is encased by a thin rubber membrane and set into a plastic
cylindrical chamber.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

• Cell pressure is applied in the chamber (which represents σ3’) by

pressurizing the cell fluid (generally water).
• Vertical stress is increased by loading the specimen (by raising the platen
in strain controlled test and by adding loads directly in stress controlled
test, but strain controlled test is more common) until shear failure occurs.
Total vertical stress, which is σ1’ is equal to the sum of σ3’ and deviator
stress (σd).
• Measurement of σd, axial deformation, pore pressure, and sample volume
change are recorded.
• Depending on the nature of loading and drainage condition, triaxial tests
are conducted in three different ways.

UU Triaxial test
CU Triaxial test
CD Triaxial test

• UU test measures the undrained shear strength of soils by means of axial

compression tests on cylindrical specimens in which no drainage is
permitted during the test.

2.0 Problem Statement

UU triaxial test gives shear strength of soil at different confining stresses. Shear
PROBLEM strength is important in all types of geotechnical designs and analyses. As a
STATEMENT group you are given a set of samples to determine the undrained parameters of
the soil. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and
subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

3.1 Apparatus
• Strain controlled triaxial load frame
• Triaxial cell assembly
• Cell pressure supply panel
• Scale
• Balance sensitive to 0.1 g
• Moisture cans
• Oven

3.2 Procedures
WAYS AND 1. Measure diameter, length, and initial mass of the specimen.
MEANS 2. Measure the thickness of the rubber membrane.
3. Set a soil specimen in a triaxial chamber.
4. Increase the cell pressure to a desired value (70 kPa for the first case
and 140 kPa in the second case).
5. Shear the specimen at the rate of 1%/min or 0.7 mm/min (for 70 mm
sample height).
In automated device, the software calculates it automatically based on
the soil type.
6. Record ΔL, and σd in every 10 seconds (computer does it automatically).
7. Continue the test until the deviator stress shows ultimate value or 20%
axial strain.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Figure 1 triaxial compression testing device

8. After completion of the test, release the cell pressure to 0, vent the
pressure and bring the cell down by bring the lower platen down, drain
the cell, and clean the porous stone and the assembly.
9. Sketch the mode of failure.
10. Measure the weight of the soil specimen again, and put the specimen
into the oven.
11. Measure the weight again after 24 hours.
12. Repeat the test for the second specimen too (140 kPa of cell pressure
and third specimen 210 kPa of cell pressure).

USER’S GUIDELINE FOR THE ELE TRIAXIAL DEVICE

(UU TRIAXIAL TEST)

A. POWER AND MAIN SUPPLY SETTINGS (This step is already done)

1. Press the “Power Display” power button to the “ON” position. After
Stabilization (approx. 15 min.), push the “Tare” button to zero the
display.
2. Turn on the laboratory vacuum supply. The associated amount of
vacuum available to your system will be displayed on the “Vacuum
Supply Gauge”.
3. Turn on the laboratory compressed air supply. Viewing the
“Pressure Supply” gauge, adjust the “Master Regulator” until the desired
maximum supply pressure is reached.
The displayed pressure should be about 10 psi more than the required
cell pressure. Do Not exceed 150 psi (1034 KPa) pressure.
4. Turn on the laboratory water supply.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

B. FILLING OF THE DE-AIRED WATER TANK SYSTEM (This step is

already done)

1. Turn the “De-Airing Water Control” valve to the “Fill” position.

2. When the tank water level is about 1” from the top, turn the “De-Airing
Water Control” valve to the “vent” position (Very Slowly to allow water to
drain).

C. DE-AIRING THE WATER TANK (This step is already done)

1. Turn the “De-Airing Water Control” valve to the “Vacuum” position.

2. Apply vacuum for 10-15 minutes and, at the same time, gently shake the
tank occasionally to enhance the removal of air from water.
3. Turn the “De-Airing Water Control” valve to the “vent” position.

D. FILLING THE BURETTE CHANNELS (This step is already done)

1. Set all five valves on the test cell to the closed position.
2. Set the “De-Airing Water Control” valve to the “Pressure” position.
3. Set the “Burette/Annulus Input Control” valve to the “vent” position.
4. Set the “Annulus Control Switch” to the “open” position (Normal).
5. Slowly turn the “Burette/Annulus Flow Control” valve to the “Fill” position.
When the water reaches the desired level, turn the “Burette/Annulus
Flow Control” valve to the “Cell Operate” position. Do not overfill. Water
should not be allowed to flow into the pressure tube at the top.
6. Repeat the above steps until two burette channels being used are filled
to the desired level.

Note: If the water level in the “De-Aired Water Tank System” drops to
about 1” from the bottom, repeat the filling and de-airing procedures
described above.

E. DE-AIRING THE BURETTE CHANNELS (This step is already

done)

1. Set the “Burette/Annulus Input Control” valve for each channel to the
“vacuum” position. Under normal operating conditions, the de-airing
process should be completed in about 5-10 minutes.
2. After completion, set all “Input Control” valves back to the “vent” position.

F PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLE

1. Trim the sample to be tested using a Miter Box.

2. Measure the height and diameter of the sample at various locations to
get an average value.
3. Measure the weight of the trimmed sample before test.
4. Wrap the sample in a plastic sheeting to prevent any moisture loss.
5. Use the trimmings to get the Moisture Content of the sample before test.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

G PREPARATION FOR THE TRIAXIAL LOADING

1. Double click on the software icon “DS7” on the desktop.

2. Click on the button “New Test”.
3. Select “ UU1 --Triaxial Quick Undrained Tests-AS”.
4. Click on the button “Select a Machine for the Test”.
5. Fill in the spaces in this window and click on the button “OK” to the right
side of the screen. The fields marked * by their side can not be left blank
and the characters \ / * . , : ; @ # ~ ? can not be used while filling up the
spaces.
6. In the window “Tests in Progress” make sure that you select the test that
you want to run and then click on the button “OK” at the bottom of the
screen.
7. Switch on the Load cell machine using the button at the back.

H MONITORING THE TEST

In the “Test Monitoring” window, make sure that all the test data shown in
the upper left box is correct.
1. Click on the button “Start Test Stage” located to the upper right side of
the screen.
2. In the next window select “Test Initialization” and click on button “OK” in
the bottom.
3. In the “Test Initialization” window, enter the previously measured sample
Diameter, weight, and height.
4. The bulk density of the sample will be calculated automatically by the
software.
5. The information regarding the Membrane Thickness and Youngs
Modulus are default values and may not be changed, unless using a
different kind of membrane around the sample.
6. After entering all data click on the green button “Confirm Setup Data”.
7. This will bring you back to the “Test Monitoring” window.
8. Again, click on button “Start Test Stage” located to the upper right side
of the screen.
9. This time select “Compression” from the menu and then click on button
“OK” at the bottom of the window.

I COMPRESSION STAGE

From the previous stage, you will be directed to the screen titled
“Compression Stage for Undrained Test”.
Vent Cell Pressure Transducer to Atmosphere and Reset:
a. Set the “Burette/Annulus Input Control” valve to the “Pressure”
Position.
b. Set the “Annulus Control Switch” valve to the “on” position.
c. Set the “Burette/Annulus Flow Control” valve to the “Cell Operate”
position.
d. Make sure the cell pressure transducer is open to atmosphere and
wait for 10 seconds.
e. In the DS-7 software window, click on the red button “Reset Cell
Pressure”.

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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

1. Fill and Pressurise Cell. Select Material Type and Press Button to
Calculate Suggested Rate of Strain on Enter Directly:
a. Close the valve on the test cell marked “CP”.
b. Carefully place the sample on the Triaxial cell base pedestal.
c. Place the top pressure pad and use black O-rings to secure the
membrane around the base pedestal and top pressure pad.
d. Place the Triaxial cell cover over the sample and use the three rods
to secure it in place.
e. Open the knob at the top of the glass cylinder and attach the tube
marked “CP” to the knob marked “water” located at the bottom left
of the panel.
Open the valve on the test cell marked “CP”. This will gradually fill
the cell. Control the flow using the valve marked CP.
f. Close the knob at the top of the glass cylinder when the cell is filled
with water.
g. Detach the tube marked “CP” from the knob marked “water” and
attach it back to the knob marked “CP” on the panel.
h. Close the valve on the test cell marked “CP”.
i. Use the knob in the “Set Pressure Control” panel to increase the
pressure to the desired cell pressure level. Monitor the cell pressure
box in the DS-7 software to get the accurate reading.
j. Set the “Burette/Annulus Input Control” valve to “Pressure” position.
k. Slowly open the valve on the test cell marked “CP”. This will transfer
the cell pressure to the water inside the glass cylinder.
l. In the DS-7 software window, select the right “Material Type” to the
right side of the window and click on the button “Calculate Rate of
Strain”.
m. Input the “calculated rate of displacement” value from the computer
screen to the display window at the bottom of the test cell and press
Enter (↵).

2. Calculate Logger Sampling Rates (based on percentage of length of

specimen at failure):
a. On the DS-7 software window, fill up the boxes marked “first
increments”, “upto”, and “second increments”. This is the increment
at which the results will be captured by the transducers. The default
values are from the ASTM Standard. Set both for 0.01%.

3. Reset Force Transducer & Bring Piston just into contact with top cap:
a. Raise the sample using the key ↑ on the keypad on the loading
frame until the load piston just touches the top notch of the top plate
above the soil sample.
b. On the DS-7 software window, click on the red button marked
“Reset Force Transducer”.
c. This should reset the lower right window on the “Test Monitoring
Window” in the DS-7 software to 0.0 lbf.

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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

4. Reset Axial Displacement & Start Compression at End of Count

Down:
a. Place the “axial displacement transducer” bottom touching the
horizontal rod and click on the button “Reset Axial Displacement
Transducer” on the DS-7 software window.
b. This should reset the lower left window on the “Test Monitoring”
window of the DS-7 software to 0.0 inches.

5. Click on the green “Continue” button at the bottom of the page of the
software window.
6. A window will appear that will instruct you to press enter (Green Button)
to start the Test Countdown. If everything is ready, click on the green
button “Start Test Countdown”.
7. Once the two whistles go, press the green button “Run” on the keypad
at the bottom of the test cell.

J TO STOP THE TEST

1. To stop the loading at any time press the red button “Stop” on the keypad
of the load frame.
2. In the DS-7 software, on “Test Monitoring” window click on button “End
Test Stage”
3. Click on button “Start Test Stage” button.
4. Select “Final Measurements” and click on OK.
5. Enter all parameters that are available at this time
Final Specimen Weight (wet)
Final Specimen Weight (dry)
Initial Moisture Content from Trimmings
Lab Temperature during test
Particle Specific Gravity
6. Click on green button “Confirm Data”.
7. Click “OK” on the window stating “FINAL STAGE IS NOW COMPLETE.
PRESS OK TO STORE THE TEST DATA READY FOR ANALYSIS OR
PRESS CANCEL TO PERFORM FURTHER STAGES”.
8. Save the Raw data obtained from the test to a directory of your choice.
The software will prompt to a default directory.
9. Click on button “exit” to exit from the software.

K DRAINING THE CELL

1. Turn the “set Pressure Control” knob in counter clockwise direction to

reduce the cell pressure.
2. Turn the “Burette/Annulus Input Control” valve to “Bridge Off” position.
3. Open the top knob of the glass cylinder in the load cell assembly.
4. Set the “Burette/Annulus Flow control” to “drain” position.
5. Open the valve on the test cell marked “CP”. This will drain the water
from the glass cylinder.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

L DISMANTLING THE CELL

1. Use the button ↓ on the keypad of the load frame to lower the sample
away from the load piston.
2. Unscrew the three rods from the sides of the glass cylinder and take out
the cylinder.
3. Dismantle the sample from the test cell and secure the membrane, top
and bottom end plates.

3.3 Data Acquisition

ΔL
1. Calculate axial strain, ε = L
ΔL = Vertical deformation of the specimen.
2. Calculate vertical load on the specimen.
You will get it directly from the force transducers.
3. Calculate corrected area of the specimen (Ac) Ac = A0
1−ε
A0 = Initial cross-sectional area i.e. π x D2/4
4. Calculate the stress σ on the specimen.
σ= Load
Ac
5. Plot σd versus axial strain separately for three tests.
6. Plot σd vs εa for three tests in the same plot.
7. Plot Mohr circle based on σ1 and σ3 at failure. They should give the same
σd value. Add one Mohr circle for unconfined compression test too.
8. Make a straight line, which is tangent to all Mohr’s circles. This gives cu
with a horizontal line, i.e. φu = 0. Therefore, this test is called φ = 0 test.

cu = σd
2

9. Calculate the moisture content of the specimen after the test.

10. Calculate the initial void ratio of the specimen (Use the equations
provided in the earlier classes).

Figure 2 Total stress Mohr circle and failure envelope obtained from UU triaxial
test
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

UU Triaxial Test Laboratory Data Sheet

I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Tested by: Date tested:
Lab partners/organization:
Client: CSUF Project: Soils Lab
Boring no.: N/A Recovery depth: N/A
Recovery date: Recovery method: N/A
Soil description:

II. TEST DETAILS

Initial specimen diameter, Do: Initial specimen area, Ao:
Initial specimen length, Lo: Initial specimen volume, Vo:
Moist mass of specimen after test, M: Dry mass of specimen, Ms:
Moisture content, w: Total unit weight, γ :
Dry unit weight, γd: Degree of saturation, S:
Membrane type: Standard Rubber Membrane Axial strain rate, Δε1/Δt:
Deformation indicator: LVDT Force indicator: LVDT
Cell pressure, σ3: Specimen preparation method: Hand Compaction
Notes, observations, and deviations from ASTM D2850 test standard:

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

III. MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

EQUATIONS:

Axial Axial Axial Corrected Deviator

Deform Load Strain Area Stress εa = ΔL/Lo
ation (P) (ε1) (A) (Δσ)
(ΔL) A = Ao/(1-εa)

Δσ = P/A

σ1f = σ3 + Δσf

σ3:
Δσf:
σ1f:

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS
highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy
of the set-out output to achieve the objective.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECG263

LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY TRADITIONAL

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE TRIAXIAL TEST (CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED, CU)

Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to provide
the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate
creativity and innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive where problem, ways & means
and answers are provided to the students. However, it is still necessary especially
to first- and second-year students.

In these laboratory activities, student should be able to determine the shear strength
parameters of soil. Shear strength is the maximum resistance on any external
stresses which the soil affords to sustain before failure. It is the internal resistance
per unit area that the soil mass can offer to resist failure and sliding along any plane
inside it.

Objectives
To determine the shear strength parameters of soil using triaxial apparatus.

PREAMBLE
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
3. Acquire the necessary skill in conducting test using appropriate tools for
triaxial test.
4. Determine and analyse data to find the shear strength parameters.
5. Work in a group to produce technical report in a proper engineering
format.

Equipment
Triaxial testing machine with accessories, rubber membrane, membrane
stretcher, sample trimming device, split mould and stopwatch.

Theoretical Background
The shear strength τf of soil is its maximum resistance to shearing stresses and
represented by coulomb’s equation of:

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

τf = c + σ tan Ф
where;
σ = total normal stress on the failure plane
c = cohesion
Ф = angle of internal friction

In a triaxial compression test, a specimen of soil is subjected to three principal

compressive stresses at right angle to eagle other. The specimen is failed by
changing one of the stresses. The specimen used in triaxial test in cylindrical in
shape and confining pressure is applied by a liquid under pressure, which creates
a condition where the intermediate and minor principal stress (σ₂ and σ₃) become
equal to the confining pressure. In order to fail the specimen, the major principle
stress σ₁ is applied axially on top of the specimen. The relationships between
principle stresses at failure are obtained by using Mohr circle concept. In terms of
total stress:

σ₁ = σ₃ tan² α + 2 cu tan α
where αu = 45 + Фu/2

When the stresses in a soil mass are in accordance with the above equations, the
soil mass is considered in a state of plastic equilibrium.
The difference between major and minor principal stresses (σ₁ - σ₃) in a triaxial
test is called deviator stress σd. Deviator stress (σ₁ - σ₃) at failure is the
compressive strength of the specimen.

For calculation of stress at any state of test, it is assumed that any changes in
length and volume of specimen results in a uniform change in area over the entire
length of the specimen. Average cross sectional area A at a particular strain is
given by:

A = Ao/1 – e

Where Ao = initial average area of cross-section of the specimen

e = axial strain = ΔL/Lo

Axial strain, e = ΔL/Lo

Where ΔL = the change in specimen length (mm)

Lo = initial length of specimen (mm)

Average cross-sectional area A at particular stain,

A = A = Ao/1-e

Where Ao = initial average area of the specimen

Deviator stress, (Δσ) = proving ring reading X proving ring constant

A

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

The shear strength of a soil is the maximum value of shear stress that may
be induced within its mass before the soil yields. In brittle soils, yielding
PROBLEM may lead to the formation of shear slip surface, over which sliding
STATEMENT movement take place. Shear strength parameters is important for civil
engineers to analyze soil stability problems such as slope stability, bearing
capacity and lateral earth pressure.
WAYS &
MEANS Test Procedure:
1. Prepare the cylinder specimens, undisturbed, compacted, compacted or
re- moulded as per requirement, at predetermined water content (for
cohesive soil).
2. Measure the dimensions of the specimen.
3. Record the weight of the specimen.
4. Keep the representative sample for water content determination i.e. record
the weight of wet sample. Keep it into the oven and take weight after 24
hours when it becomes dry.
5. Attached a rubber membrane to the base plate using rubber rings. Place a
porous stone on the base plate.
6. Place a split mould around the rubber membrane and fold the top portion
of it over the mould.
7. Carefully transfer the specimen in step (1) into the membrane in split
mould.
8. Take predetermined or mass of sand to obtain required density. Carefully
transfer the sand to the membrane in two or three layers and tamp each
layer with a glass rod to obtain the required uniform density of specimen.
9. Put the porous stone on the top of the sample.
10. Put top plate on the porous stone.
11. Roll the membrane on to the top plate and seal it with rubber rings
12. Remove the split mould and check for holes or leaks.
13. Measure the average height and diameter to check density, if sample is
prepared as per step (8).
14. Put cell on triaxial cell base and tighten the cell screws.
15. Make the load ram in contact with the top plate.
16. Close the drainage valve.
17. Fill the water into the cell.
18. Apply predetermined cell pressure (confining pressure).
19. Position the deformation dial gauge.
20. Adjust the deformation and proving ring dial gauges to zero.
21. Select suitable strain rate (0.5% to 2% per minute).
22. Set the position of valve according to the condition of test.
23. Run the machine to apply the axial force.
24. Record the force and deformation readings at suitable intervals.
25. Continue the test (loading) until the proving ring dial gauge starts moving
backwards or 20% axial strain is reach.
26. Stop the loading process, release the load and drain off the water from the
cell.
27. Unscrew the cell screws and carefully remove the cell from its position.
28. Carefully remove the membrane and sketch the failure pattern.
29. Weight the specimen and record.
30. Keep representative sample for water content determination from the
failure zone of the specimen.
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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

31. Repeat the test for at least three identical specimens under increased cell
pressure.
32. Calculate and tabulate data in the table as in appendix.
33. Plot the deviator stress versus deformation graph for each sample.
34. Plot shear stress versus normal stress graph and measure the cohesion, c
and angle of internal friction, Ф.

Analysis:
5. All data collection has been provided as in Appendix.

RESULTS The group required to submit a technical report for the activity within a week.

Appendix

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Appendix (Continue)

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Appendix (Continue)

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JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

List of Reference

1. Braja M. Das. (2015). Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual. 8th ED. OXFORD
University Press USA

2. British Standard. (1986). Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures. (BS
8004 – 1986)

3. British Standard. (1990). Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering
Purposes (BS 137, Part 1-9-1990)

4. British Standard. (1994). Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures. (BS
5930 – 1994)

5. British Standard. (1995). Code of Practice for Strengthened/ Reinforced Soils

and Other Fills. (BS 8006-1995)

6. British Standard. (1999). Code of Practice of Site Investigations. (BS 5930 –

1999).

7. Eurocode 7. (2016). Geotechnical Design, Design Assisted

8. Eurocode 7.(2016). Geotechnical Design, General Rules

9. Ian Smith. (2014). Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics. 9th ED. Wiley-Blackwel

10. Liu, C. & Evett, J.B. (2009). Soil properties testing, measurement and
evaluation (6th ed.). Prentice Hall

11. Ravi Kumar Sharma. (2016). A Laboratory Manual on Soil Mechanics: Testing
and Interpretation. I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd

12. Proctor, R. (1933). Fundamental principles of soil compaction, Engineering

News Record, Vol. 111(9), pp. 245-248.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JENGKA, PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PAHANG)
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