Advanced Cement

Egyptian Chinese university PHM042
Faculty of Engineering and Technology General Chemistry
Research about Advanced Cement

Submission Date: 8/11/2022
Dr.: Marwa Mostafa

TA: Mai Ahmed Ali
Name: Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Hamed

ID:192200077
Table of content
Introduction ................................................................................................................................3
Advanced Cement (Green Cement) .........................................................................................4
What is the green cement? .......................................................................................................4
Magnesium oxychloride cement ..............................................................................................5
Ekkomaxx Cement ..................................................................................................................5
Geopolymer cement ................................................................................................................5
Calcium sulfoaluminate cement ...............................................................................................5
Sequestrated Carbon Cement ...................................................................................................6
Ferrocrete cement ....................................................................................................................6
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................7
Introduction
Cement is one of the most important building materials, as it is indispensable, at least for now, in
the construction of infrastructure, buildings, bridges and dams. According to studies, about six
billion tons of cement were produced worldwide in 2020. But this basic material is responsible
for about 8% of carbon dioxide emissions, so researchers are seeking to find a better alternative.
A cement is a blinder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand
and gravel together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produce mortar for masonry, or
with sand and gravel, produces concrete.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, which
can be characterized as hydraulic or the less common non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of
the cement to set in the presence of water. Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive due to
a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in
mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from
chemical attack. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the
hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement was found
by ancient Romans who used volcanic ash with added lime. Non-hydraulic cement (less
common) does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it sets as it dries and reacts
with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.
The word "cement" can be traced back to the Ancient Roman term opus caementicium, used to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime
as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime,
to obtain a hydraulic blinder, were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement.
In modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete.
Advanced Cement (Green Cement)
What is the green cement?
World production is about four billion tons per year, of which about half is made in China. If
the cement industry were a country, it would be the third largest carbon dioxide emitter in the
world with up to 2.8 billion tones, surpassed only by China and the United States. The initial
calcination reaction in the production of cement is responsible for about 4% of global
CO2 emissions. The overall process is responsible for about 8% of global CO 2 emissions, as
the cement kiln in which the reaction occurs is typically fired by coal or petroleum coke due to
the luminous flame required to heat the kiln by radiant heat transfer. As a result, the production
of cement is a major contributor to climate change, so scientists creates a new type of cement
which is the Advanced cement (Green cement).
Green cement is a revolutionary invention in the world of construction. It is a sustainable eco-

friendly cement that can minimize the carbon footprint of cement production across the globe.
Green cement is an eco-friendly cement that uses a carbon-negative process of manufacturing.
Green cement is a type of cement which resembles the conventional cement but the production
or usage of such cement requires minimum amount of energy and causes least harm to the
environment.
The green cement was invented in Denmark for first time in 1998. Green cement is very often
also cheap to produce because for example, waste products are used as a partial substitute for
cement, charges for the disposal of waste are avoided, energy consumption in production is
lower, and durability is greater. Compared with traditional cement, green cement functions better
reqiures less natural materials in production and releases less carbon dioxide. It also protects land
from becoming a dumping ground and ultimately being destroyed. Apart from fly ash, green
cement also uses blast furnace slag which can produce harmful environmental effects if it is
simply discarded. The materials used in the traditional cement manufacturing process require
large amounts of natural gas/coal for heating purposes. Because green cement already contains
industrial by-products, the energy needed in production is greatly reduced. Also, unlike Portland
cement, green cement is more resistant to changes in temperature, therefore reducing the costs
associated with both heating and cooling. Green cement does not require as much heat during its
production, releasing up to 80% less carbon dioxide.
Based on several advanced technological attempts, various types of Green Cement are produced.
That includes carbon-negative cement, reduced carbon production practices, geopolymers, and
modern concrete products.
Magnesium oxychloride cement
Magnesium oxychloride cement is one of the strongest cement

possessing certain advantages over Portland cement. It is a
high strength, high bonding and quick setting cement with
high early strength. It does not require humid curing. It
consists of magnesium oxide (MgO) powder and a
concentrated solution of magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Having
the tremendous load-bearing capacity, it can withstand Magnesium oxychloride cement
vibrations from heavy cast iron wheel movement without the
least trace of cracks or fissures. It is used in industrial floorings, ship decks, railway passenger
coach floorings, hospital floors, ammunition factory floors, missile silos and underground
armament factories and bunkers. This type of green cement has enhanced setting time and also
has high compressive strength, with the use of additives such as fly ash, the strength, as well as
the durability of MOC, can be increased significantly.
Ekkomaxx Cement
Ekkomaxx Cement is composed of 95% fly ash and 5% renewable liquid additives. Its main
features are high early strength, resilience, crack resistance, low chloride permeability, sulphate
attack resistance, durability and resistance to freezing and thawing.
Geopolymer cement
Geopolymer cement is a binding system that hardens at

room temperature. It relies on minimally processed natural
materials or industrial byproducts to significantly reduce the
carbon footprint of cement production, while also being
highly resistant to many common concrete durability issues.
Geopolymer concrete has significant advantages over
standard concrete. It is much more long-lasting than
standard concrete and requires little repair, thus saving huge Geopolymer cement
amounts of money that would otherwise have to be spent on
repairing and maintaining concrete based infrastructure.
Calcium sulfoaluminate cement
Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) is an innovative alternative

to Portland cement for tunneling and underground
construction projects. It has been used for construction on
above-ground projects for years and exhibits properties
uniquely suited to the harsh environment of underground
Calcium sulfoaluminate cement

construction. The primary advantage of CSA cements is that concretes, grouts and mortars made
with CSA Cement, can easily be formulated to achieve compressive strengths over 5000 psi in
just a few hours. With CSA Cement is possible to attain the desired26 to 28day strength in 24 -
hours. Rapid setting and high early strength gain is critical in situations where an airport runway,
a bridge repair or a damaged freeway must be returned to service in a very short amount of time.
Sequestrated Carbon Cement
Sequestrated Carbon Cement is manufactured by use of CO 2-

rich gases filtered through seawater. The calcium and
magnesium are stripped from the seawater and react with
CO2 to produce high-quality cement, which is white, air-
permeable and stronger than regular OPC. concrete producers
mineralize carbon waste and inject it into concrete. The
CO2 is sourced from industrial emitters. They collect, purify,
and distribute the CO2 to concrete plants, which store it in Sequestrated Carbon Cement
pressurized tanks until it is ready to use. Once injected into
the wet concrete mix, the CO2 reacts with calcium ions from cement to form a nano-sized
mineral, calcium carbonate, which then becomes embedded in the concrete. This makes the
concrete stronger. Aside from increased strength, CO2 does not impact the concrete properties.
Set-time, slump, workability, air content and temperature.
Ferrocrete cement
Ferrocrete cement is manufactured using reinforced mortar

or plaster (lime or cement, sand, and water) applied over an
“armature” of metal mesh, woven expanded metal, or metal-
fibers, and closely spaced thin steel rods such as rebar. It is
composed of hydraulic-cement mortar reinforced with
closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small wire
mesh. The mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable
materials. It has a very high tensile strength-to-weight ratio Ferrocrete cement
and superior cracking behavior in comparison to
conventional reinforced concrete. Unlike conventional concrete, ferrocrete cement reinforcement
can be assembled into its final desired shape and the mortar can be plastered directly in place
without the use of a form.
Conclusion
Green cement market demand in India is driven by growth in awareness related to reduction in
carbon emissions and its detrimental effect on the environment. In addition, green cement
provides better functionality, requires fewer natural materials during production, and releases
less carbon dioxide than traditional cement. Green cement will enable eco-friendly construction
– a big step towards saving the planet. Green cement is a revolutionary product that is
manufactured in an eco-friendly manner and becomes the foundation of sustainability.
Understanding its advantages, many developers today have gradually shifted towards using
greener cement. Urban development schemes and efforts to adhere to environmental agency
guidelines have also led to its increased demand. The companies are inclined to develop energy-
efficient construction. Various companies are undertaking R&D activities to improve the
technology. They have utilized numerous raw materials to obtain a cost-effective green cement
mixture. Thus, such initiatives and advancements by manufacturers are expected to provide
lucrative opportunities for market growth.

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Egyptian Chinese university PHM042

Faculty of Engineering and Technology General Chemistry

Research about Advanced Cement

Dr.: Marwa Mostafa

Name: Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Hamed

Green cement is a revolutionary invention in the world of construction. It is a sustainable eco-

Magnesium oxychloride cement is one of the strongest cement

Geopolymer cement is a binding system that hardens at

Calcium sulfoaluminate cement

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) is an innovative alternative

Calcium sulfoaluminate cement

Sequestrated Carbon Cement

Sequestrated Carbon Cement is manufactured by use of CO 2-

Ferrocrete cement is manufactured using reinforced mortar

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