lopic computer oraanizahen

AComputur susBem_consiss hard ware ond sofhuare

to lle H concapt inpd+process outpuand soroga

input PreceSS oUtput

(data) Zinfor mahor)

s oroag

Dala orinsruchons are procassed by ha CPU which.

preformsarihmhc, logicaland inpuf/ouut opernhens.
ha CeU i9 a y ccmporsnk which alao contins te
circuihru e infèrprat ard exeut. hunchons
CPU conkains
- ALU Arihmhe ard logic unit which preror mS
arithmehc (t)and logical fondriens CAND, OR)

CU-comkol vnik wkich pre.forms dscodinq and dee s

daa to Ha RLU
MAR (manory a ddress register) holdstha ddg
mamaruadduss o Ha dara ha ALU
Will nda
daa is Sent throug Memory (oddes bus..
 MDR:Memoru odaaeaistur) hold s e das a
beusd bq a ALU and Han saed er.
hisdala is Sent hroug ha Dah bus
Primary mLmorumtnorty acused directly ay CPU)_
vslaile -RAM (Random accass mLmers) slores fh pxecuirg
progroms inshuchon and Ha daa udad or ham.
RoM(Raad-onlu mamoruhelds insruchens an
data but is rad onlu and cannok hc cdired.

-Cachheldsfreauuntly used in for ma hion Tom Ha

am for Foster load imas

Diagram_of a CPO lock

ProcLssor (cpu).
inpu ALU S/ouput
MAR MDR
Momo ry Koota bu
addisss)
Primary niory
RAM RoM
 Computer insruchien cucle

felth inskuchons from primors mimor ro CU

2)dacoda instruchon
3)Exwteinshuchan
4 ) sore result and chick for nxt inshuchon

Secondaru memoru
StLondarylauxilarystaraga is arthhizly slow mamarru
which is dinble lika RAM,and non-volikle,lika ROM
Also Rnwn as parsisant s homae
wimout suondaru mamoryR Lld not lbe as ho
StorepcoaramS and insruc.hons.

Kamples Secendary ma.mory

- hard dis
-USelash drise
-Soli share drise
-disks
Ogerahing onds applicahion systems
An 05 controls had wL fesov ras and provdss
sefvicas
 Hnos is responsibl for
peripharal connachsn_(movsc,kaylboard)

mimory managomunt

Kasourca_monitoringk mult kuskina

NerworRinq
disk access and dato manageman

Securiky
Hpplicaiens includa
Woro p rocLSSocs (MS.Woracoo doc)
Spread s haats CMS. exullD
Datababa managamant syshems
Weo bro wSers
CAD

Tap hicpro cessing 5oktwarc.

inary cepre sena.hon.
8 bi=1 byBe lobute 024 byhes
btcau 2 0 24
6is induda binary valuts

4Lis 1 uxadkcimal value

dacima numb er SugBem is bose O

norma numbcr e USt

6inary numbtr sustcm is base 2. (O, 1)

dacimal binaru:
ftma indar
21- 2121L - I|601
2 o LO
23o Le
21S L

3L
inary- daci mal

64 37 16 4 T

G443t716t 8+ O+ 0|=121

Oin sart=pos1hue numbr

i n slhrt ugaht numiger
2s Compamant-> vstd o TLpresent ngahx poshve
numbers

|||lo6S now -1219 |IOO

2 lTO
oo
ste Lnuer t)_0.000 I
srep2 + D _000 o

naw represent iE in a 8
bitreatshr by p laaina 1
in ha slat e îndicats nigah
nomber
- 12 000o II)

fmchona dacima binary

2 13 O o 0 1 o1
2.312S 2

for daimal muliply bu2 312S X25d.62s02-|025oo

25x2:0Sx2 1
rochona binary 2 daima

lo 0 .O11L

o.S
22

8+0t2t O
e0To 2S o 12S .31S
U375,
Decimal hax baba 1) (IS is highas,O is louest)
420 6 2 420,=A4,T6
I26oA

hay dacima

A422 irs coneI t o binaru4

16
ki t1he bit
LA So hko 1 Srst

Oo0 Han A:0 so A

ol un 4 505
Too

noL cenuer Hhis o didmal = 2+20fo

inaru hx

Seua 4 bi.

O101 o 1o1 S 0 and lo an O101

So O85
Logic ates
OR , o hen ourut is 1:0,0 Hun ovu o

AND , Han ovhuisL 1,0 Hun ouu0, gou E

NOT becomas O an O hecomas

,:0
XOR exclusi_or 0,O:0 0,1 1
XNOR xcusive nor or O,0 1 , O =O , l 1
NAND> and hun not - 0,0=1 0,12LL:0

NOR > or Phen not 0, 0-10,120|,120

tru able or 3 variables inpus

C
A
his shos posible
O O Ophons
O O
O

6
O

Unsignadosiiie 8 biknomrs

D 255
signad8 6it numrs:

OOooooo1. Lo-
OO00o000 oT O00 0O00, = OO

L,=12),

ASCil is Used for chorachurs inleters 2 128 charactrs

ONICODE is modsrn 17 IGLibh rai shers2 17*2 Lik:
Colors Use hax

Nelworks (Uni 3)
nouork
A computer tuuicL comaromises o loe or mare compure
Sustems that aru conntchtd and ale to share daa
SererHscruer can eilar bta cempursustm or
Sofhwar whichprovides a strvica o suskms
CCnnachd on hat nwork.

ClientH licnk isa cempultr sueta sustm or Settware

which rqusks a SKvia fom a sener.

Jhore aUL numlbtr oays CAun connoc ho olr duias

em -nakor*: ond ouala a nuherk
Hub connschion point for a singk ntuorR connscred usinq
ekarnu cables thatatachus"to a potr.whun a duvica
rcquss dah tun H hub sehds ik to
 _/L

devias connach o n Ha por. , Duato his

a let
trathi is ganarattd. Laair f'husical layerdavica

Swileh: cennachien point or_muliple deuices ,bwt can.

idanihy davices and whidh porthay aru
connached to usina MACaddusses. WorRS
inha Dan link lau
asus h
Rouler: Hmone sophishicateo duvica which o
join mulRple nahusorks. Ihis ceull be usee
Connac a hotma er nehoork to
t nteru
worS
idaniScs ustrs usina IP addusses and
inho ehoork lauar
ngkserk.
Rapaaler Ragunoratsa Sighal oer Hha Saina
Loors in_ ha Pkysica layar

Hub:Amulhipork_repeaher

Nehoork typas
LAN)
Loca aaa nuhoork
wilhin_a
LAN CCmnachs compure r sushems ha
at
A
limited geographic arta. Such as a
rom,or hou

priotus to bt concte
Allsperipkarials such aa

Data can be sharad

hubs o a Swith wim dhenat cablinq is used o
|ovilda LAN
Wireless Local area nahork (WLANN
AWLANlinks hoe or more Cmputer sustems
wikin a limittd gsoaraphic a a . Jus lika LAN,bur
WLAN au cennactd wireesly

wih is Used ho buil& a WLAN

LAN wLAN

Salar greator Eleibili

nster wirelcss
wired chapar for biq projacs

Vir h Loc hrca n.hwor (VLAN)

Lmagi a situahen in which a companu haa anu daparman
a h a soporat LAN in cach da parutnant_and o can
LAN,for is A VLAN is used
Ac a a _porh hon t Ha inih LAN,in_His euru
aparumant is cenuckta into sLparaks uhworkS
LAN VLAN
ProS conS Pros LOnS
Soehmas tAsyrst tkomaa effer prttomana. s omahmas mere ompey
managaa Saer
nor hor s virvol oorkgraupsa
less fexbiliky
parhien isherdgreater flexibiliky
a konia is easu
 Wido area nehoork(WAN)

susfems
WAN is a nehoork whichconnecks cempurer
Phar a wikin_a larg gLograp hic aLa lhe examale
o a WAN is_ hainternst.
fersona area nahwork
(PAN)

which coNnacs oseE duices Teuolued

PANis a nahwork exump blveboh
aLDundan individua user. for

Pe.cr-o-Peer (P2P)
dosent has a clitnk and server,rakor
A P2P nsa hoork nuwork: lhis is daconral.izud
UseS adisribu ted
OSLI SO modal
tesponsi ble with ha _Sekup
o
Please Phusical layer- jo tha pethzar,
physical cennochien_
o bik andspad
a n d repesenahen

smakr
egmontgRW AIUÍSas-into
Dah linR layar breakina
transmi hion d dab bu
do
framcs_and as
inpu dalo in lo data akowledgumanr
Sent Opem asrival_an
fmo is 2hE

Segmank are divicad into smulisr packals

Not Nerwork lauer
hrot Tanspor layer Rspnsible fr poinhng approprir roure
steps
 OStrvia point- route is datermintd
eghmgnlahion5 dah is dividad ino sagtials
Connachin comrol -0conchion less or
Con ion orixred
eassemblina o baa
SerrorC omhro

Sausag Sessionlauar cemuni.cahion o dab hroum suchroni zaken

fhis maus o chack if dala is sent
ropurlg by ca sehingchckpoink
Pizza Presentahion layer io Sunax lauer. fransla.hien, encrupher
Comp fessiom occurs

au
L plicaionlayar manipulahien d daa
o ocols
HITP USed at onsii ng dala
DNS links alphabeical names Fo
IR oddraSses
Vichua privata na.hwork (VPN).
VPN CBatLS avirruay encuphd tunne) to
acRSSa notuorh ikhoo bcina in I premises.
This is dens by setina a logica priualg nahorR

upas VPN:
SSL seue sockat lawr) sek up hroug H intenu
browser

Ofen VPN chap a s opSouTQ C is uscd

 PPTPCpoint-to -poinE homeling probol)isuprora
naeocly by OS
P sec inte rnat pro bcok securi)and L2TP (loyer2
tunnainq pro o.co).mosE secure and cemky.
L2TP dlbsent in cluda cncuyp hon_so L2Tworks
ogeHhur wih Isce
e
Exfans A uhwork hak uses Ha inte.rnuh
aLo comhrolc accos S o ceraih userS

VPN VS exhrone
has limited
VPV is olly _encryp ked exra re
encryphon
exranut hag limitcdda
VPN a s l l access
conoled accosS

boh allo remote acass

Profocola seh rules which quides compurer sstems

in a nuhwork

prolocol 26Data intariku as a suskems

Lenais d Folw a Soae prolo ce
D Sourca intarihy as e ustr

is Validat
Flow comlro)
and much mor
Packa Swirthing
Data at dividad ino smal pockas and han Sen
hroug H nuher
A daa pactu.t indudas
O Inbr ma hen 1Oalo
Htadur : includas IPor pagk,hosh kaadarindules inso
H sender
CRC cuclie edundancu ckaceswhich chacks for
dala intrgrity
hae ara wo pachar swilthina techniauus
0 Connchon Less_dab.cami

-mditon techniaus in whidh each packs is

sent hrDugh ditferen paHas
-x dod loacdina an applicaion
2 Cennochon orinttdi

packas o stnk in orda o main ain Haw sn

a dasi gnate pah
ex telephona cal,wicdso ca
Domains: (Area) 4 Ast au hoo hyes odamains
Broad Cask domain Serds a Brood cas to
in a nuhwork. His ouares
high Conq8s hon
 Collis ion dotmain Sends MeSSaga o suskems
in Mis collision domain -usvally.
in mans davicas swilkhas) haus
1 csion demain per susteM
il more USCTS Send dalo in
6Mecollisien_domain hun
Ocollisien occwrs

Nehwork Securihy
O Enersphon uSes aemplex mathamahical algariams
ond encryphon kay s o dLier h
mRSsaga ard enly Ha prsen wi
ha Raycan access H dab

2 Fire.a blockS Unwand aftic j.ard cruatis

a salay bazsier behwean Ha priuai
ond publichahworkk

oHer maans o be Secure

WPA WPAZ:wis passuuaord

Hhinking unit 4
Compula ional.

fleswchar
inpu
ourpo
sturt/end ProceSS

s Borma
(dscisen