IOT Based Health Care System Using Body Sensor

Networks

A Thesis Submitted by

NAUMAN ALI (GROUP LEADER) D-19-TE-05

ABDUL HASEEB D-19-TE-20

SUHAIB AHMED D-19-TE-18

IBRAHIM ELFADIL D-18-19-TE-33

Supervised by: Engr. IMRAN ALVI

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of

Telecommunication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KARACH

June, 2022
 IOT Based Health Care System Using Body Sensor
Networks

Submitted By

NAUMAN ALI (GROUP LEADER) D-19-TE-05

ABDUL HASEEB D-19-TE-20

SUHAIB AHMED D-19-TE-18

IBRAHIM ELFADIL D-18-19-TE-33

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree

Bachelor of Engineering
in Telecommunication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KARACH

June, 2022

II
 DEDICATION

Our project report is a very brief reflection of our academic career which we proudly

dedicate to firstly our parents and after that we proudly dedicate this report to our respectable

teachers and all the faculty members of Telecommunication Department of Dawood

University of Engineering and Technology

Very importantly we dedicate this work to our Chairperson Prof. Dr. H M Zahid Tunio,

supervisor Engr. Imran Alvi who provided us with best of their knowledge and skills.

III
 CERTIFICATE

DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY KARACHI

This thesis written by following students under the direction of his supervisor and approved
by the members of the thesis committee, has been presented to and accepted by the chairman,
department of telecommunication engineering, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the
degree of the bachelor of telecommunication engineering.

Nauman Ali (Group Leader) 19-TE-05

Abdul Haseeb 19-TE-20

Suhaib Ahmed 19-TE-18

Ibrahim Elfadil 18-19-TE-33

(External Examiner) (Supervisor)

(FYP Coordinator) (Chairman)

Date:

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very grateful to Almighty Allah who has given us the opportunity to gain

education and has given us chance to polish our skills. We are also very grateful to our parents

who fulfilled our every essential need in terms of lifestyle and education. Especially we are

very grateful to our respected chairperson and supervisor Engr. Imran Alvi who truly

recognized our potential and provided us with all guidance that we needed to complete this

report.

Finally, but prominently, we are thankful to all the faculty members of our department

who played the most important role in our education.

V
 ABSTRACT

The health monitoring system has gained popularity in recent due to its wide range of

application and being friendly to use in the medical field. Quite alot number of lives are being

impacted daily from the diseases that are not acurately and very promptly recognised,backing

us off to get rid of those diseases. This technology will surely assist by periodically and

specifically monitoring a patient's specific parameters to deal with these kinds of situations.

This gadget is way simpler to operate and does not require much work from people. We'll use

Arduino with to C language work on an IOT project called Heath Care Using Body Sensor

Networks in this lesson. Our concept is to ensure that doctor can diagnose patient’s health or

parameters from far distance or without any body contact. This device is meant to examine the

patient’s health while also displaying the parameters of the person's body. We suggested a

continuous monitoring and control tool to monitor patient condition and save patient

information on a server using a Wi-Fi module-based remote communication. Anyone with an

unusual body temperature, heartrate, pulse rate can make their health report for consult the

doctor. This technique works with sensor network, is low-maintenance, and simple to operate.

The project is intended to be used anywhere. The project is designed for being installed in

hospital wards as well as quarantine rooms.

Keywords: Internet of Thing, healthcare, Body sensors network (BSN), healthcare

monitoring, data processing.

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: IoT's contribution in several departments (Grandviewresearch.com, n.d.) .................................... 4

Figure 1.2: Components of an IoT device ........................................................................................................ 5
Figure 1.3: Flowchart of the steps performed in the whole process ................................................................. 7
Figure 1.4: Architecture of HIOT frame work.................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3.1: Hardware and Software used in the proposed project .................................................................. 21
Figure 3.2: Node MCU ESP8266 ................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.3: Pulse Oximeter and Temperature Sensor MAX30102 ................................................................. 23
Figure 3.4: ECG Heart Monitor Sensor AD8232 ........................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.5: DHT11 Temperature Sensor ........................................................................................................ 25
Figure 3.7: OLED Display .............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 3.8: System Proposed Hardware ......................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.9: Flowchart of the proposed system ................................................................................................ 29
Figure 4.1: Hardware Setup for Testing ......................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.2: Hardware Setup Final ................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.3: Blynk App .................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.4: Final Deliverable .......................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.5: Results and Comparisons ............................................................................................................. 33

VII
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................... iii

CERTIFICATE .................................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 01 ...................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 IoT-Based COVID-19 Smart Health Monitoring System: .......................................................... 6
1.3 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Scope:......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Objective: ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Problem Narrative ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Solution Narrative ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.8 Application ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.9 ADVANTAGES OF IOT IN HEALTHCARE: ........................................................................ 10
1.9.1 Cost-savings in medical care: ............................................................................................. 10
1.9.2 Human mistake reduction .................................................................................................. 10
1.9.3 Taking down distance barriers .......................................................................................... 11
1.9.4 Documentation and paperwork bare minimum: ................................................................ 11
1.9.5 Chronic disease early detection:......................................................................................... 11
1.9.6 Consolidated Drug Management: ...................................................................................... 11
1.9.7 Quick medical intervention: ............................................................................................... 11
1.9.8 Better treatment results: .................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 02 .................................................................................................................................... 13
LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 13
2.1 Review of existing literature......................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Background .............................................................................................................................. 20
2.3.1 Monitoring of oxygen saturation ........................................................................................ 20
2.3.2 Temperature monitoring ................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3 Heart rate monitoring ........................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 03 .................................................................................................................................... 21
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 21

VIII
 3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE .................................................... 22
3.2 Hardware Requirements .......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER [NodeMCU (ESP8266)]:............................................................. 22
3.2.2 Temperature sensor with a pulse oximeter (MAX30102): .................................................. 23
3.3.3 ECG Monitoring Sensor (AD8232): ................................................................................... 23
3.3.4 Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT 11): .................................................................. 24
3.3.5 OLED Display: .................................................................................................................. 25
3.4 Software Requirements: ........................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1 Ubidots: ............................................................................................................................. 26
3.4.2 Things Board: .................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3 BLYNK Application: ......................................................................................................... 27
3.5 How system works: .................................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 04 .................................................................................................................................... 30
RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1 Hardware Setup: ...................................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Final Deliverable: ..................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER 05 .................................................................................................................................... 34
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS: .................................................................................... 34
5.1 CONCLUSION: ....................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 RECOMMENDATION:........................................................................................................... 34
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE:.................................................................................................................... 35
REFERENCES: ................................................................................................................................ 36
APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................... 38
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ 38
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................................... 39
RELATED DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................... 39
ANNEXURE A .................................................................................................................................. 41
CODE FOR ARDUINO UNO ........................................................................................................... 41
CODE FOR NODEMCU ESP8266 .................................................................................................... 42

IX
 CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the Internet age, where sharing information is the primary goal, any physical thing may be

connected to another. Many things or products around us have the capability to communicate

information automatically thanks to improved wireless technologies like 6LoWPAN, Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth, and ZigBee. The term "Internet of Things" refers to a network of items or things that are

interconnected by wireless sensor networks, local area networks, or the Internet (IoT). Internet and

Things are the two words that make up the acronym IoT. A network of networks called the Internet

is interconnected on a global scale using common protocols. Anything that is physically present and

capable of connecting is referred to as a "thing." The Internet of Things (IoT) makes use of a wide

range of technologies, including RFID tags, sensors, actuators, mobile devices, cloud computing,

and more. We can link anything with the Internet of Things, get any service and relevant data about

any object from anywhere at any time by using it. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS),

wireless sensor technologies, and the internet are only a few of the new technologies that have

accelerated the growth of the Internet of Things. At a reasonable cost, we offer sensor devices.

According to market estimates, there will be installed almost 25 billion IoT devices by 2020, and the

market will be worth roughly $2 trillion by 2025. The market for internet of things in the healthcare

industry is anticipated to reach $117 billion by 2020 according to a survey by marketresearch.com.

In June 2015, the McKinsey Global Institute released a research titled "The Internet of Things:

Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype" in which it was anticipated that by 2025, the IoT market may

generate up to $11.1 trillion annually [14]. By 2020, up to 26 billion Internet-connected IoT devices

are expected, according to the Gartner group. IoT application market would generate up to 180 billion

Euros globally, according to Intechno Consulting.

1|Page
IoT technology is thriving in a number of industries, including healthcare. By 2020, Forbes magazine

projects that the IoT market in the healthcare sector will be worth more than $117 billion [14]. and

Between 2015 and 2020, the healthcare Internet of Things business will grow at a compound annual

growth rate (CAGR) of 37.6%, predicts a P&S Market Research analysis. IoT has the potential to

lessen the need for human-dependent healthcare. With the advancement of wireless technology,

medical sensors, and data analysis methods, it is now possible to use wearable technology to remotely

monitor a person's health. These wearable electronics and sensors can be incorporated into a wide

range of accessories, including clothing, eyeglasses, socks, hats, shoes, wristbands, and other

electronics like smart phones, headphones, and wristwatches.

IoT could be used in the medical field in a number of ways to enhance life quality, save lives, and

lower treatment costs. Utilizing IoT-based technology, the medical sector can enhance the healthcare

system's capacity to reduce human error while also streamlining the treatment process and patient

and caregiver quality of life. Doctors can benefit from therapies and symptom prediction using IoT-

based monitoring systems before beginning a diagnosis. Monitoring systems can also sound an alarm

in cases of medical emergency, such as an elderly patient who is about to collapse or one who is

acting strangely in an intensive care unit (ICU).

With the projected increase in elderly adults, wireless healthcare is becoming increasingly important.

These advance technologies are now easily available for health care(physical as well as

personal),activity, and fitness awareness among people. Additionally, studies have asserted that these

technologies are also applied in health care for long-term usage and to gain access to patients'

medical information and historical data. Apparently, wireless technology is essential to meeting a

variety of needs. Currently, IOT has taken over a number of industries, particularly those that deal

with automation and control. Biomedical has recently been popular in an effort to advance

healthcare. Both hospitals and individual health care are currently using IOT technologies. . With

regard to smart systems, it deals with the following factors, such as price, power usage, and increased

2|Page
productivity. This document is cross-checked based on this category, which is smart systems.

Doctors traditionally play a significant role in health examinations. Regarding this method, it will

take a long time to complete the registration, appointment, and check-up processes, and then generate

the reports.

A network of diverse linked items that may communicate with one another across a computer

network is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Following the quick growth of smart object

technology, there has been a recent progress in application development for wireless sensor-based

distributed communication architecture. Utilizing the accuracy and contactless nature of data

collecting provided by contemporary smart technologies, numerous novel kinds of on-demand and

real-time IoT-based systems have been adopted in daily life.

The following are a few examples of IoT-based healthcare use cases or application areas:

● Health surveillance

● Personal fitness tracking

● Chronic Disease Surveillance

● Safety Observation

● Medication Surveillance

● Rehab at Home

● Tracking Real-Time Location

3|Page
 Figure 1.1: IoT's contribution in several departments (Grandviewresearch.com, n.d.)

IoT devices are physical things that have a number of attached sensors and that allow the data about

the activities/whereabouts of the particular thing or the person to whom it is linked to be tracked and

sent to a centralised server for processing or in-depth research. Hardware, network, and software are

the three main components of today's IoT devices. These three elements combine to connect IoT

devices to the network and collect useful data. Although the technology that makes up these

components may change, each component of an IoT device breaks down into three categories.

Sensors make up a large portion of the IoT hardware.

Sensors collect data about the patient on which the device is used. A sensor on a wearable device will

detect a patient's heart rate, temperature, and blood oxygen.

4|Page
 Figure 1.2: Components of an IoT device

The major sensors MAX30102 (OXIMETER SENSOR), APDS-9008 sensor (HEART RATE), and

DS1280 (TEMPERATURE SENSOR) are used in this project. The boards we're using for

programming the Arduino UNO with Java language and for networking we are using the ESP32

module. This device is powered by long-lasting 6V lithium-ion battery. The patient's health

parameters will be displayed on a 1.3-inch OLED display.

Overall, implementing of health monitoring systems improves long-term medical management,

patient safety, and drug management. Another advantage of using patient monitors is that it reduces

healthcare costs while also improving patient care. The IoT technology's extensive centralization and

networking capabilities are difficult to overstate. It takes health monitoring, remote care, and hospital

physical and online infrastructure management to greater levels. Telemedicine is used to deal with

health difficulties in developing countries like Pakistan. When a doctor and a patient are not

physically present with each other, health is the process of caring for them distantly. "The distant

delivery of healthcare services" is how health is defined. Although health has lots of advantages. The

authors of this study have been working on creating a health monitoring tool that can track the

patient's position and detect pulse rate. Then, as the IoT platform, these data are sent to a Blynk app,

which is a cloud server. The development of the suggested IoT application-based health monitoring

and system is therefore presented in this study. The outcomes of the experiment are also discussed.

5|Page
1.2 IoT-Based COVID-19 Smart Health Monitoring System:

During and after the pandemic, as the COVID-19 spreads, social isolation and quarantine has

become one of the global best practises. IoT health monitoring systems obviate the need for regular

doctor visits and patient-physician consultations. However, a lot of people need regular health

monitoring and inspection by medical professionals. We have used technology to simplify patient

life for earlier diagnosis and treatment in the suggested work. The Internet of Things (IoT) is widely

being used to create and deploy a smart health monitoring system that can help track a person's

temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and level of oxygen in their blood. This approach is quite

useful in rural or village areas where nearby clinics may communicate the problem with city hospitals

regarding their patients. However, the IoT system will notify the doctor or physician in the event

that any changes in the patient's health based on standard values take place.It was shown that the

largest relative errors (%r) were, respectively, 2.89%, 3.03%, and 1.05% in the measurements of

heart rate, patient body temperature, and SPO2. The commercial health monitoring system might be

used to compare these values. Doctors may easily access real-time data with this IoT-based health

monitoring equipment. The device can continuously track the parameters thanks to high-speed

internet access. The cloud technology also permits data storage, allowing quick access to older

observations. This strategy would support the early identification and treatment of particular

COVID-19 individuals..

6|Page
 Figure 1.3: Flowchart of the steps performed in the whole process

1.3 Problem Statement

The growing world of technology and people forget their health checkups, also doctor facing

problem during monitoring the patients individually. Following are the problem stated. To

avoid physical contact of doctor with patients. This project will help to reduce the efforts of

doctor as well as of patients. To reduce the chance of spreading the diseases.

1.4 Scope:

The "wearability" of the system, the function of the Android device, the used sensor, and the

categorization of the recognition algorithms.

The most modern method for monitoring a patient's health is to use measuring instruments,

such as blood pressure monitors that are connected to glucose monitors.

1.5 Objective:

Basically, we'll be employing sensors like temperature and heart rate to improve the health

monitoring system. Utilizing the method of database management, a system is created to

compile a patient's data over time. The stored data is examined at the conclusion.
7|Page
1.6 Problem Narrative

In this growing world people are busy. Forgets their health care and too busy for checkups or

appointments of doctor. Due to busy schedule people eat carelessly and unhealed foods like,

junk food and fast food. Which affect their health and diet cause of illness and diseases. And

people ignore it due to busy routing.

1.7 Solution Narrative

This device will forward the patient’s real-time parameters to doctor anywhere any time. It can

be placed anywhere it can be in the hospital ward or in home. This device reads the body

temperature, heartrate and oxygen saturation of patient and forward the results to consultant

doctor and saves the patient’s data in cloud server. This makes the patient easy to check their

health condition with doctor, without any appointment or any time wastage on other side it also

helps the doctor to check patient’s health condition from far distance without any physical

contact. There are 3 sensors in this device for now, a glove with 3 sensors captures the patient’s

health condition. The microprocessors process the data and forward it to server where doctor

can see the real-time results of patient on web page. It is very feasible and low maintenance.

8|Page
Figure 1.4: Architecture of HIOT frame work

9|Page
1.8 Application
● IOT based health care monitoring system for hospitals, homes and anywhere.

● Give a holistic and all-encompassing perspective on a person's health.

● Minimise manual entry and collecting, allowing more time for data analysis to enhance
healthcare recommendation.

● Reduce efforts and saves time for both patient and doctor.

● Can help in emergency situation where doctor need instant reports.

1.9 ADVANTAGES OF IOT IN HEALTHCARE:

1.9.1 Cost-savings in medical care:

Real-time patient monitoring is provided by Internet of Things-based healthcare. There is no doubt

that it will cut down on unneeded hospital visits and transportation expenses. Online video streaming

allows patients to consult doctors from the comfort of their own homes, and only in life-threatening

situations should they visit a hospital. IoT-based healthcare monitoring can lower insurance costs

and allow patients to use their sick days for medical appointments instead.

1.9.2 Human mistake reduction

IoT-based healthcare surveillance Blood pressure, sugar levels, and other physical health data are

collected with varying degrees of accuracy via sensors, and big data analytics is used to make the

appropriate judgments. Human mistake is reduced as a result.

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1.9.3 Taking down distance barriers

Because doctors and patients are connected globally by the internet, any patient can receive medical

advice from anywhere in the globe.

1.9.4 Documentation and paperwork bare minimum:

The Internet of Things Internet-based medical monitoring encourages green technology while

reducing paperwork and documentation.

1.9.5 Chronic disease early detection:

It is possible to predict chronic illnesses at an early stage and treat them before they become incurable

by using big data analytics and data mining techniques on physical health information produced by

medical sensors.

1.9.6 Consolidated Drug Management:

Making and running a pharmaceutical company is a huge challenge. This industry can have better

drug management for producers, suppliers, and consumers by utilising RFID (Radio-frequency

Identification) technology in the medication supply chain management process. It will lessen loss

brought on by theft, misplaced items, and improper drug management.

1.9.7 Quick medical intervention:

In the event of a medical emergency, such as an increase in blood pressure or a senior family member

falling, IoT-based medical devices can alert the healthcare practitioner or family members.

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1.9.8 Better treatment results:

Diseases will be cured as soon as possible with the use of continuous health monitoring and evidence-

based treatment choices. As a result, treatment outcomes will improve.

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 CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of existing literature

In the review of the literature, we compared different scholarly works on healthcare monitoring.

Different physiological parameters were taken into consideration for comparison, and the parameters'

analysis, various technologies, sensors for detecting physiological indicators, and output responses.

The advancement of BSN in healthcare apps has made patient monitoring more useful. There have

lately been a number of wireless healthcare research and project concepts that could offer continuous

patient monitoring, in-ambulatory, in-clinic, and open environment monitoring (e.g., athlete health

monitoring). In "Health Care System by Monitoring the Patient Health Using IoT" and GSM, which

was able to recognise a variety of physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, temperature,

heart rate, and ECG, and further broadcast this information on an internet of things server through

2G/3G/4G GSM technologies. The availability of low-cost single chip micro controllers and

improvements in wireless communication technologies have motivated engineers to develop low-

cost embedded systems for healthcare monitoring applications. These systems have the ability to

process real-time biosensor signals and send the measured signals to the hospital server via the

patient's phone.Smart phones are one of the world's most practical technologies, as the author of this

study G. Yang et al. [1] offered an effective strategy. Facial expressions are among behavioral signs

of pain that can be employed as an entry point to develop an automatic human pain assessment tool.

Such a tool can be an alternative to the self-report method and particularly serve patients who are

unable to self-report like patients in the intensive care unit and minors. In this paper, a wearable

device with a biosensing facial mask is proposed to monitor pain intensity of a patient by utilizing

facial surface electromyogram (sEMG). The wearable device works as a wireless sensor node and is

integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) system for remote pain monitoring. In the sensor node, up
13 | P a g e
to eight channels of sEMG can be each sampled at 1000 Hz, to cover its full frequency range, and

transmitted to the cloud server via the gateway in real time. In addition, both low energy consumption

and wearing comfort are considered throughout the wearable device design for long-term

monitoring. To remotely illustrate real-time pain data to caregivers, a mobile web application is

developed for real-time streaming of high-volume sEMG data, digital signal processing, interpreting,

and visualization. The cloud platform in the system acts as a bridge between the sensor node and

web browser, managing wireless communication between the server and the web application. In

summary, this study proposes a scalable IoT system for real-time biopotential monitoring and a

wearable solution for automatic pain assessment via facial expressions. Most smartphones come with

a variety of sensors, and more will likely be added in the future. The smart phone also has wireless

sensors, Bluetooth module, accelerometer, fingerprint sensor, gyroscope, magnetometer, barometer,

proximity, GPS tracker, camera, and NFC in addition to the field sensor that is most frequently used

for monitoring health programmes. The author of this study R. Kumar and M. P. Rajasekaran [2]

presented a sensor-based health monitoring system that uses an electronic data signal to gather

information about the patient's health status and alerts the patient through a sound alarm. In the recent

development of, Internet of Things (IoT) makes all objects interconnected and it has been recognized

as the next technical revolution. Some of the applications of Internet of Things are smart parking,

smart home, smart city, smart environment, industrial places, agriculture fields and health monitoring

process. One such application is in healthcare to monitor the patient health status Internet of Things

makes medical equipments more efficient by allowing real time monitoring of patient health, in

which sensor acquire data of patient's and reduces the human error. In Internet of Things patient's

parameters get transmitted through medical devices via a gateway, where it is stored and analyzed.

The significant challenges in the implementation of Internet of Things for healthcare applications is

monitoring all patient's from various places. Thus Internet o Things in the medical field brings out

the solution for effective patient monitoring at reduced cost and also reduces the trade-off between

patient outcome and disease management. In this paper discuss about, monitoring patient's body

14 | P a g e
temperature, respiration rate, heart beat and body movement using Raspberry Pi board. Numerous

nerve kinds, ECGs, thermometers, and heart rates are employed.

The majority of health monitoring systems use temperature, heart-rate, and body-temperature

sensors. By combining an LED-photodiode to both emit light and receive reflected light, the author

of this work G. S. Aujla and A. Jindal [3] proposes a practical research to develop a less expensive

PPG sensor. The in-house health monitoring sensors form a large network of Internet of things (IoT)

that continuously monitors and sends the data to the nearby devices or server. However, the

connectivity of these IoT-based sensors with different entities leads to security loopholes wherein

the adversary can exploit the vulnerabilities due to the openness of the data. This is a major concern

especially in the healthcare sector where the change in data values from sensors can change the

course of diagnosis which can cause severe health issues. Therefore, in order to prevent the data

tempering and preserve the privacy of patients, we present a decoupled blockchain-based approach

in the edge-envisioned ecosystem. This approach leverages the nearby edge devices to create the

decoupled blocks in blockchain so as to securely transmit the healthcare data from sensors to the

edge nodes. The edge nodes then transmit and store the data at the cloud using the incremental tensor-

based scheme. This helps to reduce the data duplication of the huge amount of data transmitted in

the large IoT healthcare network. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in

terms of the block preparation time, header generation time, tensor reduction ratio, and

approximation error. It penetrates the tissues deeply enough to measure different blood volume types.

A non-invasive Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor can be used to detect this sort of heartbeats

utilising a light-based sensor. By examining the variations in heartbeat timing, atrial fibrillation can

be diagnosed.

A smart intensive care unit (ICU) system based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) that gathers

medical data in real-time was proposed by F. P. Oikonomou, J. Ribeiro, G. Mantas, J. M. C. S. Bastos

and J. Rodriguez [4]. Although blockchain is a promising technology that can bring significant

15 | P a g e
benefits into current centralized IoT-based health monitoring systems in order to address security

challenges, the resource-constrained IoT devices of these systems cannot afford complex and

heavyweight operations due to their limited processing power, storage capacity, and battery life.

Three layers make up the system. The three are the application layer, the logical layer, and the

physical layer. The sensors that are utilised to gather data are part of the physical layer. The logical

layer processes the data that the physical layer's sensors have acquired.

A method created by A. Mdhaffar, T. Chaari, K. Larbi, M. Jmaiel and B. Freisleben [5] that uses

Bluetooth to send the signal and detects ECG anomalies. Presented a new loT-based health

monitoring approach in which collected medical sensor data is sent to an analysis module via low-

cost, low-power and secure communication links provided by a LoRaWAN network infrastructure.

We mainly focus on monitoring blood pressure, glucose and temperature in rural areas where cellular

network coverage is either absent or does not allow data transmission. The main objective is to reduce

the burden of long trips for people living in these areas to visit healthcare facilities, while minimizing

the communication cost. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the area covered by

the LoRa network and the power consumption of our system. The results indicate that the average

area covered is around 33 km 2 when the LoRa Gateway is placed outdoor on a 12 meter altitude.

Moreover, the results demonstrate that the power consumption of our monitoring system is at least

ten times lower than other long range cellular solutions, such as GPRS/3G/4G. It is an inexpensive

gadget. In this case, three lead ECG signals are collected. Following a circuit, the signals are then

exhibited in an oscilloscope. A system constraint is the Bluetooth module's limited range, though.

One solution to the range restriction is to use the Wi-Fi or IR modules.

Diabetes patients now have a mobile health option thanks to U. Satija, B. Ramkumar and M.

Sabarimalai Manikandan [6]. The main objectives of this paper are: design and development of a

light-weight ECG SQA method for automatically classifying the acquired ECG signal into

acceptable or unacceptable class and real-time implementation of proposed IoT-enabled ECG

monitoring framework using ECG sensors, Arduino, Android phone, Bluetooth, and cloud server.

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The proposed framework is tested and validated using the ECG signals taken from the MIT-BIH

arrhythmia and Physionet challenge databases and the real-time recorded ECG signals under

different physical activities. Experimental results show that the proposed SQA method achieves

promising results in identifying the unacceptable quality of ECG signals and outperforms existing

methods based on the morphological and RR interval features and machine learning approaches.

This paper further shows that the transmission of acceptable quality of ECG signals can significantly

improve the battery lifetime of IoT-enabled devices. The proposed quality-aware IoT paradigm has

great potential for assessing clinical acceptability of ECG signals in improvement of accuracy and

reliability of unsupervised diagnosis system. A home environment system, that is. A diabetic patient

can use this device to keep tabs on their health, exercise, food, insulin dosage, and medical

consultations. But the created system lacks clinical validation.

A mobile voice health monitoring system was created by N. Kumar et al. [7] utilising a smartphone

with an accelerometer sensor. With the advent of high precision sensors and Internet of Things (IoT)

enabled medical devices, healthcare has seen a gradual decentralization from the traditional health

center based approach. These smaller form factor IoT healthcare devices have reduced the cost of

healthcare leading to affordability and wider adoption. This paper enunciates recent advances in the

architecture as well as system design of IoT based healthcare systems. Healthcare systems like

mHealth and 6LoWPAN based architectures are explored. Healthcare systems involving IEEE 11073

and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are described. Multisensor based system designs that

sense blood glucose, body temperature, heart rate and electrical activity (ECG) etc. are explored. The

paper provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT based healthcare system and

proposes Intel Curie based healthcare system design. In the device under examination, a tiny

accelerometer serves as a voice sensor, and the smartphone serves as the platform for data collection.

The patient's neck is wrapped in the system. Although this method used frame-based vocal

characteristics, monitoring can also be done with the raw accelerometer data.

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Kong et al. [8] designed a mobile phone-based wireless health service system. The system is designed

for family health treatment. This system has three parts namely: data communication designation,

android mobile client designation, and system server designation.

A solution for IoT-based patient monitoring was suggested by Rajasekaran et. [2]. The system's

primary logical component is the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi receives sensor signals via an

amplifier circuit and signal conditioning unit (SCU). The Raspberry Pi's data can be accessed from

anywhere in the globe by using the internet. However, the technology is only functional inside.

The author of this paper Shekar et. [9] proposed an efficient technique that brings back the specialists'

similarities by combining information like temperature, circulatory problems, and patient stroke rate.

The framework gathered representative data for ten patients to evaluate the health of the patients.

The patient is alerted by this health monitoring system to any potential intrusions.

The author, Hoog Antink, Christoph, et al. [10], presented a device for remotely monitoring body

temperature and heat generation. This method produces a remote health measuring system with

adaptable structures that may be applied to numerous application areas. For bio signals like heart

rate and body temperature, the system has undergone testing and been given the all-clear. High-

resolution real-time measurements of biosignals are made, however they are quite expensive for the

measuring apparatus.

Using a wireless sensor network, Desai, M. R., and Sushma Toravi. [11] created a smart house and

heartbeat monitoring system (WSN). To process data in parallel, the system utilised Spartan 3 with

FPGA architecture. An LCD displays the information provided by the microcontroller (MCU), which

is connected to all of the sensors. However, the system's components are not all contained within a

single device.

A practical study to develop a less expensive PPG sensor was proposed by the author Gal-On, Bar,

Ian Brown, and Andrew Nunn [12] in his publication. This is accomplished by combining an LED-

photodiode to generate light and receive reflected light. It penetrates the tissues deeply enough to

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measure different blood volume types. A non-invasive Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor can be

used to detect this sort of heartbeats utilising a light-based sensor. By examining the variations in

heartbeat timing, atrial fibrillation is diagnosed.

An Arduino-based health parameter monitoring system run by a smartphone app was proposed by

Trivedi and Cheeran [13]. Analog data is how all sensor data is collected. To the Arduino Uno board,

the data is transmitted. By using an internal analogue to digital converter, the acquired analogue

values are transformed into digital values. Bluetooth is used to send the data values to a smartphone.

The system made use of a limited-range Bluetooth module.

The Harvard Sensor Network Lab developed the body sensor network-based research project Code

Blue. As part of this architecture, several bio-sensors are placed on the patient's body. In order to

conduct further study, these sensors gather data about the patient's body and wirelessly transfer it to

the end-user device (PDAs, laptops, and personal computers). This system has the capacity to

recognise abnormal situations, alarm the patient, and send an email or SMS notification to the

doctor.A body temperature measurement device was designed and built such that a doctor may view

real-time data as well as historical data online with an alarm or indication in the event of

irregularities. Using Zigbee wireless connectivity, the temperature sensors will transmit the

information to a microcontroller. WLAN has been utilised to transmit real-time data to a database

used for health monitoring. This has been accomplished using an Arduino with an Ethernet shield

based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. A temperature and pulse sensor that is part of a system designed

to detect patient body health characteristics is linked to the base station by a microcontroller and has

the capacity to be managed and watched by a distant computer. In a hospital or remote site, a wireless

sensor network system continuously measures the temperature and pulse of patients. In this article,

ambulatory health monitoring and wearable Wireless Body Sensor Network are demonstrated. A

sensor that detects changes in a patient's body sends information about their physiological parameters

to a doctor, a family member, or an emergency unit if there is a problem. The doctor can remotely

manage the patient after they get their information.

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2.2 Summary

There are three objectives that this project achieves, which are temperature detection, heartrate

detection, and oxygen saturation. When this system is placed or applied on patient’s body, it

will collect the body healthcare parameters of patient and display it on 1.3 OLED which is

placed on device. And also send it to web server using Wi-Fi module, from server doctor can

check real-time results of patient on web page from far distance.

2.3 Background

2.3.1 Monitoring of oxygen saturation

The noninvasive continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation is appropriate for pulse

oximetry.The combination of the Internet of Things and pulse oximetry can be useful for

applications in medical treatment that are technology-driven. The wearable pulse oximeter's

capabilities can be utilised to continuously check on the patient's health across an IoT network.

2.3.2 Temperature monitoring

This sensor is used to measure temperature precisely. In a 2-byte register inside the sensor, the

temperature that was measured by the sensor won't be there. By delivering the data in a data

arrangement, the 1-wire technique can be used to examine them. To check the values, two

different types of commands must be sent: one is a ROM command, and the other might be a

functioning command.

2.3.3 Heart rate monitoring

The heart rate sensor is based on the principle of light plethysmography. It keeps track of

changes in blood flow through any organ in the body that affect how much light passes through

that organ (a vascular region). The digital pulses are delivered to a microprocessor, which uses

them to determine the heat beat rate.

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 CHAPTER 03
METHODOLOGY

The suggested system will capture different sensory data and display it to users via a simple interface.

The reading is within the normal range, according to data that has been recorded and is accessible

through the app. The needs for the drug, such as dosage, meal timing, etc., will also be communicated

to the user and their contacts. The components will be detailed in the next section.

Figure 3.1: Hardware and Software used in the proposed project

The suggested system includes of sensors that keep track of a number of health-related factors,

including body temperature the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen

saturation (SpO2).

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3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

3.2 Hardware Requirements

The suggested system must have a blood pressure(BP) sensor, body temperature sensor, ECG sensor,

heart rate sensor, and Blynk Application in order to be implemented.

3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER [NodeMCU (ESP8266)]:

The ESP8266 WiFi module was given a custom open source LUA-based firmware named

NodeMCU. The ESP8266 Development Board/Kit (sometimes referred to as a NodeMCU

Development Board) is included with the NodeMCU firmware so users can experiment with the

functionalities of the ESP8266 chip.

There is no requirement for a separate Wi-Fi chip set because the NodeMCU is a micro controller

with inbuilt Wi-Fi. The SoC's design enables connection via the GPIOs by connecting to the Internet

and sending data there. This link is ideal for the Internet of Things (IoT). It costs approximately Rs.

1699, depending on the store, and measures 49 x 24.5 x 13 mm. It uses 0.00026-0.56 W of power.

Figure 3.2: Node MCU ESP8266

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3.2.2 Temperature sensor with a pulse oximeter (MAX30102):

The suggested construction measures temperature and oxygen saturation using a MAX30102 pulse

oximeter.A finger or ear can be used as a shield to protect a probe used in a pulse oximeter during a

non-invasive test. It measures how much oxygen is in the blood. The normal range for oxygen

saturation is between 95% and 100%. At oxygen concentrations below 90%, cells could suffer from

depression and damage. The pulse oximeter is used to monitor conditions such as anaemia, heart

disease, heart failure, etc. that have an impact on blood oxygen levels in patients. MAX30102 is a

heart rate sensor and pulse oximetry system. It features well-designed optics, two IR and Red LEDs,

a picture detector (visible + IR), low-frequency signal operation, and the ability to detect pulse

oximetry and heart rate signals. The device has 32 deep FIFOs for storing digital output data, and it

is fully customizable using software registers.

Figure 3.3: Pulse Oximeter and Temperature Sensor MAX30102

3.3.3 ECG Monitoring Sensor (AD8232):

Cardiac output at rest can be measured with the AD8232 ECG. The ECG (Electrocardiogram) offers

information about the heart's rhythm and beat rate. Additionally, it can tell you whether your heart

rate is elevated because of high blood pressure (hypertension), if your heart is getting less oxygen
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because of increased muscle mass, and if you've had a heart attack before. The AD8232 ECG Module

and AD8232 IC from Analog Devices work together to gather, amplify, and filter powerful bio

signals for potential biomeasurement applications (such as ECG and others). The AD8232 Single

Lead Heart Rate Monitor can act as an op-amp in order to make it simpler to extract a clear signal

from the PR and QT intervals. ECGs can be highly noisy.

Figure 3.4: ECG Heart Monitor Sensor AD8232

3.3.4 Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT 11):

The DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor is made up of a complex of temperature and humidity

sensors with a calibrated digital signal output. By utilising the special digital signal collecting

approach as well as temperature and humidity sensing technology, it ensures excellent dependability

and exceptional long-term stability. This sensor connects to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller

and combines an NTC temperature measurement component with a resistive-type humidity

measuring component to offer excellent quality, rapid response, interference resistance, and cost

effectiveness. The highest level of accuracy is used to painstakingly calibrate each DHT11

component in a humidity calibration facility. The OTP memory stores the calibration coefficients as

programmes for use by the sensor's internal signal detection algorithm. The single-wire serial

interface makes system integration quick and easy. Due to its tiny size, low power consumption, and
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up to 20 metre signal transmission, it is the best alternative for many applications, including those

that are the most demanding.The component has a single row of four pins in its packaging. It is

simple to connect, and unique packages can be offered in response to user requests.

Figure 3.5: DHT11 Temperature Sensor

3.3.5 OLED Display:

This automated system for wireless health monitoring in patient hospitals makes use of an OLED

display to track a patient's body temperature. The microcontroller is connected to this OLED display,

which is powered by 5V dc via a voltage regulator. This LCD display is composed of 16 pins.

Figure 3.7: OLED Display

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3.4 Software Requirements:

3.4.1 Ubidots:

A Ubidots device, or simply an asset that gathers sensor data and sends it to the Ubidots cloud using

a connection protocol, is a digital representation of a data source.

Although every device is unique, every device has the following default settings:

● A library that ought to be added to the hardware's IDE. (Not necessary)

● Filling out authentication and connection parameters, such as a TOKEN (the distinct ID for

each account or user), device and variable labels (the unique identifiers for devices and

variables in Ubidots), Wi-Fi SSID, and Password, depending on the device and the needs.

● Making an API call (i.e. a call from a device to the web server). The libraries of Ubidots

eliminate the need to manually submit these requests. However, if you're working with a

device that isn't on the list of hardware that is now supported, you can select a communication

protocol such you can specify your request using the API as MQTT or HTTP.

3.4.2 Things Board:

An open-source Internet of Things platform called ThingsBoard is used for data collecting,

processing, visualisation, and device management.

The speedy development, maintenance, and scaling of IoT applications are made possible by the

open-source ThingsBoard IoT platform. An out-of-the-box IoT cloud or on-premises solution is what

is intended to be provided to enable server-side infrastructure for your IoT applications. MQTT,

CoAP, and HTTP, three widely used IoT protocols, are used to enable device communication, and

both cloud and on-premises deployments are supported. You won't ever lose your data thanks to

ThingsBoard's combination of scalability, fault-tolerance, and performance.

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3.4.3 BLYNK Application:

This may be done with the help of the iOS and Android software Blynk. Here, we can easily develop

a visual interface for another project utilising the Blynk digital dashboard by dragging and dropping

widgets onto the mobile screen. This app is merely a support resource that is not required to be true

to any particular board. Blynk will discover a processor board online and prepared for "internet for

your stuff" whenever it connects to the Internet using Wi-Fi or Ethernet.

On a digital dashboard, you may drag and drop widgets to quickly design a graphical user interface

for your project.

● Blynk is a platform that allows users to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and similar devices

via the Internet through iOS and Android apps.

● It only takes a few minutes to set everything up, and you can begin tinkering immediately.

● No specific shield or board is required for Blynk to function. It's your recommended

supported hardware instead. Regardless of whether it's an Arduino, Blynk will get you online

and set up for the Internet via the Raspberry Pi, which is linked to the Internet by Wi-Fi,

Ethernet, or this new ESP8266 chip called the Internet of Things.

● The links below will let you download the Blynk app.

● Download the free Blynk app from the Play Store or the iOS App Store.

3.5 How system works:

The suggested system is shown in its entirety in Figure 8. Information on heart rate, body

temperature, and ECG is displayed on the local LCD display as well as online on Android or iOS.

The sensors are coupled with the Wi-Fi Shield and attached to the ESP32 microprocessor. The shield,

which is mounted on a microcontroller board, provides internet access for the complete system. The

hearing unit's components and the WIFI Module are connected to the microcontroller, which is

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powered by an external battery. The patient's body is connected to the nerves. The suggested system

will function as a system for real-time tracking.

Figure 3.8: System Proposed Hardware

Based on the time-varying modification made in the app between each reading, the system records

sensory readings and displays them on the screenIndividual data is kept and tracked using cloud

computing and supplied to applications for Android and iOS. The application will notify patients in

that emergency in the event of an emergency. The Blynk app shows the measured metrics for a

person, such as blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, and ECG. The sensor information is

regularly updated on our mobile application. Using the Blynk App, we may keep an eye on our

body's metrics continuously. Even from a distance, the doctor can recommend drugs. The mobile

application will also include a user interface that notifies the user when they need to take their

medications. The application sends the recorded information to the LCD display and the appropriate

smart app.

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Figure 3.9: Flowchart of the proposed system

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 CHAPTER 04
RESULTS

When the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, ECG, body temperature, and pulses, are detected

by our sensors, the sensed data is captured and transferred to the IoT Web page as well as the Blynk

application. These sensed data are transmitted over NodeMCU using the IoT protocol MQTT. These

monitored data are examined and shown on the Blynk application and IoT website. In Ubidots, the

threshold level has been set to fall between the normal and critical values. We have also established

the threshold levels for a condition in the Blynk application. This system was created so that we

could periodically monitor the output response. The results of the analysis of the patient data are

displayed on the IoT web page and on the Blynk application. If the patient's results are normal, no

risk or urgency is identified. However, an alert is generated on both the IoT web page and the Blynk

application if the data value exceeds the Critical level. When an emergency occurs, the produced

alert is shown or forwarded to the doctor or nurses for further action. The key benefit of the Blynk

application is that it is a user-friendly programme where we have periodically set the examined data.

For the purpose of estimating a patient's future health, these data are entered into a database. Because

we employed a NodeMCU, a WiFi-enabled device, in our system, it may be used for both indoor

and outdoor applications.

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4.1 Hardware Setup:

Figure 4.1: Hardware Setup for Testing

Figure 4.2: Hardware Setup Final

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 Figure 4.3: Blynk App

4.2 Final Deliverable:

Figure 4.4: Final Deliverable

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Figure 4.5: Results and Comparisons

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 CHAPTER 05

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS:

5.1 CONCLUSION:

An IoT-based remote health monitoring system that is affordable, portable, and energy-efficient has produced

positive results. The system uses sensors in addition to an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk App.The

body parameters of a person being tracked by the sensors are relayed to the cloud through Wi-Fi shield, and

the sensor information is displayed on the Blynk mobile app, which is already preinstalled on an Android or

iOS device. In particular, the elderly can benefit greatly from the proposed system because it allows them to

regularly check their health while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. A system for estimating future

health and monitoring medical care based on IoT has been launched. The patient monitoring system was

created since using the system saves time. This paper proposes a merit of health care application for easy and

effortless life plus demonstrated using a low power wearable IOT system. We have described the major

parameters of the designed system and briefed their implementation data. Plus we have constructed to develop

the various performances of the designed system regardless of low cost. This system is implemented using a

wearable sensor. The improved version of this project will work on the security and encryption of the data

accumulated from the patient by using android Blynk app.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION:

In terms of future work, the positioning of the heart rate sensor to the other portion of the body is taken into

consideration to detect the heart rate accurately. Healthy non-athletes to athletes should be selected as subjects

of the proper size. As a wearable gadget, the hardware's finishing should also be taken into account. By

developing smart wearable sensor in order to maintain the relationship between physician and patient more

health care is maintained. To develop the liberty and participation of the patient in regard to their maintain

their health chart and will provide for basic remote controlling technique.

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5.3 FUTURE SCOPE:

The main advantages are a simple user interface and rapid conversion to CSV files for in-flight data archiving.

In order to estimate future human health conditions, the embedded C system can continue to analyse real-time

data. When there is any emergency then created alert is shown or sent it to the doctor or nurses for the further

process. The main advantage of blynk application is that it is a user friendly application where we have set

the analyzed data on time to time basis. These data is get stored in Database for the future health estimation

of a patient. This system is used for indoor as well as for outdoor application because in our system we have

used NodeMCU which is WiFi enabled device. Putting such a procedure in place will undoubtedly help with

early detection of exceptional cases of cardiovascular disease and mitigating its detrimental effects.

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 REFERENCES:

[1] G. Yang et al., "IoT-Based Remote Pain Monitoring System: From Device to Cloud Platform," in IEEE
Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1711-1719, Nov. 2018, doi:
10.1109/JBHI.2017.2776351.

[2] R. Kumar and M. P. Rajasekaran, "An IoT based patient monitoring system using raspberry Pi," 2016
International Conference on Computing Technologies and Intelligent Data Engineering (ICCTIDE'16), 2016,
pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICCTIDE.2016.7725378.

[3] G. S. Aujla and A. Jindal, "A Decoupled Blockchain Approach for Edge-Envisioned IoT-Based Healthcare
Monitoring," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 491-499, Feb. 2021,
doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2020.3020655.

[4] F. P. Oikonomou, J. Ribeiro, G. Mantas, J. M. C. S. Bastos and J. Rodriguez, "A Hyperledger Fabric-
based Blockchain Architecture to Secure IoT-based Health Monitoring Systems," 2021 IEEE International
Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom), 2021, pp. 186-190, doi:
10.1109/MeditCom49071.2021.9647521.

[5] A. Mdhaffar, T. Chaari, K. Larbi, M. Jmaiel and B. Freisleben, "IoT-based health monitoring via
LoRaWAN," IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies, 2017, pp. 519-
524, doi: 10.1109/EUROCON.2017.8011165.

[6] U. Satija, B. Ramkumar and M. Sabarimalai Manikandan, "Real-Time Signal Quality-Aware ECG
Telemetry System for IoT-Based Health Care Monitoring," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 4, no. 3,
pp. 815-823, June 2017, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2670022.

[7] N. Kumar, "IoT architecture and system design for healthcare systems," 2017 International Conference
On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), 2017, pp. 1118-1123, doi:
10.1109/SmartTechCon.2017.8358543.

[8] Kong, Fanyu, et al. "A security reputation model for IoT health data using S-AlexNet and dynamic game
theory in cloud computing environment." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 161822-161830.

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[9] Shekar, Ramya, et al. "A Wearable Wrist-Based Pulse Oximetry for Monitoring Cardiac Activities—A
Pilot Study." International Conference on Communication, Computing and Electronics Systems. Springer,
Singapore, 2020.

[10] Hoog Antink, Christoph, et al. "Motion artifact quantification and sensor fusion for unobtrusive health
monitoring." Sensors 18.1 (2017): 38.

[11] Desai, M. R., and Sushma Toravi. "A smart sensor interface for smart homes and heart beat monitoring
using WSN in IoT environment." 2017 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical,
Electronics and Communication (CTCEEC). IEEE, 2017.

[12] Gal-On, Bar, Ian Brown, and Andrew Nunn. "Monitoring and assessment of cardiovascular regulation in
spinal cord injured patients." 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference.
IEEE, 2006.

[13] Trivedi, Shivam, and Alice N. Cheeran. "Android based health parameter monitoring." 2017 International
Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS). IEEE, 2017.

[14] Manyika, James, et al. "Unlocking the Potential of the Internet of Things." McKinsey Global Institute 1
(2015).

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 APPENDIX A

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SMS Short Messaging Service

GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
MEMS Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems
API Application Programming Interface
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
IDE Integrated Development Environment
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
STA Station Address
I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit
DC Direct Current
AUTH Authentication
DAC Digital to Analog Conversion
ADC Analog to Digital Conversion
LAT Latitude
LON Longitude
TCC Traffic Control Center
IOV Input-Output Virtualization
ITS Intelligent Transport System
IoT Internet of Things
EDGE Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
BTS Base Transceiver Station
OBU On-Board Unit
TPMS Tire Pressure Management System
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
PSI Pascal per Square-Inch
SVM Support Vector Machine
ACA Affordable Care Act

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 APPENDIX B

RELATED DEFINITIONS

QMN Queue Management Node (QMN) is the device that is creating smart tokens.

OPT it is the One-Time Password given by any server host, by authenticating your

information. It simply takes input from user and then open the regarding site.

AP An access point AP is a gadget that makes a remote neighborhood, or WLAN, ordinarily

in an office or enormous structure. A passageway associates with a wired switch, switch, or

center by means of an Ethernet link, and tasks a Wi-Fi sign to an assigned territory.

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-

speed Internet access. It definitely describes Wi-Fi as some "wireless local area network

(WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'

(IEEE) 802.11 standards.

SMS (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone,

Internet, and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols to

enable mobile devices to exchange short text messages. An intermediary service can

facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines.

DNS the Domain Name System is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for

computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It

associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating

entities.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that is primarily used for

establishing low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the

internet. It speeds up transmissions by enabling the transfer of data before an agreement is

provided by the receiving party.

IDE An integrated development environment is a software application that provides

comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE

normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger.
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IOT The Internet of Things (IoT) depicts the organization of actual articles—"things"— that

are implanted with sensors, programming, and different innovations to associate and trading

information with different gadgets and frameworks over the web.

AUTH Authentication of data by exchanging data with other devices and systems over the

internet.

Paypal is an electronic payment website.

Breadboard is a method of making a transitory circuit, for testing purposes or to evaluate a

thought. No fastening is required and all the segments can be re-utilized subsequently. It is

something but tricky to alteration related and supplants sections. Nearly all the Electronics

Club ventures began life on a breadboard to watch that the circuit filled in as planned.

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 ANNEXURE A

CODE FOR ARDUINO UNO

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CODE FOR NODEMCU ESP8266

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